CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135bcafdc9ff882',cH: 'wKBe5H8JR4OvY.mvoBNu5MschhjZB9JajHJGryQnYgc-1739794885-1.2.1.1-Ogh6UbqO_UtNuz_19HWvROX44hApuXJDBfcFLRUjCTNibpZatAaBbFeme5weH0sr',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=civil%20service&__cf_chl_tk=kn5un.tEDXCQV_c636zwnfhSde3OZiusqO0mZts9y70-1739794885-1.0.1.1-R0AI6M1GUTGb_cWcAxe1TYFq_78wH0lHlbuLiErJW9o",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739794885',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=civil%20service&__cf_chl_f_tk=kn5un.tEDXCQV_c636zwnfhSde3OZiusqO0mZts9y70-1739794885-1.0.1.1-R0AI6M1GUTGb_cWcAxe1TYFq_78wH0lHlbuLiErJW9o",md: "wC48G5ak0yeiy5Q8dTRJhmuG3S33OnYZz5kAyQ2ppFE-1739794885-1.2.1.1-GwmuBrxbjg3i5o_kqrFO.51RZrpFKABAfKepwXt_2YTyELxUn0wkm7To_XIeVfcE6yxwMS2L08FPKsnONUj_k5YmPoNWL1.b7PsVnIEcWblB2l0BMVY.Hl5OpvV5pnY5JdRwQsruRy8O16cMD4luI23ragJeGKz_ScDQrDNUAaz47F5luOHwK2gMh0AzSOfZqWDoeIXzR5Ay8yDU_hkpcNNzbKC54MdCsTzi4voo23RdLpiN1FYBhwHPe1dZ1_5i.n954_ciyqMLHP4ePYZWJmax6tlnA3GHIuopZgngRFj0NrKSVl1I8HhaEiGUYpCfqf3HlMVVOqyZ4bCEMXO.kUfiLXbWAWP7nci.hDfK2Pwjr5Yu7CQ.NsO6N84hFNY5IwwuXMK45riHGyj89EFBZq2GztCb5GZbEaG.WD9cdHTuhP1MsMWebWr3u.aR22omtUpraP3YREiFhqjKRdB.t5yJOP.TjqKXoQjVVj_czAoHTt6U3yOyNKD2NCI_BPG19CW0sriqldvs5iZHsq_Jnd6h1wh.aCwEJC24vkdqLViQY1SZM20FIPAIkXdslmO9D3V.EkaykgwYz3tzhRdIA9OtI4CGmhbpnR4ggQL7hFnf_pWfi2Yt6XOeBjQ51W6_lb_GSPtX2aCI_Zs38wgShVU6eVclw5pv_9aqx7xGmTnTw8o.qSi7zOGgNG4b_D6PKwjaR86OsUZJi1vFNhv4mtWfwpzsdoIHtH26TvqhlSwr9pnkrsZjfAF_XlnIHiaQg1uWGuVi05E59l1CsBCEO8D0b6qLoM1EMWidbBUTyLvC0Xvm.4CEVhOegFOl_FzNAq33P3ttH5eqa7WBgXyLK7YhvUaXoLcn5gkre1gPEUlyqnX7mpzNpQQrq5Xm0nVXbmuRAPwBi_BlHFsPrwLlB4enYzlGdyOEzXv1tFXxfcP2a5H5xxjNrY_PnR5uewcjYNBa5VPHH9ScLfSJjnUKkaspf59k4RM.jvU4GK3r4UOxp8Cauq2QweszwAoViXX3DzmwEauN6D9ROu2tkxDBbWKV1QxpeUDdNnliuEcQ_v7fowEep.Y1eePNBxJ5rMqTEd.HLiimqjdqLMfW9XoiDAclsM.yK69LKuvVIocTfUfZBQdx3ALtEpC1PT4MNrVt5bA65TsE5PMkxKagl__Yjir9QU7h4GrW4_5oG4vnFN8Do7E1fMtOuM.qMnttCBt8D_YuIDehNmwlrR083gg_DPQ3E5HEUokU3f07P2c4sZlKw4kqupUdIzoMkxDeXiWkZts4OU5TK7TGES81O0TrzFzwtnyQCjhVf3bE7hndXg7.nTWhiNMXP5RtSvKUeBRZQ2iKy5TIzyNMX3E9Lzj1iGKi_V41hy29W6QHVUuPT6VV1xjU0.UFsXF1Rnx6jby6h2d9jdDuE5aCNNOlyPVhQYP3xWB6tjvyNagj8xM4bO29Pp8QCDfI5cu.2eQjocft3AneVDVkPG.WQ1Ou.IYeVHI1F_Y3kWl.byFaSQez5jH65j2PsWVkkpf2Qn2ktHA9dvxuZA08DfghXcyWHpflP8mnJqadQwMs7MgIk9RbQlYz6C7q30CF.GqPeRDqnJNmEJe56HzrpmeEvhYbegX_zps5sD6HOoSuMGYbSOPCli6otTtiF58fGf9SDfeNXMUtWUzeD6D3YhYvQYrFQmznYo5u9HJiCMX1YIAspf4ajc.AhUgqnPrzyyQ987yI.tseXocek.35MpzetaiENGj6qHGCiRoj_5o0_.2SaQ4QdojVpp9fofy_DWt2LG.CC2BX8oPs3lnYonaMYeKlwQTbvg3c16IddRwpZeFA2tE1WAT7h7mK5HRV6Fyz3b3ks8VfcNe1Ujof1s_1lFvdj9SijFD0PKkdOnq16mp8Bk0pMzjS3C2kYI9YQx5jWaY5_56xgqRShcXf.BKx6DjmcGU92gPE9w87zYbLz0bhGibMD60",mdrd: "6H1tiRceuWiIsOqV.dP2giPlm7ADQJJFBT55mq4qfVg-1739794885-1.2.1.1-HDLpBaySo4Z6HWwvZWWjfbe21s_hBaEGTJRSdngs3HZf20wSxOjTmZjTvuAcAOulVGM8mMaxDwv6t.yv0SF73ibWSwRRCF7_nWQ7ftpQhDJnsbLBGBpv_W5pj9XynevsC.4eoKmzOttJm9h2o.Apud2UElcWwTA3ec.ooCr.G.c6pIsNZhxgK8vUNUEsbMqQPz.lthoNY2ofAR_OxV6Swq04U0KR.cRpdlNumc3Q_Cd5xnC98iGHR2YYHVvx7I8kbyl5mgRjID_Q9jMTPwXBJLrDxIHYsZmfHmF4aX9B19A1d2d2UYJh6UCBuE3eXoredp6G1Fa_jqSLKfSvsPlhKBkVigjXNTbM3Nuit781u3QxOMfMxrnpuwFekz1v7ewrQMLQjrNgik.RwpbLC_oZpx3sp5R6hPf.OWq.qT5opGu2pt5RNlPH_16QzYNbdAFVJp.m1cRONFZzA4_TtAarigBc6eEjZr8_Y7BX8iMT7FtIBo_N_F5NVXmWT8DUFpUkCVFh9u457Ww_dYxxcHDMobGpk10FgwLirofMmHC_RZK5AkodyNRpj70n0sWeTcQ_G2lj2owymE_9MQC56lF1fEluWXT7OY2fMi5sgBLtxhXuCfT2mOW7eLpdLbflvn3stlFIg2YR3S9dp_jXJcMmv.xwpyFWueShydbPYR.NdTa_IHtq7STZPPCezFByW2fyqsYbKZ9yLv8M8pFsYH7yQA8vLsHxJMhhaRVw8moeMsSP1mi_jf32w_xKjlYwaHxDklKQB2PlbJZ8IFeUB_qfJcmBpOvZCq.o_Dnn09P_JBdok3YnUcRpc5vMYFwzdWIWkeNEUOBW2ndan5INMHKcKk._t9XQ7qWIIptbUqobBITDEhnbsuiK93ZV.ql9MfW.EDa6usDj750N8skPQi0Jdxhb6I8PaIdwqj.pQ_yiEC0b_QzBrMPtp86rBUFFhq0Q0qcVvE3kNhM6C0STi9dkrHmD7c5lMe_nMZqn9cAfMWb_hqYTTDnr9noojTKCx5q0nKtrQUX.AmDAPj0Ochfd4Aonoa3NNqwqkWnnOaZw0WcXnIftgr4DKsPZzkot_HeozkMeDnvvu5w4fjceIZtJ2UT5_Rcbt.eOlavGr93sVGQ0ukb3os8UhyLaiOk_Wxx2pDxr_Tgvo1tUwRFxU8itPIr6mE5fyfgAf5vNFot1awL0mkJtTOKbobQEefvtwlI8SZ5kR4ueRAp1vhZbgZvMqlXB.bc4oEdD4TngyQrAqLX8c_.KwUaQaw1SlUXqkUx.pbQHQYRe8sJKBu0rIuBnkSj5RzHbIhCk901JEmeQsrnA2KmBOk3a.M7o2s2gzCb3UZf6t6BmKY1SF1z7vH.U0WK_JzUCWjgBlNkyiMVwR.N0tINSIXXgWl5zvEE9PFIhEfuQeMm5g8e8VoG4fFSanClcrq.1YW3jyLDCKBemomeeB9j_Xt.prkhzRFUPiSVTKT5vQJ004_AIVoGT0ot4hrkiso4yVnG2M_Zgw5fH8OMVglBU565.vWlQhrT81Z8zbaIz8bDSsbLJSTIKmRWsBXOsLhTgL_noW2Tv5Uaaik.9nJrDt18RHlY9IgAORu_zLMzq7jlTlFrh5Gepjr5Fr.U3KXNChXFmJbbKHAUejENRL.LQbz7Fn7jRyinUqhVG0pJUWwUD6tsni_iLw35pXzG92pa0joZGbfXOkbOWBKSjdB3eIvQSF0YbxsiQ1_XkRXGk3tTUPcRYlz_aVKsAyp9bl8dvJSQvwiDmryWV39drucIPBjPRWHuLP42xI1aF1ZF.q08Vl8zBaHtJ_SHI9DpiGRbPMxXgY6jU3EzILqEzI1eMKIo9JQz9Lg7TLb5VIFcnWQj8xfhJgOl8zKwYgKF5ngXIgClaZI.qdNvhJrzy56S2Z8xaYoPuoJOpXoX5rYfen8.cgm8Ham.GdB.8sMTH21c9YqMDaOKUwyAnVA8"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135bcafdc9ff882';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=civil%20service&__cf_chl_rt_tk=kn5un.tEDXCQV_c636zwnfhSde3OZiusqO0mZts9y70-1739794885-1.0.1.1-R0AI6M1GUTGb_cWcAxe1TYFq_78wH0lHlbuLiErJW9o" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>