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<span>Evolutionary tradeoffs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_tradeoffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coconut_crabs_(Birgus_latro)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coconut_crabs_(Birgus_latro)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Coconut crabs (<i>Birgus latro</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coconut_crabs_(Birgus_latro)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decarcinisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decarcinisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decarcinisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decarcinisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carzinisierung" title="Carzinisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carzinisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinizaci%C3%B3n" title="Carcinización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carcinización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinisation" title="Carcinisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carcinisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1n%C3%BA" title="Portánú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Portánú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%ED%99%94" title="게화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinizzazione" title="Carcinizzazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carcinizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="カーシニゼーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーシニゼーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carciniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Carcinização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carcinização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Карцинизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карцинизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcinizacija" title="Karcinizacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karcinizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsinizasyon" title="Karsinizasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karsinizasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E5%8C%96" title="蟹化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蟹化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Evolution of crustaceans into crab-like forms</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">Carcinogenesis</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_eastern_Pacific_species_of_Petrolisthes,_Allopetrolisthes,_and_Liopetrolisthes_(Porcellanidae).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/South_eastern_Pacific_species_of_Petrolisthes%2C_Allopetrolisthes%2C_and_Liopetrolisthes_%28Porcellanidae%29.jpg/220px-South_eastern_Pacific_species_of_Petrolisthes%2C_Allopetrolisthes%2C_and_Liopetrolisthes_%28Porcellanidae%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/South_eastern_Pacific_species_of_Petrolisthes%2C_Allopetrolisthes%2C_and_Liopetrolisthes_%28Porcellanidae%29.jpg/330px-South_eastern_Pacific_species_of_Petrolisthes%2C_Allopetrolisthes%2C_and_Liopetrolisthes_%28Porcellanidae%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/South_eastern_Pacific_species_of_Petrolisthes%2C_Allopetrolisthes%2C_and_Liopetrolisthes_%28Porcellanidae%29.jpg/440px-South_eastern_Pacific_species_of_Petrolisthes%2C_Allopetrolisthes%2C_and_Liopetrolisthes_%28Porcellanidae%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_crab" title="Porcelain crab">Porcelain crabs</a> resemble true <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, but are more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Squat_lobster" title="Squat lobster">squat lobsters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">hermit crabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Carcinisation</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>: <b>carcinization</b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> in which non-crab <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> evolve a <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crab</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a>. The term was introduced into <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Alexander_Borradaile" title="Lancelot Alexander Borradaile">L. A. Borradaile</a>, who described it as "the many attempts of Nature to evolve a crab".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_carcinised_morphology">Definition of carcinised morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition of carcinised morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was stated by <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Alexander_Borradaile" title="Lancelot Alexander Borradaile">Lancelot Alexander Borradaile</a> in 1916 that:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>… the phenomenon which may be called "carcinization" … consists essentially in a reduction of the abdomen of a macrurous crustacean, together with a depression and broadening of its <a href="/wiki/Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">cephalothorax</a>, so that the animal assumes the general habit of body of a crab</p></blockquote> <p>Keiler et al., 2017 defines a carcinised <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-biolinnean_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biolinnean-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"The <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> is flatter than it is broad and possesses lateral margins."</li> <li>"The <a href="/wiki/Sternum_(arthropod_anatomy)" title="Sternum (arthropod anatomy)">sternites</a> are fused into a wide sternal <a href="/wiki/Plastron_(arthropod)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastron (arthropod)">plastron</a> which possesses a distinct emargination on its posterior margin."</li> <li>"The <a href="/wiki/Pleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleon">pleon</a> is flattened and strongly bent, in dorsal view completely hiding the <a href="/wiki/Tergum" title="Tergum">tergites</a> of the fourth pleonal segment, and partially or completely covers the plastron."</li></ul> <p>An important and visually evident marker of difference between true crabs and carcinised Anomura is the number of leg pairs. While Brachyura (true) crabs have four pairs of legs used for locomotion, Anomura possess one much smaller set and therefore three sets of walking legs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carcinisation is believed to have occurred independently in at least five groups of <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapod</a> crustaceans:<sup id="cite_ref-biolinnean_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biolinnean-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Order Decapoda: <ul><li>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Anomura" title="Anomura">Anomura</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_crab" title="King crab">King crabs</a>, which most scientists believe evolved from <a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">hermit crab</a> ancestors<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>First appearance: Late <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_crab" title="Porcelain crab">Porcelain crabs</a>, which are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Squat_lobster" title="Squat lobster">squat lobsters</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>First appearance: Late <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurassic period">Jurassic</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hairy_stone_crab" title="Hairy stone crab">hairy stone crab</a> (<i>Lomis hirta</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">Hermit crabs</a>: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Coconut_crab" title="Coconut crab">coconut crab</a> (<i>Birgus latro</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patagurus_rex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patagurus rex (page does not exist)">Patagurus rex</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Infraorder Brachyura (true <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First appearance: Early Jurassic</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The extinct probable crustacean order <a href="/wiki/Cyclida" title="Cyclida">Cyclida</a> are also noted to "strikingly resemble crabs," and probably had a similar ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-Schweigert_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schweigert-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_crabs">King crabs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: King crabs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Alaskan_red_king_crab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Alaskan_red_king_crab.jpg/220px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Alaskan_red_king_crab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Alaskan_red_king_crab.jpg/330px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Alaskan_red_king_crab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Alaskan_red_king_crab.jpg/440px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Alaskan_red_king_crab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Red_king_crab" title="Red king crab">red king crab</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The example of king crabs (family Lithodidae) evolving from hermit crabs has been particularly well studied, and evidence in their biology supports this theory. For example, most hermit crabs are <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_in_biology" title="Symmetry in biology">asymmetrical</a>, and fit well into spiral <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snail</a> <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">shells</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Pleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleon">abdomens</a> of king crabs, even though they do not use snail shells for shelter, are also asymmetrical.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypercarcinisation">Hypercarcinisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hypercarcinisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An exceptional form of carcinisation, termed "hypercarcinisation", is seen in the porcelain crab <i><a href="/wiki/Allopetrolisthes_spinifrons" title="Allopetrolisthes spinifrons">Allopetrolisthes spinifrons</a></i>. In addition to the shortened body form, <i>A. spinifrons</i> also shows similar <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> to that seen in true crabs, where males have a shorter <a href="/wiki/Pleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleon">pleon</a> than females.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiller_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiller-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selective_pressures_and_benefits">Selective pressures and benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selective pressures and benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independently arising from multiple ancestral crustacean taxa, the crab-like traits exhibited vary between individual species and taxa. However, all crabs and carcinised organisms are <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapods</a>. Correlations between the folding of the pleon tail and widening of the cephalothorax across disparate decapod species suggest similar evolutionary pressures. Some occurrences of carcinisation are derived from convergent but distinct developmental pathways, while others may be instances of <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous parallelism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from shared ancestral body plans. </p><p>Most carcinised organisms are descended from the infraorder Anomura, which includes hermit crabs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many carcinised Anomura evolved from ancestors with morphologically intermediate forms reminiscent of modern squat lobsters,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not including the King Crab which is hypothesized by researchers to be descended directly from a variety of Pagurid hermit crab. There may be various advantages to adopting brachyuraform (true crab-like) traits. </p><p>The adoption of a crab-like body structure can convey a number of selective advantages for crustacean species. Carcinisation is associated with a lowered center of gravity, allowing these creatures to invest in sideways walking.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evasive adaptation is particularly useful in an ocean environment with forward-moving predators. The pleon is held tightly under the animal’s <a href="/wiki/Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">cephalothorax</a> with reduced musculature, which protects the pleon’s organs from attack.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smaller and more balanced frame facilitates concealment within rocks and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>. The folding of the pleon below the carapace reduces the crustacean’s exposed surface area, and associated hardening of the pleonal <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> are all thought to benefit the fitness of this body type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_tradeoffs">Evolutionary tradeoffs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolutionary tradeoffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caridoid_escape_reaction.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Animated crustacean moving backwards by activating the caridoid escape reaction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Caridoid_escape_reaction.gif/220px-Caridoid_escape_reaction.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Caridoid_escape_reaction.gif/330px-Caridoid_escape_reaction.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Caridoid_escape_reaction.gif/440px-Caridoid_escape_reaction.gif 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Animated depiction of the caridoid escape reaction in profile</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Caridoid_escape_reaction" title="Caridoid escape reaction">caridoid escape reaction</a> is an innate danger response in crustaceans such as lobsters and crayfish, which contracts abdominal <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">flexions</a> and sends the crustacean flying backward in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brachyura and species which have undergone carcinization have strongly bent and immobile tails, which prevent them from using this evasion strategy. The necessary muscles are no longer developed enough in these species to facilitate the necessary tail flipping. Crabs and false crabs are best suited to escape by ground pursuit in comparison to the quick aquatic escape provided by the caridoid escape reaction. </p><p>Porcelain crabs’ closest relatives are <a href="/wiki/Squat_lobster" title="Squat lobster">squat lobsters</a>, taxa which occupy a morphological middle ground, described by Keiler et. al. as “half-carcinized” due to their partially flexed pleons and carapaces that remain longer than they are wide. Many species do not become fully carcinised but only undergo the crab-like adaptations that are contextually beneficial, to varying degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coconut_crabs_(Birgus_latro)"><span id="Coconut_crabs_.28Birgus_latro.29"></span>Coconut crabs (<i>Birgus latro</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coconut crabs (Birgus latro)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most incidences of carcinization are in aquatic Anomura populations, it has evolved in the planet’s largest land-dwelling invertebrate, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_crab" title="Coconut crab">Coconut crabs</a>. A number of true crab-like features, such as a wide carapace, and a low abdomen with strong supporting legs, allow these crustaceans to wield muscular <a href="/wiki/Chela_(organ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chela (organ)">claws</a> and manipulate their terrestrial environments with greater ease.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of an extended pleon greatly benefits their mobility. In this case, brachyuraform traits accommodate comfortable terrestrial locomotion and are far more pronounced in maturity, after the <a href="/wiki/Crustacean_larva" title="Crustacean larva">larval</a> and post-larval stages which remain obligatorily aquatic.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repeated emergence of carcinised morphological structures suggests selective pressures in various Anomura niches and habitus often favor carcinization, though this may fluctuate and is sometimes reversed by the opposite process of decarcinisation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decarcinisation">Decarcinisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decarcinisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some crab-shaped species have evolved away from the crab form in a process called <i>decarcinisation</i>. Decarcinisation, or the loss of the crab-like body, has occurred multiple times in both <a href="/wiki/Brachyura" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachyura">Brachyura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anomura" title="Anomura">Anomura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are varying degrees of carcinisation and decarcinisation. Thus, not all species can necessarily be distinctly classified as "carcinised" or "decarcinised". Some examples include the <a href="/wiki/Coconut_crab" title="Coconut crab">coconut crab</a>, as well as other hermit crabs, that have lost or reduced their outer casing, often referred to as "domiciles". While they retain their crab-like phenotype, their reduction in or lack of domicile necessitates a "semi-carcinised" label. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_examples_of_convergent_evolution" title="List of examples of convergent evolution">List of examples of convergent evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_crab_revolution" title="Cretaceous crab revolution">Cretaceous crab revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic_marine_revolution" title="Mesozoic marine revolution">Mesozoic marine revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a> (comparable with convergent evolution but involving teleology)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>There are hundreds of other crustacean pretenders living right under our noses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hermit+crabs+aren%27t+real+crabs&rft.date=2022-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F2022-09-18%2Fcrab-convergent-evolution-crustacean-australia-marine-biology%2F101388282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarcinisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfe-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfeLuqueBracken-Grissom2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe, Joanna M; Luque, Javier; Bracken-Grissom, Heather D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=How+to+become+a+crab%3A+Phenotypic+constraints+on+a+recurring+body+plan&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e2100020&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232325601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33751651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.202100020&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Joanna+M&rft.au=Luque%2C+Javier&rft.au=Bracken-Grissom%2C+Heather+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.202100020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarcinisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&oldid=1255933673">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carcinisation&oldid=1255933673</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crustaceans" title="Category:Crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Convergent_evolution" title="Category:Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 10:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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