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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Charters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3_West_16th_Street" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3_West_16th_Street"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>3 West 16th Street</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3_West_16th_Street-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Israel_Council_of_Rabbis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Israel_Council_of_Rabbis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Young Israel Council of Rabbis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Israel_Council_of_Rabbis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Israel_Kosher_Dining_clubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Israel_Kosher_Dining_clubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Young Israel Kosher Dining clubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Israel_Kosher_Dining_clubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Well-known_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Well-known_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Well-known branches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Well-known_branches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Well-known branches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Well-known_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Young_Israel_of_Brookline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Israel_of_Brookline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Young Israel of Brookline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Israel_of_Brookline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Israel_of_Fifth_Avenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Israel_of_Fifth_Avenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Young Israel of Fifth Avenue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Israel_of_Fifth_Avenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Israel_of_Flatbush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Israel_of_Flatbush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Young Israel of Flatbush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Israel_of_Flatbush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young_Israel_Beth-El_of_Boro_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young_Israel_Beth-El_of_Boro_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young_Israel_Beth-El_of_Boro_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Largest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Young_Israel_Synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Young_Israel_Synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>List of Young Israel Synagogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Young_Israel_Synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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<span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American Orthodox Jewish network, 1912-</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">National Council of Young Israel</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">President</th><td class="infobox-data">David Warshaw<sup id="cite_ref-NewBoard_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewBoard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">50 Eisenhower Drive, <a href="/wiki/Paramus,_New_Jersey" title="Paramus, New Jersey">Paramus, New Jersey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">1912 <br />205 East Broadway, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Congregations</th><td class="infobox-data">135</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">~25,000 affiliates</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youngisrael.org/">www<wbr />.youngisrael<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Council of Young Israel</b> (<b>NCYI</b>) or <b>Young Israel</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ישראל הצעיר</span>‎, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Yisrael Hatza'ir</i></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> organization in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> with a network of affiliated "Young Israel" synagogues. Young Israel was founded in 1912, in its earliest form, by a group of 15 young Jews on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Their goal was to make Orthodox Judaism more relevant to young Americanized Jews at a time when a significant Jewish education was rare, and most Orthodox institutions were <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>-speaking and oriented to an older, European Jewish demographic.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Young Israel continues to promote Orthodox involvement of modern American Jews, while also advocating for the issues most relevant to its members, including support for Israel and <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a> were striving primarily for social and economic advancement, often leaving their religious observances behind. Because most jobs required working on Saturdays, observance of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> was rare, as were many other traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCYI_About_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCYI_About-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> movement had been expanding rapidly for about 40 years, and with its relaxed religious codes, secularly-educated leadership, and English orientation, attracted an increasing number of young people away from the folds of Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of young Orthodox Jews decided to do what they could to make Orthodox Judaism more relevant to their peers, and combat the wave of assimilation by <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> into Reform and secular American society. In 1911, Max Grablowsky, Joshua Horowitz and Benjamin Koenigsberg determined to organize a way to present an orthodox alternative to young people. It developed informally with two programs, one for education and one for worship. After consulting with <a href="/wiki/Judah_Magnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah Magnes">Judah Magnes</a>, the enlarged group, which was calling itself the Hebrew Circle, renamed itself Young Israel. Benjamin Koenigsberg, the first Orthodox Jewish American attorney<sup id="cite_ref-Weisz_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> loaned his law office to the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1911 also saw the first issue of the <i>Young Israel Viewpoint</i>, a bimonthly that continued publication until 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seminars">Seminars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seminars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The group developed a Friday night (Sabbath) lecture series in 1912, given in English. Judah Magnes delivered the inaugural address, attended by thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisz_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisz-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a major innovation in the Orthodox world. They were initially advised by rabbis <a href="/wiki/Israel_Friedlander" title="Israel Friedlander">Israel Friedlander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Kaplan" title="Mordecai Kaplan">Mordecai Kaplan</a> on topics and speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-KaplanYoungIsrael_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaplanYoungIsrael-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bunim, Friedlander and Kaplan were affiliates of the Conservative <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> movement, and they sought to use Young Israel to establish a youth platform for the Conservative movement; until the end of World War I, Young Israel had two groups, the firmly Orthodox, and the more liberal group that worked with the Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Kraut (1998), Kaplan "worked for the Young Israel initiative that in conception was nondenominational..."<sup id="cite_ref-Kraut1998_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraut1998-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synagogues">Synagogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Young Israel synagogue was established in 1913 on <a href="/wiki/East_Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="East Broadway (Manhattan)">East Broadway</a>, on Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower East Side, Manhattan">Lower East Side</a>. David Warshaw traces the origins of the new synagogue to the summer of 1913, when some members of the YI seminar group were asked into a storefront <i><a href="/wiki/Shul" class="mw-redirect" title="Shul">shul</a></i> [synagogue] at 205 East Broadway, to complete a <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a>. Much to their delight, the shul allowed the new young members to lead services at least once each month.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they led the services, the Young Israel members introduced some small stylistic changes, that were acceptable to the Orthodox wing and would make the service more palatable to the Young Israel congregants. The changes included singing many parts of the prayer service, and the distribution of worship honors equally, where they had traditionally gone to established, wealthy congregants who could pay for them. </p><p>Though the shul predated its Young Israel members, within months, they had attracted so many new young members, that they outgrew the store and moved to the <a href="/wiki/Educational_Alliance" title="Educational Alliance">Educational Alliance</a> building. The young people had taken over the shul, itself a novel experience. However, it was not directly linked to the Young Israel lecture series, only sharing a common group of leaders, and the common idea of refreshing Orthodoxy for younger Jews. Recognizing its potential for young Jews everywhere, they named themselves "The Model Synagogue Organization." However, they recognized the synergy with the forums, and renamed the shul Young Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first name of the shul was prescient. Young Jews in other neighborhoods were soon starting their own Young Israel shuls. However, each was independent, with only informal connections to the original group.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centralization_and_Orthodoxy">Centralization and Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Centralization and Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of World War I, the two Lower East Side groups shared a name, but little else. The Conservative group promoted the seminars, and the Orthodox group was focused on prayer. They reached a truce in 1918 and agreed to join forces in more than just name, and created a single Young Israel organization, led by <a href="/wiki/Irving_Bunim" title="Irving Bunim">Irving Bunim</a>, who would be president of NCYI for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1920, Bunim and his Orthodox cohort grew nervous about the Conservative wing and their increasing theological changes. They did not like the changes in and of themselves, and these changes also prevented recognition of Young Israel by Orthodox rabbis, which would likely cause Young Israel to become a de facto branch of the Conservative movement. The merger created two years before had also caused the Conservatives to start trying to make changes in the Synagogue arm, which had been exclusively Orthodox. He sought the help of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Revel" title="Bernard Revel">Bernard Revel</a>, and was able to convince the entire Young Israel to follow Revel's advice. Between Revel, and extensive networking by Bunim with other potential Young Israel leaders in the Orthodox community, the Conservative rabbis, particularly Kaplan, were shut out of the entire organization, and the movement became firmly Orthodox.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charters">Charters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Charters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To bolster this success, in 1922 the Orthodox leaders added some basic Orthodox-oriented requirements to the Young Israel charter, such as synagogue requirements for regularly-held services, Torah study, separation of men and women. In 1924, the central group organized a convention for all the other groups that had emulated them (by setting up their own original Young Israel lectures and shuls). The other neighborhood groups agreed to abide by the charter. By 1926, the organization was incorporated, and owned the trademarked name, <i>Young Israel. </i>Any new shuls wishing to use the name would have to get agreement from the central organization, which required subscription to the charter. This prevented any Young Israel shul from moving toward Conservative practice.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Council</i>'s Constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave it rights to proceeds of a sale by a failing branch of assets, with these funds benefitting the community or other branches. In 2021 a vote was made to nullify this provision.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1925, Young Israel was extending into social services, and formed a support agency for Sabbath-observant employment that included job placement and vocational training.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the decade, the synagogue network grew to about 25. The central organization developed a Wall Street office with a full-time staff. The office began publishing material regularly for branches and Young Israel members. A few years later, branches starting opening outside of New York. By 1935, there were branches in New York, New England, Chicago, and elsewhere in the Midwest, Canada, and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3_West_16th_Street">3 West 16th Street</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 3 West 16th Street"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NCYI, the movement's umbrella,<sup id="cite_ref-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a not-for-profit service organization, as defined by their <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(3)">501(c)(3)</a> status. The main headquarters, having been located at 3 West 16 street<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for over half a century,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is now located in Paramus, New Jersey. </p><p>Through 2006, NCYI headquarters was at 3 West 16th Street, a valuable property that it owned. Young Israel of Fifth Avenue leased its synagogue in the same building from NCYI. When NCYI sought to sell the building in 2002, the synagogue sued for breach of their long-standing arrangement, as the sale would require their eviction. The synagogue claimed that they were co-owners of the building. Eventually, a deal was made involving two other parties, the building sold, and NCYI moved its small staff to leased office space in lower Manhattan. However, the other two parties eventually had a falling-out, leading to the synagogue's eviction.<sup id="cite_ref-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization had been subject to an investigation by then-<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Attorney General">New York State Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Eliot Spitzer</a>'s Charities Bureau. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i>: "New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer, renowned for his jousts with the titans of corporate America, recently saw his own office tied in knots and thrown into turmoil during a three-year investigation into a small Orthodox synagogue organization."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2013, Rabbi Perry Tirschwell assumed the position of Executive Director. His predecessors included Rabbis <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Sturm" title="Ephraim Sturm">Ephraim Sturm</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesach_Lerner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesach Lerner (page does not exist)">Pesach Lerner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new administration has made significant changes in the organization: moving the national office out of Manhattan, putting <i>Viewpoint</i> [magazine] on hold; and creation of two monthly publications whose goal is to share best practices: <i>Shul Solutions</i> and <i>Practical Pulpit</i>. </p><p>Many older Young Israel synagogues have declined and closed, but others still thrive.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NCYI serves as the national coordinating agency for nearly 150 Orthodox congregations of nearly 25,000 member families throughout the United States and Canada. NCYI also serves as a resource to its sister organization in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, entitled <i>Yisrael Hatzair</i> - "The Young Israel Movement in Israel", encompassing over 50 synagogues in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-NCYI_About_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCYI_About-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a grassroots organization administrated on the congregational model, taking its direction from local and national lay leadership as well as rabbis and professional staff. Its socio-cultural outlook is strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist Movement">Religious Zionist Movement</a>, with strong support of Israel as the homeland for the Jewish people. Congregations belonging to NCYI are generally named "Young Israel of...", followed by the name of the city or neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-NCYI-History_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCYI-History-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent decades, the Orthodox world has seen an increase in women's involvement in synagogue services, except for Haredi institutions. The practice has spread to several Young Israel branches. It is <a href="/wiki/J._Simcha_Cohen#Appointing_Women_Leaders" title="J. Simcha Cohen">controversial in the Orthodox world</a>, and most rabbis do not allow it. On advice of its rabbinical board, to help stanch the trend, NCYI implemented the <i>Rambam'</i>s requirement<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that no women or converts to Judaism could serve as President of any of its synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has alienated some Young Israels. According to the Jewish Star,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rabbi of a synagogue with a female president was threatened by NCYI's leadership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Young_Israel_Council_of_Rabbis">Young Israel Council of Rabbis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Young Israel Council of Rabbis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Young Israel Council of Rabbis is the rabbinic arm of the organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Young_Israel_Kosher_Dining_clubs">Young Israel Kosher Dining clubs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Young Israel Kosher Dining clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To promote Orthodox values (eating kosher, observing the Sabbath, marrying fellow Jews), NCYI opened kosher dining programs on major USA college campuses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first one opened at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in September 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main divisions are Synagogue Services, Rabbinical Services, and a Benevolent Association (burial society). Additional components of the organization are the Women's League, the InterCollegiate Council (ICC), Youth department,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Friends of Yisrael Hatzair, and the Council of Rabbis. There are also departments with a focus on seniors, singles and an employment departments.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intercollegiates published:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Aryeh Kaplan</a>'s five booklet <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Kaplan#Hashkafa_Series" title="Aryeh Kaplan">Hashkafa series</a> and</li> <li><i>Masorah</i>, a newspaper</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2018 statement issued by the head of a major internal committee regarding juggling of political alignments in the administration of Israel's Prime Minister led, after various Tweets and press releases, to the breakaway of an <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>-based branch that had joined NCYI in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NCYI's president acknowledged that another branch had left the organization five years prior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Well-known_branches">Well-known branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Well-known branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Israel_of_Brookline">Young Israel of Brookline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Young Israel of Brookline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Young Israel of Brookline</b> is located in Brookline, Massachusetts. The <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i> described it as, "an influential synagogue described as modern or centrist Orthodox.".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known for the high level of Jewish scholarship among both the men and women of the congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congregation_Beth_Judah_Worcester.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Congregation_Beth_Judah_Worcester.JPG/220px-Congregation_Beth_Judah_Worcester.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Congregation_Beth_Judah_Worcester.JPG/330px-Congregation_Beth_Judah_Worcester.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Congregation_Beth_Judah_Worcester.JPG/440px-Congregation_Beth_Judah_Worcester.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Congregation Beth Judah - Young Israel of <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The congregation is particularly noted for the architecture of its building.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994 the synagogue building suffered a severe fire,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused by a deteriorated electrical panel <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the Young Israel dedicated a new building designed by <a href="/wiki/Graham_Gund" title="Graham Gund">Graham Gund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building has a wrought-iron menorah sculpted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Tonnesen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Tonnesen (page does not exist)">David Tonnesen</a>. Instead of stained glass, the building uses art glass that has the effect of scattering rainbows over the congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable members include <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Feuerstein" title="Aaron Feuerstein">Aaron Feuerstein</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Jacoby_(columnist)" title="Jeff Jacoby (columnist)">Jeff Jacoby</a>. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Saul_Berman" title="Saul Berman">Saul Berman</a> is a former rabbi of the Young Israel. Since 2014, the rabbi of Young Israel of Brookline has been Rabbi David Hellman.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was founded by Samuel Feuerstein, whose son <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Feuerstein" title="Aaron Feuerstein">Aaron Mordechai</a> donated $1,000,000 to help it rebuild after a major fire.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Israel_of_Fifth_Avenue">Young Israel of Fifth Avenue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Young Israel of Fifth Avenue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, when NCYI bought its headquarters building on West 16th Street, it also fostered the development of new branch synagogue on site, The Young Israel of Fifth Avenue. This became a point of contention over 50 years later, when NCYI sold the building. Eventually, due to this rift, the synagogue disaffiliated with Young Israel, and is now known as the Sixteenth Street Synagogue. As of 2013, it does not have its own quarters, and other area synagogues host prayer services that 16th Street members attend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Israel_of_Flatbush">Young Israel of Flatbush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Young Israel of Flatbush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This was one of the earliest branches, and the affiliate that then-president Irving Bunim chose as the leader, in the 1930s, for instituting rabbinic leadership of Young Israel synagogues. At the time, it was one of the larger shuls, and was initially against getting a rabbi. By winning over such a prominent dissenter, Bunim succeeded in setting a trend for all branches, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Solomon_Sharfman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Solomon Sharfman">Rabbi Solomon Sharfman</a> became the first rabbi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beth_El_2_Brooklyn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Beth_El_2_Brooklyn.JPG/220px-Beth_El_2_Brooklyn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Beth_El_2_Brooklyn.JPG/330px-Beth_El_2_Brooklyn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Beth_El_2_Brooklyn.JPG/440px-Beth_El_2_Brooklyn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young_Israel_Beth-El_of_Boro_Park">Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Young Israel Beth-El of Boro Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young_Israel_Beth_El_of_Borough_Park" title="Young Israel Beth El of Borough Park">Young Israel Beth El of Borough Park</a></div> <p>Established well before World War II as Young Israel of Boro Park,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OpenHouse_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenHouse-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the 1980s Young Israel merged with the Congregation Beth El of Borough Park, founded in 1902, to form Young Israel Beth El of Borough Park. The merged congregation worships from the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>–listed synagogue on 15th Avenue in Brooklyn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest">Largest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Largest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Young Israel of Woodmere is by far the branch with the largest congregation. There are approximately 1,250 families as of 2018. </p><p>The second largest branch is that of Young Israel of Deerfield Beach in Century Village, with about 1000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the winter months, "with almost 120 men attending, the Daf Yomi class is America's largest." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Young_Israel_Synagogues">List of Young Israel Synagogues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: List of Young Israel Synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Young_Israel_Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Young Israel Synagogues">List of Young Israel Synagogues</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NewBoard-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewBoard_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Chernikoff2021" class="citation news cs1">Helen Chernikoff (February 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/national-council-of-young-israel-replaces-entire-board-in-pivot-away-from-politics">"National Council of Young Israel replaces entire board in pivot away from politics"</a>. <i>eJewishPhilanthrpoy.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eJewishPhilanthrpoy.com&rft.atitle=National+Council+of+Young+Israel+replaces+entire+board+in+pivot+away+from+politics&rft.date=2021-02-21&rft.au=Helen+Chernikoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejewishphilanthropy.com%2Fnational-council-of-young-israel-replaces-entire-board-in-pivot-away-from-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Fire_In_His_Soul-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Fire_In_His_Soul_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmos_Bunim1964" class="citation book cs1">Amos Bunim (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WaObe1cRLc0C&q=a+fire+in+his+soul"><i>A Fire in His Soul: Irving M. Bunim, 1901–1980, the Man and His Impact on American Orthodox Jewry</i></a>. New York: Feldheim Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873064736" title="Special:BookSources/9780873064736"><bdi>9780873064736</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fire+in+His+Soul%3A+Irving+M.+Bunim%2C+1901%E2%80%931980%2C+the+Man+and+His+Impact+on+American+Orthodox+Jewry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780873064736&rft.au=Amos+Bunim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWaObe1cRLc0C%26q%3Da%2Bfire%2Bin%2Bhis%2Bsoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/1952/01/15/archive/revision-of-sunday-laws-asked-to-aid-sabbath-observers">"Revision of Sunday Laws Asked to Aid Sabbath Observers"</a>. <i>JTA.org (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>)</i>. January 15, 1952.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JTA.org+%28Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency%29&rft.atitle=Revision+of+Sunday+Laws+Asked+to+Aid+Sabbath+Observers&rft.date=1952-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1952%2F01%2F15%2Farchive%2Frevision-of-sunday-laws-asked-to-aid-sabbath-observers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCYI_About-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCYI_About_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCYI_About_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youngisrael.org/about.htm">"Young Israel:About Us"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Young+Israel%3AAbout+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youngisrael.org%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weisz-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weisz_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weisz_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisz2013" class="citation book cs1">Weisz, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ininet.org/the-lander-legacy.html?page=3"><i>The Lander Legacy: The Life Story of Rabbi Dr. Bernard Lander</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey City">Jersey City</a>: <a href="/wiki/KTAV_Publishing_House" class="mw-redirect" title="KTAV Publishing House">KTAV Publishing House</a>. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60280-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60280-228-5"><bdi>978-1-60280-228-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/817721763">817721763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lander+Legacy%3A+The+Life+Story+of+Rabbi+Dr.+Bernard+Lander&rft.place=Jersey+City&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F817721763&rft.isbn=978-1-60280-228-5&rft.aulast=Weisz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fininet.org%2Fthe-lander-legacy.html%3Fpage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2012" class="citation book cs1">Stein, David (2012). "Benjamin Koenigsberg and the Birth of the Young Israel Movement". In <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Patterson" title="Clayton Patterson">Patterson, Clayton</a>; Schneider, Mareleyn (eds.). <i>Jews : a people's history of the Lower East Side</i>. New York: Clayton Books. pp. 238–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985788322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0985788322"><bdi>978-0985788322</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829062303">829062303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Koenigsberg+and+the+Birth+of+the+Young+Israel+Movement&rft.btitle=Jews+%3A+a+people%27s+history+of+the+Lower+East+Side&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=238-242&rft.pub=Clayton+Books&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829062303&rft.isbn=978-0985788322&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/1126594391">"Young Israel Viewpoint"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Young+Israel+Viewpoint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F1126594391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span> (as listed at [[WorldCat)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KaplanYoungIsrael-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KaplanYoungIsrael_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Kaplan and Friedlander founding Young Israel, see: <ul><li>S. Daniel Breslauer (1994). <i>Mordecai Kaplan's Thought In a Postmodern Age</i>. Scholars Press. p. 25.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Elazar" title="Daniel J. Elazar">Daniel Judah Elazar</a> (1995). <i>Community and Polity: The Organizational Dynamics of American Jewry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>. p. 133.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Elazar" title="Daniel J. Elazar">Daniel Judah Elazar</a>, Rela M. Geffen (2000). <i>The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 24.</li> <li>Bernard Melvin Lazerwitz (1998). <i>Jewish Choices: American Jewish Denominationalism</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 19.</li> <li>Benny Kraut, "Jewish Survival in Protestant American", in <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Sarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan D. Sarna">Jonathan D. Sarna</a> (ed.) (1998). <i>Minority Faiths and the American Protestant Mainstream</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. 33.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreidman2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Freidman, Jeanette (2007). "Young Israel". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Young+Israel&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=402&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Freidman&rft.aufirst=Jeanette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraut1998-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kraut1998_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraut1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kraut, Benny (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23886287">"Review of A Modern Heretic and a Traditional Community: Mordecai M. Kaplan, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism"</a>. <i>American Jewish History</i>. <b>86</b> (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 357–363. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-0178">0164-0178</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23886287">23886287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Review+of+A+Modern+Heretic+and+a+Traditional+Community%3A+Mordecai+M.+Kaplan%2C+Orthodoxy%2C+and+American+Judaism&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=357-363&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23886287%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0164-0178&rft.aulast=Kraut&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23886287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman, David. <i>Shul with a Pool: The "synagogue-center" in American Jewish History</i>, Brandeis University Press, University Press of New England, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87451-893-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87451-893-8">0-87451-893-8</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youngisrael.org/constitution">"Constitution"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyoungisrael.org%2Fconstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/newly-installed-young-israel-board-to-attempt-historic-constitutional-change">"Newly Installed Young Israel Board to Attempt Historical Constitution Change"</a>. <i>eJewishPhilanthropy.com</i>. February 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eJewishPhilanthropy.com&rft.atitle=Newly+Installed+Young+Israel+Board+to+Attempt+Historical+Constitution+Change&rft.date=2021-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejewishphilanthropy.com%2Fnewly-installed-young-israel-board-to-attempt-historic-constitutional-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCYI.RLernerNYT2003_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_J._Wakin2003" class="citation news cs1">Daniel J. Wakin (June 30, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/30/nyregion/a-house-divided-and-for-sale-real-estate-splits-jewish-group-and-synagogue.html">"A House Divided, and for Sale; Real Estate Splits Jewish Group and Synagogue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+House+Divided%2C+and+for+Sale%3B+Real+Estate+Splits+Jewish+Group+and+Synagogue&rft.date=2003-06-30&rft.au=Daniel+J.+Wakin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F06%2F30%2Fnyregion%2Fa-house-divided-and-for-sale-real-estate-splits-jewish-group-and-synagogue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/10/archives/obituary-2-no-title.html">"Deaths"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. July 10, 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deaths&rft.date=1979-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F07%2F10%2Farchives%2Fobituary-2-no-title.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandy_Eller2013" class="citation news cs1">Sandy Eller (February 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/after-long-feud-shul-evicted-from-16th-st/2013/02/01">"After Long Feud, Shul Evicted From 16th St"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Press" title="The Jewish Press">The Jewish Press</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Press&rft.atitle=After+Long+Feud%2C+Shul+Evicted+From+16th+St.&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.au=Sandy+Eller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishpress.com%2Fsections%2Ffeatures%2Ffeatures-on-jewish-world%2Fafter-long-feud-shul-evicted-from-16th-st%2F2013%2F02%2F01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2013" class="citation news cs1">Eller, Sandy (February 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishPress.com/sections/features/feautures-on-jewish-world/after-long-feud-shul-evicted-from-16th-st/2013/02/01/0/?print">"After Long Feud, Shul Evicted From 16th St"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Press" title="The Jewish Press">The Jewish Press</a></i>. Brooklyn, NY<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Press&rft.atitle=After+Long+Feud%2C+Shul+Evicted+From+16th+St.&rft.date=2013-02-01&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishPress.com%2Fsections%2Ffeatures%2Ffeautures-on-jewish-world%2Fafter-long-feud-shul-evicted-from-16th-st%2F2013%2F02%2F01%2F0%2F%3Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakin,_Daniel_J._[2003" class="citation news cs1">Wakin, Daniel J. [ (September 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405EEDB133BF932A2575AC0A9659C8B63">"Manhattan: Synagogue Wins Reprieve"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Manhattan%3A+Synagogue+Wins+Reprieve&rft.date=2003-09-11&rft.au=Wakin%2C+Daniel+J.+%5B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9405EEDB133BF932A2575AC0A9659C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopper2005" class="citation web cs1">Popper, Nathaniel (December 9, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/news/1717/probe-of-shul-group-had-ny-crimebuster-e2-80-99s-office">"Probe of Shul Group Had N.Y. Crimebuster's Office in Tangles"</a>. <i>The Forward</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Probe+of+Shul+Group+Had+N.Y.+Crimebuster%27s+Office+in+Tangles&rft.date=2005-12-09&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F1717%2Fprobe-of-shul-group-had-ny-crimebuster-e2-80-99s-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/24/archives/obituary-4-no-title.html">"Deaths"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. July 24, 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deaths&rft.date=1979-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F07%2F24%2Farchives%2Fobituary-4-no-title.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/9801">"The Defeatist Pro-Israel Camp"</a>. <i>Israel National News</i>. November 9, 2010. <q>For many decades the key professional staff of the National Council -- Rabbi Pesach Lerner and previously Rabbi Ephraim Sturm</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+National+News&rft.atitle=The+Defeatist+Pro-Israel+Camp&rft.date=2010-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FArticles%2FArticle.aspx%2F9801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKADINSKY2020" class="citation web cs1">KADINSKY, SERGEY (December 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.queensjewishlink.com/index.php/local/20-community-corner/by-sergey-kadinsky/3736-ghosts-of-yi-when-orthodoxy-was-urban">"Ghosts Of YI, When Orthodoxy Was Urban"</a>. <i>Queens Jewish Link | Connecting the Queens Jewish Community</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queens+Jewish+Link+%7C+Connecting+the+Queens+Jewish+Community&rft.atitle=Ghosts+Of+YI%2C+When+Orthodoxy+Was+Urban&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft.aulast=KADINSKY&rft.aufirst=SERGEY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensjewishlink.com%2Findex.php%2Flocal%2F20-community-corner%2Fby-sergey-kadinsky%2F3736-ghosts-of-yi-when-orthodoxy-was-urban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCYI-History-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCYI-History_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104052022/http://www.youngisrael.org/content/history.cfm">"About NCYI – History"</a>. National Council of Young Israel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youngisrael.org/content/history.cfm">the original</a> on November 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+NCYI+%E2%80%93+History&rft.pub=National+Council+of+Young+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youngisrael.org%2Fcontent%2Fhistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hilchot Melachim</i>, 1:5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207200331/http://media.www.yucommentator.com/media/storage/paper652/news/2007/12/03/Features/Leaking.Ship.Young.Israel.On.The.Rocks-3127077.shtml">"Leaking Ship: Young Israel on the Rocks"</a>. Yeshiva University Commentator. December 3, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.www.yucommentator.com/media/storage/paper652/news/2007/12/03/Features/Leaking.Ship.Young.Israel.On.The.Rocks-3127077.shtml">the original</a> on December 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leaking+Ship%3A+Young+Israel+on+the+Rocks&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.www.yucommentator.com%2Fmedia%2Fstorage%2Fpaper652%2Fnews%2F2007%2F12%2F03%2FFeatures%2FLeaking.Ship.Young.Israel.On.The.Rocks-3127077.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Orbach2010" class="citation news cs1">Michael Orbach (June 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejewishstar.com/stories/No-female-presidentssaysYoungIsrael,1818">"No female presidents, says Young Israel"</a>. <i>The Jewish Star</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Star&rft.atitle=No+female+presidents%2C+says+Young+Israel&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft.au=Michael+Orbach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejewishstar.com%2Fstories%2FNo-female-presidentssaysYoungIsrael%2C1818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Ephraim_Sturm" class="citation web cs1">Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Sturm" title="Ephraim Sturm">Ephraim Sturm</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/2300590/jewish/Keeping-Kosher-on-Campus.htm">"Keeping Kosher on Campus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keeping+Kosher+on+Campus&rft.au=Rabbi+Ephraim+Sturm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Ftherebbe%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F2300590%2Fjewish%2FKeeping-Kosher-on-Campus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/1957/02/14/archive/young-israel-plans-kosher-fraternity-houses-in-american-universities">"Young Israel Plans Kosher Fraternity Houses in American Universities"</a>. <i>JTA.org (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>)</i>. February 14, 1957.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JTA.org+%28Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency%29&rft.atitle=Young+Israel+Plans+Kosher+Fraternity+Houses+in+American+Universities&rft.date=1957-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1957%2F02%2F14%2Farchive%2Fyoung-israel-plans-kosher-fraternity-houses-in-american-universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=ephraim-sturm&pid=175231945">"STURM--Rabbi Chaplain Ephraim H."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. July 7, 2015. <q>Rabbi Sturm championed the idea that students could practice their religion without hindrance and be able to obtain kosher food at universities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=STURM--Rabbi+Chaplain+Ephraim+H.&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fobituaries%2Fnytimes%2Fobituary.aspx%3Fn%3Dephraim-sturm%26pid%3D175231945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">focus: synagogue youth programs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the latter originated in the days of 'if you don't come in Saturday, don't come in Monday'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/Vol_84__1984.pdf">"American Jewish Year Book (1984)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Jewish+Year+Book+%281984%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcarchives.org%2FAJC_DATA%2FFiles%2FVol_84__1984.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jns.org/atlanta-orthodox-synagogue-breaks-from-young-israel-over-politics-support-of-trump">"Atlanta Orthodox synagogue breaks from Young Israel"</a>. <i>JNS.org</i>. June 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JNS.org&rft.atitle=Atlanta+Orthodox+synagogue+breaks+from+Young+Israel&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jns.org%2Fatlanta-orthodox-synagogue-breaks-from-young-israel-over-politics-support-of-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2019/03/05/united-states/how-partisan-politics-are-dividing-an-orthodox-synagogue-movement">"How partisan politics are dividing an Orthodox synagogue movement"</a>. March 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+partisan+politics+are+dividing+an+Orthodox+synagogue+movement&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2Funited-states%2Fhow-partisan-politics-are-dividing-an-orthodox-synagogue-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Jews Resent Bid To limit Legitimacy (James L. Franklin, <i>Boston Globe</i>, December 17, 1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Living Their Faith: Modern Orthodox Jews are blending best of both worlds. (Richard Higgins, Boston Globe, August 19, 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A synagoge debates a woman's place as Young Israel emerges from the ashes, its members reconcile age-old traditions with modern ways. (Irene Gillis, <i>Boston Globe</i>, May 18, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Architecture for the Gods by Michael J. Crosbie, Images Publishing Group, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Synagogue will be rebuilt, members say Brookline fire's origin questioned. (Matthew Brelis, James Vaznis, Boston Globe, January 12, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Synagogue fire is traced to faulty circuit breaker (Matthew Brelis, Boston Globe, January 14, 1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fire-damaged Brookline temple reopens. (Karen Avenaso, Boston Globe, November 18, 1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821113746/http://www.againc.com/ecclYoungIsrael.asp">"Architectural Glass Art"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.againc.com/ecclYoungIsrael.asp">the original</a> on August 21, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architectural+Glass+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.againc.com%2FecclYoungIsrael.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecher1996" class="citation news cs1">Brecher, Elinor J. (September 21, 1996). "How 'doing what's right' made mill owner a workers' hero". <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=How+%27doing+what%27s+right%27+made+mill+owner+a+workers%27+hero&rft.date=1996-09-21&rft.aulast=Brecher&rft.aufirst=Elinor+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yibrookline.org/clergy">"Rabbi David Hellman"</a>. <i>YIB</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YIB&rft.atitle=Rabbi+David+Hellman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yibrookline.org%2Fclergy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay_Risen2021" class="citation news cs1">Clay Risen (November 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/05/business/aaron-feuerstein-dead.html">"Aaron Feuerstein, Mill Owner Who Refused to Leave, Dies at 95"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Aaron+Feuerstein%2C+Mill+Owner+Who+Refused+to+Leave%2C+Dies+at+95&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft.au=Clay+Risen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F11%2F05%2Fbusiness%2Faaron-feuerstein-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polestars-premium.top/1943-young-israel-of-boro-park-pages-of-our-life-issued-in-connection-with-p-11175.html">"Pages of Our Life: The Siyum Celebration, Completion of Baba Metzia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Siyum" title="Siyum">Siyum</a></i>. 1943. p. Cover.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Siyum&rft.atitle=Pages+of+Our+Life%3A+The+Siyum+Celebration%2C+Completion+of+Baba+Metzia&rft.pages=Cover&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polestars-premium.top%2F1943-young-israel-of-boro-park-pages-of-our-life-issued-in-connection-with-p-11175.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OpenHouse-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OpenHouse_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/1935/03/07/archive/new-york-city-18">"Young Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></i>. New York City. March 7, 1935. <q>Young Israel will hold an open house Saturday night for all intermediates at the Young Israel of Boro Park.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Young+Israel&rft.date=1935-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1935%2F03%2F07%2Farchive%2Fnew-york-city-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wherewhatwhen.com/article/summer-camp-for-seniors">"Summer Camp for Seniors"</a>. February 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summer+Camp+for+Seniors&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wherewhatwhen.com%2Farticle%2Fsummer-camp-for-seniors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kraut, Benny "A Modern Heretic and a Traditional Community: Mordecai M. Kaplan, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism" American Jewish History - Volume 86, Number 3, September 1998, pp. 357–363</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornreich_YaakovSaibel,_JoelHart_Strober,_DeborahStrober,_Gerald_"2012" class="citation book cs1">Kornreich Yaakov; Saibel, Joel; Hart Strober, Deborah; Strober, Gerald " (2012). <i>Young Israel at 100: An American Response to the Challenges of Orthodox Living 1912–2012</i>. NCYI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1475157925" title="Special:BookSources/978-1475157925"><bdi>978-1475157925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Israel+at+100%3A+An+American+Response+to+the+Challenges+of+Orthodox+Living+1912%E2%80%932012&rft.pub=NCYI&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1475157925&rft.au=Kornreich+Yaakov&rft.au=Saibel%2C+Joel&rft.au=Hart+Strober%2C+Deborah&rft.au=Strober%2C+Gerald+%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Council+of+Young+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Young_Israel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youngisrael.org">National Council of Young Israel, NYC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yiaberdeen.com">Young Israel of Aberdeen, NJ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yippjc.org">Young Israel of Pelham Parkway Jewish Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yieb.org">Young Israel of East Brunswick, NJ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yibrookline.org">Young Israel of Brookline, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yicherryhill.org">Young Israel of Cherry Hill, NJ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youngisraelpgh.org">Young Israel of Greater Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yiwh.org">Young Israel of West Hempstead</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews and Judaism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Center" title="Jewish Community Center">Jewish Community Centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Federations_of_North_America" title="Jewish Federations of North America">Jewish Federations of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Federation" title="Jewish Federation">Local Jewish Federations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major advocacy organizations<br />(not exclusively Israel-focused)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_of_Major_American_Jewish_Organizations" title="Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_D._Brandeis_Center_for_Human_Rights_Under_Law" title="Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law">Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law (LDB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Action_Center_of_Reform_Judaism" title="Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism">Religious Action Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Relations_Council" title="Jewish Community Relations Council">Jewish Community Relations Councils (JCRCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Council_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jewish Council for Public Affairs">Jewish Council for Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Jewish_environmental_organizations" title="Template:American Jewish environmental organizations">Jewish environmental groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Future_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Future Pledge">Jewish Future Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Institute_for_National_Security_of_America" title="Jewish Institute for National Security of America">Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Archive" title="Jewish Women's Archive">Jewish Women's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Democratic_Council" title="National Jewish Democratic Council">National Jewish Democratic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Envoy_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Antisemitism" title="Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism">Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Jewish_Liaison" title="White House Jewish Liaison">White House Jewish Liaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Democratic_Council_of_America" title="Jewish Democratic Council of America">Jewish Democratic Council of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major humanitarian<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_World_Service" title="American Jewish World Service">American Jewish World Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">Joint Distribution Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAS" title="HIAS"> Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Israel_Appeal" title="United Israel Appeal">United Israel Appeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Israel-focused<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ameinu" title="Ameinu">Ameinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="American Israel Public Affairs Committee">American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Peace_Now" title="Americans for Peace Now">Americans for Peace Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli-American_Council" title="Israeli-American Council">Israeli-American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_Street" title="J Street">J Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Voice_for_Peace" title="Jewish Voice for Peace">Jewish Voice for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa_Israel_Journey" title="Masa Israel Journey">Masa Israel Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Israel_Fund" title="New Israel Fund">New Israel Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzofim_Friendship_Caravan" title="Tzofim Friendship Caravan">Tzofim Friendship Caravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major domestic and neighborhood<br /> assistance organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaverim" title="Chaverim">Chaverim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatzalah" title="Hatzalah">Hatzalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Community_Network" title="Secure Community Network">Secure Community Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomrim_(neighborhood_watch_group)" title="Shomrim (neighborhood watch group)">Shomrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Shabbos" title="Tomchei Shabbos">Tomchei Shabbos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;padding:0.2em 1.0em;">Major religious movement<br />organizations<br /><small>(and associated rabbinical membership<br /> and policy body; seminary)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moetzes_Gedolei_HaTorah#United_States" title="Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah">Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah</a>; etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agudas_Chasidei_Chabad" title="Agudas Chasidei Chabad">Agudas Chasidei Chabad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaad_Rabonei_Lubavitch" title="Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch">Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Tmimim#In_North_America" title="Tomchei Tmimim">Tomchei Tmimim-U.S.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_College_of_America" title="Rabbinical College of America">RCA</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Reconstructionist_Federation" title="Jewish Reconstructionist Federation">Jewish Reconstructionist Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_Association" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association">Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical College">RRC</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Young Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Elchanan_Theological_Seminary" title="Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary">RIETS-YU</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Humanistic_Judaism" title="Society for Humanistic Judaism">Society for Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue_of_Conservative_Judaism" title="United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism">United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">JTSA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ziegler_School_of_Rabbinic_Studies" title="Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies">AJU-Ziegler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism" title="Union for Reform Judaism">Union for Reform Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College_%E2%80%93_Jewish_Institute_of_Religion" title="Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion">HUC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of synagogues<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(by movements)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="List of synagogues in the United States">by US states</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Former synagogues in the United States">Former</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservative synagogues in the United States">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humanistic_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Humanistic synagogues in the United States">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Orthodox synagogues in the United States">Orthodox and Modern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconstructionist_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Reconstructionist synagogues in the United States">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reform_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Reform synagogues in the United States">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unaffiliated_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Unaffiliated synagogues in the United States">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_summer_camp" title="Jewish summer camp">Jewish summer camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBYO" title="BBYO">B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleph_Zadik_Aleph" title="Aleph Zadik Aleph">AZA</a> / <a href="/wiki/BBYO" title="BBYO">BBG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCSY" title="NCSY">NCSY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFTY" title="NFTY">North American Federation of Temple Youth (NFTY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzivos_Hashem" title="Tzivos Hashem">Tzivos Hashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue_Youth" title="United Synagogue Youth">United Synagogue Youth (USY)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kadima_(youth_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadima (youth group)">Kadima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Judaea" title="Young Judaea">Young Judaea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">College Jewish studies programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Jewish schools in the United States">See template for schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schechter_Day_School_Network" title="Schechter Day School Network">Schechter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umesorah_%E2%80%93_National_Society_for_Hebrew_Day_Schools" title="Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools">Torah Umesorah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major university groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_on_Campus_International_Foundation" title="Chabad on Campus International Foundation">Chabad on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_International" title="Hillel International">Hillel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masorti_on_Campus" title="Masorti on Campus">Masorti on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_student_groups_at_secular_universities" title="Orthodox Jewish student groups at secular universities">Orthodox student groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_Jewish_Students" title="World Union of Jewish Students">World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of Jewish fraternities and sororities">Fraternities<br />and sororities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Alpha Epsilon Pi">Alpha Epsilon Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Phi" title="Alpha Epsilon Phi">Alpha Epsilon Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi">Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Mu" title="Sigma Alpha Mu">Sigma Alpha Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Tau" title="Sigma Delta Tau">Sigma Delta Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Delta_Phi" title="Tau Delta Phi">Tau Delta Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Epsilon_Phi" title="Tau Epsilon Phi">Tau Epsilon Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">Zeta Beta Tau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News wires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_News_Syndicate" title="Jewish News Syndicate">Jewish News Syndicate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News outlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Algemeiner_Journal" title="Algemeiner Journal">Algemeiner Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Jewish_Times" title="Baltimore Jewish Times">Baltimore Jewish Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Jewish_News" title="Charlotte Jewish News">Charlotte Jewish News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Jewish_News" title="Cleveland Jewish News">Cleveland Jewish News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Blatt" title="Der Blatt">Der Blatt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Yid" title="Der Yid">Der Yid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Di_Tzeitung" title="Di Tzeitung">Di Tzeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamodia" title="Hamodia">Hamodia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Advocate" title="The Jewish Advocate"><i>The Jewish Advocate</i> (Bost.)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Exponent" title="The Jewish Exponent"><i>The Jewish Exponent</i> (Phila.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles" title="The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles"><i>The Jewish Journal</i> (L.A.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ledger" title="Jewish Ledger"><i>The Jewish Ledger</i> (Conn.)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_News_of_Greater_Phoenix" title="Jewish News of Greater Phoenix">Jewish News of Greater Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Press" title="The Jewish Press">The Jewish Press</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Standard" title="Jewish Standard"><i>Jewish Standard</i> (N.J.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Star_(New_York)" title="The Jewish Star (New York)"><i>The Jewish Star</i> (N.Y.)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Voice">Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._The_Jewish_News_of_Northern_California" title="J. The Jewish News of Northern California"><i>JWeekly</i> (S.F.)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Jewish_Week" title="New York Jewish Week">New York Jewish Week</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Jewish_News" title="New Jersey Jewish News">New Jersey Jewish News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Jewish_Chronicle" title="Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle">Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Jewish_Light" title="St. Louis Jewish Light">St. Louis Jewish Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Jewish_Week" title="Washington Jewish Week">Washington Jewish Week</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yated_Ne%27eman_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yated Ne'eman (United States)">Yated Ne'eman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vos_Iz_Neias%3F" title="Vos Iz Neias?">Vos Iz Neias?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_World_News" title="Yeshiva World News">Yeshiva World News</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_magazines_published_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Jewish magazines published in the United States">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ami_Magazine" title="Ami Magazine">Ami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Binah_(magazine)" title="Binah (magazine)">Binah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emunah" title="Emunah">Emunah Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Currents" title="Jewish Currents">Jewish Currents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Sports_Review" title="Jewish Sports Review">Jewish Sports Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindline" title="Kindline">Kindline</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(magazine)" title="Lilith (magazine)">Lilith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mishpacha" title="Mishpacha">Mishpacha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moment_(magazine)" title="Moment (magazine)">Moment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Jewish_Journal" title="San Diego Jewish Journal">San Diego Jewish Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Jewish_World" title="San Diego Jewish World">San Diego Jewish World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SAPIR:_A_Journal_of_Jewish_Conversations" title="SAPIR: A Journal of Jewish Conversations">SAPIR</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(magazine)" title="Tikkun (magazine)">Tikkun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Are_in_America" title="We Are in America">We Are in America</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Broadcasting_Service" title="Jewish Broadcasting Service">Jewish Broadcasting Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Life_Television" title="Jewish Life Television">Jewish Life Television (JLTV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Television" title="National Jewish Television">National Jewish Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Channel" title="The Jewish Channel">The Jewish Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AskMoses.com" title="AskMoses.com">AskMoses.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heeb" title="Heeb">Heeb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewcy" title="Jewcy">Jewcy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher.com" title="Kosher.com">Kosher.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(magazine)" title="Mosaic (magazine)">Mosaic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet Magazine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva.co" title="Yeshiva.co">Yeshiva.co</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JDate" title="JDate">JDate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSwipe" title="JSwipe">JSwipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox_Club" title="Lox Club">Lox Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzo_Ball" title="Matzo Ball">Matzo Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SawYouAtSinai" title="SawYouAtSinai">SawYouAtSinai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siyum_HaShas" title="Siyum HaShas">Siyum HaShas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Sunday_(phone-a-thon)" title="Super Sunday (phone-a-thon)">Super Sunday phone-a-thon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6971951#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6971951#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6971951#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121772016">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145165941">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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