Nature's Solutions for Sustainability

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break-words papabear:min-w-0 mamabear:min-w-0 babybear:w-full ">  <h3 class="base-main-card__title font-sans text-[18px] font-bold text-color-text overflow-hidden "> Society for Environment and Sustainable Development </h3> <h4 class="base-main-card__subtitle body-text text-color-text overflow-hidden "> Let^s achieve Sustainable Development Goals </h4>  <div class="body-text text-color-text-low-emphasis base-main-card__metadata"> Published Jul 29, 2024 </div>  </div> <div class="base-main-card__ctas z-[3] self-center ml-3 babybear:ml-1 babybear:self-start"> <a class="base-main-card__cta btn-sm btn-secondary" href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fpulse%2Fnatures-solutions-sustainability-society-for-environment-and-sustai-siqpc&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_publisher-author-card" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_publisher-author-card" data-tracking-will-navigate> + Follow </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </header> <div data-test-id="article-content-blocks">  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>The United Nations Economists Network in its publication </span><span class><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/redir/redirect?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eun%2Eorg%2Fsites%2Fun2%2Eun%2Eorg%2Ffiles%2F2021%2F04%2Fnature-based-solutions-20110426%2Epdf&urlhash=GMhx&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link>Nature Based Solutions</a></span><span class> suggests it as a simple and cost effective strategy for addressing imminent environmental and societal challenges. Based on the researchers like Griscom, Busch and Fuss et. al publications the the article claims the NBS as highest potential in solving societal and environmental problems. For example the total net mitigation potential of NBS might exceed 23 thousand Tg CO2e per year which is just little shorter than 30 thousand Tg CO2e of mitigation required per year between now and 2030 to keep the temperature below mean global warming. It is estimate that NBS could mitigate this CO2 at the cost of less than 100 USD per ton. the major question raised by these scientists is whether that potential will be realized and how? The forest sector accounts for two-thirds of the mitigation potential followed by agriculture and wetlands. Reforestation and forestry management practices need to be augmented. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>"Areas that are reforested, farmed less intensively, or otherwise maintained in a more natural state may hold greatest mitigation potential" says United Nations Economist Network,</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h3><span class>Monetary and Physical Benefits</span></h3> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>As the climate change results in temperature and sea level rise the NBS will protect us from storms and erosion and will give relief from heat. It could also help in pollution treatment and provision of habitat for biodiversity, pollinators for crops, and a host of others. The UNEN lists following benefits of the Nature Based Solutions:</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class> <ol> <li><span class>Carbon sequestration in biomass in vegetation and soils; biodiversity protection; flooding, drought, and erosion protection, recreation and tourism, water infiltration and storage</span></li> <li><span class>Provision of fuel and forest products to local users; flooding, drought, and erosion protection</span></li> <li><span class>Sustainable income; water infiltration and storage; reduced pressure on natural forests, slope stabilization</span></li> <li><span class>Protecting lives and property from storms and flooding; carbon sequestration; enhancement of biodiversity and fisheries production</span></li> <li><span class>Maintenance of soil fertility; pollinator habitat; storm protection; shading, enhanced food security; cooling; storm water control; pollution reduction; carbon sequestration </span></li> </ol> </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h3><span class>Social, health and happiness related benefits</span></h3> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>It is also important to consider the social and health benefits along with monetary or physical benefits. For example </span><span class><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/biodiversity-and-ecosystem-services-network-bes-net-/?lipi=urn%3Ali%3Apage%3Ad_flagship3_search_srp_all%3BZDvZHahjRUm1CcUTM29l4Q%3D%3D&&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link>Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Network</a></span><span class> suggests that Nature Based Solutions not only offer monetary and physical benefits and scenic beauty but also offer health and happiness. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class> <ol> <li><span class>Forests are natural air purifiers. Trees absorb pollutants and produce oxygen leading to cleaner, fresher air, which is beneficial for respiratory health. </span></li> <li><span class>Forests encourages physical activities such as hiking, walking or jogging which are excellent for cardiovascular health and overall fitness.</span></li> <li><span class>Trees emit substances called phytoncides, which have been found to boost immune system function. Breathing in these substances during a forest walk can enhance the bodies natural defences</span></li> <li><span class>Some studies suggests that forests have therapeutic effects on chronic diseases and conditions like hypertension, diabetes and certain stress-related disorders.</span></li> <li><span class>Spending time in sunlight helps the body produce Vitamin D, which is essential for bone health and has ben linked to lower risk of certain diseases. </span></li> </ol> </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h3><span class>Strategies to realize the potential of Nature Based Solutions</span></h3> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Maintenance </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Further from the references of Garzuglia and Saket 2005 the publication claims that about half a million Tg of carbon is maintained in earth’s vegetation; most of this is stored in forests. This forest carbon stock represents close to 50 years’ worth of CO2 emissions at current levels. Maintaining mature natural forests or other ecosystems without disturbance prevents the release of carbon dioxide from their vegetative biomass and these soils. The substantial amount of carbon is stored in the forests and other ecosystems. It was estimated that the forests have a carbon storage value of more than 50,000 USD per hectare and timber values alone would generally not justify clearing mature forest land. These pristine natural areas need to be preserved for following reasons: </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class> <ul> <li><span class>People around the world get the benefit of the carbon sequestration benefits in the form of forestalling climate change, where as the benefits of timber and other materials are taken away by a limited elite group. </span></li> <li><span class>The most vulnerable groups including women and girls, on whose land forests stand have to find the alternative land and are more vulnerable to changes in their surroundings.</span></li> <li><span class>Larger areas of habitat shelter more species diversity because large predators need large prey populations. Interconnected areas of diverse habitat may also facilitate seasonal movements of migratory species, as well as providing conduits for movement in response to climate change</span></li> <li><span class>Preserved natural habitats may, then, also generate important conservation benefits by protecting biodiversity. Such a biologically productive areas supports megafauna like elephants and rhinoceroses, may promote carbon storage by seed distribution, fire suppression and other mechanisms.</span></li> </ul> </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h3><span class>Restoration</span></h3> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Though the natural forests can store large quantities of carbon their limited tracts and continuous deforestation can be compensated by regrowth of such systems. The estimates by Houghton and Nassikas (2018) shows that carbon sequestration in regrown in former farming areas may exceed 4,000 Tg per year. If the international community compensated landowners for this sequestration at the rate of 100 USD per ton of CO2 the yearly income generated globally would be greater than the GDP of nations such as Indonesia and Mexico and some 130,000 Tg of carbon could eventually be stored in regrown forests. However to achieve the 130,000 Tg of additional carbon storage some five percent of dry land on earth – an area larger than India. There could be a number of both economic and ecological limitations of a program on such a scale. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>By halting and reversing the degradation of lands and oceans, we can prevent the loss of 1 million endangered species. Scientists say </span><span class="font-[700]">restoring only 15 per cent of ecosystems</span><span class> in priority areas can </span><span class="font-[700]">cut extinctions by 60 per cent</span><span class> by improving habitats. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Restoration is key to the prosperity and well-being of people. Vibrant ecosystems provide benefits from food and water to health and security that our growing population needs today and will need in the future. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h3><span class>Eight Key Ecosystems that We can Restore</span></h3> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration focuses on eight major types of ecosystems that we have dangerously degraded. Each can be restored by reducing the pressures they face and with on-the-ground action to speed their recovery says </span><span class><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/redir/redirect?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Eunep%2Eorg%2Finteractive%2Fecosystem-restoration-people-nature-climate%2Fen%2Findex%2Ephp%23%3A%7E%3Atext%3DWe%2520must%2520restore%2520ecosystems%2520to%2Cecosystems%2520and%2520their%2520carbon%2520stores%2E&urlhash=Y3KE&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link>UN Environment Program</a></span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class> <ol> <li><span class="font-[700]">Forests</span></li> </ol> </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Plant native trees in degraded forests and on former forest land, assist natural regeneration and nurture trees and woodlands within human-dominated landscapes</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">2. Oceans and Coasts</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Stop unsustainable fishing, restore coral, seagrass, mangroves and other habitats and remove plastic waste and pollution</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">3. Urban Areas</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Put green spaces at the heart of urban planning, clean up urban waterbodies and mobilize citizens to restore private and public spaces</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">4. Freshwater</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Treat waste water and prevent pollution, remove or improve dams and manage fishing, mining and water extraction sustainably</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">5. Peatlands</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Prevent peatland drainage and conversion, re-wet degraded peatlands and control grazing and fuel-harvesting</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">6. Farmlands</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Reduce tillage and using cover crops, adopt natural fertilizers and pest control and grow more diverse crops, including trees</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">7. Mountains</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Restore forests to protect against avalanches, landslides and floods, limit extraction and excavation and build climate-resilient farming systems</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">8. Grasslands and Savannahs</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Graze sustainably and reconnect habitats, clear invasive plant species and work closely with communities</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h3><span class>The Global Gains of Restoration</span></h3> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class> <ul> <li><span class="font-[700]">Climate Mitigation:</span><span class> Restoring forests, peatlands and mangroves, along with other natural solutions, can provide </span><span class="font-[700]">over one-third</span><span class> of the greenhouse gas mitigation needed by 2030.</span></li> <li><span class="font-[700]">Climate Adaptation: </span><span class>Nature’s power can help us adapt to climate change. Restoring coastal wetlands on the Gulf Coast of the United States of America could </span><span class="font-[700]">avoid $18 billion</span><span class> in storm damage by 2030.</span></li> <li><span class="font-[700]">Economy: </span><span class>Halting the decline of ecosystem services could prevent losses of </span><span class="font-[700]">$10 trillion</span><span class> in global income by 2050</span></li> <li><span class="font-[700]">Food Security: </span><span class>Restoration through planting trees on farmland could increase food security for </span><span class="font-[700]">1.3 billion people</span><span class>.</span></li> <li><span class="font-[700]">Water Supplies:</span><span class> Forest restoration and better farm practices could cut the pollution of water supplies for </span><span class="font-[700]">81 per cent</span><span class> of cities globally.</span></li> <li><span class="font-[700]">Health:</span><span class> Adding urban trees can cut risks from pollution and heat while boosting mental and physical well-being for </span><span class="font-[700]">billions of people</span><span class>.</span></li> <li><span class="font-[700]">Biodiversity: Restoring 15 per cent</span><span class> of converted lands in priority areas could </span><span class="font-[700]">avoid 60 per cent</span><span class> of expected species extinctions</span></li> </ul> </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h3><span class>Rotational Harvesting and Agriculture</span></h3> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/redir/redirect?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs%2Eunep%2Eorg%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20%2E500%2E11822%2F28453%2FForesight013%2Epdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&urlhash=2qQH&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link>Putting Carbon Back Where It Belongs</a></span><span class> the UNEP Foresight Brief 2019 underscores the importance of the agricultural practices and its potential in carbon storage in soil and plants, increasing soil fertility, water-holding capacity, improving yields and nutrition, creating drought-tolerant soils, restoring degraded cropland and grasslands and nurturing biodiversity, with positive consequences on local economies. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">The Problem of Industrial Agriculture</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">The Foresight Brief Report of UNEP titled </span><span class><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/redir/redirect?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs%2Eunep%2Eorg%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20%2E500%2E11822%2F28453%2FForesight013%2Epdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&urlhash=2qQH&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link>Putting Carbon Back Where It Belongs</a></span><span class> noted that, though the industrial agricultural system become successful in producing large volumes of food for the global market, this production is at the cost of significant soil erosion, biodiversity losses, pollution of freshwater bodies, too much reliance on the agro-industry and its products, enormous freshwater and nitrogen footprint and contribute about 25% global GHG emissions, decrease soil fertility, and heavily depends on fossil fuels and kills the pollinators. Some of the important points associated with the industrial agriculture are as follows: </span> </p> </div> <div class="inline-articles bg-color-surface-new border-hidden rounded-sm p-1 mx-auto my-1.5 mamabear:w-2/3 inline-articles__after"> <h2 class="text-xl font-medium ml-1.5 my-1 text-color-text mamabear:text-center">Recommended by LinkedIn</h2> <div class="flex flex-wrap mx-0.5 babybear:mx-1.5"> <div class="content-author-card flex flex-col max-w-[270px] h-auto rounded-md border-1 border-system-gray-30 border-solid pb-1.5 inline-article mx-auto my-1 border-hidden papabear:w-[219px] babybear:min-w-full mamabear:min-w-full h-auto bg-color-canvas-tint"> <a class="no-underline" data-tracking-control-name="inline-recommended-articles" data-tracking-will-navigate href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/sustainability-involves-everyone-royal-bam-group-j43te"> <img class="content-image w-full h-[150px] bg-cover rounded-t-md object-cover" data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E12AQFIMf2hjPoDPA/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/0/1719832021175?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=I_iDvrgk1wxiI-3oax-HKAWpp8Au19VIzCZLjb2ue7Q"> <div class="inline-article-title text-md text-color-text font-bold pl-2 pt-1 pr-1.5">Sustainability involves everyone</div> <div class="inline-article-meta px-2 mt-1 font-sans text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis h-full"> <span class="inline-article-author pt-0.5"> Royal BAM Group </span> <span class="before:middot pt-0.5 inline-article-published-date"> 5 months ago </span> </div> </a>  </div> <div class="content-author-card flex flex-col max-w-[270px] h-auto rounded-md border-1 border-system-gray-30 border-solid pb-1.5 inline-article mx-auto my-1 border-hidden papabear:w-[219px] babybear:min-w-full mamabear:min-w-full h-auto bg-color-canvas-tint"> <a class="no-underline" data-tracking-control-name="inline-recommended-articles" data-tracking-will-navigate href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/sustainability-nutshell-weekly-update-october-05-2023-kamal-ak"> <img class="content-image w-full h-[150px] bg-cover rounded-t-md object-cover" data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E12AQG5Zel0aUpdZg/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/0/1696432788112?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=bZ7ue5Cd5CCJXAG6cmQk3vghX2vsegXKkQkkailVf_M"> <div class="inline-article-title text-md text-color-text font-bold pl-2 pt-1 pr-1.5">Sustainability in a Nutshell (Weekly Update October…</div> <div class="inline-article-meta px-2 mt-1 font-sans text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis h-full"> <span class="inline-article-author pt-0.5"> Kamal AK </span> <span class="before:middot pt-0.5 inline-article-published-date"> 1 year ago </span> </div> </a>  </div> <div class="content-author-card flex flex-col max-w-[270px] h-auto rounded-md border-1 border-system-gray-30 border-solid pb-1.5 inline-article mx-auto my-1 border-hidden papabear:w-[219px] babybear:min-w-full mamabear:min-w-full h-auto bg-color-canvas-tint"> <a class="no-underline" data-tracking-control-name="inline-recommended-articles" data-tracking-will-navigate href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/sustainability-nutshell-rethink-global-weekly-update-july-kamal-ak"> <img class="content-image w-full h-[150px] bg-cover rounded-t-md object-cover" data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D4E12AQGKnOjO6QIsXQ/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/0/1690376419173?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=rW0x8tklEjMOjjW1CMPjg5cUKybVYIm9DX-gu0vKhjQ"> <div class="inline-article-title text-md text-color-text font-bold pl-2 pt-1 pr-1.5">📢 Sustainability in a Nutshell by Rethink Global…</div> <div class="inline-article-meta px-2 mt-1 font-sans text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis h-full"> <span class="inline-article-author pt-0.5"> Kamal AK </span> <span class="before:middot pt-0.5 inline-article-published-date"> 1 year ago </span> </div> </a>  </div> </div> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class> <ul> <li><span class>In many regions, soil fertility has been decreasing for decades, and large amounts of fertile soil have been (and continue to be) washed into rivers, lakes and oceans - gone forever, and with it, much carbon, originating from the oxidation of soil organic matter (SOM, commonly known as “humus”), has been released into the atmosphere in the form of CO2 , all of these with severe economic implications. </span></li> <li><span class>Twenty-four billion tonnes of fertile topsoil (equivalent of a land area almost the size of Greece or Malawi or 192 million train wagons full of soil, every year is lost every year. Along with this topsoil loss is the ever-increasing degradation of agricultural soils. Twenty-five percent (25%) of the earth’s surface has already become degraded.</span></li> <li><span class>A third of the CO2 emitted through human activities into the atmosphere from 1850 to 1998 came from agricultural activities. Estimates range between 133 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC) since the dawn of agriculture through loss of soil organic matter and soil erosion and 379 GtC through forest clearing and burning. In general, 50-70% of soil carbon stocks have been lost in cultivated soil.</span></li> </ul> </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>The report raises the question </span><span class="font-[700]">"If large parts of that CO2 in the atmosphere come from the land and the soils, can it somehow be recaptured"?</span><span class> That is, can CO2 be re-sequestered in the soil or living organisms, and help mitigate climate change? The report suggests versatile methods to regenerate soil resources and sequester carbon through following agricultural practices: </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">No Tillage System</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>As tillage is one of the most important drivers for the mineralization of SOM and soil erosion, changing to</span><span class="font-[700]"> reduced or no-tillage systems</span><span class> can have a positive impact on soil organisms and SOC, and can save up to 70% of energy and fuel costs and machinery investment. No tillage system should be supported by diverse multi species cover crop with deep reaching roots that transfer carbon to surface, stabilize soil and suppress weeds. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Crop Management Practices</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>This include selection of crop species and varieties with greater root mass and with deeper roots, use of crop rotations, cover crops during fallow periods and addition of compost and biochar. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Cover crops</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>The growing of beneficial plants as</span><span class="font-[700]"> cover crops</span><span class> during season and for times of rest - and </span><span class="font-[700]">crop rotations or </span><span class>crop diversity</span><span class="font-[700]"> </span><span class>can improve soil fertility and soil life, fix nitrogen to the soil through nitrogen-fixing plants, reduce soil erosion and suppress weeds as well as pests. The crop diversity can lead to higher yields, less pesticides use due to decreased weeds and insect pests by supporting natural enemies of pests. Deep rooted crop species sequesters more carbon, help break up bigger chunks, circulate nutrients, aerate the soil, provide beneficial conditions for earthworms and other soil life.</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Crop Residue Retention</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Earthworms keep soil porous, aerated, healthy, help infiltration and storage of water, increase humus levels through the integration of organic material in the soil and their highly nutrient-rich castings, and bring nutrients from lower strata to surface. Hence improving the number of earthworms and their maintenance in the soil is essential. </span><span class="font-[700]">Crop residue retention</span><span class> and mulching are key approaches suggested to improve soil carbon and soil fertility, limit soil erosion and increase the number of earthworms. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Intercropping</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Intercropping is a simultaneous production of multiple crops on the same area of land, can increase net plant growth, sequester more carbon and suppress weeds. The report </span><span class><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/redir/redirect?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs%2Eunep%2Eorg%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20%2E500%2E11822%2F28453%2FForesight013%2Epdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&urlhash=2qQH&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link>Putting Carbon Back Where It Belongs</a></span><span class> from the reference of Oelbermann claims 47% rise in SOC after years in maize/soybean strip rotation in comparison to 21% and 2% increase in single crop cultivation. This is because of the higher leaf surface area, increased mycorrhizal activity, increased porosity because of root networks and utilisation capacity of different plants for different mineral nutrients.</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Undersown Growth</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Undersown which is a living mulch helps to protect soil when the main crop does not fully cover the soil. It helps to suppress weeds and can, boost the main crops’ growth due to furnishing organic nitrogen and increase SOC.. This undersown produces energy in summer when all the grains are ripening and stop photosynthesis. Thus it provides not only carbon but also produce pollen, seeds and nectar to the birds and advance biological pest control. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Compost Application</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>The application of compost to crop- and grass-lands stimulates both above- and below-ground NPP and - even if applied only once - leads to increased carbon accumulation of 2-5 Mg C/ha over subsequent years. It augments soil life through the fungi and bacteria in the compost itself. And it stimulates soil life activity, while bringing additional carbon and nutrients to the soil, improving soil structure and water holding capacity at the same time.</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Native Grass Pastures</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Pastures are often replanted in a regular manner with low-rooting species which help putting carbon - very deeply into the soil. Whereas typical seeded grasses reach depths of not more than 50 cm, native plants easily grow several meters deep. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Crop Livestock Integration</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Crop-livestock integration, that is, using animals to graze off cover crops or stubbles can increase SOM as well as economic return, diversify agricultural production systems, improve drought resistance and reduce soil erosion. It also improves the soil through bacteria- and nutrientrich excrements, and can be used as substitute for the herbicides. Along with crop livestock integration pasture cropping system which combines perennial pastures with the annual crops gives impressive results in terms of soil carbon increase and improved biodiversity and yields. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Improved Grassland Land Management</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Improved grassland land management such as lower stocking rates, several types of rotational or short duration grazing, seasonal grazing, inclusion of legumes and a high variety of plants, can lead to sequestration of up to 1.8 GtC and annually. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Agroforestry</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Agroforestry, the intentional integration of trees and shrubs into crop and animal farming systems can create multiple environmental, economic and social benefits. It can increase SOC and sequester between 0.2 and 5.3 GtC per year in soils. It also increases biodiversity, stabilizes the soil, improves water infiltration and diversifies the farmer’s yields. The addition of trees to agricultural mitigation practices such as conservation agriculture or managed grazing can increase carbon sequestration rates by 5–10 and increase soil carbon stocks by 3–10 times.</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Intensive silvopasture systems -</span><span class> combining trees, livestock and grazing - can be developed to increase SOC and to achieve a net carbon capture (thus, accounting for the animals’ methane production) of 4-12 tC/ha/yr, while at the same time increasing the production of meat and milk on the same area of land. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Afforestation</span><span class>, by converting marginal and degraded agricultural soils into forests and perennial land use, can enhance the SOC and living carbon pool and has many other advantages like food through nut or fruits, fiber, fuel, mulch, reduced soil erosion, increased water infiltration etc., Trees have an extensive root system that can grow deeply into the soil and probably the most important source for SOC storage. However, afforestation cannot be developed at the expense of cropland, as it would compromise food security. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Reforestation</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Reforestation measures have similarly a great potential and could account for 1-2.7 GtC/year globally. Through the selection of perennial food producing shrubs and trees, global food production could be improved. Globally, the carbon dioxide removal potential through afforestation and reforestation is significant and has been estimated at 1-3.2 GtC per year.</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Restoration of histosols</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Peatlands (with soils called “histosols”) are very high in organic matter and store large amounts of the world’s terrestrial biological carbon pool. While the carbon stocks have been partially depleted through drainage and tilling, there is significant potential of avoiding additional carbon losses histosols restoration. Long-term sequestration rates in histosols range from 0.3 - 1.3 GtC globally. However, histosol restoration implies stopping to crop them, which imposes a difficult trade-off between food production and other ecosystem services. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class="font-[700]">Biochar</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Biochar, produced through pyrolysis of biomass, is a long-term stable form of charcoal. Biochar has multiple benefits such as stabilization of organic matter, improved soil fertility and soil quality, promotion of fungi and bacteria growth, improved water and nutrient retention, decreased pathogen impacts, increased soil porosity and higher crop yields. Biochar can also form long-term carbon pools in the soil sequestering up to 0.5 GtC/ year globally. </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Thus the report </span><span class><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/redir/redirect?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs%2Eunep%2Eorg%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20%2E500%2E11822%2F28453%2FForesight013%2Epdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&urlhash=2qQH&trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-pulse_little-text-block" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link>Putting Carbon Back Where It Belongs</a></span><span class> highlights five principles of soil carbon storage and regenerative agriculture and emphasize the global community to bring them under regular practice. These include: </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>1. Always protect the soil surface </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>2. Minimize soil disturbance </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>3. Use high diversity of plants and animals </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>4. Keep living plant-root networks </span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>5. Integrate animals into the crop</span> </p> </div>  <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <pre class="my-4 mx-0 block overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre rounded-md bg-color-background-container-dark-tint p-4 font-mono text-md font-normal leading-open text-color-text-on-dark"><span class>Clearly, putting the above-mentioned methods into practice is challenging, as they require much knowledge and need to be adapted to local conditions. Some of these efforts will take several years of persistent implementation in order to demonstrate reliable results, and the bearing of financial risks and critiques from the more conservative farmer community. There already exists a small although increasing number of farmers using (some of) these techniques, and with positive results. The chances rise that others will follow. 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