Neuroscience | Psychology Today United Kingdom

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Neuroscientists use cellular and molecular biology, anatomy and physiology, human behavior and cognition, and other disciplines, to map the brain at a mechanistic level." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/neuroscience" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Psychology Today" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/neuroscience" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Neuroscience" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Neuroscience examines the structure and function of the human brain and nervous system. 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Neuroscientists use cellular and molecular biology, anatomy and physiology, human behavior and cognition, and other disciplines, to map the brain at a mechanistic level.\r\n\r\nHumans have an estimated hundred billion neurons, or brain cells, each with about a thousand connections to other cells. One of the great challenges of modern neuroscience is to map out all the networks of cell-to-cell communication—the brain circuits that process all thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The resulting picture, emerging bit by bit, is known as \u0022the connectome.\u0022 The ability of the brain to elaborate new connections and neuronal circuits—neuroplasticity—underlies all learning.\r\n\r\nBiology and psychology unite in the field of  neuroscience, to tackle questions such as the brain’s role in pain perception or the underlying cause of Parkinson’s disease. Computer simulations, imaging, and other tools give researchers and medical experts new insight into the physical anatomy of the brain, its five million kilometers of wiring, and its relationship to the rest of the mind and body.\r\n" }, "relatedLink": [ "https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/artificial-intelligence", "https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/cognition", "https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/hormones", "https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/memory", "https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/mirror-neurons", "https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/neurodiversity", "https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/neurological-assessment", "https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/neuroplasticity", "https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/nootropics" ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Psychology Today", "url": "https://www.psychologytoday.com", "logo": 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class="reference__review-info fine-print"> <a href="/gb/docs/editorial-process" class="reference__review-info-link"> <span class="reference__review-info-icon"></span> <span class="reference__review-info-text">Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff</span> </a> </p> </div> </div> <div> <div class="reference__body"> <div class="field-name-body"> <p>Neuroscience examines the structure and function of the human brain and nervous system. Neuroscientists use cellular and molecular biology, anatomy and physiology, human behavior and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/cognition" title="Psychology Today looks at cognition" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-GB">cognition</a>, and other disciplines, to map the brain at a mechanistic level.</p> <p>Humans have an estimated hundred billion neurons, or brain cells, each with about a thousand connections to other cells. One of the great challenges of modern neuroscience is to map out all the networks of cell-to-cell communication—the brain circuits that process all thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The resulting picture, emerging bit by bit, is known as "the connectome." The ability of the brain to elaborate new connections and neuronal circuits—neuroplasticity—underlies all learning.</p> <p>Biology and psychology unite in the field of neuroscience, to tackle questions such as the brain’s role in pain perception or the underlying cause of Parkinson’s disease. Computer simulations, imaging, and other tools give researchers and medical experts new insight into the physical anatomy of the brain, its five million kilometers of wiring, and its relationship to the rest of the mind and body.</p> </div> </div> <div class="reference__sections"> <div> <div> <div class="section section--separator"> <div class="h2 section-title"> How Neuroscience Helps Us Understand the Mind and Brain </div> <div class="section__body"> <article> <img src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_1_1_180x180/public/2020-09/shutterstock_529299211_0.jpg?itok=LWMZRatC" width="180" height="180" alt="whiteMocca/shutterstock" title="whiteMocca/shutterstock" loading="lazy" /> </article> <p>Just as computers are hard-wired with electrical connections, the brain is hard-wired with neural connections. These connections link together its various lobes and also link sensory input and motor output with the brain’s message centers, allowing information to come in and be sent back out.</p> <p>One major aim of current neuroscience research, then, is to study how this wiring works and what happens when it's damaged. New developments in brain scanning allow researchers to see more detailed images and determine not only where there may be damage but also how that damage affects, for instance, motor skills and cognitive behavior in conditions like multiple sclerosis and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/dementia" title="Psychology Today looks at dementia" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-GB">dementia</a>.</p> <p>A rapidly expanding discipline, neuroscience findings have grown by leaps and bounds over the past half-century. More work, however, will always be needed to fully understand the neural roots of human behavior, consciousness, and <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/gb/basics/memory" title="Psychology Today looks at memory" class="basics-link" hreflang="en-GB">memory</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pt-ad pt-ad--300x250 d-block d-none d-md-block d-lg-none block" id="block-ad-subpage-300x250-programmatically-rendered"> <div class="pt-ad--container pt-ad-show-text"> <div class="pt-ad--text"> <span>article continues after advertisement</span> </div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9" class="pt-ad--content"> <script type="text/javascript"> if (window.googletag && googletag.apiReady) { googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1404853927369-9'); }); } </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="center--next_page_link d-flex"> <a href="/gb/basics/neuroscience/areas-the-brain" title="Areas of the Brain">Next: Areas of the Brain</a> <div class="center--next_page_arrow"></div> </div> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-062608ac96e11f4dd16d8fc142220308fd01cd405ff95e319a26c2d161c70b2e"> <section class="basics--essential-reads"> <div class="h2 page-section-header">Essential Reads</div> <div class="teaser--card-inset-details--row"> <article class="teaser--card-inset-details blog_entry--teaser--card-inset-details" data-nid="5027638"> <div class="card-inset-details__image"> <a href="/gb/blog/long-fuse-big-bang/202411/5-things-about-the-brain-you-didnt-know"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_3_2_600x400/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-11/deceptibvebrainjpeg.jpg?itok=PlJvtdjB" width="600" height="400" alt="" title="Copyright Eric Haseltine with DallE3" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-inset-details__body"> <div class="card-inset-details__title"> <a href="/gb/blog/long-fuse-big-bang/202411/5-things-about-the-brain-you-didnt-know" title="5 Things About the Brain You Didn’t Know"> 5 Things About the Brain You Didn’t Know </a> </div> <div class="card-inset-details__teaser-text"> Some truths about the nervous system turn out not to be true </div> </div> </article> <article class="teaser--card-inset-details blog_entry--teaser--card-inset-details" data-nid="5027467"> <div class="card-inset-details__image"> <a href="/gb/blog/clinical-and-forensic-dimensions-of-psychiatry/202411/the-new-frontier-of-electro"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_3_2_600x400/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-11/shutterstock_452290207.jpg?itok=1hHZsGpJ" width="600" height="400" alt="" title="Sergey Nivens/Shutterstock" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-inset-details__body"> <div class="card-inset-details__title"> <a href="/gb/blog/clinical-and-forensic-dimensions-of-psychiatry/202411/the-new-frontier-of-electro" title="The New Frontier of Electro-Steroidogenesis"> The New Frontier of Electro-Steroidogenesis </a> </div> <div class="card-inset-details__teaser-text"> Electrical stimulation of the brain produces neurosteroids involved in brain cell growth and rewiring— a key to helping individuals with depression or anxiety. </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="teaser--card-inset-details--row"> <article class="teaser--card-inset-details blog_entry--teaser--card-inset-details" data-nid="5027430"> <div class="card-inset-details__image"> <a href="/gb/blog/the-future-brain/202411/a-first-of-its-kind-explainable-ai-model-detects-brain-cancer"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_3_2_600x400/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-11/pic10616.jpg?itok=FnQEv2C9" width="600" height="400" alt="" title="Artvizual/Pixabay" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-inset-details__body"> <div class="card-inset-details__title"> <a href="/gb/blog/the-future-brain/202411/a-first-of-its-kind-explainable-ai-model-detects-brain-cancer" title="A First-of-Its-Kind Explainable AI Model Detects Brain Cancer"> A First-of-Its-Kind Explainable AI Model Detects Brain Cancer </a> </div> <div class="card-inset-details__teaser-text"> A unique combination of explainable AI and repurposing animal camouflage detection algorithms can identify human brain cancer. </div> </div> </article> <article class="teaser--card-inset-details blog_entry--teaser--card-inset-details" data-nid="5027087"> <div class="card-inset-details__image"> <a href="/gb/blog/healing-from-addiction/202411/a-correct-perspective-on-our-brains-endocannabinoid-system"><img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn2.psychologytoday.com/assets/styles/manual_crop_3_2_600x400/public/teaser_image/blog_entry/2024-11/pexels-cottonbro-7610768.jpg?itok=goHdo0L-" width="600" height="400" alt="" title="Cottonbro Studio/Pexels" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-inset-details__body"> <div class="card-inset-details__title"> <a href="/gb/blog/healing-from-addiction/202411/a-correct-perspective-on-our-brains-endocannabinoid-system" title="A Correct Perspective on Our Brain’s "Endocannabinoid” System"> A Correct Perspective on Our Brain’s "Endocannabinoid” System </a> </div> <div class="card-inset-details__teaser-text"> The true function of our endocannabinoid system has been obscured by its name. 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