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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnellsch%C3%BCtzen" title="Schnellschützen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schnellschützen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanzadera_volante" title="Lanzadera volante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lanzadera volante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navedo" title="Navedo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Navedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Weaving tool</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eversberg-0111_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Eversberg-0111_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Eversberg-0111_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Eversberg-0111_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Eversberg-0111_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Eversberg-0111_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Eversberg-0111_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3247" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Flying shuttle from below, showing metal capped ends, wheels, and a <a href="/wiki/Pirn" title="Pirn">pirn</a> of weft thread</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frisador_Curler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Frisador_Curler.jpg/220px-Frisador_Curler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Frisador_Curler.jpg/330px-Frisador_Curler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Frisador_Curler.jpg/440px-Frisador_Curler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>From above, showing conical pirn, and end-feed mechanism (the yarn slips off the end of the pirn, which need not rotate).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9Fsch%C3%B6nau_-_muzeum_dama%C5%A1kov%C3%A9_a_smy%C4%8Dkov%C3%A9_tkaniny_7787.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gro%C3%9Fsch%C3%B6nau_-_muzeum_dama%C5%A1kov%C3%A9_a_smy%C4%8Dkov%C3%A9_tkaniny_7787.jpg/220px-Gro%C3%9Fsch%C3%B6nau_-_muzeum_dama%C5%A1kov%C3%A9_a_smy%C4%8Dkov%C3%A9_tkaniny_7787.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gro%C3%9Fsch%C3%B6nau_-_muzeum_dama%C5%A1kov%C3%A9_a_smy%C4%8Dkov%C3%A9_tkaniny_7787.jpg/330px-Gro%C3%9Fsch%C3%B6nau_-_muzeum_dama%C5%A1kov%C3%A9_a_smy%C4%8Dkov%C3%A9_tkaniny_7787.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gro%C3%9Fsch%C3%B6nau_-_muzeum_dama%C5%A1kov%C3%A9_a_smy%C4%8Dkov%C3%A9_tkaniny_7787.jpg/440px-Gro%C3%9Fsch%C3%B6nau_-_muzeum_dama%C5%A1kov%C3%A9_a_smy%C4%8Dkov%C3%A9_tkaniny_7787.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Flying shuttle in the shuttle race</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>flying shuttle</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)" title="Shuttle (weaving)">weaving shuttle</a>. It was a pivotal advancement in the mechanisation of <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> during the initial stages of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and facilitated the <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> of considerably broader fabrics, enabling the production of wider textiles. Moreover, its mechanical implementation paved the way for the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">automatic machine looms</a>. </p><p>The brainchild of <a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay</a>, the flying shuttle received a <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> in the year 1733 during the Industrial Revolution. Its implementation brought about an acceleration of the previously manual weaving process and resulted in a significant reduction in the required labour force. Formerly, a <a href="/wiki/Narrow_cloth" title="Narrow cloth">broad-cloth loom</a> necessitated the presence of a weaver on each side, but with the advent of the flying shuttle, a solitary operator could handle the task proficiently. Prior to this breakthrough, the textile industry relied upon the coordination of four spinners to support a single weaver. </p><p>The widespread adoption of the flying shuttle by the 1750s dramatically exacerbated this labour imbalance, marking a notable shift in textile production dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_shuttle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of this device is difficult to accurately ascertain due to poor documentation at the time. Nonetheless, there are two general schools of thought around this: first those that believe that it appears to have been invented in the region of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> of southern France (one year before its introduction in England), but was destroyed by state cloth inspectors of the rent-seeking <a href="/wiki/Ancien_Regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Regime">Ancien Regime</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> second, those that believe it simply originated where it was industrialized, that is in England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_shuttle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yarn_and_cloth_making;_an_economic_study;_a_college_and_normal_schools_text_preliminary_to_fabric_study,_and_a_reference_for_teachers_of_industrial_history_and_art_in_secondary_and_elementary_schools_(14598368328).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yarn_and_cloth_making%3B_an_economic_study%3B_a_college_and_normal_schools_text_preliminary_to_fabric_study%2C_and_a_reference_for_teachers_of_industrial_history_and_art_in_secondary_and_elementary_schools_%2814598368328%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yarn_and_cloth_making%3B_an_economic_study%3B_a_college_and_normal_schools_text_preliminary_to_fabric_study%2C_and_a_reference_for_teachers_of_industrial_history_and_art_in_secondary_and_elementary_schools_%2814598368328%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yarn_and_cloth_making%3B_an_economic_study%3B_a_college_and_normal_schools_text_preliminary_to_fabric_study%2C_and_a_reference_for_teachers_of_industrial_history_and_art_in_secondary_and_elementary_schools_%2814598368328%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>Holding the <a href="/wiki/Reed_(weaving)" title="Reed (weaving)">reed beater bar</a> in the left hand, and the (<i>picking-stick</i>-mounted) string tugged to return the flying shuttle in the right hand. See video below.</figcaption></figure> <p>In a typical frame loom, as used previous to the invention of the flying shuttle, the operator sat with the newly woven cloth before them, using treadles or some other mechanism to raise and lower the <a href="/wiki/Heddle" title="Heddle">heddles</a>, which opened the <a href="/wiki/Shed_(weaving)" title="Shed (weaving)">shed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a> threads. They then had to reach forward while holding the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)" title="Shuttle (weaving)">shuttle</a> in one hand and pass this through the shed; the shuttle carried a <a href="/wiki/Bobbin" title="Bobbin">bobbin</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a>. The shuttle then had to be caught in the other hand, the shed closed, and the <a href="/wiki/Beater_(weaving)" title="Beater (weaving)">beater</a> pulled in against the fell to push the weft into place. This action (called a "pick") required regularly bending forward over the fabric. </p><p>More importantly, the coordination between the throwing and catching of the shuttle required that the weaver was weaving <a href="/wiki/Narrow_cloth" title="Narrow cloth">narrow cloth</a> (typically 60 inches (150 cm) or less). If the loom was for weaving <a href="/wiki/Broad_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad cloth">broad cloth</a> multiple weavers were needed: one on the left side at the shed, and one on the right side at the shed (and sometimes, one to operate the treadles). These two reached across the loom, passing the shuttle back and forth through the shed. </p><p>The flying shuttle employs a smooth board, called the "race," which runs, side to side, along the front of the beater, forming a track on which the shuttle runs. The lower threads of the shed rest on the track and the shuttle slides over them. At each end of the race, there is a box which catches the shuttle at the end of its journey, and which contains a mechanism for propelling the shuttle on its return trip (which may be yanked into action by the cord from the handheld picking-stick, or fully automated) </p><p>The shuttle itself has some subtle differences from the older form, especially for automated and powered looms. The ends of the shuttle are often bullet-shaped and metal-capped, and the shuttle generally has rollers to reduce friction. The weft thread is made to exit from the end rather than the side, and the thread is stored on a <a href="/wiki/Pirn" title="Pirn">pirn</a> (a long, conical, one-ended, non-turning bobbin) to allow it to feed more easily. Finally, the flying shuttle is generally somewhat heavier, so as to have sufficient momentum to carry it all the way through the shed. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv/272px--Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="182" height="120" data-durationhint="96" data-mwtitle="Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="424" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv/Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="218" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv/Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="362" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv/Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="544" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv/Handloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="544" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHandloom_Telar_artesanal_Webstuhl_02.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Handloom with a flying shuttle. The shuttle runs in a shuttle race attached to the front of the (bottom-mounted) beater bar. Subtitles describe step-by-step.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:19C_(late)_Japanese_hand_loom_with_flying_shuttle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narrow tanmono loom with an obvious shuttle race on a top-mounted beater bar. Late 1800s Japan."><img alt="Narrow tanmono loom with an obvious shuttle race on a top-mounted beater bar. Late 1800s Japan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/19C_%28late%29_Japanese_hand_loom_with_flying_shuttle.jpg/140px-19C_%28late%29_Japanese_hand_loom_with_flying_shuttle.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/19C_%28late%29_Japanese_hand_loom_with_flying_shuttle.jpg/209px-19C_%28late%29_Japanese_hand_loom_with_flying_shuttle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/19C_%28late%29_Japanese_hand_loom_with_flying_shuttle.jpg/279px-19C_%28late%29_Japanese_hand_loom_with_flying_shuttle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Narrow <a href="/wiki/Tanmono" title="Tanmono">tanmono</a> loom with an obvious shuttle race on a top-mounted beater bar. Late 1800s Japan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1893 Yorkshire-made handloom has a flying shuttle; it is not just controlled but powered by the pedals."><img alt="This 1893 Yorkshire-made handloom has a flying shuttle; it is not just controlled but powered by the pedals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg/191px-Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg/287px-Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg/382px-Pedal-driven-weaving-machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1412" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This 1893 Yorkshire-made handloom has a flying shuttle; it is not just controlled but powered by the pedals.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm/320px--Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="av1, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm/Jacquard_weefgetouw_in_actie.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The fully automated shuttle moves almost too fast to see.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm/320px--Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm/Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm/Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm/Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm/Narrow_shuttle_loom.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An early fully automated loom. The arms at the sides can be seen swinging to bash the flying shuttle back and forth.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_effects">Social effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_shuttle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increase in production due to the flying shuttle exceeded the capacity of the spinning industry of the day and prompted the development of powered spinning machines. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">spinning jenny</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Waterframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterframe">waterframe</a> until ultimately culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">spinning mule</a>, which could produce strong, fine thread in the quantities needed<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these innovations transformed the <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">textile industry</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a>. The innovation was seen as a threat to the livelihood of spinners & weavers, which resulted in an uprising that had Kay's patent largely ignored. It is often incorrectly written that Kay was attacked and fled to France, but in fact he simply moved there to attempt to rent out his looms, a business model that had failed him in England.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flying shuttle produced a new source of injuries to the weaving process; if deflected from its path, it could be shot clear of the machine, potentially striking and injuring workers. Turn-of-the-century <a href="/wiki/Industrial_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial accident">injury reports</a> abound with instances in which eyes were lost or other injuries sustained and, in several instances (for example, an extended exchange in 1901), the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">British House of Commons</a> was moved to take up the issue of installing guards and other contrivances to reduce these injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obsolescence">Obsolescence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_shuttle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Obsolescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Loom#Weft_insertion" title="Loom">Loom § Weft insertion</a></div> <p>The flying shuttle dominated commercial weaving through the middle of the twentieth century. However, by that time, other systems had begun to replace it. The heavy shuttle was noisy and energy-inefficient (since the energy used to throw it was largely lost in the catching); also, its inertia limited the speed of the loom. Projectile and <a href="/wiki/Rapier_loom" title="Rapier loom">rapier looms</a> eliminated the need to take the bobbin/<a href="/wiki/Pirn" title="Pirn">pirn</a> of thread through the shed; later, air- and water-jet looms reduced the weight of moving parts further. Flying shuttle looms are still used for some purposes, and old models remain in use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flying_shuttle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1233&HistoryID=ab11&gtrack=pthc#ixzz4ZpkXsrFG">"History of technology"</a>. <i>www.historyworld.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyworld.net&rft.atitle=History+of+technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fgroupid%3D1233%26HistoryID%3Dab11%26gtrack%3Dpthc%23ixzz4ZpkXsrFG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Heller, <i>Labour</i>, 180-1, for Lyon; James K.J Thompson, <i>Clermont-de-Ledéve 1633–1789: Fluctuations in the Prosperity of a Languedocian Cloth-Making Town</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 336-7, for Languedoc. ----- cite from an Essay <i>Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change</i> by S. R. Epstein in the collection <i>Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400-1800</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2008, page. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes1969" class="citation book cs1">Landes, David S. (1969). <i>The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present</i>. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09418-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09418-6"><bdi>0-521-09418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unbound+Prometheus%3A+Technological+Change+and+Industrial+Development+in+Western+Europe+from+1750+to+the+Present&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-521-09418-6&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyres1989" class="citation journal cs1">Ayres, Robert (February 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101045104/http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/RR-89-001.pdf">"Technological Transformations and Long Waves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Research Reports</i>. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3704500925" title="Special:BookSources/3704500925"><bdi>3704500925</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/RR-89-001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+Reports&rft.atitle=Technological+Transformations+and+Long+Waves&rft.date=1989-02&rft.isbn=3704500925&rft.aulast=Ayres&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiasa.ac.at%2FAdmin%2FPUB%2FDocuments%2FRR-89-001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historycrunch.com/flying-shuttle-invention-in-the-industrial-revolution.html">"Flying Shuttle Invention in the Industrial Revolution"</a>. <i>HISTORY CRUNCH - History Articles, Biographies, Infographics, Resources and More</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY+CRUNCH+-+History+Articles%2C+Biographies%2C+Infographics%2C+Resources+and+More&rft.atitle=Flying+Shuttle+Invention+in+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycrunch.com%2Fflying-shuttle-invention-in-the-industrial-revolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom1901" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a> (January–August 1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zpBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22flying+shuttle%22+injury+-space&pg=PA289">"Factories and workshops: Annual report for 1900"</a>. <i>Sessional Papers</i>. <b>X</b>. <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">H. 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Stationery Off.</a>: <span class="nowrap">289–</span>290. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4689281">4689281</a>. <q>During the past year I have investigated many shuttle accidents, and on no occasion where serious injury had resulted, has the shuttle guard been placed in that position for which it was intended.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sessional+Papers&rft.atitle=Factories+and+workshops%3A+Annual+report+for+1900&rft.volume=X&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E289-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=1901-01%2F1901-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4689281&rft.au=House+of+Commons+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3zpBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522flying%2Bshuttle%2522%2Binjury%2B-space%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocksAnand2000" class="citation book cs1">Horrocks, A. Richard; Anand, S. C., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pq1EhoWIAzkC&q=pirn+weaving&pg=PA88"><i>Handbook of technical textiles</i></a>. Woodhead Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-385-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-385-5"><bdi>978-1-85573-385-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+technical+textiles&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85573-385-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpq1EhoWIAzkC%26q%3Dpirn%2Bweaving%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camillavalleyfarm.com/weave/loomoptions.htm#1">"Leclerc Loom Options: Flying Shuttle Option"</a>. <i>Camilla Valley Farm Weavers' Supply</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taylor & Francis. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh00mcne/page/821">821–822</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-33017-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-33017-X"><bdi>0-203-33017-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Textiles+and+Clothing&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Technology&rft.pages=821-822&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-203-33017-X&rft.aulast=Hills&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofh00mcne%2Fpage%2F821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlying+shuttle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weaving" title="Template:Weaving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weaving" title="Template talk:Weaving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weaving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weaving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weaving97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketweave_(weaving)" title="Basketweave (weaving)">Basketweave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woven_coverlet" title="Woven coverlet">Coverlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobby_(cloth)" title="Dobby (cloth)">Dobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_cloth" title="Double cloth">Double weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even-weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-weave">Even-weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leno_weave" title="Leno weave">Leno weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_weave" title="Pile weave">Pile weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqu%C3%A9_(weaving)" title="Piqué (weaving)">Piqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">Plain weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_weave" title="Swivel weave">Swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_weaving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Swedish_weaving.jpg/120px-Swedish_weaving.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Swedish_weaving.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_and_weft" title="Warp and weft">Warp and weft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barber-Colman_knotter" title="Barber-Colman knotter">Barber-Colman knotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamer_(occupation)" title="Beamer (occupation)">Beamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilkat_weaving" title="Chilkat weaving">Chilkat weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerweaving" title="Fingerweaving">Fingerweaving</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flying shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heddle" title="Heddle">Heddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkle_weaving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkle weaving">Inkle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibiones" title="Pibiones">Pibiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_(weaving)" title="Reed (weaving)"> Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_weaving" title="Salish weaving">Salish weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(weaving)" title="Shed (weaving)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)" title="Shuttle (weaving)">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">Sizing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sizing_machine" title="Textile sizing machine">Sizing machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_weaving" title="Tablet weaving">Tablet weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talim_(textiles)" title="Talim (textiles)">Talim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81niko" title="Tāniko">Tāniko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(weaving)" title="Temple (weaving)">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_(construction)" title="Wattle (construction)">Wattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">Wicker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resin_wicker" title="Resin wicker">Resin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">looms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-jet_loom" title="Air-jet loom">Air-jet loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy_loom" title="Dandy loom">Dandy loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobby_loom" title="Dobby loom">Dobby loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattersley_loom" title="Hattersley loom">Hattersley loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrocks_loom" title="Horrocks loom">Horrocks loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Loom" title="Lancashire Loom">Lancashire loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">Northrop loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">Power loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapier_loom" title="Rapier loom">Rapier loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Loom" title="Roberts Loom">Roberts loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp-weighted_loom" title="Warp-weighted loom">Warp-weighted loom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weavers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesas" title="Acesas">Acesas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anni_Albers" title="Anni Albers">Anni Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otti_Berger" title="Otti Berger">Otti Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micheline_Beauchemin" title="Micheline Beauchemin">Micheline Beauchemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Brunsson" title="Johanna Brunsson">Johanna Brunsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Dietz" title="Ada Dietz">Ada Dietz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ferguson_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd">Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Forsell" title="Elisabeth Forsell">Elisabeth Forsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Liebes" title="Dorothy Liebes">Dorothy Liebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mairet" title="Ethel Mairet">Ethel Mairet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elisabet_%C3%96berg" title="Maria Elisabet Öberg">Maria Elisabet Öberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Reichardt" title="Margaretha Reichardt">Margaretha Reichardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands" title="John Rylands">John Rylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Sherman" title="Clara Sherman">Clara Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunta_St%C3%B6lzl" title="Gunta Stölzl">Gunta Stölzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judocus_de_Vos" title="Judocus de Vos">Judocus de Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Zetterberg" title="Margaretha Zetterberg">Margaretha Zetterberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employment practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/More_looms" title="More looms">More looms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_the_shuttle" title="Kissing the shuttle">Kissing the shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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