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<span>Volunteers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volunteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Additional programs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additional_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Additional programs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Additional_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After-school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After-school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>After-school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After-school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Camping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five-_to_eight-year-old_youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five-_to_eight-year-old_youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Five- to eight-year-old youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five-_to_eight-year-old_youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegiate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegiate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Collegiate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegiate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All_Stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_Stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>All Stars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_Stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_Native_American_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_Native_American_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Use of Native American terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_Native_American_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="mw-page-title-main">4-H</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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hreflang="de" data-title="4-H" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H" title="4-H – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="4-H" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H" title="4-H – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="4-H" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H" title="4-H – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="4-H" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H" title="4-H – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="4-H" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H" title="4-H – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="4-H" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazpulki" title="Mazpulki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mazpulki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/4H%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96" title="4Hクラブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="4Hクラブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/4H-bevegelsen" title="4H-bevegelsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="4H-bevegelsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/4H" title="4H – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="4H" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H_Club" title="4-H Club – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="4-H Club" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H" title="4-H – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="4-H" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/4H-j%C3%A4rjest%C3%B6" title="4H-järjestö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="4H-järjestö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Network of youth organizations in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"4H" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/4H_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="4H (disambiguation)">4H (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">4-H</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4H_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/4H_Emblem.svg/250px-4H_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/4H_Emblem.svg/330px-4H_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/4H_Emblem.svg/500px-4H_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Official 4-H emblem</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1912–1914</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Youth_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth organization">Youth organization</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data">Federal governmental program administered through <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">Land-grant university</a> system in each state and territory</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">"Engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development."</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a> (offices in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_MO" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas City, MO">Kansas City, MO</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data">United States (affiliated programs worldwide)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">6.5 million members in the United States, ages 5 to 21</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President and CEO</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Jill Bramble</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main organ</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a> (NIFA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">Land-grant university</a> system, National 4-H Council</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://4-h.org">4-h<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background:#FFDEAD;">4-H</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="border-spacing: 0; width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width: 200px; height: 350px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0; border:1px #ccc solid;"> <div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 200px; height: 350px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_background.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_background.svg/200px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_background.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_background.svg/300px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_background.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_background.svg/400px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_background.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <div style="position: absolute; left: 7px; top: 68px; width: 189px; height: 149px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_blouse_long_sleeves.svg/190px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_blouse_long_sleeves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_blouse_long_sleeves.svg/285px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_blouse_long_sleeves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_blouse_long_sleeves.svg/380px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_blouse_long_sleeves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="150" /></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 55px; top: 5px; width: 115px; height: 79px; background-color: #;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_barehead.svg/115px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_barehead.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_barehead.svg/173px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_barehead.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_barehead.svg/230px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_barehead.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="79" /></span></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 42px; top: 162px; width: 100px; height: 155px; background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="mw-valign-top" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_trousers.svg/100px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_trousers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_trousers.svg/150px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_trousers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_trousers.svg/200px-WikiProject_Scouting_uniform_template_female_trousers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="155" /></span></span></div> </div></div><div style="line-height:130%">Standard uniform colors for the 4 H</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="background:#FFDEAD;padding-top:4px;text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Scouting"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/25px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/38px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg/50px-WikiProject_Scouting_fleur-de-lis_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="425" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Scouting" title="Portal:Scouting">Scouting portal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>4-H</b> is a U.S.-based network of <a href="/wiki/Youth_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth organization">youth organizations</a> whose mission is "engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development".<sup id="cite_ref-ca4h.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca4h.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its name is a reference to the occurrence of the initial letter H four times in the organization's original motto <b>head, heart, hands, and health</b>, which was later incorporated into the fuller pledge officially adopted in 1927. In the United States, the organization is administered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Food_and_Agriculture" title="National Institute of Food and Agriculture">National Institute of Food and Agriculture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA). 4-H Canada is an independent non-profit organization overseeing the operation of branches throughout Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 4-H organizations in over 80 countries;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the organization and administration varies from country to country. </p><p>The goal of 4-H is to develop citizenship, leadership, responsibility and life skills of youth through <a href="/wiki/Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">experiential learning</a> programs and a <a href="/wiki/Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">positive youth development</a> approach. Though typically thought of as an agriculturally focused organization as a result of its history, 4-H today focuses on citizenship, healthy living, science, engineering, and technology programs. Clubs in today's 4-H world consist of a wide range of options each allowing for personal growth and career success. The 4-H <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> is "To make the best better", while its <a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">slogan</a> is "Learn by doing" (sometimes written as "Learn to do by doing"). As of 2016, the organization had nearly 6 million active participants and more than 25 million alumni.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4Hcows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/4Hcows.jpg/220px-4Hcows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/4Hcows.jpg/330px-4Hcows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/4Hcows.jpg/440px-4Hcows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4490" data-file-height="3049" /></a><figcaption>4-H boys showing prize heifers at a 4-H Fair in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Florida_African_American_Home_Demonstration_Agents_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/University_of_Florida_African_American_Home_Demonstration_Agents_1933.jpg/220px-University_of_Florida_African_American_Home_Demonstration_Agents_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/University_of_Florida_African_American_Home_Demonstration_Agents_1933.jpg/330px-University_of_Florida_African_American_Home_Demonstration_Agents_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/University_of_Florida_African_American_Home_Demonstration_Agents_1933.jpg/440px-University_of_Florida_African_American_Home_Demonstration_Agents_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>4-H Home demonstration agents in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in 1933</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4-H_Club_Member_Storing_Food_Grown_in_Her_Garden_Rockbridge_County_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/4-H_Club_Member_Storing_Food_Grown_in_Her_Garden_Rockbridge_County_Virginia.jpg/250px-4-H_Club_Member_Storing_Food_Grown_in_Her_Garden_Rockbridge_County_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/4-H_Club_Member_Storing_Food_Grown_in_Her_Garden_Rockbridge_County_Virginia.jpg/330px-4-H_Club_Member_Storing_Food_Grown_in_Her_Garden_Rockbridge_County_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/4-H_Club_Member_Storing_Food_Grown_in_Her_Garden_Rockbridge_County_Virginia.jpg/500px-4-H_Club_Member_Storing_Food_Grown_in_Her_Garden_Rockbridge_County_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>4-H Club member storing food she canned from her garden, <a href="/wiki/Rockbridge_County,_Virginia" title="Rockbridge County, Virginia">Rockbridge County, Virginia</a>, ca. 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The foundations of 4-H began in 1902 with the work of several people in different parts of the United States. The focal point of 4-H has been the idea of practical and hands-on learning, which came from the desire to make public school education more connected to rural life. Early programs incorporated both public and private resources. 4-H was founded with the purpose of instructing rural youth in improved farming and farm-homemaking practices. By the 1970s, it was broadening its goals to cover a full range of youth, including minorities, and a wide range of life experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4-H_Forestry_Program_-_DPLA_-_7c23d0ed7a79bf3fc886a1624ead92ae3379.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/4-H_Forestry_Program_-_DPLA_-_7c23d0ed7a79bf3fc886a1624ead92ae3379.pdf/page1-220px-4-H_Forestry_Program_-_DPLA_-_7c23d0ed7a79bf3fc886a1624ead92ae3379.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="451" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/4-H_Forestry_Program_-_DPLA_-_7c23d0ed7a79bf3fc886a1624ead92ae3379.pdf/page1-330px-4-H_Forestry_Program_-_DPLA_-_7c23d0ed7a79bf3fc886a1624ead92ae3379.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/4-H_Forestry_Program_-_DPLA_-_7c23d0ed7a79bf3fc886a1624ead92ae3379.pdf/page1-440px-4-H_Forestry_Program_-_DPLA_-_7c23d0ed7a79bf3fc886a1624ead92ae3379.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>A brochure for the 4-H Forestry Program</figcaption></figure> <p>During this time, researchers at experiment stations of the <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant universities</a> and USDA saw that adults in the farming community did not readily accept new agricultural discoveries. However, educators found that youth would experiment with these new ideas and then share their experiences and successes with the adults. As a result rural youth programs became a way to introduce new <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_agriculture_and_food_technology" title="Timeline of agriculture and food technology">agriculture technology</a> to the adults. </p><p>Club work began wherever a public-spirited person did something to give rural children respect for themselves and their ways of life and it is very difficult to credit one sole individual.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instances of work with rural boys and girls can be found all throughout the 19th century. In the spring of 1882, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware College">Delaware College</a> announced a statewide corn contest for boys, in which each boy was to plant a quarter of an acre, according to instructions sent out from the college, and cash prizes, certificates, and subscriptions to the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Agriculturist" title="American Agriculturist">American Agriculturist</a></i> were rewarded.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892, in an effort to improve the Kewaunee County Fair, <a href="/wiki/Ransom_Asa_Moore" title="Ransom Asa Moore">Ransom Asa Moore</a>, the president of the Kewaunee Fair, the Agricultural Society, and Superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/Kewaunee_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaunee County">Kewaunee County</a> Schools in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, organized a "youth movement", which he called "Young People's Contest Clubs", in which he solicited the support of 6,000 young farm folks to produce and exhibit fruits, vegetables, and livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fairs were quite successful.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, while working for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> and trying to repeat what he had accomplished in Kewaunee County over a decade before but with different intentions, "Daddy" R.A. Moore convinced R.H. Burns, then Superintendent of Schools of <a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_Wisconsin" title="Richland County, Wisconsin">Richland County, Wisconsin</a>, to have the Richland County Boys and Girls organize and assist in a corn-project activity to help market and distribute improved seeds to the farmers in the state of Wisconsin (and beyond).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/A._B._Graham" title="A. B. Graham">A. B. Graham</a> began one of the youth programs in <a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Ohio" title="Clark County, Ohio">Clark County, Ohio</a>, in 1902, which is also considered one of the births of the 4-H program in the United States. The first club was called "The Tomato Club" or the "Corn Growing Club". T.A. "Dad" Erickson of Douglas County, Minnesota, started local agricultural after-school clubs and fairs also in 1902. <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Field_Shambaugh" title="Jessie Field Shambaugh">Jessie Field Shambaugh</a> developed the clover pin with an H on each leaf in 1910, and, by 1912, they were called 4-H clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-longden_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longden-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early 4-H programs in Colorado began with youth instruction offered by college agricultural agents as early as 1910, as part of the outreach mission of the Colorado land grant institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The national 4-H organization was formed in 1914, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Extension_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Extension Service">Cooperative Extension Service</a> of the USDA by passage of the <a href="/wiki/Smith-Lever_Act_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith-Lever Act of 1914">Smith-Lever Act of 1914</a>, it included within the CES charter the work of various boys' and girls' clubs involved with agriculture, home economics and related subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Smith-Lever Act formalized the 4-H programs and clubs that began in the midwestern region of the United States. Although different activities were emphasized for boys and girls, 4-H was one of the first youth organizations to give equal attention to both genders (cf., erstwhile Boys Clubs of America).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first appearance of the term "4-H Club" in a federal document was in "Organization and Results of Boys' and Girls' Club Work," by Oscar Herman Benson (1875–1951) and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_L._Warren" title="Gertrude L. Warren">Gertrude L. Warren</a>, in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-reck_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reck-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benson-warren_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benson-warren-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1924, the clubs were organized as 4-H clubs, and the clover emblem was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warren expanded the scope of girls' activities under the program (promoting garment making, room decorating, and hot lunches), and wrote extensive training materials.<sup id="cite_ref-history-preservation_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-preservation-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reck_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reck-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first 4-H camp was held in <a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_West_Virginia" title="Randolph County, West Virginia">Randolph County, West Virginia</a>. Originally, these camps were for what was referred to as "Corn Clubs". Campers slept in corn fields in tents, only to wake up and work almost the entirety of each day. Superintendent of Schools G. C. Adams began a boys' corn club in <a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Georgia" title="Newton County, Georgia">Newton County, Georgia</a>, in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>4-H membership hit an all-time high in 1974 as a result of its popular educational program about nutrition, <i><a href="/wiki/Mulligan_Stew_(TV_series)" title="Mulligan Stew (TV series)">Mulligan Stew</a></i>, shown in schools and on television across the country. Today, 4-H clubs and activities are no longer focused primarily on agricultural activities, instead emphasizing personal growth and preparation for lifelong learning. Participation is greatest during the elementary school years, with enrollment in programs and activities peaking in the 4th grade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the southern United States during the mid-1960s 4-H began to broaden its programming to cover life experiences unrelated to agriculture. It merged its segregated African American and white programs, but full-fledged integration proved elusive. 4-H was successful in removing gender-based restrictions on participation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization is funded by the USDA and by state and local governments.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National 4-H Council's programs are also supported by a number of corporations including <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verizon_(mobile_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon (mobile network)">Verizon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_O%27Lakes" title="Land O'Lakes">Land O'Lakes Inc.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tractor_Supply_Company" title="Tractor Supply Company">Tractor Supply Co</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past Honorary Chairmen of Council have included U.S. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4H_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4H-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newspaper_clipping_of_4-H_club_members_attending_convention,_Georgia,_1950_-_DPLA_-_5bccb7da1776857a3280ab8aa2f795a5-021.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Newspaper_clipping_of_4-H_club_members_attending_convention%2C_Georgia%2C_1950_-_DPLA_-_5bccb7da1776857a3280ab8aa2f795a5-021.jpeg/220px-Newspaper_clipping_of_4-H_club_members_attending_convention%2C_Georgia%2C_1950_-_DPLA_-_5bccb7da1776857a3280ab8aa2f795a5-021.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Newspaper_clipping_of_4-H_club_members_attending_convention%2C_Georgia%2C_1950_-_DPLA_-_5bccb7da1776857a3280ab8aa2f795a5-021.jpeg/330px-Newspaper_clipping_of_4-H_club_members_attending_convention%2C_Georgia%2C_1950_-_DPLA_-_5bccb7da1776857a3280ab8aa2f795a5-021.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Newspaper_clipping_of_4-H_club_members_attending_convention%2C_Georgia%2C_1950_-_DPLA_-_5bccb7da1776857a3280ab8aa2f795a5-021.jpeg/440px-Newspaper_clipping_of_4-H_club_members_attending_convention%2C_Georgia%2C_1950_-_DPLA_-_5bccb7da1776857a3280ab8aa2f795a5-021.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A newspaper clipping of 4-H club members attending a convention in Georgia, 1950</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pledge">Pledge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 4-H pledge is: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I pledge my head to clearer thinking,<br /> my heart to greater loyalty,<br /> my hands to larger service,<br /> and my health to better living,<br /> for my club, my community, my country, and my world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Otis E. Hall wrote the original pledge of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> in 1918. Some <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> 4-H clubs add either "As a true 4-H member" or "As a loyal 4-H member" at the beginning of the pledge. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> 4-H clubs add "for my family" to the last line of the pledge.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the pledge ended in "and my country," but in 1973, "and my world" was added. </p><p><br /> It is a common practice to involve hand motions to accompany these spoken words. While reciting the first line of the pledge, the speaker points to their head with both of their hands. As the speaker recites the second line, they place their right hand over their heart much like during the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance</a>. For the third line, the speaker presents their hands, palm side up, before them. For the fourth line, the speaker motions to their body down their sides. For the final line, the speaker usually places their right hand out for the club, left hand for the community, brings them together for the country, and then brings their hands upwards in a circle representing the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emblem">Emblem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emblem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldham_County,_TX,_4-H_emblem_IMG_4911.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oldham_County%2C_TX%2C_4-H_emblem_IMG_4911.JPG/220px-Oldham_County%2C_TX%2C_4-H_emblem_IMG_4911.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oldham_County%2C_TX%2C_4-H_emblem_IMG_4911.JPG/330px-Oldham_County%2C_TX%2C_4-H_emblem_IMG_4911.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oldham_County%2C_TX%2C_4-H_emblem_IMG_4911.JPG/440px-Oldham_County%2C_TX%2C_4-H_emblem_IMG_4911.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>4-H emblem in <a href="/wiki/Oldham_County,_Texas" title="Oldham County, Texas">Oldham County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vega,_Texas" title="Vega, Texas">Vega</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The official 4-H emblem is a green <a href="/wiki/Four-leaf_clover" title="Four-leaf clover">four-leaf clover</a> with a white <i>H</i> on each leaf standing for <i>Head</i>, <i>Heart</i>, <i>Hands</i>, and <i>Health</i>. The stem of the clover always points to the right. </p><p>The idea of using the four-leaf clover as an emblem for the 4-H program is credited to Oscar Herman Benson (1875–1951) of <a href="/wiki/Wright_County,_Iowa" title="Wright County, Iowa">Wright County, Iowa</a>. He awarded three-leaf and four-leaf clover pennants and pins for students' agricultural and domestic science exhibits at school fairs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 4-H name and emblem had U.S. federal protection, previous under federal code 18 U.S.C. 707.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal protection made it a mark unto and of itself with protection that supersedes the limited authorities of both a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a> is given responsibility and stewardship for the 4-H name and emblem, at the direct request of the U.S. Congress. These protections placed the 4-H emblem in a unique category of protected emblems, also along with the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the President of the United States">U.S. Presidential Seal</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Bear" title="Smokey Bear">Smokey Bear</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_symbols" title="Olympic symbols">Olympic rings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protections for the 4-H emblem were repealed by Title XI of the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2021" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021">Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth_development_research">Youth development research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Youth development research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through the program's tie to land-grant institutions of higher education, 4-H academic staff are responsible for advancing the field of <a href="/wiki/Youth_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth development">youth development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ca4h.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ca4h.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional academic staff are committed to innovation, the creation of new knowledge, and the dissemination of new forms of program practice and research on topics like <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>'s study of <a href="/wiki/Thriving" class="mw-redirect" title="Thriving">thriving</a> in young people. Youth development research is undertaken in a variety of forms including program evaluation, applied research, and introduction of new programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volunteers">Volunteers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Volunteers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over 540,000 volunteer leaders help to coordinate the 4-H program at the county level. Volunteers plan and conduct 4-H related activities, develop and maintain educational programs, or assist in fundraising. Activities include youth development programs, project groups, camps, conferences, or animal shows. The volunteers' goal is to help youth achieve greater self-confidence and self-responsibility, learn new skills, and build relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volunteers are directed by 4-H's professional staff. </p><p>The National 4-H Hall of Fame honors 4-H volunteers, extension professionals and staff employees, donors and others, according to a criterion of "significant impact on the 4-H program and/or 4-H members through the contribution of time, energy, financial resources, etc.".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hall of fame was established in 2002 by the National Association of Extension 4-H Youth Development Professionals (NAE4-HYDP).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_programs">Additional programs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Additional programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After-school">After-school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After-school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4-H_girl_presenting_her_bunny_at_Calaveras_County_Fair_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/4-H_girl_presenting_her_bunny_at_Calaveras_County_Fair_2016.jpg/250px-4-H_girl_presenting_her_bunny_at_Calaveras_County_Fair_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/4-H_girl_presenting_her_bunny_at_Calaveras_County_Fair_2016.jpg/330px-4-H_girl_presenting_her_bunny_at_Calaveras_County_Fair_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/4-H_girl_presenting_her_bunny_at_Calaveras_County_Fair_2016.jpg/500px-4-H_girl_presenting_her_bunny_at_Calaveras_County_Fair_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="4527" /></a><figcaption>A girl presenting her rabbit at the <a href="/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California" title="Calaveras County, California">Calaveras County</a> Fair in California 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>4-H Afterschool helps 4-H and other youth-serving organizations create and improve programs for students in communities across the U.S. 4-H Afterschool is an extension-enhanced program that: </p> <ul><li>Offers youth a safe, healthy, caring and enriching environment.</li> <li>Engages youth in long-term, structured learning in partnership with adults.</li> <li>Addresses the interests of youth and their physical, cognitive, social and emotional needs.</li></ul> <p>4-H Afterschool programs utilize experimental and cooperative learning activities and provide interaction with competent adults. Results of retrospective pre/post-surveys indicate that children enrolled in the program showed life skill gain over time, and that gains on specific life skills differed as a function of age, gender, and ethnicity. </p><p>The life skills gained through 4-H Afterschool give children the tools they need for perceiving and responding to diverse life situations and achieving their personal goals. Participation in these quality programs which use experiential and cooperative learning have all been found to contribute to children's social development and academic success.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camping">Camping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Camping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Good_Luck_Marker_Relocated_(with_Debbie_McDonald)_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Camp_Good_Luck_Marker_Relocated_%28with_Debbie_McDonald%29_2015.jpg/250px-Camp_Good_Luck_Marker_Relocated_%28with_Debbie_McDonald%29_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Camp_Good_Luck_Marker_Relocated_%28with_Debbie_McDonald%29_2015.jpg/330px-Camp_Good_Luck_Marker_Relocated_%28with_Debbie_McDonald%29_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Camp_Good_Luck_Marker_Relocated_%28with_Debbie_McDonald%29_2015.jpg/500px-Camp_Good_Luck_Marker_Relocated_%28with_Debbie_McDonald%29_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption>Debbie McDonald, who was the West Virginia state 4-H Leader at the time, poses with the newly relocated Camp Good Luck marker (July 8, 2015).</figcaption></figure> <p>Each state runs its own camping program. The world's first 4-H camp was held in July 1915 on the Crouch family farm along the <a href="/wiki/Tygart_Valley_River" title="Tygart Valley River">Tygart Valley River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Elkwater,_West_Virginia" title="Elkwater, West Virginia">Elkwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. The youth in attendance named the location Camp Good Luck.<sup id="cite_ref-Camp_Good_Luck_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camp_Good_Luck-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <i>state</i> 4-H camp was held at <a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Mill" title="Jackson's Mill">Jackson's Mill</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Weston,_West_Virginia" title="Weston, West Virginia">Weston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_West_Virginia" title="Lewis County, West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. 4-H camping programs in most states are run through <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-grant institution">land-grant institutions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a>, which runs the <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> program, and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> runs Pennsylvania's. The <a href="/wiki/Orange_Crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Crew">Georgia 4-H camping program</a> has the largest youth center in the world, called <a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a>. </p><p>On July 8, 2015, to mark the centennial of 4-H camping, youth from <a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_West_Virginia" title="Randolph County, West Virginia">Randolph County</a>, West Virginia traveled back to the original Camp Good Luck site for a special commemoration and campfire program. A stone marker honoring Camp Good Luck had been placed adjacent to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_219" title="U.S. Route 219">US 219</a> near the site, but was moved to a spot off of Bell Crouch Rd. for greater safety and accessibility through the efforts of Randolph County 4-H volunteers and the West Virginia Division of Highways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five-_to_eight-year-old_youth">Five- to eight-year-old youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Five- to eight-year-old youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some states offer programs for youth in grades K-2 called Cloverbuds, Cloverkids, 4-H Adventurers, Primary Members, or Mini 4-H. Some states prohibit this age group from competition due to research in <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">child development</a> demonstrating that competition is unhealthy for youth ages five to eight.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collegiate">Collegiate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Collegiate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Collegiate_4-H_club_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bb/National_Collegiate_4-H_club_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="127" /></a><figcaption>National Collegiate 4-H club emblem</figcaption></figure><p>Many colleges and universities have collegiate 4-H clubs. Usually members are students who are 4-H alumni and want to continue a connection to 4-H, but any interested students are welcome. Clubs provide service and support to their local and state 4-H programs, such as serving as judges and conducting training workshops. They are also a service and social group for campus students. The first collegiate 4-H club started in 1916 on the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_State_University_-_Stillwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma State University - Stillwater">Oklahoma State University - Stillwater</a> campus. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_Stars">All Stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: All Stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finding its roots in the early 4-H movement in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, the 4-H All-Star program strives to recognize and challenge 4-H members and volunteers. State 4-H Club Leader William H. "Teepi" Kendrick sought to develop youth to "be yourself at your best" and to "make the best better" through a fourfold personal development pattern involving the head, hands, heart, and, at that time, hustle. It was with this philosophy, in collaboration with others, that the 4-H emblem was born. In an attempt to harbor further individual growth, Kendrick recognized excellence with pins bearing one, two, three, and four H's. Recognition for outstanding participation was rewarded from 1917 to 1921 with trips to a Prize Winner's Course at <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a>. Members who demonstrated outstanding qualities at these courses were awarded five-pointed red pins with five H's, with this additional <i>H</i> to symbolize honor. The recipients of these pins were referred to by Kendrick as "All Stars". It was following the pin consecration ceremony in 1919 that the official West Virginia 4-H All Stars organization was chartered, becoming the Alpha chapter of the nationwide 4-H honorary.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symbol of the All Stars is a red star enveloping a gemstone chip over the 4-H emblem. Each point of the star represents a pillar of character: "Beauty, Fortitude, Service, Truth, and Love".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many states have All Star programs, although All Star programs vary from state to state. Selection as a 4-H All Star is a recognition of achievement. In <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> for example, it is the highest achievement award at the county level and is a position awarded annually.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Capstone_award" class="mw-redirect" title="Capstone award">capstone award</a> in Texas 4-H is the Gold Star Award, which is given to Seniors who have shown outstanding leadership and proficiency in their project areas.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, on the other hand, All-Stars are not simply those who have achieved an All-Star award, but are those who have gained membership into the Virginia All-Stars organization. After reaching the age of 15, 4-H members are eligible to apply for membership into the All-Stars organization, which promotes the continuation of 4-H principles.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conferences">Conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section about the organization's conferences <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section about the organization's conferences by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%224-H%22">"4-H"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%224-H%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%224-H%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%224-H%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%224-H%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%224-H%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_4-H_Youth_Conference_Center_where_Agriculture_Secretary_Tom_Vilsack_spoke_with_National_Youth_Leadership,_on_Monday,_April_8,_2013,_in_Chevy_Chase,_MD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/National_4-H_Youth_Conference_Center_where_Agriculture_Secretary_Tom_Vilsack_spoke_with_National_Youth_Leadership%2C_on_Monday%2C_April_8%2C_2013%2C_in_Chevy_Chase%2C_MD.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/National_4-H_Youth_Conference_Center_where_Agriculture_Secretary_Tom_Vilsack_spoke_with_National_Youth_Leadership%2C_on_Monday%2C_April_8%2C_2013%2C_in_Chevy_Chase%2C_MD.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/National_4-H_Youth_Conference_Center_where_Agriculture_Secretary_Tom_Vilsack_spoke_with_National_Youth_Leadership%2C_on_Monday%2C_April_8%2C_2013%2C_in_Chevy_Chase%2C_MD.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>National 4-H Youth Conference Center in <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Maryland" title="Chevy Chase, Maryland">Chevy Chase, Maryland</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Many conferences are held at various levels of the 4-H program for youth and adults. The National 4-H Conference, which was held at the National 4-H Youth Conference Center in <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase_(town),_Maryland" title="Chevy Chase (town), Maryland">Chevy Chase, Maryland</a>, until it was sold in 2021, is the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> Secretary's premier youth development opportunity to engage youth in developing recommendations for the 4-H Youth Development Program. The Conference still meets annually in and around Washington, DC. The 2024 National 4-H Conference will be held in Arlington, VA. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National 4-H Congress is an annual educational conference that brings together 4-H delegates between the ages of 14 and 19 from across America to share cultural experiences and discuss important issues facing youth. This five-day event is typically held during the weekend of <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> and has been hosted in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, since 1998. Throughout the conference, 4-H delegates attend numerous workshops, participate in community service activities, and listen to speakers in an effort to develop compassion and increase social awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Citizenship Washington Focus is a week-long conference offered for high school-aged students.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the conference, students have the opportunity to learn how to be citizen leaders in their communities. Throughout the week in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, participants visit monuments, meet with members of Congress, and develop communication, leadership and citizenship skills. </p><p>The following national conferences are held yearly, and are focused on specific activities inside of 4-H: </p> <ul><li>National 4-H Dairy Conference<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eastern National 4-H Horse Roundup<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Western National 4-H Horse Roundup<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>National 4-H Shooting Sports Invitational Match<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>National 4-H True Leaders in Equity Institute<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>National 4-H Youth Summit Series<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>STEM Summit</li> <li>Healthy Living Summit</li> <li>Agri-science Summit</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Other conferences are held by regional and state entities for youth, for volunteer development, or for professional development for staff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_Native_American_terminology">Use of Native American terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Use of Native American terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many years, use of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> names and certain themed activities was part of the summer camping programs of some eastern states. However, the practice was considered to be offensive and protests were raised. A complaint to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Civil Rights in 2002 and an ensuing investigation that threatened to cut off funds to the state's program<sup id="cite_ref-25JulyTimes_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25JulyTimes-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompted the West Virginia University Extension Service to abandon offensive and stereotypic practices such as face-painting, and use of imagery not a part of the culture of local Native people, such as <a href="/wiki/Tepee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepee">tepees</a> and totem poles.<sup id="cite_ref-25JulyTimes_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25JulyTimes-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also eliminated the practice of having children wear feather headdresses, and stopped having campers engage in "stereotypical motions and dances," including chanting "Ugh! Ugh! Ugh!". However, the state program deemed the dividing of campers into groups, called "tribes" named after actual Indian Nations, to be respectful and acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the Virginia Extension Service removed all references to symbols or camp "traditions" related to Native Americans, including the decades-long practice of dividing campers into "tribes" using names of nations considered native to <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, replacing the group names with animal names.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alumni">Alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_4-H_alumni" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable 4-H alumni">List of notable 4-H alumni</a></div> <p>Some 4-H alumni credit the program with helping them in later life.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Minnesota-based photographer <a href="/wiki/R._J._Kern" title="R. J. Kern">R. J. Kern</a>, along with writer Alison Nordström, published <i>The Unchosen Ones: Portraits of an American Pastoral</i>. The book highlights portraits of dozens of youth, who spent a year raising and training their animal and then entered into a 4-H livestock competition, but were unsuccessful in winning the top award in their competitions, then revisits the same youth four years later, and asked the young subjects what they had carried forward from their previous experience. <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-H_Shooting_Sports_Programs" title="4-H Shooting Sports Programs">4-H Shooting Sports Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA" title="Girl Scouts of the USA">Girl Scouts of the USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Four-H_Youth_Exchange" title="International Four-H Youth Exchange">International Four-H Youth Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Young_Farmers%27_Clubs" title="National Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs">National Federation of Young Farmers' Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_FFA_Organization" title="National FFA Organization">National FFA Organization</a> (formerly Future Farmers of America)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ca4h.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ca4h.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ca4h.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca4h.org/leadership/allstar/index.asp">the original</a> on 20 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4-H+All+Star+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+4-H+Youth+Development+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca4h.org%2Fleadership%2Fallstar%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325045433/http://harris-tx.tamu.edu/4h/4Hpdf/07%20Gold%20Star%20Information%20Packet.pdf">"Texas Gold Star Award Application"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harris-tx.tamu.edu/4h/4Hpdf/07%20Gold%20Star%20Information%20Packet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+Gold+Star+Award+Application&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharris-tx.tamu.edu%2F4h%2F4Hpdf%2F07%2520Gold%2520Star%2520Information%2520Packet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ext.vt.edu/resources/4h/allstarbrochure.pdf">Virginia 4-H "All-Star Brochure"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207181919/http://www.ext.vt.edu/resources/4h/allstarbrochure.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ext.vt.edu/">Virginia Cooperative Extension</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://4-h.org/events/national-4-h-conference/">"National 4-H Conference"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+4-H+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F4-h.org%2Fevents%2Fnational-4-h-conference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607071603/http://www.national4-hheadquarters.gov/comm/4h_confs.htm">"4-H National Headquarters - 4-H Conference and Congress"</a>. National4-hheadquarters.gov. 22 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.national4-hheadquarters.gov/comm/4h_confs.htm">the original</a> on 7 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4-H+National+Headquarters+-+4-H+Conference+and+Congress&rft.pub=National4-hheadquarters.gov&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.national4-hheadquarters.gov%2Fcomm%2F4h_confs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155239/http://www.national4-hcongress.com/about/">"About National 4-H Congress"</a>. National 4-H Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.national4-hcongress.com/about/">the original</a> on 14 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+National+4-H+Congress&rft.pub=National+4-H+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.national4-hcongress.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://4-h.org/parents/citizenship-washington-focus/">"Citizenship Washington Focus"</a>. <i>4-H</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=4-H&rft.atitle=Citizenship+Washington+Focus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F4-h.org%2Fparents%2Fcitizenship-washington-focus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010172833/http://4h.uwex.edu/events/dairyconf/">"National 4-H Dairy Conference"</a>. Wisconsin 4-H Youth Development. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://4h.uwex.edu/events/dairyconf/">the original</a> on 10 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+4-H+Dairy+Conference&rft.pub=Wisconsin+4-H+Youth+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F4h.uwex.edu%2Fevents%2Fdairyconf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4hroundup.com/">"Eastern National 4-H Horse Roundup"</a>. Eastern National 4-H Roundup<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+National+4-H+Horse+Roundup&rft.pub=Eastern+National+4-H+Roundup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.4hroundup.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernnationalroundup.org/">"Western National 4-H Horse Roundup"</a>. Western National 4-H Roundup<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+National+4-H+Horse+Roundup&rft.pub=Western+National+4-H+Roundup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernnationalroundup.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320081803/http://www.4-hshootingsports.org/national_match.php">"National 4-H Shooting Sports Invitational Match Results"</a>. 4-H Shooting Sports. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4-hshootingsports.org/national_match.php/">the original</a> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+4-H+Shooting+Sports+Invitational+Match+Results&rft.pub=4-H+Shooting+Sports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.4-hshootingsports.org%2Fnational_match.php%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://4-h.org/parents/true-leaders-in-equity/">"True Leaders in Equity"</a>. <i>4-H</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=4-H&rft.atitle=True+Leaders+in+Equity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F4-h.org%2Fparents%2Ftrue-leaders-in-equity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://4-h.org/parents/national-youth-summits/">"National Youth Summit Series"</a>. <i>4-H</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=4-H&rft.atitle=National+Youth+Summit+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F4-h.org%2Fparents%2Fnational-youth-summits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25JulyTimes-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-25JulyTimes_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-25JulyTimes_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWashington2002" class="citation web cs1">Washington, The (25 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2002/jun/25/20020625-032408-7001r/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Administration probes 4-H Indian themes" Washington Times, June 25, 2002"</a>. Washingtontimes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Administration+probes+4-H+Indian+themes%22+Washington+Times%2C+June+25%2C+2002&rft.pub=Washingtontimes.com&rft.date=2002-06-25&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2Fjun%2F25%2F20020625-032408-7001r%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bismarcktribune.com/news/local/article_1c0937b0-c2f4-55c5-9efd-6007f09ac8e1.html">"West Virginia 4-H clubs abandoning offensive Indian practices, but will keep tribal names"</a> Bismarck Tribune, December 17, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-87928743">"Virginia 4-H yields; Officials drop terms offensive to some Indians"</a> by Jon Ward, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>, June 28, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnaSinasky2005" class="citation journal cs1">Radhakrishna, Rama B.; Sinasky, Megan (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joe.org/joe/2005december/rb2.php">"4-H Experiences Contributing to Leadership and Personal Development of 4-H Alumni"</a>. <i>The Journal of Extension</i>. <b>43</b> (6)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Extension&rft.atitle=4-H+Experiences+Contributing+to+Leadership+and+Personal+Development+of+4-H+Alumni&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Radhakrishna&rft.aufirst=Rama+B.&rft.au=Sinasky%2C+Megan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joe.org%2Fjoe%2F2005december%2Frb2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span>; of 1,254 members in Penn State alumni database, 289 were sampled for a survey and 168 provided useful data; 99% of these said they received some benefit from their participation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mweditions.com/books/the-unchosen-ones-portraits-of-an-american-pastoral/">"The Unchosen Ones: Portraits of an American Pastoral – MW Editions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unchosen+Ones%3A+Portraits+of+an+American+Pastoral+%E2%80%93+MW+Editions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmweditions.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-unchosen-ones-portraits-of-an-american-pastoral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuck2004" class="citation journal cs1">Buck, Holly (2004). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Amusements and Recreations... Makes Our Working Hours Profitable': Utah 4- H, 1940-1960". <i>Utah Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>72</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwhq%2F35.3.409">10.1093/whq/35.3.409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utah+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%27Amusements+and+Recreations...+Makes+Our+Working+Hours+Profitable%27%3A+Utah+4-+H%2C+1940-1960&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fwhq%2F35.3.409&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Holly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolt1992" class="citation journal cs1">Holt, Marilyn Irvin (1992). "From Better Babies to 4-H: A Look at Rural America". <i>Prologue: The Journal of the National Archives</i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue%3A+The+Journal+of+the+National+Archives&rft.atitle=From+Better+Babies+to+4-H%3A+A+Look+at+Rural+America&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+Irvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holt, Marilyn Irvin. <i>Linoleum, Better Babies, and the Modern Farm Woman, 1890-1930</i> (U of New Mexico Press, 1995).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeathleyHam1979" class="citation journal cs1">Keathley, Clarence R; Ham, Donna M. (1979). "4-H Club Work in Missouri". <i>Missouri Historical Review</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missouri+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=4-H+Club+Work+in+Missouri&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Keathley&rft.aufirst=Clarence+R&rft.au=Ham%2C+Donna+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A4-H" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kern, R. J. and Alison Nordström. <i>The Unchosen Ones: Portraits of an American Pastoral</i> (MW Editions, 2021).</li> <li>Rosenberg, Gabriel N. <i>The 4-H Harvest: Sexuality and the State in Rural America</i> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015)</li> <li>Thompson, Ellen Natasha. " The Changing Needs of Our Youth Today: The Response of 4-H to Social and Economic Transformations in Twentieth-century North Carolina." (PhD Diss. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418062228/http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/uncg/f/Thompson_uncg_0154D_11047.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Wessel, Thomas R. and Marilyn Wessel. <i>4-H: An American Idea, 1900-1980: A History of 4-H</i> (Chevy Chase, MD: 4-H National Council, 1982).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-H&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>16 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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