CINXE.COM

Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses - CIR Magazine

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="description" content="Secondary perils such as floods, fires and severe convective storms now make up a larger portion of catastrophe losses in recent years than the insurance industry's peak perils of tropical cyclones and earthquakes.<br /> <br /> This is amongst the findings of a report published today by S&P, which looks at the way evolving natural catastrophe risks due to climate change are forcing insurers to reevaluate their relationships with each other."> <meta name="keywords" content=""> <meta name="author" content="staff reporter"> <meta property="og:title" content="Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Secondary perils such as floods, fires and severe convective storms now make up a larger portion of catastrophe losses in recent years than the insurance industry's peak perils of tropical cyclones and earthquakes.<br /> <br /> This is amongst the findings of a report published today by S&P, which looks at the way evolving natural catastrophe risks due to climate change are forcing insurers to reevaluate their relationships with each other." /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="CIR Magazine" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" /> <meta property="article:author" content="staff reporter" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/c2024112003.php" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/images/Hurricane evacuation route sign.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@CIR_Magazine"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Secondary perils such as floods, fires and severe convective storms now make up a larger portion of catastrophe losses in recent years than the insurance industry's peak perils of tropical cyclones and earthquakes.<br /> <br /> This is amongst the findings of a report published today by S&P, which looks at the way evolving natural catastrophe risks due to climate change are forcing insurers to reevaluate their relationships with each other."> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@CIR_Magazine"> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/images/Hurricane evacuation route sign.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="https://www.cirmagazine.com"> <!-- Mobile Metas --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <!-- Site Title --> <title>Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses - CIR Magazine</title> <!-- Update your html tag to include the itemscope and itemtype attributes. --> <html itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <!-- Add the following three tags inside head. --> <meta itemprop="name" content="Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses"> <meta itemprop="description" content="Secondary perils such as floods, fires and severe convective storms now make up a larger portion of catastrophe losses in recent years than the insurance industry's peak perils of tropical cyclones and earthquakes.<br /> <br /> This is amongst the findings of a report published today by S&P, which looks at the way evolving natural catastrophe risks due to climate change are forcing insurers to reevaluate their relationships with each other."> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/images/Hurricane evacuation route sign.jpg"> <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-135264454-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-135264454-1'); </script> <!-- Favicon --> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <!-- our project just needs Font Awesome Solid + Brands --> <link href="/fontawesome-free-6.4.2-web/css/fontawesome.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="/fontawesome-free-6.4.2-web/css/brands.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="/fontawesome-free-6.4.2-web/css/solid.css" rel="stylesheet"> <!-- Web Fonts --> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Condensed%7CRoboto+Slab:300,400,700%7CRoboto:300,400,500,700" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather:400,700" rel="stylesheet"> <!-- Stylesheets --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/cir/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/cir/bootstrap/css/main.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/cir/bootstrap/css/style.css?vers=39"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/cir/bootstrap/css/colors.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/cir/bootstrap/css/responsive.css?vers=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/cir/bootstrap/css/jquery-ui.min.css"> <!--<link rel="stylesheet" href="bootstrap/css/weather-icons.min.css">--> <!-- cookiealert styles --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/cir/bootstrap/css/cookiealert.css"> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script> <![endif]--> </head> <body> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.1.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!--Uses Exit Icon On Pop Up--><link rel="stylesheet" href="/fontawesome/css/font-awesome.min.css" /> <style> @import url(http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400); @font-face { font-family: 'si'; src: url(socicon-1.3/socicon.eot); src: url(socicon-1.3/socicon.eot?#iefix) format("embedded-opentype"),url(socicon-1.3/socicon.woff) format("woff"),url(socicon-1.3/socicon.ttf) format("truetype"),url(socicon-1.3/socicon.svg#icomoonregular) format("svg"); font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; } @media screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:0) { @font-face { font-family: si; src: url(socicon-1.3/socicon.svg) format("svg"); } } #popupContainer { display: none; box-sizing: border-box; /* width: 560px; */ height: 95%; overflow-y: scroll; overflow-x: hidden; padding: 20px 25px; position: fixed; /* left: 0; */ left: 50%; transform: translate(-50%, 0); /* right: 0; */ z-index: 10000; /* margin-left: -280px; */ background: #ECF0F1; } #popupInnercontainer { position:relative; } #popupClose { position:absolute; right:0; top:0; font-size:20px; color:#22313F; cursor:pointer; } #popupSocialbuttoncontainer {margin:0 auto; padding:0;} #popupSocialbuttons {overflow:hidden;} /*---Popup Msg---*/ .popupMsg {color:#22313F;} .popupMsgheader {font-size:1.5em;margin-bottom:10px;} .popupMsgsubheader {font-size:1em;} .subscribeField { border-bottom:1px solid #22313F; margin:20px auto; } .subscribeField i.fa { color:#22313F; margin-right:9px; } input { font:normal normal 16px/1.6em 'Open Sans', sans-serif; color:#22313F; border:none; outline:none; } .field { width:450px; height:45px; background:rgba(0,0,0,0); } #subbutton { width:250px; height:45px; display:block; margin:15px auto 0; background:#27ae60; cursor:pointer; } #nobutton { width:250px; height:45px; display:block; margin:15px auto 0; background:#cc0000; cursor:pointer; } #popupSeparator { font-size:1.2em; color:#22313F; text-align:center; margin:20px 0; position:relative; } #popupSeparator:before, #popupSeparator:after { content:''; position:absolute; top:50%; width:45%; height:1px; background:#bbb; } #popupSeparator:before {left:0;} #popupSeparator:after {right:0;} #popupOverlay { width:100%; height:100%; position:fixed; left:0; top:0; z-index:9999; background:rgba(0,0,0,5); display:none; } .subcriptionimage { margin-bottom:15px; } .subcriptionimage img { max-width: 60%; display: block; margin: auto; } .jsquestions { font-weight: 500; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 10px; } .jscenter { margin:auto !important; display:block; } .boxwrap { padding:10px; border:solid 1px #fda400; margin-bottom:15px; } label { font-weight:500 !important; } .jssurveylogo { margin: auto; display: block; max-width: 400px; width: 100%; } .formwrap { } .entry-image { position: static !important; } .pdfwrap { display: flex; width: 100%; margin-top:20px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; } .entry-block-small { width:24%; } .card-pdf { width: 50%; margin-right: 20px; float: left; margin-bottom: 10px; padding: 5px; /* box-shadow: 0 0 2.5rem -1rem rgba(0,0,0,0.5); */ box-shadow: 0 1px 5px 0 rgba(84, 84, 84, 0.39); } @media only screen and (max-width: 767px) { .card-pdf { width:100%; } } .card-pdf img { max-width:100%; display:block; margin:auto; max-height: 368px; } .card-pdf a { width: 100%; text-align: center; float: left; margin-top: 10px; color: white; background-color: #d4000e; padding: 5px; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 14px; } .card-pdf a:hover { color:white !important; } .pdfinput { margin-top: 10px; } .pdfinput input { } /*TICK BOX*/ .switch { height: 24px; display: block; float: left; position: relative; cursor: pointer; height: 100%; } .switch input { display: none; } .switch input + span { padding-left: 50px; min-height: 24px; line-height: 24px; display: block; color: #99A3BA; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; transition: color .3s ease; } .switch input + span:before, .switch input + span:after { content: ''; display: block; position: absolute; border-radius: 12px; } .switch input + span:before { top: 0; left: 0; width: 42px; height: 24px; background: #cfd6e4; transition: all .3s ease; } .switch input + span:after { width: 18px; height: 18px; background: #fff; top: 3px; left: 3px; box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(18, 22, 33, 0.1); transition: all .45s ease; } .switch input + span strong { font-weight: normal; position: relative; display: block; top: 1px; } .switch input + span strong:before, .switch input + span strong:after { font-size: 14px; font-weight: 500; display: block; font-family: 'Roboto', sans-serif; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; } .switch input + span strong:before { content: ''; transition: all .3s ease .2s; } .switch input + span strong:after { content: ''; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; color: #000000; transition: all .3s ease; -webkit-transform: translate(2px, 0); transform: translate(2px, 0); } .switch input:checked + span:before { background: rgba(0, 165, 5, 0.66); } .switch input:checked + span:after { background: #fff; -webkit-transform: translate(18px, 0); transform: translate(18px, 0); } .switch input:checked + span strong:before { opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; transition: all .3s ease; -webkit-transform: translate(-2px, 0); transform: translate(-2px, 0); } .switch input:checked + span strong:after { opacity: 1; visibility: visible; -webkit-transform: translate(0, 0); transform: translate(0, 0); transition: all .3s ease .2s; } /*END OF TICKBOX*/ .form-control { margin-bottom:0; } .form-group { margin-bottom:10px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 1100px) { #popupContainer { width: 90%; height: 95%; overflow-y: scroll; overflow-x: hidden; } } </style> <!--====Pop Up on Load======================--> <div id="popupContainer" style="top: -400px; opacity: 1; display: none;"> <div id="popupInnercontainer"> <!--<span id="popupClose"><i class="fa fa-close" aria-hidden="true"></i></span>--> <div id="popupSocialbuttoncontainer"> <div class="popupMsg"> <div class="popupMsgheader"> Subscription </div> <div class="popupMsgsubheader"> <!--You have reached your monthly limit for free articles.--> </div> </div> </div> <!--<div class="subcriptionimage"><img src="/ct/images/CTsubs_160223912.jpg"></div>--> <div id="popupSharecontainer"> <div class="formwrap" id="formwrap"> <div class="popupMsgsubheader" id="startheader"> This site is FREE for all registered readers. Please input your details below for instant access. </div> <div class="popupMsgsubheader" id="finishheader" style="display:none;"> Thanks for registering. You can now continue to the website. </div> <br> <div id="mainform"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">Name</label><span id="nameerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="firstname" type="text" name="firstname" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter your Name"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">Company Name:</label><span id="companynameerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="companyname" type="text" name="companyname" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter your Company Name"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">Email:</label><span id="emailerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="email" type="text" name="email" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter your Email"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">Telephone:</label><span id="phoneerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="phonenumber" type="text" name="phonenumber" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter your Phone Number"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">Job Title:</label><span id="jobtitleerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="jobtitle" type="text" name="jobtitle" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter your Job Title"> </div> <div style="font-weight:400; width:100%;" class="title-left title-style04 underline04">Printed Copy:<span id="addressmainerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span></div> <!-- notices --> <div class="form-group" style="float: left;padding: 10px;border: solid 1px #e6e6e6;"> <label class="switch" style="width: 13%;"> <input type="checkbox" name="printedcopy" id="printedcopy"> <span> <em></em> <strong></strong> </span> </label> <div style="float: right;width: 85%;">Would you also like to receive CIR Magazine in print? <span style="visibility:hidden;">_____________ __ __ ____ ___________________</span> </div> </div> <!-- end of notices --> <div id="sprintedcopy" style="display:none;"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">Address 1:</label><span id="address1error" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="address1" type="text" name="address1" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter address 1"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">Address 2:</label><span id="address2error" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="address2" type="text" name="address2" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter address 2"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">Town/City:</label><span id="townerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="town" type="text" name="town" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter address 1"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">County:</label><span id="countyerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="county" type="text" name="county" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter county"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">Country:</label><span id="countryerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="country" type="text" name="country" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter county"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="form_name">Postcode:</label><span id="postcodeerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span> <input id="postcode" type="text" name="postcode" class="form-control" placeholder="Please enter county"> </div> </div> <div style="font-weight:400; width:100%;" class="title-left title-style04 underline04">Data Use:<span id="datauseerror" style="color:red;padding-left:12px;"></span></div> <!-- notices --> <div class="form-group" style="float: left;padding: 10px;border: solid 1px #e6e6e6;"> <label class="switch" style="width: 13%;"> <input type="checkbox" name="datause" id="datause"> <span> <em></em> <strong></strong> </span> </label> <div style="float: right;width: 85%;">We will also send you our free daily email newsletters and other relevant communications, which you can opt out of at any time. Thank you. </div> </div> <!-- end of notices --> <input type="hidden" name="status" id="status" value="submitform"> <!--post to same form - but send status to stop questions --> <input type="hidden" name="utm_source" id="utm_source" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="utm_medium" id="utm_medium" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="utm_campaign" id="utm_campaign" value=""> <button style="margin: auto;display: block; width:100%;" type="button" class="btn btn-default" id="subscribe">Submit</button> </div><!--mainform--> <div id="afterform" style="display:none;"> <button style="margin: auto;display: block; width:100%;" id="subbutton" type="button" class="btn btn-default" id="subscribedone">Continue</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="popupOverlay" style="display: none;"></div> <script> $(function () { var animationspeed = 800, modal = $('#popupContainer'), modalBG = $('#popupOverlay'); modal.css({ 'top': '-400px', 'opacity': 0, 'display': 'block' }); modalBG.fadeIn(animationspeed / 2); modal.delay(animationspeed / 2).animate({ 'top': '20px', 'opacity': 1 }, animationspeed); $('#popupClose').click(popupClose); $('#subbutton').click(popupClose); function popupClose() { modalBG.delay(animationspeed).fadeOut(animationspeed); modal.animate({ 'top': '-400px', 'opacity': 0 }, animationspeed / 2, function () { modal.css({ 'opacity': 1, 'display': 'none' }); }); } ; }); </script> <!--====End Of Pop Up On Load===============--> <!--========== BEGIN #WRAPPER ==========--> <div id="wrapper" data-color="blue"> <!--========== BEGIN #HEADER ==========--> <div class="hidden-lg" style="margin:6px 0 6px 0;"> <div id="adbannerwrapjs"><a href="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/link.php?url= https://www.origamirisk.com/CIR-2023" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/../../cir/images/2024-CIR-Software-Report-Leaderboard-Ad-FINAL-728x90.png" border="0"" ALT="BANNER"></a></div></div> <header id="header"> <!-- Begin .top-menu --> <div class="top-menu"> <!-- Begin .container --> <div class="container"> <!-- Begin .left-top-menu --> <ul class="left-top-menu"> <li><a href="/cir/aboutus.php">About</a></li> <li><a href="/cir/contactus.php">Contact</a></li> <li class="address"><a>Established 1996</a></li> </ul> <!-- End .left-top-menu --> <!-- Begin .right-top-menu --> <ul class="right-top-menu pull-right"> <li> <div class="search-container"> <div class="search-icon-btn"> <span><i class="fa fa-search"></i></span> </div> <div class="search-input"> <script> function checkform(msg) { document.search.submit(); } </script> <form name="search" id="search" action="/cir/search.php" method="POST"> <input type="search" class="search-bar" placeholder="Search..." title="Search" id="querystring" name="querystring" /> </form> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <!-- End .right-top-menu --> </div> <!-- End .container --> </div> <!-- End .top-menu --> <!-- Begin .container --> <div class="container"> <!-- Begin .header-logo --> <div class="header-logo"><a href="/cir/index.php"><img src="/cir/img/CIR-thinkingResilience.jpg" alt="Site Logo" /> </a></div> <!-- End .header-logo --> <!-- Begin .header-add-place --> <div class="header-add-place"> <div class="desktop-add"> <div id="adbannerwrapjs"><a href="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/link.php?url= https://www.origamirisk.com/CIR-2023" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/../../cir/images/2024-CIR-Software-Report-Leaderboard-Ad-FINAL-728x90.png" border="0"" ALT="BANNER"></a></div> </a> </div> </div> <!-- End .header-add-place --> <!--========== BEGIN .NAVBAR #MOBILE-NAV ==========--> <nav class="navbar navbar-default" id="mobile-nav"> <div class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" id="sidenav-toggle"> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <div class="sidenav-header-logo"><a href="/cir/index.php"><img src="/cir/img/CIR-thinkingResilience.jpg" alt="Site Logo" /> </a></div> </div> <div class="sidenav" data-sidenav data-sidenav-toggle="#sidenav-toggle"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle active" data-toggle="collapse"> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <div class="sidenav-brand"> <div class="sidenav-header-logo"><a href="/cir/index.php"><img src="/cir/img/CIR-thinkingResilience.jpg" alt="Site Logo" /> </a></div> </div> <ul class="sidenav-menu"> <li><a href="/cir/index.php">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/cir/archive-news-list.php">News</a> </li> <li><a href="/cir/cir-digital-editions.php">Magazine</a> </li> <li><a href="/cir/focusfeatures.php">Focus Features</a></li> <li><a href="/cir/whitepaper.php">Whitepapers</a></li> <li><a href="/cir/cirreports.php">Software Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/cir/video-archives.php">Videos</a></li> <!--<li><a class="active">Software Reports</a> <div class="icon-sub-menu" data-sidenav-dropdown-toggle><span class="sidenav-dropdown-icon show" data-sidenav-dropdown-icon></span><span class="sidenav-dropdown-icon up-icon" data-sidenav-dropdown-icon></span></div> <ul class="sidenav-dropdown" data-sidenav-dropdown> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.europeanpensions.net/awards/">Business Continuity</a> </li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.europeanpensions.net/irishawards/">Emergency & Mass Notication</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.europeanpensions.net/irishawards/">Risk</a></li> </ul> </li>--> <li><a class="active">Awards</a> <div class="icon-sub-menu" data-sidenav-dropdown-toggle><span class="sidenav-dropdown-icon show" data-sidenav-dropdown-icon></span><span class="sidenav-dropdown-icon up-icon" data-sidenav-dropdown-icon></span></div> <ul class="sidenav-dropdown" data-sidenav-dropdown> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cirmagazine.com/businesscontinuityawards/">Business Continuity Awards</a> </li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.nationalinsuranceawards.co.uk/">National Insurance Awards</a> </li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cirmagazine.com/riskmanagementawards/">Risk Management Awards</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/cir/roundtable-archive.php">Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/cir/podcast-archives.php">Podcasts</a></li> <!--<li><a href="https://www.cirmagazine.com/resilience-series/">CIR Resilience Series</a></li>--> <li><a href="https://www.insurancetoday.co.uk/">Insurance Today Daily News</a></li> <!--<li><a href="/cir/jobs/">Jobs</a></li>--> </ul> </div> </nav> <!--========== END .NAVBAR #MOBILE-NAV ==========--> </div> <!-- End .container --> <!--========== BEGIN .NAVBAR #FIXED-NAVBAR ==========--> <div class="navbar" id="fixed-navbar"> <!--========== BEGIN MAIN-MENU .NAVBAR-COLLAPSE COLLAPSE #FIXED-NAVBAR-TOOGLE ==========--> <div class="main-menu nav navbar-collapse collapse" id="fixed-navbar-toggle"> <!--========== BEGIN .CONTAINER ==========--> <div class="container"> <!-- Begin .nav navbar-nav --> <ul class="nav navbar-nav"> <li><a href="/cir/index.php">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/cir/archive-news-list.php">News</a> </li> <li><a href="/cir/cir-digital-editions.php">Magazine</a> </li> <li><a href="/cir/focusfeatures.php">Focus Features</a></li> <li><a href="/cir/whitepaper.php">Whitepapers</a></li> <li><a href="/cir/cirreports.php">Software Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/cir/video-archives.php">Videos</a></li> <!--<li class="dropdown"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Software Reports</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.europeanpensions.net/awards/">Business Continuity</a> </li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.europeanpensions.net/awards/">Emergency & Mass Notication</a> </li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.europeanpensions.net/irishawards/">Risk</a></li> </ul> </li>--> <li class="dropdown"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Awards</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cirmagazine.com/businesscontinuityawards/">Business Continuity Awards</a> </li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.nationalinsuranceawards.co.uk/">National Insurance Awards</a> </li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cirmagazine.com/riskmanagementawards/">Risk Management Awards</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/cir/roundtable-archive.php">Roundtables</a></li> <!--<li><a href="/cir/jobs/">Jobs</a></li>--> </ul> <!--========== END .NAV NAVBAR-NAV ==========--> </div> <!--========== END .CONTAINER ==========--> </div> <!--========== END MAIN-MENU .NAVBAR-COLLAPSE COLLAPSE #FIXED-NAVBAR-TOOGLE ==========--> <!--========== BEGIN .SECOND-MENU NAVBAR #NAV-BELOW-MAIN ==========--> <div class="second-menu navbar" id="nav-below-main"> <!-- Begin .container --> <div class="container"> <!-- Begin .collapse navbar-collapse --> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse nav-below-main"> <!-- Begin .nav navbar-nav --> <ul class="nav navbar-nav"> <!--<li style="background-color: #559dc5;"><a style="color: white;" target="_blank" href="/cir/directory.php">Professional Services Guide</a></li>--> <li style="background-color: #559dc5;"><a style="color: white;" href="/cir/events.php">Events</a></li> <li style="background-color: #559dc5;"><a style="color: white;" href="/cir/podcast-archives.php">Podcasts</a></li> <!--<li style="background-color: #559dc5;"><a style="color: white;" href="https://www.cirmagazine.com/resilience-series/">CIR Resilience Series</a></li>--> <li style="background-color: #559dc5;"><a style="color: white;" href="https://www.insurancetoday.co.uk/" target="_blank">Insurance Today Daily News</a></li> </ul> <!-- End .nav navbar-nav --> </div> <!-- End .collapse navbar-collapse --> <!-- Begin .clock --> <div class="clock"> <div id="time"></div> <div id="date"></div> </div> <!-- End .clock --> </div> <!-- End .container --> </div> <!--========== END .SECOND-MENU NAVBAR #NAV-BELOW-MAIN ==========--> </div> </header> <!--========== END #HEADER ==========--> <!--========== BEGIN #MAIN-SECTION ==========--> <section id="main-section" class="box"> <p><a class="divLink" target="_blank" href="https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/trackclk/N6540.278990CONTINUITYINSURANCER/B32438072.405048414;dc_trk_aid=596633377;dc_trk_cid=222761005;dc_lat=;dc_rdid=;tag_for_child_directed_treatment=;tfua=;gdpr=${GDPR};gdpr_consent=${GDPR_CONSENT_755};ltd=;dc_tdv=1"></a></p> <!--========== BEGIN .MODULE ==========--> <section class="module"> <!--========== BEGIN .CONTAINER ==========--> <div class="container"> <!--========== BEGIN .BREAKING-NEWS ==========--> <!-- Begin .outer --> <div class="outer"> <div class="breaking-ribbon"> <h4>Latest News</h4> </div> <!-- Begin .newsticker --> <div class="newsticker"> <ul> <li> <h4><a href="/cir/c2024112501.php"> Barclays fined £40m over 'reckless' failures</a></h4> </li> <li> <h4><a href="/cir/c2024112003.php"> Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses</a></h4> </li> <li> <h4><a href="/cir/c2024112701.php"> Zurich launches climate risk assessment tool</a></h4> </li> <li> <h4><a href="/cir/c2024111803.php"> Global risk and cyber security consulting market ‘to pass £80bn in revenues’ for first time</a></h4> </li> <li> <h4><a href="/cir/c2024112702.php"> Research maps England’s vulnerability to extreme weather</a></h4> </li> <li> <h4><a href="/cir/c2024112502.php"> Crawford strengthens presence in Spain</a></h4> </li> </ul> <div class="navi"> <button class="up"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></button> <button class="down"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></button> </div> </div> <!-- End .newsticker --> </div> <!-- End .outer --> <!--========== END .BREAKING-NEWS ==========--> <!--CONTENT AD 1--> <div class="row no-gutter"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div id="adbannerwrapjs"><a href=" " target="_self"><img src="spacer.jpg" height="0" width="0" border="0""></a><!--customcode--> <div id="adbannerwrapjs"><a href="https://www.fusionrm.com/request-a-demo/?utm_source=cir&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=opres-campaign&utm_content=request-a-demo" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/images/Leaderboard-728x90-resilience-full-holes.jpg" border="0"></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <!--========== END .MODULE ==========--> <!--========== BEGIN .MODULE ==========--> <section class="module"> <!--========== BEGIN .CONTAINER ==========--> <div class="container"> <!--========== BEGIN .ROW ==========--> <div class="row no-gutter"> <!--========== BEGIN .COL-MD-7 ==========--> <div class="col-md-7"> <!--========== BEGIN .POST ==========--> <article class="post post-full clearfix"> <div class="title-left title-style04 underline04"> <h2 style="font-weight: 500;line-height: normal;font-size: 3rem;"> Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses </h2> </div> <div class="post-meta-elements" style="margin: 10px 0 10px 0; width: 100%; background-color: #f7f7f7; padding: 5px 10px; color: #101010;"> <author class="post-meta-author author"> <i class="fa fa-user"></i>By staff reporter</author> <time pubdate datetime="2024-11-20" class="post-meta-date"> <i class="fa fa-calendar"></i>2024-11-20</time> </div> <div class="entry-main"> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Secondary perils such as floods, fires and severe convective storms now make up a larger portion of catastrophe losses in recent years than the insurance industry's peak perils of tropical cyclones and earthquakes.<br /> <br /> This is amongst the findings of a report published today by S&P, which looks at the way evolving natural catastrophe risks due to climate change are forcing insurers to reevaluate their relationships with each other.<br /> <br /> These secondary perils played a large role in the global reinsurance industry failing to earn its cost of capital for five of the six years between 2017 and 2022, the report notes. The knock-on effect of this new reality has insurers paying more for cover to the reinsurance industry and retaining more risk on their own books. <br /> <br /> The S&P Global Market Intelligence report,<i> Evolving Natural Catastrophe Ris</i>k, also points to the way in which the increasing frequency and severity of mid-sized events and hurricanes hitting previously unaffected areas has led to an overhaul of the industry's approach to those payouts. <br /> <br /> “The insurance industry has often acted as an early warning system for individuals and industries looking to understand and mitigate future risk,” said Raymond Barrett, lead author of the report at S&P Global Market Intelligence. “With climate change expected to increase the severity and frequency of natural catastrophes, understanding this altered risk environment is paramount. Insurers have been beating the drum on a variety of climate change risks for many years so their current focus on extreme weather should be a cross-industry concern.”</p> <!--<ul class="soc"> <div class="sharestorytext">Share Story:</div> <li> <a class="soc-twitter" target="_BLANK" href="http://twitter.com/share?text=Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses&url=https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/c2024112003.php"></a> </li> <li> <a class="soc-linkedin" target="_BLANK" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/c2024112003.php"></a> </li> </ul>--> <br> <hr> <div class="sharewrap"> <div class="sharestorytext">Share Story:</div> <div class="jsiconwrap"> <a href="https://x.com/intent/tweet?text=Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses&url=https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/c2024112003.php"> <i class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter" style="color:black;"></i> </a> </div> <div class="jsiconwrap"> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/c2024112003.php"> <i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin" style="color:#3371b7;"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <!-- End .post --> <div class="comment-title title-style01"> <h3>YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE</h3> </div> <!--========== BEGIN .ARTICLE ==========--> <div class="article"> <div class="entry-block-small"> <div class="entry-image"><a class="img-link" href="/cir/c2024112003.php?utm_source=jsrecent"><img class="img-responsive img-full" src="/cir/images/Hurricane evacuation route sign.jpg"></a></div> <div class="content"> <h3><a href="/cir/c2024112003.php?utm_source=jsrecent">Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses</a></h3> <div> <a href="/cir/c2024112003.php?utm_source=jsrecent"><span class="read-more">READ STORY</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="entry-block-small"> <div class="entry-image"><a class="img-link" href="/cir/c2024111803.php?utm_source=jsrecent"><img class="img-responsive img-full" src="/cir/images/office-meeting.jpg"></a></div> <div class="content"> <h3><a href="/cir/c2024111803.php?utm_source=jsrecent">Global risk and cyber security consulting market ‘to pass £80bn in revenues’ for first time</a></h3> <div> <a href="/cir/c2024111803.php?utm_source=jsrecent"><span class="read-more">READ STORY</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="entry-block-small"> <div class="entry-image"><a class="img-link" href="/cir/c2024111301.php?utm_source=jsrecent"><img class="img-responsive img-full" src="/cir/images/fca.JPG"></a></div> <div class="content"> <h3><a href="/cir/c2024111301.php?utm_source=jsrecent">New rules aim to strengthen financial sector resilience</a></h3> <div> <a href="/cir/c2024111301.php?utm_source=jsrecent"><span class="read-more">READ STORY</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--========== END ARTICLE ==========--> <!--CONTENT AD 2--> <div class="row no-gutter"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div style="float:left;width:100%;"> <div id="adbannerwrapjs"><a href="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/link.php?url= https://www.cirmagazine.com/riskmanagementawards/booking_form.php" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/../../cir/images/728x90-RMA2024_BookYourTable.gif" border="0""></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <br> <!-- <div id="mainLeftFullStoryRelated"> <h2>Related Articles</h2> </div>--> </div> <!--========== End .COL-MD-9 ==========--> <!--========== BEGIN .COL-MD-3 ==========--> <div class="col-md-3"> <div class="sidebar-add-place"><a href="/cir/symbiant-grc-software" class="link-06c"></a><p class="rightsmall"><div style="padding-top:0px;"><a href="https://www.symbiant.co.uk" target="_blank"><img src="/cir/images/Symbiant-MPU-Banner-Final.gif" border="0" alt="BANNER" title="BANNER"></a></div></p></div> <div class="sidebar-add-place"><a href="/cir/dig-ed-see-latest" class="link-06c"></a><p class="rightsmall"><a href="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/cir-digital-editions.php"><img src="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/images/digitalEditonBanner-300.jpg" width="300" height="250" border="0"></a></p></div> <div class="jswrap4"><div class="jstitle4">Investec is disrupting premium finance – Podcast</div><div class="jswrap5"><img src="/cir/images/Investec-podcast-no-graphic_.jpg"><audio controls><source src="/cir/podcast/investec-Movo-cirpodcast.mp3" type="audio/ogg"><source src="/cir/podcast/investec-Movo-cirpodcast.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></div><div class="jswrap6"><div class="jstext4">Investec made waves in entering the premium finance market, where listening and evolving in response to brokers made a real difference.</div></div></div> <br> <div class="jswrap4"><div class="jstitle4">Communicating in a crisis</div><div class="jswrap5"><img src="/cir/images/BlackBerryGtManchPolice_podcast6.jpg"><audio controls><source src="/cir/podcast/BBerry_GMP_2.mp3" type="audio/ogg"><source src="/cir/podcast/BBerry_GMP_2.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element.</audio></div><div class="jswrap6"><div class="jstext4">Deborah Ritchie speaks to Chief Inspector Tracy Mortimer of the Specialist Operations Planning Unit in Greater Manchester Police's Civil Contingencies and Resilience Unit; Inspector Darren Spurgeon, AtHoc lead at Greater Manchester Police; and Chris Ullah, Solutions Expert at BlackBerry AtHoc, and himself a former Police Superintendent. For more information <a href="https://cirmagazine.com/cir/link.php?url=https://www.blackberry.com/content/dam/blackberry-com/PDF/case-studies/cs-gmp.pdf" target="_blank" title="">click here</a></div></div></div> <br> <div class="sidebar-tabs"> <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-body"> <div class="tabbable"> <!-- Begin .nav nav-tabs --> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-tabs-solid nav-justified"> <li class="active"><a href="#solid-justified-tab1" data-toggle="tab" aria-expanded="true">Popular</a></li> <!--<li class=""><a href="#solid-justified-tab2" data-toggle="tab" aria-expanded="false">Jobs</a></li>--> </ul> <!-- End .nav nav-tabs --> <div class="tab-content"> <!-- Begin #tab1 --> <div class="tab-pane active" id="solid-justified-tab1"> <ul> <li><a href="/cir/c2024111902.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">1</div> <p>Overlooking risk interactions could prove costly, RIMS warns</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/c2024112101.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">2</div> <p>80pc of business leaders question long-term resilience of their own organisations</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/c2024111301.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">3</div> <p>New rules aim to strengthen financial sector resilience </p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/c2024111803.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">4</div> <p>Global risk and cyber security consulting market ‘to pass £80bn in revenues’ for first time</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/c2024112003.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">5</div> <p>Secondary perils dominate recent nat cat losses</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/c2024112501.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">6</div> <p>Barclays fined £40m over 'reckless' failures</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/c2024112103.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">7</div> <p>BOOK: Cyber Guardians: Empowering Board Members for Effective Cyber Security, by Bart R. McDonough</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/c2024110802.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">8</div> <p>NAO calls for target date to end cladding remediation</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/c2024111302.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">9</div> <p>NCSC cyber warning over zero-day vulnerabilities</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/c2024110603.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">10</div> <p>Government bodies eschew cyber insurance</p> </a></li> </ul> </div> <!-- End #tab1 --> <!-- Begin #tab2 --> <!-- <div class="tab-pane" id="solid-justified-tab2"> <ul> <li><a href="/cir/jobs/Senior-Underwriter-07-08-2019-removed-03-09-2019.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">1</div> <p>Senior Underwriter</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/jobs/Head-of-Underwriting-Asset Affinity-11-07-2019.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">2</div> <p>Head of Underwriting (Asset Affinity)</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/jobs/Underwriting-Lead-Surety-11-07-2019.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">3</div> <p>Underwriting Lead (Surety)</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/jobs/Underwriter-Director-Equity Provided-11-07-2019.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">4</div> <p>Underwriter Director (Equity Provided)</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/jobs/Risk-Management-Consultant-Home-Based-11-07-2019.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">5</div> <p>Risk Management Consultant (Home-Based)</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/jobs/Home-Based-Complex-Property-Claims-Handler-11-07-2019.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">6</div> <p>Home-Based Complex Property Claims Handler</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/jobs/Senior-Global-Account-Handler-11-07-2019.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">7</div> <p>Senior / Global Account Handler</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/jobs/Corporate-Account-Handler-11-07-2019.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">8</div> <p>Corporate Account Handler</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/jobs/Corporate-Account-Executive-11-07-2019.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">9</div> <p>Corporate Account Executive</p> </a></li> <li><a href="/cir/jobs/Senior-Corporate-Global-Account-Handler-22-01-2019.php"> <div class="mostreadnumbers">10</div> <p>Senior Corporate / Global Account Handler</p> </a></li> </ul> </div>--> <!-- End #tab2 --> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--<div class="jswrap4"><div class="jstitle4">Power transmission and distribution risk</div><div class="jswrap5"><video class="jsvideo4" poster="/images/280x170midel.jpg" controls="" width="100%"><source src="/jwplayer/midel1v4.mp4" type="video/mp4"><source src="/jwplayer/" type="video/ogg"> Your browser does not support HTML5 video.</video></div><div class="jswrap6"><div class="jstext4">Mark Evans talks to Barry Menzies, head of MIDEL ester-based dielectric fluids, at specialist manufacturer M&I Materials, to discover how ester fluids can help reduce the risks associated with transformer applications.</div></div></div> <br>--> </div> <!--========== End .COL-MD-2 ==========--> <div class="col-md-2"> <div class="sidebar-add-place pull-right"> <A TARGET="_blank" HREF="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/link.php?url= https://www.cirmagazine.com/businesscontinuityawards/enter.php" ALT="AWARDS"><img src="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/../../cir/images/120x600-BC-awards-enter-1024.gif" border="0""></a> <A HREF="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/link.php?url= " ALT=""></a> </div> <div class="sidebar-add-place pull-right"> <A TARGET="_blank" HREF="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/link.php?url= https://www.cirmagazine.com/riskmanagementawards/booking_form.php" ALT="AWARDS"><img src="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/../../cir/images/120X600-RMA2024_BookYourTable.gif" border="0""></a> <A HREF="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/link.php?url= " ALT=""></a> </div> <div class="sidebar-add-place pull-right"> <A TARGET="_blank" HREF="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/link.php?url= https://www.nationalinsuranceawards.co.uk/" ALT="Banner"><img src="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/../../cir/images/120x600NIA2025Book.gif" border="0""></a> <A HREF="https://www.cirmagazine.com/cir/link.php?url= " ALT=""></a> </div> <div class="sidebar-add-place pull-right"> <A TARGET="" HREF=" " ALT=""></a> <A HREF=" " ALT=""></a> </div> </div> <!--========== END .COL-MD-2 ==========--> </div> <!--========== END .CONTAINER ==========--> </section> <!--========== END .MODULE ==========--> <!--fm global october 2024--> <IMG SRC="https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/trackimp/N6540.278990CONTINUITYINSURANCER/B32438072.405048414;dc_trk_aid=596633377;dc_trk_cid=222761005;ord=[timestamp];dc_lat=;dc_rdid=;tag_for_child_directed_treatment=;tfua=;gdpr=${GDPR};gdpr_consent=${GDPR_CONSENT_755};ltd=;dc_tdv=1?" attributionsrc BORDER="0" HEIGHT="1" WIDTH="1" ALT="Advertisement"> <div class="container"> <div class="card" style="margin-top: 70px"> <div class="card-body"> <div id="fillme"></div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- START Bootstrap-Cookie-Alert --> <div class="text-center cookiealert" role="alert"> We use cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. <a href="http://www.perspectivepublishing.com/privacy_policy.html" target="_blank" style="color: #3fd600;">Learn More</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm acceptcookies"> Accept </button> </div> <!-- END Bootstrap-Cookie-Alert --> <!-- JAVASCRIPT --> <!-- Include cookiealert script --> <script src="/cir/bootstrap/js/cookiealert.js"></script> <img src="https://tps.doubleverify.com/visit.jpg?ctx=19912478&cmp=24739724&sid=935609&plc=284461843&adsrv=1&btreg=&btadsrv=&crt=&tagtype=&dvtagver=6.1.img&" alt="" width="0" height="0" /> <!--========== BEGIN #COPYRIGHTS==========--> <div id="copyrights"> <!-- Begin .container --> <div class="container"> <!-- Begin .copyright --> <div class="copyright"> &copy; 2019 Perspective Publishing &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <a style="color:white;" href="http://www.perspectivepublishing.com/privacy_policy.html">Privacy & Cookies</a></div> <!-- End .copyright --> <!-- Begin .footer-social-icons --> <div class="footer-social-icons"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/CIR_Magazine" class="twitter"><i class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> <!-- End .footer-social-icons --> </div> <!-- End .container --> </div> <!--========== END #COPYRIGHTS==========--> </div> <!--========== END #WRAPPER ==========--> <!-- External JavaScripts --> <script src="/cir/bootstrap/js/jquery-3.1.1.min.js"></script> <script src="/cir/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script src="/cir/bootstrap/js/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script src="/cir/bootstrap/js/plugins.js"></script> <!-- JavaScripts --> <script src="/cir/bootstrap/js/functions.js?ver=1"></script> <script> /*$(document).ready(function () { // Open in new window $(".box1").click(function () { window.open($(this).find("a:first").attr("href")); return false; }); });*/ </script> <script> var sprintedcopy="N"; $('input[name="printedcopy"]').click(function () { if ($('#printedcopy').is(":checked")) { sprintedcopy="Y"; $("#sprintedcopy").show(); } else { sprintedcopy="N"; $("#sprintedcopy").hide(); } }); $('#subscribe').click(function() { $("#nameerror").html(''); $("#companynameerror").html(''); $("#emailerror").html(''); $("#phoneerror").html(''); $("#jobtitleerror").html(''); $("#datauseerror").html(''); var firstname = $("#firstname").val(); var companyname = $("#companyname").val(); var email = $("#email").val(); var phonenumber = $("#phonenumber").val(); var jobtitle = $("#jobtitle").val(); var address1 = $("#address1").val(); var address2 = $("#address2").val(); var town = $("#town").val(); var county = $("#county").val(); var country = $("#country").val(); var postcode = $("#postcode").val(); firstname = firstname.trim(); companyname = companyname.trim(); email = email.trim(); phonenumber = phonenumber.trim(); jobtitle = jobtitle.trim(); address1 = address1.trim(); address2 = address2.trim(); town = town.trim(); county = county.trim(); country = country.trim(); postcode = postcode.trim(); var iserror=0; if (firstname==""){ $("#nameerror").html('Please enter your name'); iserror=1; } if (companyname==""){ $("#companynameerror").html('Please enter your company name'); iserror=1; } if (email==""){ $("#emailerror").html('Please enter your email address'); iserror=1; } if (phonenumber==""){ $("#phoneerror").html('Please enter your phone number'); iserror=1; } if (jobtitle==""){ $("#jobtitleerror").html('Please enter your job title'); iserror=1; } if (iserror==1){ $('#popupContainer').animate({ scrollTop: 0 }, 'slow'); return(false); } if ($('#datause').is(":checked")) { // it is checked var formData= {firstname: firstname, companyname: companyname, email: email, phonenumber: phonenumber, jobtitle: jobtitle, address1: address1, address2: address2, town: town, county: county, country: country, postcode: postcode, sprintedcopy: sprintedcopy}; $.ajax({ method: "POST", url: "func_save_subscription.php", data: formData }) .done(function( msg ) { $("#mainform").hide(); $("#startheader").hide(); $("#afterform").show(); $("#finishheader").show(); }); } else { $("#datauseerror").html('Please agree to our data use terms'); } }); </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10