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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stone Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery_Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery_Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pottery Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery_Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iron Age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Roman_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pre-Roman Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Roman_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Roman Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Germanic Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Roman_Iron_Age&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological region and period</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvognen-00100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/235px-Solvognen-00100.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/353px-Solvognen-00100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/470px-Solvognen-00100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6088" data-file-height="4550" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trundholm_Sun_Chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Trundholm Sun Chariot">Trundholm Sun Chariot</a>, Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>archaeology of Northern Europe</b> studies the prehistory of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavia</a> and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/North_European_Plain" title="North European Plain">North European Plain</a>, roughly corresponding to the territories of modern <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. </p><p>The region entered the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> around the 7th millennium BC. The transition to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic</a> is characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker culture</a> in the 4th millennium BC. The <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Chalcolithic</a> is marked by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>, possibly the first influence in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Indo-European expansion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> proper began roughly one millennium later, around 1500 BC. The end of the Bronze Age is characterized by cultural contact with the Central European <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>), contributing to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age</a> by the 4th century BC, presumably the locus of <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic">Common Germanic</a> culture. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> enters the <a href="/wiki/Protohistorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Protohistorical">protohistorical</a> period in the early centuries AD, with the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">writing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">ethnographic accounts</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> authors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periodization">Periodization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Periodization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a refined listing of Northern European <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> periods, expanded from the basic <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a> with finer subdivisions and extension into the modern <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> period. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></b> <br /> (to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span>) </td> <td>Palaeolithic </td> <td>to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8000 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mesolithic </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neolithic </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></b> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age</a></b> <br /> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 AD</span>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1 AD</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 AD</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800 AD</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></b> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1066 AD</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Medieval</b> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1066</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Post-medieval</b> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>Industrial/Modern</b> </td> <td>Industrial period </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1917</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Modern period </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1917</span> – present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stone_Age">Stone Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stone Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic Stone Age</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th millennium BC</a>, the climate of Scandinavia was generally warmer and more humid than today. The bearers of the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8stvet_and_Lihult_cultures" title="Nøstvet and Lihult cultures">Nøstvet and Lihult cultures</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kongemose_culture" title="Kongemose culture">Kongemose culture</a> were mesolithic hunter-gatherers. The Kongemose culture was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle culture</a>, adapting to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" title="Atlantic (period)">climatic changes</a> and gradually adopting the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, transitioning to the <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> Funnelbeaker culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pottery_Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pottery Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skarpsallingkarret_DO-9665_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Skarpsallingkarret_DO-9665_original.jpg/194px-Skarpsallingkarret_DO-9665_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Skarpsallingkarret_DO-9665_original.jpg/291px-Skarpsallingkarret_DO-9665_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Skarpsallingkarret_DO-9665_original.jpg/388px-Skarpsallingkarret_DO-9665_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3266" data-file-height="2419" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarpsallingkarret" class="extiw" title="de:Skarpsallingkarret">Skarpsalling vessel</a>, Denmark, 3200 BC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic Stone Age § Neolithic</a></div> <p>The Pezmog 4 archaeological site along the <a href="/wiki/Vychegda_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vychegda River">Vychegda River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a>) was discovered in 1994. Pottery of early comb ware type appears there already at the beginning of the 6th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-KarmanovZaretskaya2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KarmanovZaretskaya2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pit%E2%80%93Comb_Ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit–Comb Ware culture">Pit–Comb Ware culture</a> appeared in northern Europe as early 4200 BC, and continued until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>. Some scholars argue that it is associated with the area of the Uralic languages. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker culture</a> expanded into Sweden up to <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>. The Nøstvet and Lihult cultures were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Pitted_Ware_culture" title="Pitted Ware culture">Pitted Ware culture</a> </p><p>Early Indo-European presence likely dates to the early 3rd millennium BC, introducing branches of the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_Axe_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Axe Culture">Battle Axe Culture</a>), later be followed by the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A6ltepladen_fra_Langstrup_B2307-_00023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/B%C3%A6ltepladen_fra_Langstrup_B2307-_00023.jpg/194px-B%C3%A6ltepladen_fra_Langstrup_B2307-_00023.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/B%C3%A6ltepladen_fra_Langstrup_B2307-_00023.jpg/291px-B%C3%A6ltepladen_fra_Langstrup_B2307-_00023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/B%C3%A6ltepladen_fra_Langstrup_B2307-_00023.jpg/388px-B%C3%A6ltepladen_fra_Langstrup_B2307-_00023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3782" data-file-height="3700" /></a><figcaption>Langstrup belt plate, Denmark, c. 1400 BC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nordwestblock" title="Nordwestblock">Nordwestblock</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age Scandinavia</a></div> <p>The tripartite division of the Nordic Iron Age into "Pre-Roman Iron Age", "Roman Iron Age" and "Germanic Iron Age" is due to Swedish archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Montelius" title="Oscar Montelius">Oscar Montelius</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Roman_Iron_Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-Roman Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_tribes_(750BC-1AD).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/250px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/375px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/500px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption> Expansion of <a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">early Germanic tribes</a> into previously mostly <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #d00;background-color:#f00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  Settlements before 750 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #e73;background-color:#f84; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  New settlements by 500 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #da0;background-color:#ff0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  New settlements by 250 <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #0d0;background-color:#0f0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span>  New settlements by <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AD</span></span> 1</div> Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Pre-Roman Iron Age (5th/4th–1st centuries BC) was the earliest part of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age in Scandinavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_European_Plain" title="North European Plain">North European Plain</a>. Succeeding the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> developed in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> in Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologists first decided to divide the Iron Age of Northern Europe into distinct pre-Roman and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Ages</a> after Emil Vedel unearthed a number of Iron Age artifacts in 1866 on the island of <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did not exhibit the same permeating Roman influence seen in most other artifacts from the early centuries AD, indicating that parts of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a> had not yet come into contact with the Romans at the beginning of the Iron Age. </p><p>Out of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Late Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> of the 12th century BC developed the Early Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> of Central Europe from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, which was followed by the <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> of Central Europe (450 BC to 1st century BC). Although the metal iron came into wider use by <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">metalsmiths</a> in the Mediterranean as far back as <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 BC due to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>, the Pre-Roman Iron Age of Northern Europe covered the 5th/4th to the 1st centuries BC. </p><p>The beginning of the Iron Age was defined by the appearence of large urnfields. A recent study from researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Kiel_University" title="Kiel University">Kiel University</a> showed, however, that the first urnfields were established in the 7th century BCE already and thus, in the very late Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DO-1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/DO-1885.jpg/108px-DO-1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/DO-1885.jpg/163px-DO-1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/DO-1885.jpg/217px-DO-1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>Sword from Lindholmgård, Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iron Age in northern Europe is markedly distinct from the Celtic <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> south of it. The old long-range trading networks south–north between the Mediterranean cultures and Northern Europe had broken down at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> and caused a rapid and deep cultural change in Scandinavia. Bronze, which was an imported alloy, suddenly became very scarce; and iron, which was a local natural resource, slowly became more abundant, as the techniques for extracting, smelting and smithing it were acquired from their Central European Celtic neighbours. Iron was extracted from <a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">bog iron</a> in peat bogs, and the first iron objects to be fabricated were needles and edged tools such as swords and sickles. The rise of iron use in Scandinavia was slow: bog ore was only abundant in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> and it was not until 200–100 BC that iron-working techniques were generally mastered and a productive smithing industry had evolved in the larger settlements. Iron products were also known in Scandinavia during the Bronze Age, but they were a scarce imported material. Similarly, imported bronze continued to be used during the Iron Age in Scandinavia, but it was now much scarcer and mostly used for decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dejbjergvognen_DO-621_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dejbjergvognen_DO-621_original.jpg/228px-Dejbjergvognen_DO-621_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dejbjergvognen_DO-621_original.jpg/342px-Dejbjergvognen_DO-621_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dejbjergvognen_DO-621_original.jpg/456px-Dejbjergvognen_DO-621_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dejbjerg_wagon" title="Dejbjerg wagon">Dejbjerg wagon</a>, 1st century BC, in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark" title="National Museum of Denmark">National Museum of Denmark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Funerary practices continued the Bronze Age tradition of burning corpses and placing the remains in <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urns</a>, a characteristic of the Urnfield culture. During the previous centuries, influences from the Central European <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> had spread to Scandinavia from north-western Germany, and there are finds from this period from all the provinces of southern Scandinavia. <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeologists</a> have found swords, shield bosses, spearheads, scissors, sickles, pincers, knives, needles, buckles, kettles, etc. from this time. Bronze continued to be used for <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torcs</a> and kettles, the styles of which were continuous from the Bronze Age. Some of the most prominent finds from the pre-Roman Iron Age in northern Europe are the <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron" title="Gundestrup cauldron">Gundestrup cauldron</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dejbjerg_wagons" class="mw-redirect" title="Dejbjerg wagons">Dejbjerg wagons</a>, two four-wheeled wagons of wood with bronze parts. </p><p>The cultural change that ended the Nordic Bronze Age was influenced by the expansion of Hallstatt culture from the south and accompanied by a changing climate, which caused a dramatic change in the flora and fauna. In Scandinavia, this period is often called the "Findless Age", due to the lack of archaeological finds. While the archaeological record from Scandinavia is consistent with an initial decline in population, the southern part of the culture, the <a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf culture</a>, was in expansion southwards. It consequently appears that climate change played an important role in this southward expansion into continental Europe. It is debated why cultural innovation spread geographically during this time: whether the new material culture reflects a possibly warlike movement of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Demic_diffusion" title="Demic diffusion">demic diffusion</a>") southwards or whether innovations found at the Pre-Roman Iron Age sites represent a more peaceful <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">trans-cultural diffusion</a>. The current view in the Netherlands is that Iron Age innovations, starting with Hallstatt (800 BC), did not involve intrusions and featured a local development from Bronze Age culture.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Iron Age nucleus considered to represent a local development is the <a href="/wiki/Wessenstedt" title="Wessenstedt">Wessenstedt</a> culture (800–600 BC). </p><p>The bearers of this northern Iron Age culture were likely speakers of Germanic languages. The stage of development of this Germanic is not known, although <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> has been proposed. The late phase of this period sees the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, starting with the invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> until their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aquae_Sextiae" title="Battle of Aquae Sextiae">Battle of Aquae Sextiae</a> in 102 BC, presaging the more turbulent Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. Fortified settlements from this period include <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6nsberg" class="extiw" title="de:Tönsberg">Tönsberg</a>, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Erdenburg">Erdenburg</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Grotenburg">Grotenburg</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Borremose" title="Borremose">Borremose</a> in Denmark and <a href="/wiki/Atuatuca" title="Atuatuca">Atuatuca</a> in Belgium. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huldremosekvindens_dragt_Huldremose-00002.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Clothing worn by the Huldremose Woman, Denmark, 2nd century BC"><img alt="Clothing worn by the Huldremose Woman, Denmark, 2nd century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Huldremosekvindens_dragt_Huldremose-00002.tif/lossy-page1-90px-Huldremosekvindens_dragt_Huldremose-00002.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Huldremosekvindens_dragt_Huldremose-00002.tif/lossy-page1-134px-Huldremosekvindens_dragt_Huldremose-00002.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Huldremosekvindens_dragt_Huldremose-00002.tif/lossy-page1-179px-Huldremosekvindens_dragt_Huldremose-00002.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4550" data-file-height="6088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clothing worn by the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frau_von_Huldremose" class="extiw" title="de:Frau von Huldremose">Huldremose Woman</a>, Denmark, 2nd century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hjortspring boat, Denmark, c. 400 BC[9]"><img alt="Hjortspring boat, Denmark, c. 400 BC[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg/120px-Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg/180px-Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg/240px-Model-af-Hjortspringb%C3%A5den_DO-2304_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring boat</a>, Denmark, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_cauldron.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gundestrup Caudron, Denmark, 2nd-1st century BC"><img alt="Gundestrup Caudron, Denmark, 2nd-1st century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Silver_cauldron.jpg/120px-Silver_cauldron.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Silver_cauldron.jpg/180px-Silver_cauldron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Silver_cauldron.jpg/240px-Silver_cauldron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3642" data-file-height="2376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron" title="Gundestrup cauldron">Gundestrup Caudron</a>, Denmark, 2nd-1st century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ALB_-_Hortfund_Jastorf_Kultur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jastorf culture gold ornaments, Germany (replicas)"><img alt="Jastorf culture gold ornaments, Germany (replicas)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ALB_-_Hortfund_Jastorf_Kultur.jpg/120px-ALB_-_Hortfund_Jastorf_Kultur.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ALB_-_Hortfund_Jastorf_Kultur.jpg/180px-ALB_-_Hortfund_Jastorf_Kultur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ALB_-_Hortfund_Jastorf_Kultur.jpg/240px-ALB_-_Hortfund_Jastorf_Kultur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3376" data-file-height="2992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf culture</a> gold ornaments, Germany (replicas)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_Jastorf_Culture_of_Germany_(28138423114).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various artefacts, northern Germany"><img alt="Various artefacts, northern Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Iron_Age_Jastorf_Culture_of_Germany_%2828138423114%29.jpg/80px-Iron_Age_Jastorf_Culture_of_Germany_%2828138423114%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Iron_Age_Jastorf_Culture_of_Germany_%2828138423114%29.jpg/120px-Iron_Age_Jastorf_Culture_of_Germany_%2828138423114%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Iron_Age_Jastorf_Culture_of_Germany_%2828138423114%29.jpg/160px-Iron_Age_Jastorf_Culture_of_Germany_%2828138423114%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various artefacts, northern Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funkenburg_(Westgreu%C3%9Fen),_the_longhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstructed Iron Age house at Funkenburg, Germany, c. 200 BC"><img alt="Reconstructed Iron Age house at Funkenburg, Germany, c. 200 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Funkenburg_%28Westgreu%C3%9Fen%29%2C_the_longhouse.jpg/120px-Funkenburg_%28Westgreu%C3%9Fen%29%2C_the_longhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Funkenburg_%28Westgreu%C3%9Fen%29%2C_the_longhouse.jpg/180px-Funkenburg_%28Westgreu%C3%9Fen%29%2C_the_longhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Funkenburg_%28Westgreu%C3%9Fen%29%2C_the_longhouse.jpg/240px-Funkenburg_%28Westgreu%C3%9Fen%29%2C_the_longhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstructed Iron Age house at <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Freilichtmuseum_Funkenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Archäologisches Freilichtmuseum Funkenburg">Funkenburg</a>, Germany, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eburones.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fortified settlement of the Eburones, Germany, c. 50 BC[10]"><img alt="Fortified settlement of the Eburones, Germany, c. 50 BC[10]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eburones.jpg/120px-Eburones.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eburones.jpg/180px-Eburones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Eburones.jpg/240px-Eburones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fortified settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a>, Germany, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hodde_Iron_Age_village,_Denmark,_c._100_BC.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of Hodde Iron Age village, Denmark, c. 100 BC[11]"><img alt="Model of Hodde Iron Age village, Denmark, c. 100 BC[11]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png/120px-Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png/180px-Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png/240px-Hodde_Iron_Age_village%2C_Denmark%2C_c._100_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="769" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of Hodde Iron Age village, Denmark, c. 100 BC<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Iron_Age">Roman Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_period_(chronology)" title="Roman imperial period (chronology)">Roman imperial period (chronology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nydamboat.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nydamboat.2.jpg/220px-Nydamboat.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nydamboat.2.jpg/330px-Nydamboat.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Nydamboat.2.jpg/440px-Nydamboat.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nydam_Mose" title="Nydam Mose">Nydam boat</a>, Denmark, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 310 AD</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman Iron Age (1–400 AD) is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. The name comes from the hold that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> had begun to exert on the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. </p><p>In Scandinavia, there was a great import of goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Packaging_and_labelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Packaging and labelling">vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> images, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> beakers, enameled <a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">buckles</a>, weapons, etc. Moreover, the style of metal objects and clay vessels was markedly Roman. Objects such as shears and pawns appear for the first time. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, some elements are imported from Germanic tribes that had settled north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">runes</a>. </p><p>There are also many <a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">bog bodies</a> from this time in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and southern Sweden. Together with the bodies, there are weapons, household wares and clothes of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>. The prime burial tradition was cremation, but the third century and thereafter saw an increase in inhumation. Great ships made for rowing have been found from the 4th century in <a href="/wiki/Nydam_Mose" title="Nydam Mose">Nydam Mose</a> in southern Denmark. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">combined population</a> of Denmark, Norway and Sweden in 1 AD is estimated have been approximately 750,000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romersk_jernalder" class="extiw" title="da:Romersk jernalder">Gudme Hall</a> complex, a ruling elite residence and cult site, was built in Denmark in the 3rd century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Uppåkra in Sweden, the largest Iron Age settlement in Scandinavia developed from c. 200 AD onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A wooden temple was built at <a href="/wiki/Upp%C3%A5kra_temple" title="Uppåkra temple">Uppåkra</a> in the 3rd century and continued to be used and rebuilt over 600 years, into the early Viking Age.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a> in Sweden developed into an important religious, economic and political centre from the 3rd century onwards. </p><p>Through the 5th and 6th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> become more and more common. This time saw the ransack of the Roman Empire by Germanic tribes, from which many Scandinavians returned with gold and silver. A new Iron Age had begun in Northern Europe, the Germanic Iron Age. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1304px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%A4rn%C3%A5ldern,_Romersk_bronsstatyett,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman bronze figurine, Öland, Sweden. Possibly Venus or Juno.[19]"><img alt="Roman bronze figurine, Öland, Sweden. Possibly Venus or Juno.[19]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/J%C3%A4rn%C3%A5ldern%2C_Romersk_bronsstatyett%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/50px-J%C3%A4rn%C3%A5ldern%2C_Romersk_bronsstatyett%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/J%C3%A4rn%C3%A5ldern%2C_Romersk_bronsstatyett%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/75px-J%C3%A4rn%C3%A5ldern%2C_Romersk_bronsstatyett%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/J%C3%A4rn%C3%A5ldern%2C_Romersk_bronsstatyett%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/100px-J%C3%A4rn%C3%A5ldern%2C_Romersk_bronsstatyett%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman bronze figurine, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a>, Sweden. Possibly <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstructed Iron Age hall at Veien, Norway, 1st-2nd century AD[20]"><img alt="Reconstructed Iron Age hall at Veien, Norway, 1st-2nd century AD[20]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG/120px-Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG/180px-Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG/240px-Langhuset_Veien_kulturminnepark_20070722.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstructed Iron Age hall at <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veien_kulturminnepark" class="extiw" title="no:Veien kulturminnepark">Veien</a>, Norway, 1st-2nd century AD<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%BCrstengrab_Marwedel_Grabinventar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Princely grave of Marwedel, Germany, 2nd c. AD"><img alt="Princely grave of Marwedel, Germany, 2nd c. AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/F%C3%BCrstengrab_Marwedel_Grabinventar.jpg/120px-F%C3%BCrstengrab_Marwedel_Grabinventar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/F%C3%BCrstengrab_Marwedel_Grabinventar.jpg/180px-F%C3%BCrstengrab_Marwedel_Grabinventar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/F%C3%BCrstengrab_Marwedel_Grabinventar.jpg/240px-F%C3%BCrstengrab_Marwedel_Grabinventar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princely grave of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstengr%C3%A4ber_von_Marwedel" class="extiw" title="de:Fürstengräber von Marwedel">Marwedel</a>, Germany, 2nd c. AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_goods_from_the_Hoby_chieftain%27s_grave,_Denmark._Photo_by_John_Lee_and_Arnold_Mikkelsen,_Nationalmuseet,_Denmark_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoby chieftain's grave, Denmark, 1st c. AD[21]"><img alt="Hoby chieftain's grave, Denmark, 1st c. AD[21]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Burial_goods_from_the_Hoby_chieftain%27s_grave%2C_Denmark._Photo_by_John_Lee_and_Arnold_Mikkelsen%2C_Nationalmuseet%2C_Denmark_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Burial_goods_from_the_Hoby_chieftain%27s_grave%2C_Denmark._Photo_by_John_Lee_and_Arnold_Mikkelsen%2C_Nationalmuseet%2C_Denmark_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Burial_goods_from_the_Hoby_chieftain%27s_grave%2C_Denmark._Photo_by_John_Lee_and_Arnold_Mikkelsen%2C_Nationalmuseet%2C_Denmark_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Burial_goods_from_the_Hoby_chieftain%27s_grave%2C_Denmark._Photo_by_John_Lee_and_Arnold_Mikkelsen%2C_Nationalmuseet%2C_Denmark_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Burial_goods_from_the_Hoby_chieftain%27s_grave%2C_Denmark._Photo_by_John_Lee_and_Arnold_Mikkelsen%2C_Nationalmuseet%2C_Denmark_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Burial_goods_from_the_Hoby_chieftain%27s_grave%2C_Denmark._Photo_by_John_Lee_and_Arnold_Mikkelsen%2C_Nationalmuseet%2C_Denmark_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1171" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hoby_treasure" title="Hoby treasure">Hoby chieftain's grave</a>, Denmark, 1st c. AD<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Halle_(Saale),_Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Vorgeschichte,_Grabinventar_eines_germanischen_Stammesf%C3%BCrsten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Princely grave of Gommern, Germany, 3rd c. AD[22][23]"><img alt="Princely grave of Gommern, Germany, 3rd c. AD[22][23]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Halle_%28Saale%29%2C_Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Vorgeschichte%2C_Grabinventar_eines_germanischen_Stammesf%C3%BCrsten.jpg/120px-Halle_%28Saale%29%2C_Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Vorgeschichte%2C_Grabinventar_eines_germanischen_Stammesf%C3%BCrsten.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Halle_%28Saale%29%2C_Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Vorgeschichte%2C_Grabinventar_eines_germanischen_Stammesf%C3%BCrsten.jpg/180px-Halle_%28Saale%29%2C_Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Vorgeschichte%2C_Grabinventar_eines_germanischen_Stammesf%C3%BCrsten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Halle_%28Saale%29%2C_Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Vorgeschichte%2C_Grabinventar_eines_germanischen_Stammesf%C3%BCrsten.jpg/240px-Halle_%28Saale%29%2C_Landesmuseum_f%C3%BCr_Vorgeschichte%2C_Grabinventar_eines_germanischen_Stammesf%C3%BCrsten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princely grave of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstengrab_von_Gommern" class="extiw" title="de:Fürstengrab von Gommern">Gommern</a>, Germany, 3rd c. AD<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krieger_von_Kemathen_Grabnachbildung_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warrior of Kemathen burial reconstruction, Germany"><img alt="Warrior of Kemathen burial reconstruction, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Krieger_von_Kemathen_Grabnachbildung_1.jpg/120px-Krieger_von_Kemathen_Grabnachbildung_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Krieger_von_Kemathen_Grabnachbildung_1.jpg/180px-Krieger_von_Kemathen_Grabnachbildung_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Krieger_von_Kemathen_Grabnachbildung_1.jpg/240px-Krieger_von_Kemathen_Grabnachbildung_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieger_von_Kemathen" class="extiw" title="de:Krieger von Kemathen">Warrior of Kemathen</a> burial reconstruction, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_combo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Horse bridle and sword scabbards, Germany, 3rd century AD"><img alt="Horse bridle and sword scabbards, Germany, 3rd century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_combo.png/120px-Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_combo.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_combo.png/180px-Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_combo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_combo.png/240px-Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_combo.png 2x" data-file-width="3148" data-file-height="1928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Horse bridle and sword scabbards, Germany, 3rd century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feddersen_Wierde_Hofmodell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Farm at Feddersen Wierde, north Germany, 1st c. BC–5th c. AD"><img alt="Farm at Feddersen Wierde, north Germany, 1st c. BC–5th c. AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Feddersen_Wierde_Hofmodell.jpg/120px-Feddersen_Wierde_Hofmodell.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Feddersen_Wierde_Hofmodell.jpg/180px-Feddersen_Wierde_Hofmodell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Feddersen_Wierde_Hofmodell.jpg/240px-Feddersen_Wierde_Hofmodell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Farm at <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feddersen_Wierde" class="extiw" title="de:Feddersen Wierde">Feddersen Wierde</a>, north Germany, 1st c. BC–5th c. AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guld_from_Tuna_Badelunda_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_b.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold jewellery from Västerås, Sweden, 3rd century"><img alt="Gold jewellery from Västerås, Sweden, 3rd century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Guld_from_Tuna_Badelunda_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_b.JPG/120px-Guld_from_Tuna_Badelunda_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_b.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Guld_from_Tuna_Badelunda_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_b.JPG/180px-Guld_from_Tuna_Badelunda_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Guld_from_Tuna_Badelunda_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_b.JPG/240px-Guld_from_Tuna_Badelunda_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunagravf%C3%A4ltet_i_Badelunda" class="extiw" title="sv:Tunagravfältet i Badelunda">Gold jewellery from Västerås</a>, Sweden, 3rd century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Havor_Ring_Replica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold Havor Ring, Sweden, c. 100 AD"><img alt="Gold Havor Ring, Sweden, c. 100 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Havor_Ring_Replica.jpg/120px-Havor_Ring_Replica.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Havor_Ring_Replica.jpg/180px-Havor_Ring_Replica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Havor_Ring_Replica.jpg/240px-Havor_Ring_Replica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="1250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold <a href="/wiki/Havor_Hoard" title="Havor Hoard">Havor Ring</a>, Sweden, c. 100 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunic_and_trousers_from_Thorsberg_moor_in_Schleswig-Holstein,_Germany,_approx._mid_4th_century.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Preserved clothes from Thorsberg moor, Germany, 4th century AD"><img alt="Preserved clothes from Thorsberg moor, Germany, 4th century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tunic_and_trousers_from_Thorsberg_moor_in_Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Germany%2C_approx._mid_4th_century.png/120px-Tunic_and_trousers_from_Thorsberg_moor_in_Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Germany%2C_approx._mid_4th_century.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tunic_and_trousers_from_Thorsberg_moor_in_Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Germany%2C_approx._mid_4th_century.png/180px-Tunic_and_trousers_from_Thorsberg_moor_in_Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Germany%2C_approx._mid_4th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tunic_and_trousers_from_Thorsberg_moor_in_Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Germany%2C_approx._mid_4th_century.png/240px-Tunic_and_trousers_from_Thorsberg_moor_in_Schleswig-Holstein%2C_Germany%2C_approx._mid_4th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="1865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preserved clothes from <a href="/wiki/Thorsberg_moor" title="Thorsberg moor">Thorsberg moor</a>, Germany, 4th century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_034.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shields from Thorsberg moor, Germany, 3rd century AD"><img alt="Shields from Thorsberg moor, Germany, 3rd century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_034.JPG/120px-Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_034.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_034.JPG/180px-Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_034.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_034.JPG/240px-Arch%C3%A4ologisches_Landesmuseum_Schloss_Gottorf_034.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="1780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shields from <a href="/wiki/Thorsberg_moor" title="Thorsberg moor">Thorsberg moor</a>, Germany, 3rd century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nydam_037.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swords from Nydam Mose, Denmark, 310 AD"><img alt="Swords from Nydam Mose, Denmark, 310 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nydam_037.jpg/120px-Nydam_037.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nydam_037.jpg/180px-Nydam_037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Nydam_037.jpg/240px-Nydam_037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swords from <a href="/wiki/Nydam_Mose" title="Nydam Mose">Nydam Mose</a>, Denmark, 310 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smac_R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of a longhouse, Germany[24]"><img alt="Model of a longhouse, Germany[24]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Smac_R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit_018.jpg/120px-Smac_R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Smac_R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit_018.jpg/180px-Smac_R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Smac_R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit_018.jpg/240px-Smac_R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of a longhouse, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kragehul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spear with runic inscription, Kragehul, Denmark, c. 200-500 AD"><img alt="Spear with runic inscription, Kragehul, Denmark, c. 200-500 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kragehul.jpg/80px-Kragehul.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kragehul.jpg/120px-Kragehul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kragehul.jpg/160px-Kragehul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spear with <a href="/wiki/Rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune">runic</a> inscription, <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragehul" class="extiw" title="da:Kragehul">Kragehul</a>, Denmark, c. 200-500 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steppinggaarden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstructed houses at Vingsted, Denmark, 1st cent. BC-2nd century AD"><img alt="Reconstructed houses at Vingsted, Denmark, 1st cent. BC-2nd century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Steppinggaarden.jpg/120px-Steppinggaarden.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Steppinggaarden.jpg/180px-Steppinggaarden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Steppinggaarden.jpg/240px-Steppinggaarden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstructed houses at <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vingsted_Historiske_V%C3%A6rksted" class="extiw" title="da:Vingsted Historiske Værksted">Vingsted</a>, Denmark, 1st cent. BC-2nd century AD</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_Iron_Age">Germanic Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Germanic Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lejre-inside-viking-house_IMG_3085_bright_w1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lejre-inside-viking-house_IMG_3085_bright_w1024.jpg/220px-Lejre-inside-viking-house_IMG_3085_bright_w1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lejre-inside-viking-house_IMG_3085_bright_w1024.jpg/330px-Lejre-inside-viking-house_IMG_3085_bright_w1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Lejre-inside-viking-house_IMG_3085_bright_w1024.jpg/440px-Lejre-inside-viking-house_IMG_3085_bright_w1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the King's Hall at <a href="/wiki/Lejre" title="Lejre">Lejre</a>, Denmark, c. 7th century (reconstruction)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Germanic Iron Age is divided into the Early Germanic Iron Age (EGIA) and the late Germanic Iron Age (LGIA). In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the LGIA (550–800) is usually called the <a href="/wiki/Vendel_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendel era">Vendel era</a>; in Norway and Finland, the Merovinger (<a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a>) Age.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Germanic Iron Age begins with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic king">Germanic kingdoms</a> in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is followed, in Northern Europe and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">decline of the Roman Empire</a>, an abundance of gold flowed into Scandinavia; there are excellent works in gold from this period. Gold was used to make <a href="/wiki/Scabbard" title="Scabbard">scabbard</a> mountings and <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteates</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> fell, gold became scarce and Scandinavians began to make objects of gilded bronze, with decorative figures of <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">interlacing animals</a>. During the EGIA, decorations tended to be representational; the animal figures were drawn in more basic forms. In the LGIA, artistic styles became more abstract, symbolic, and intricate, including figures with <a href="/wiki/Interlace_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlace (visual arts)">interlaced</a> shapes and limbs. </p><p>The LGIA in the 8th century blends into the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> and the proto-historical period, with legendary or semi-legendary oral tradition recorded a few centuries later in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heroic_Age" title="Germanic Heroic Age">heroic legend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">sagas</a>, and an incipient tradition of primary written documents in the form of <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a>. </p><p>Important royal or elite centres from this period include <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a> in Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Lejre" title="Lejre">Lejre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiss%C3%B8" title="Tissø">Tissø</a> in Denmark,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Avaldsnes" title="Avaldsnes">Avaldsnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lofotr_Viking_Museum" title="Lofotr Viking Museum">Borg (Lofotr)</a> in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1304px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vendel Period helmet, Sweden"><img alt="Vendel Period helmet, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg/120px-Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg/180px-Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg/240px-Vendel_I_helmet_456059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vendel_Period" title="Vendel Period">Vendel Period</a> helmet, Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword,_7th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vendel Period sword, Sweden, 7th century AD"><img alt="Vendel Period sword, Sweden, 7th century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg/80px-The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg/119px-The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg/159px-The_Vikings_Begin_60_-_warrior_sword%2C_7th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vendel Period sword, Sweden, 7th century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Möne Collar from Västergötland, Sweden"><img alt="Möne Collar from Västergötland, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg/120px-M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg/180px-M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg/240px-M%C3%B6nekragen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1697" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Möne Collar from <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>, Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanic_bracteate_from_Funen,_Denmark_(DR_BR42).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold bracteate from Funen, Denmark, with runic inscription to Odin"><img alt="Gold bracteate from Funen, Denmark, with runic inscription to Odin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Germanic_bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/120px-Germanic_bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Germanic_bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/180px-Germanic_bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Germanic_bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg/240px-Germanic_bracteate_from_Funen%2C_Denmark_%28DR_BR42%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold <a href="/wiki/Bracteate" title="Bracteate">bracteate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a>, Denmark, with <a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">runic</a> inscription to <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grab_Schleitheim_Museum_SH.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burial reconstruction, Germany, 420 AD"><img alt="Burial reconstruction, Germany, 420 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Grab_Schleitheim_Museum_SH.jpg/120px-Grab_Schleitheim_Museum_SH.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Grab_Schleitheim_Museum_SH.jpg/180px-Grab_Schleitheim_Museum_SH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Grab_Schleitheim_Museum_SH.jpg/240px-Grab_Schleitheim_Museum_SH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burial reconstruction, Germany, 420 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden Horns of Gallehus, Denmark, 5th century AD"><img alt="Golden Horns of Gallehus, Denmark, 5th century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg/120px-Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg/180px-Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg/240px-Guldhornene_DO-10765_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3431" data-file-height="2451" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horns_of_Gallehus" title="Golden Horns of Gallehus">Golden Horns of Gallehus</a>, Denmark, 5th century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tempel_of_Uppakra_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple at Uppåkra in Sweden, c. 6th-9th centuries"><img alt="Temple at Uppåkra in Sweden, c. 6th-9th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_tempel_of_Uppakra_Sweden.jpg/114px-The_tempel_of_Uppakra_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_tempel_of_Uppakra_Sweden.jpg/171px-The_tempel_of_Uppakra_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_tempel_of_Uppakra_Sweden.jpg/228px-The_tempel_of_Uppakra_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple at <a href="/wiki/Upp%C3%A5kra_temple" title="Uppåkra temple">Uppåkra</a> in Sweden, c. 6th-9th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lofotr_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chiefly hall at Borg (Lofotr), Norway, 6th century"><img alt="Chiefly hall at Borg (Lofotr), Norway, 6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lofotr_01.jpg/120px-Lofotr_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lofotr_01.jpg/180px-Lofotr_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lofotr_01.jpg/240px-Lofotr_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chiefly hall at <a href="/wiki/Lofotr_Viking_Museum" title="Lofotr Viking Museum">Borg (Lofotr)</a>, Norway, 6th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allemanic_village_at_Ellwangen,_model_(c._7th_century_AD).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Model of an Alemannic village at Ellwangen, Germany, 7th century"><img alt="Model of an Alemannic village at Ellwangen, Germany, 7th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Allemanic_village_at_Ellwangen%2C_model_%28c._7th_century_AD%29.png/120px-Allemanic_village_at_Ellwangen%2C_model_%28c._7th_century_AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Allemanic_village_at_Ellwangen%2C_model_%28c._7th_century_AD%29.png/180px-Allemanic_village_at_Ellwangen%2C_model_%28c._7th_century_AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Allemanic_village_at_Ellwangen%2C_model_%28c._7th_century_AD%29.png/240px-Allemanic_village_at_Ellwangen%2C_model_%28c._7th_century_AD%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Model of an <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemannic</a> village at <a href="/wiki/Ellwangen" title="Ellwangen">Ellwangen</a>, Germany, 7th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raknehaugen_burial_mound.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Burial mound, Norway, mid-6th century"><img alt="Burial mound, Norway, mid-6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raknehaugen_burial_mound.JPG/120px-Raknehaugen_burial_mound.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raknehaugen_burial_mound.JPG/180px-Raknehaugen_burial_mound.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raknehaugen_burial_mound.JPG/240px-Raknehaugen_burial_mound.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rakni%27s_Mound" title="Rakni's Mound">Burial mound</a>, Norway, mid-6th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_biggest_mounds_in_Gamla_Uppsala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal burial mounds at Gamla Uppsala, Sweden, 5th-6th century"><img alt="Royal burial mounds at Gamla Uppsala, Sweden, 5th-6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_biggest_mounds_in_Gamla_Uppsala.jpg/120px-The_biggest_mounds_in_Gamla_Uppsala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_biggest_mounds_in_Gamla_Uppsala.jpg/180px-The_biggest_mounds_in_Gamla_Uppsala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_biggest_mounds_in_Gamla_Uppsala.jpg/240px-The_biggest_mounds_in_Gamla_Uppsala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal burial mounds at <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a>, Sweden, 5th-6th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Denmark" title="Archaeology of Denmark">Archaeology of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">List of archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Scandinavian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwall" class="extiw" title="de:Ringwall">Ringwall</a> (German wiki)</li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarb_zakrzowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Skarb zakrzowski">Zakrzów Treasure</a> (Polish wiki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illerup_%C3%85dal" title="Illerup Ådal">Illerup Ådal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimose_inscriptions" title="Vimose inscriptions">Vimose inscriptions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KarmanovZaretskaya2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KarmanovZaretskaya2016_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKarmanovZaretskayaVolokitin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Karmanov, Victor N; Zaretskaya, Natalia E; Volokitin, Alexander V (2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/16952/pdf">"Another Way of Early Pottery Distribution in Eastern Europe? Case Study of the Pezmog 4 Site, European Far Northeast"</a></span>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>56</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">733–</span>741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2F56.16952">10.2458/56.16952</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67797935">67797935</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311141323/https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/viewFile/16952/pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Another+Way+of+Early+Pottery+Distribution+in+Eastern+Europe%3F+Case+Study+of+the+Pezmog+4+Site%2C+European+Far+Northeast&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E733-%3C%2Fspan%3E741&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67797935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2F56.16952&rft.aulast=Karmanov&rft.aufirst=Victor+N&rft.au=Zaretskaya%2C+Natalia+E&rft.au=Volokitin%2C+Alexander+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F16952%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinder1988" class="citation cs2">Kinder, Hermann (1988), <i>Penguin Atlas of World History</i>, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051054-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051054-0"><bdi>0-14-051054-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Atlas+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-14-051054-0&rft.aulast=Kinder&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia07ency">"Languages of the World: Germanic languages"</a>. <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85229-571-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85229-571-5"><bdi>0-85229-571-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+Germanic+languages&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85229-571-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia07ency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dina P. Dobson, "Roman Influence in the North" <i>Greece & Rome</i> <b>5</b>.14 (February 1936:73–89).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vedel, <i>Bornholms Oldtidsminder og Oldsager</i>, (Copenhagen 1886).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseMeadows2024" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, Helene Agerskov; Meadows, John (28 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11132521">"Dividing time—An absolute chronological study of material culture from Early Iron Age urnfields in Denmark"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>19</b> (5): e0300649. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PLoSO..1900649R">2024PLoSO..1900649R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0300649">10.1371/journal.pone.0300649</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11132521">11132521</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38805408">38805408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Dividing+time%E2%80%94An+absolute+chronological+study+of+material+culture+from+Early+Iron+Age+urnfields+in+Denmark&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e0300649&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11132521%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024PLoSO..1900649R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38805408&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0300649&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Helene+Agerskov&rft.au=Meadows%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11132521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jørgen Jensen: <i>I begyndelsen</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhart2006" class="citation book cs1">Verhart, Leo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4owINQAACAAJ"><i>Op zoek naar de Kelten: nieuwe archeologische ontdekkingen tussen Noordzee en Rijn</i></a>. Matrijs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5345-303-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5345-303-2"><bdi>978-90-5345-303-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Op+zoek+naar+de+Kelten%3A+nieuwe+archeologische+ontdekkingen+tussen+Noordzee+en+Rijn&rft.pub=Matrijs&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5345-303-2&rft.aulast=Verhart&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4owINQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-early-iron-age/the-army-from-hjortspring-bog/the-hjortspring-boat/">"The Hjortspring Boat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220501220757/https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-early-iron-age/the-army-from-hjortspring-bog/the-hjortspring-boat/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hjortspring+Boat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.natmus.dk%2Fhistorical-knowledge%2Fdenmark%2Fprehistoric-period-until-1050-ad%2Fthe-early-iron-age%2Fthe-army-from-hjortspring-bog%2Fthe-hjortspring-boat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schnitzler-aachen.de/Modellbau/RLM_Bonn/Niederzier.htm">"Die Siedlung von Hambach-Niederzier"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Siedlung+von+Hambach-Niederzier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schnitzler-aachen.de%2FModellbau%2FRLM_Bonn%2FNiederzier.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danmarksoldtid.lex.dk/Bag_landsbyens_hegn">"Hodde Iron Age village"</a>. <i>danmarksoldtid.lex.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135026/https://danmarksoldtid.lex.dk/Bag_landsbyens_hegn">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danmarksoldtid.lex.dk&rft.atitle=Hodde+Iron+Age+village&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanmarksoldtid.lex.dk%2FBag_landsbyens_hegn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2016" class="citation book cs1">Maddison (2016). <i>Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth+of+World+Population%2C+GDP+and+GDP+Per+Capita+before+1820&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Maddison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vikingekult.natmus.dk/en/foerkristne-kultpladser/noeglepladserne/gudme/">"Gudme"</a>. <i>National Museum of Denmark</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Denmark&rft.atitle=Gudme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvikingekult.natmus.dk%2Fen%2Ffoerkristne-kultpladser%2Fnoeglepladserne%2Fgudme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danmarkshistorien.lex.dk/Gudmebygden">"Gudmebygden"</a>. <i>danmarkshistorien.lex.dk</i>. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danmarkshistorien.lex.dk&rft.atitle=Gudmebygden&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanmarkshistorien.lex.dk%2FGudmebygden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slks.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/kulturarv/fortidsminder/dokumenter/doil_gudme.pdf">"Gudme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kulturarv I Danmark</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kulturarv+I+Danmark&rft.atitle=Gudme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslks.dk%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fkulturarv%2Ffortidsminder%2Fdokumenter%2Fdoil_gudme.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uppakra.se/faktasidor/uppakra-maktens-centrum/">"Upkåkra - The center of power"</a>. <i>www.uppakra.se</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uppakra.se&rft.atitle=Upk%C3%A5kra+-+The+center+of+power&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uppakra.se%2Ffaktasidor%2Fuppakra-maktens-centrum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/article/modern-archaeology-reveals-secrets-iron-age-power-centre">"Modern archaeology reveals the secrets of Iron age power centre"</a>. <i>lunduniversity.lu.se</i>. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lunduniversity.lu.se&rft.atitle=Modern+archaeology+reveals+the+secrets+of+Iron+age+power+centre&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lunduniversity.lu.se%2Farticle%2Fmodern-archaeology-reveals-secrets-iron-age-power-centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36887857">"The Iron Age ritual building at Uppåkra, southern Sweden"</a>. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Age+ritual+building+at+Upp%C3%A5kra%2C+southern+Sweden&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36887857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=9036664&fileOId=9036665">"Vestiges of Roman Cult Religion and Household Deities in the Northern Barbaricum"</a>. 2021. <q>The Öland statuette of a woman has been interpreted as either a Roman deity, such as Venus and Juno, or possibly a Roman empress</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vestiges+of+Roman+Cult+Religion+and+Household+Deities+in+the+Northern+Barbaricum&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Fluur%2Fdownload%3Ffunc%3DdownloadFile%26recordOId%3D9036664%26fileOId%3D9036665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exarc.net/members/venues/veien-kulturminnepark-no">"Veien Kulturminnepark"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526165732/https://exarc.net/members/venues/veien-kulturminnepark-no">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+chieftain%27s+grave+from+Hoby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.natmus.dk%2Fhistorical-knowledge%2Fdenmark%2Fprehistoric-period-until-1050-ad%2Fthe-early-iron-age%2Fthe-chieftains-grave-from-hoby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VysIyzjMQxM"><i>Harald Meller, Halle State Museum of Prehistory, 'Das Fürstengrab von Gommern' (2021)</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227134724/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=VysIyzjMQxM">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Das+germanische+F%C3%BCrstengrab+von+Gommern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landschaftsmuseum.de%2FSeiten%2FLexikon%2FFuerstengrab_Gommern.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vejlemuseerne.dk/media/37401/undervisningsmateriale_vingsted-1.pdf">"DENGANG I JERNALDEREN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DENGANG+I+JERNALDEREN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vejlemuseerne.dk%2Fmedia%2F37401%2Fundervisningsmateriale_vingsted-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaeology+of+Northern+Europe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early Man in Britain and His Place in the Tertiary Period. 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Brandt, <i>Jastorf und Latène</i>. Internat. Arch. 66 (2001)</li> <li>John Collis, <i>The European Iron Age</i> (London and New York: Routledge) 1997. The European Iron Age set in a broader context that includes the Mediterranean and Anatolia.</li> <li>W. Künnemann, <i>Jastorf – Geschichte und Inhalt eines archäologischen Kulturbegriffs</i>, Die Kunde N. F. 46 (1995), 61–122.</li> <li>Herwig Wolfram, <i>Die Germanen</i>, Beck (1999).</li> <li>Ove Eriksson, B, Sara, O. Cousins, and Hans Henrik Bruun, "Land-use history and fragmentation of traditionally managed grasslands in Scandinavia" <i>Journal of Vegetation Science</i> pp. 743–748 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&issn=1100-9233&volume=013&issue=05&page=0743">On-line abstract</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328996487_Fighting_wars_gaining_status_on_the_rise_of_Germanic_elites_In_Duncan_Sayer_u_Howard_Williams_Hrsg_Mortuary_Practices_and_Social_Identities_in_the_Middle_Ages_Essays_in_Burial_Archaeology_in_Honour_of">Fighting wars, gaining status: on the rise of Germanic elites (Burmeister 2018)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_the_history_of_Scandinavia42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_the_history_of_Scandinavia" title="Template:Timeline of the history of Scandinavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timeline_of_the_history_of_Scandinavia" title="Template talk:Timeline of the history of Scandinavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_of_the_history_of_Scandinavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline of the history of Scandinavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_the_history_of_Scandinavia42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">history of Scandinavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_ohikiitqr0ty3p5w5jqyh3wx8r1w9oi"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Scandinavia" coords="664,317,822,341" title="Scandinavia" alt="Scandinavia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" coords="655,297,773,321" title="Kalmar Union" alt="Kalmar Union" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" coords="640,257,785,281" title="Christianization of Scandinavia" alt="Christianization of Scandinavia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Viking_Age" coords="647,237,752,261" title="Viking Age" alt="Viking Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Migration_Period" coords="622,217,767,241" title="Migration Period" alt="Migration Period" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" coords="627,197,779,221" title="Germanic Iron Age" alt="Germanic Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" coords="609,177,741,201" title="Roman Iron Age" alt="Roman Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pre%2DRoman_Iron_Age" coords="582,157,740,181" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age" alt="Pre-Roman Iron Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" coords="512,117,663,141" title="Nordic Bronze Age" alt="Nordic Bronze Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" coords="235,97,380,121" title="Nordic Stone Age" alt="Nordic Stone Age" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neolithic" coords="464,79,550,100" title="Neolithic" alt="Neolithic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mesolithic" coords="348,59,440,80" title="Mesolithic" alt="Mesolithic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" coords="126,39,257,60" title="Upper Paleolithic" alt="Upper Paleolithic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Subatlantic" coords="604,19,701,40" title="Subatlantic" alt="Subatlantic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Subboreal" coords="448,19,534,40" title="Subboreal" alt="Subboreal" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" coords="316,19,447,40" title="Atlantic (period)" alt="Atlantic (period)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Boreal_(period)" coords="226,19,295,40" title="Boreal (period)" alt="Boreal (period)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" coords="159,19,251,40" title="Younger Dryas" alt="Younger Dryas" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Older_Dryas" coords="81,19,173,40" title="Older Dryas" alt="Older Dryas" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling_oscillation" coords="26,19,112,40" title="Bølling oscillation" alt="Bølling oscillation" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Holocene_Epoch" coords="432,-1,546,20" title="Holocene Epoch" alt="Holocene Epoch" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pleistocene" coords="137,-1,234,20" title="Pleistocene" alt="Pleistocene" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_ohikiitqr0ty3p5w5jqyh3wx8r1w9oi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/ohikiitqr0ty3p5w5jqyh3wx8r1w9oi.png" /></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippe" title="Sippe">Sippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a 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title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" 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