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Marraccini</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Camilla Marraccini"> <meta name="keywords" content="Camilla Marraccini"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Camilla Marraccini"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 13</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Camilla Marraccini</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Women Bodies and Images in Funerary Landscapes of the Late Antique Oecumene: An Analysis of Women Representation Between Idealized Pagan Antecedents and Concrete Female Power Within Christian Communities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20Marraccini">Camilla Marraccini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The sarcophagus of Adelphia represents an iconographic unicum compared to female representations on sarcophagi. From the time of its discovery in 1872 until recent studies , the figurative program of the sarcophagus' lid has been the subject of extensive debate. Critics have been divided between those who have interpreted the scene as the life of Mary , those who have interpreted it as a depiction of Adelphia , those who saw it as a traditional representation of Moses and Christ , and those who read a particular philosophical doctrine depicting Sophia dei . Indeed, next to the female orans, Maries on the throne and female servants of Christ, the distinctiveness of the sarcophagus becomes evident and a unique scene stands out on the lid: a procession of nine women culminating with a frontal woman on the throne. Using an iconographic analysis that questions 1.the traces of the typologies of christian women found in sarcophagi and 2.the pagan models used by the artisans of Christianity, this paper aims to investigate an interpretation of the scene based on the discoveries of meaning and semantic shifts that can be understood once the model used for this iconography is found, whilst conducting a comparative analysis that underlines the importance of understanding the reasons behind this commission. Searching for the commissioner's will needs to be an interdisciplinary quest: from iconographical analysis to epigraphical and archaeological data. Considering, that several recent studies have emphasized the important female presence in the catacomb of St.Giovanni (perhaps a burial dedicated exclusively to female monastic cults?) , where the sarcophagus was found, the local development of the cult of St. Lucia, and the fact that Adelfia is referred to as clarissima femina in her inscription, the present paper will try to make a transition between art and social context. Thus, this paper aims to understand whether this iconography can be an ulterior source, next to the epigraphical ones, to reconstruct the concrete role of Adelfia in local women's communities. In summary, by tracing different forms of continuity between pagan and christian practices, this paper aims to understand what the relationship between actual hierarchical power, funerary self-representations and the inherited semantics of images could tell us about the life and death of late antique Christian women. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20Christian%20art" title="early Christian art">early Christian art</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20bodies" title=" female bodies"> female bodies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iconography" title=" iconography"> iconography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20communities" title=" female communities"> female communities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sarcophagi" title=" sarcophagi"> sarcophagi</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193155/women-bodies-and-images-in-funerary-landscapes-of-the-late-antique-oecumene-an-analysis-of-women-representation-between-idealized-pagan-antecedents-and-concrete-female-power-within-christian-communities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193155.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">17</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Biodegradability Evaluation of Polylactic Acid Composite with Natural Fiber (Sisal)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20B%C3%A1rbara%20Cattozatto%20Fortunato">A. Bárbara Cattozatto Fortunato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20de%20Lucca%20Soave"> D. de Lucca Soave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Pinheiro%20de%20Mello"> E. Pinheiro de Mello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Piasentini%20Oliva"> M. Piasentini Oliva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Tavares%20de%20Moraes"> V. Tavares de Moraes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Wolf%20Lebr%C3%A3o"> G. Wolf Lebrão</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Fernandes%20Parra"> D. Fernandes Parra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Marraccini%20Giampietri%20Lebr%C3%A3o"> S. Marraccini Giampietri Lebrão</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to increasing environmental pressure for biodegradable products, especially in polymeric materials, in order to meet the demands of the biological cycles of the circular economy, new materials have been developed as a sustainability strategy. This study proposes a composite material developed from the biodegradable polymer PLA Ecovio® (polylactic acid - PLA) with natural sisal fibers, where the soybean ester was used as a plasticizer, which can aid in adhesion between the materials and fibers, making the most attractive final composite from an environmental point of view. The composites were obtained by extrusion. The materials tests were produced and submitted to biodegradation tests. Through the biodegradation tests, it can be seen that the biodegradable polymer composition with 5% sisal fiber presented about 12.4% more biodegradability compared to the polymer without fiber addition. It has also been found that the plasticizer was not a compatible with fibers and the polymer. Finally, fibers help to anticipate the decomposition process of the material when subjected to conditions of a landfill. Therefore, its intrinsic properties are not affected during its use, only the biodegradation process begins after its exposure to landfill conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocomposites" title="biocomposites">biocomposites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sisal" title=" sisal"> sisal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polilactic%20acid" title=" polilactic acid"> polilactic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Polylactic%20Acid%20%28PLA%29" title=" Polylactic Acid (PLA)"> Polylactic Acid (PLA)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87364/biodegradability-evaluation-of-polylactic-acid-composite-with-natural-fiber-sisal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Characterization of a Pure Diamond-Like Carbon Film Deposited by Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20G.%20Goncalves">Camilla G. Goncalves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benedito%20Christ"> Benedito Christ</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Walter%20Miyakawa"> Walter Miyakawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antonio%20J.%20Abdalla"> Antonio J. Abdalla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work aims to investigate the properties and microstructure of diamond-like carbon film deposited by pulsed laser deposition by ablation of a graphite target in a vacuum chamber on a steel substrate. The equipment was mounted to provide one laser beam. The target of high purity graphite and the steel substrate were polished. The mechanical and tribological properties of the film were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, nanoindentation test, scratch test, roughness profile, tribometer, optical microscopy and SEM images. It was concluded that the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique associated with the low-pressure chamber and a graphite target provides a good fraction of sp3 bonding, that the process variable as surface polishing and laser parameter have great influence in tribological properties and in adherence tests performance. The optical microscopy images are efficient to identify the metallurgical bond. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title="characterization">characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DLC" title=" DLC"> DLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulsed%20laser%20deposition" title=" pulsed laser deposition"> pulsed laser deposition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112763/characterization-of-a-pure-diamond-like-carbon-film-deposited-by-nanosecond-pulsed-laser-deposition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Targeting Trypanosoma brucei Using Antibody Drug Conjugates against the Transferrin Receptor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20Trevor">Camilla Trevor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20K.%20Higgins"> Matthew K. Higgins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Gonzalez-Munoz"> Andrea Gonzalez-Munoz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20Carrington"> Mark Carrington</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trypanosomiasis is a devastating disease affecting both humans and livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. The diseases are caused by infection with African trypanosomes, protozoa transmitted by tsetse flies. Treatment currently relies on the use of chemotherapeutics with ghastly side effects. Here, we describe the development of effective antibody-drug conjugates that target the T. brucei transferrin receptor. The receptor is essential for trypanosome growth in a mammalian host but there are approximately 12 variants of the transferrin receptor in the genome. Two of the most divergent variants were used to generate recombinant monoclonal immunoglobulin G using phage display and we identified cross-reactive antibodies that bind both variants using phage ELISA, fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays and surface plasmon resonance. Fluorescent antibodies were used to demonstrate uptake into trypanosomes in culture. Toxin-conjugated antibodies were effective at killing trypanosomes at sub-nanomolar concentrations. The approach of using antibody-drug conjugates has proven highly effective. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibody-drug%20conjugates" title="antibody-drug conjugates">antibody-drug conjugates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phage%20display" title=" phage display"> phage display</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transferrin%20receptor" title=" transferrin receptor"> transferrin receptor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trypanosomes" title=" trypanosomes"> trypanosomes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99250/targeting-trypanosoma-brucei-using-antibody-drug-conjugates-against-the-transferrin-receptor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99250.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Evidence of Paternal Protein Provisioning During Male Pregnancy in the Seahorse, Hippocampus Abdominalis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zoe%20M.%20G.%20Skalkos">Zoe M. G. Skalkos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sam%20N.%20Dowland"> Sam N. Dowland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20U.%20Van%20Dyke"> James U. Van Dyke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla.%20M.%20Whittington"> Camilla. M. Whittington</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Syngnathid fishes (seahorses, pipefishes, and seadragons) are unique because embryos develop on or in the male in a specialised brooding structure. Many seahorse species are endangered or vulnerable, while others are popular in the ornamental fish trade. Seahorses are capable of nutrient provisioning (patrotrophy) of lipids during pregnancy via their fully enclosed brood pouch. Protein is vital for gene regulation and tissue growth during embryogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that protein is paternally transported to developing embryos during pregnancy in the Australian Pot-bellied seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis. We compared the dry masses and nitrogen content in recently fertilised H. abdominalis embryos and newborns. We calculated an updated patrotrophy index, 1.34, but without a significant difference in dry mass between the two developmental stages. There was, however, a significant increase in total protein content from recently fertilised embryos to neonates. This suggests paternal protein transport is essential for H. abdominalis embryogenesis because protein yolk reserves are depleted by embryonic metabolism, and supplementation is required. This study is the first to provide evidence for paternal protein transport during pregnancy in seahorses. It furthers our understanding of the paternal influence on embryonic development in male pregnancy and how a protein-deficient diet during pregnancy may limit the allocation of resources to embryos, reducing offspring fitness. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the fundamental reproductive biology of seahorses, which can help improve conservation and farming production outcomes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brood%20pouch" title="brood pouch">brood pouch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embryonic%20provisioning" title=" embryonic provisioning"> embryonic provisioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen" title=" nitrogen"> nitrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parentotrophy" title=" parentotrophy"> parentotrophy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paternal%20investment" title=" paternal investment"> paternal investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reproduction" title=" reproduction"> reproduction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161833/evidence-of-paternal-protein-provisioning-during-male-pregnancy-in-the-seahorse-hippocampus-abdominalis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">106</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Qualitative Profiling Model and Competencies Evaluation to Fighting Unemployment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francesca%20Carta">Francesca Carta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giovanna%20Linfante"> Giovanna Linfante</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20Agneni"> Laura Agneni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debora%20%20Radicchia"> Debora Radicchia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20Micheletta"> Camilla Micheletta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angelo%20Del%20Cimmuto"> Angelo Del Cimmuto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Overtaking competence mismatches and fostering career pathways congruent with the individual skills profile would significantly contribute to fighting unemployment. The aim of this paper is to examine the usefulness and efficiency of qualitative tools in supporting and improving the quality of caseworkers’ activities during the jobseekers’ profile analysis and career guidance process. The selected target groups are long-term and middle term unemployed, job seekers, young people at the end of the vocational training pathway and unemployed woman with social disadvantages. The experimentation is conducted in Italy at public employment services in 2017. In the framework of Italian labour market reform, the experimentation represents the first step to develop a customized qualitative model profiling; the final general object is to improve the public employment services quality. The experimentation tests the transferability of an OECD self-assessment competences tool in the Italian public employment services. On one hand, the first analysis results will indicate the user’s perception concerning the tool’s application and their different competence levels (literacy, numeracy, problem solving, career interest, subjective well-being and health, behavioural competencies) with reference to the specific target. On the other hand, the experimentation outcomes will show caseworkers understanding regarding the tool’s usability and efficiency for career guidance and reskilling and upskilling programs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=career%20guidance" title="career guidance">career guidance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evaluation%20competences" title=" evaluation competences"> evaluation competences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reskilling%20pathway" title=" reskilling pathway"> reskilling pathway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unemployment" title=" unemployment"> unemployment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82483/qualitative-profiling-model-and-competencies-evaluation-to-fighting-unemployment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82483.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Pupil Size: A Measure of Identification Memory in Target Present Lineups</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20Elphick">Camilla Elphick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Graham%20Hole"> Graham Hole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Hutton"> Samuel Hutton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Graham%20Pike"> Graham Pike</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pupil size has been found to change irrespective of luminosity, suggesting that it can be used to make inferences about cognitive processes, such as cognitive load. To see whether identifying a target requires a different cognitive load to rejecting distractors, the effect of viewing a target (compared with viewing distractors) on pupil size was investigated using a sequential video lineup procedure with two lineup sessions. Forty one participants were chosen randomly via the university. Pupil sizes were recorded when viewing pre target distractors and post target distractors and compared to pupil size when viewing the target. Overall, pupil size was significantly larger when viewing the target compared with viewing distractors. In the first session, pupil size changes were significantly different between participants who identified the target (Hits) and those who did not. Specifically, the pupil size of Hits reduced significantly after viewing the target (by 26%), suggesting that cognitive load reduced following identification. The pupil sizes of Misses (who made no identification) and False Alarms (who misidentified a distractor) did not reduce, suggesting that the cognitive load remained high in participants who failed to make the correct identification. In the second session, pupil sizes were smaller overall, suggesting that cognitive load was smaller in this session, and there was no significant difference between Hits, Misses and False Alarms. Furthermore, while the frequency of Hits increased, so did False Alarms. These two findings suggest that the benefits of including a second session remain uncertain, as the second session neither provided greater accuracy nor a reliable way to measure it. It is concluded that pupil size is a measure of face recognition strength in the first session of a target present lineup procedure. However, it is still not known whether cognitive load is an adequate explanation for this, or whether cognitive engagement might describe the effect more appropriately. If cognitive load and cognitive engagement can be teased apart with further investigation, this would have positive implications for understanding eyewitness identification. Nevertheless, this research has the potential to provide a tool for improving the reliability of lineup procedures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20load" title="cognitive load">cognitive load</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eyewitness%20identification" title=" eyewitness identification"> eyewitness identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=face%20recognition" title=" face recognition"> face recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pupillometry" title=" pupillometry"> pupillometry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65435/pupil-size-a-measure-of-identification-memory-in-target-present-lineups" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65435.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Measurement of in-situ Horizontal Root Tensile Strength of Herbaceous Vegetation for Improved Evaluation of Slope Stability in the Alps</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20T.%20Lobmann">Michael T. Lobmann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20Wellstein"> Camilla Wellstein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefan%20Zerbe"> Stefan Zerbe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vegetation plays an important role for the stabilization of slopes against erosion processes, such as shallow erosion and landslides. Plant roots reinforce the soil, increase soil cohesion and often cross possible shear planes. Hence, plant roots reduce the risk of slope failure. Generally, shrub and tree roots penetrate deeper into the soil vertically, while roots of forbs and grasses are concentrated horizontally in the topsoil and organic layer. Therefore, shrubs and trees have a higher potential for stabilization of slopes with deep soil layers than forbs and grasses. Consequently, research mainly focused on the vertical root effects of shrubs and trees. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the stabilizing effects of grasses and forbs is needed for better evaluation of the stability of natural and artificial slopes with herbaceous vegetation. Despite the importance of vertical root effects, field observations indicate that horizontal root effects also play an important role for slope stabilization. Not only forbs and grasses, but also some shrubs and trees form tight horizontal networks of fine and coarse roots and rhizomes in the topsoil. These root networks increase soil cohesion and horizontal tensile strength. Available methods for physical measurements, such as shear-box tests, pullout tests and singular root tensile strength measurement can only provide a detailed picture of vertical effects of roots on slope stabilization. However, the assessment of horizontal root effects is largely limited to computer modeling. Here, a method for measurement of in-situ cumulative horizontal root tensile strength is presented. A traction machine was developed that allows fixation of rectangular grass sods (max. 30x60cm) on the short ends with a 30x30cm measurement zone in the middle. On two alpine grass slopes in South Tyrol (northern Italy), 30x60cm grass sods were cut out (max. depth 20cm). Grass sods were pulled apart measuring the horizontal tensile strength over 30cm width over the time. The horizontal tensile strength of the sods was measured and compared for different soil depths, hydrological conditions, and root physiological properties. The results improve our understanding of horizontal root effects on slope stabilization and can be used for improved evaluation of grass slope stability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grassland" title="grassland">grassland</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=horizontal%20root%20effect" title=" horizontal root effect"> horizontal root effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide" title=" landslide"> landslide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mountain" title=" mountain"> mountain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pasture" title=" pasture"> pasture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shallow%20erosion" title=" shallow erosion"> shallow erosion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91594/measurement-of-in-situ-horizontal-root-tensile-strength-of-herbaceous-vegetation-for-improved-evaluation-of-slope-stability-in-the-alps" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Thermoregulatory Responses of Holstein Cows Exposed to Intense Heat Stress</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigo%20De%20A.%20Ferrazza">Rodrigo De A. Ferrazza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henry%20D.%20M.%20Garcia"> Henry D. M. Garcia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viviana%20H.%20V.%20Aristizabal"> Viviana H. V. Aristizabal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20De%20S.%20Nogueira"> Camilla De S. Nogueira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cecilia%20J.%20Verissimo"> Cecilia J. Verissimo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jose%20Roberto%20Sartori"> Jose Roberto Sartori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roberto%20Sartori"> Roberto Sartori</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joao%20Carlos%20P.%20Ferreira"> Joao Carlos P. Ferreira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental factors adversely influence sustainability in livestock production system. Dairy herds are the most affected by heat stress among livestock industries. This clearly implies in development of new strategies for mitigating heat, which should be based on physiological and metabolic adaptations of the animal. In this study, we incorporated the effect of climate variables and heat exposure time on the thermoregulatory responses in order to clarify the adaptive mechanisms for bovine heat dissipation under intense thermal stress induced experimentally in climate chamber. Non-lactating Holstein cows were contemporaneously and randomly assigned to thermoneutral (TN; n=12) or heat stress (HS; n=12) treatments during 16 days. Vaginal temperature (VT) was measured every 15 min with a microprocessor-controlled data logger (HOBO®, Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA) attached to a modified vaginal controlled internal drug release insert (Sincrogest®, Ourofino, Brazil). Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) were measured twice a day (0700 and 1500h) and dry matter intake (DMI) was estimated daily. The ambient temperature and air relative humidity were 25.9±0.2°C and 73.0±0.8%, respectively for TN, and 36.3± 0.3°C and 60.9±0.9%, respectively for HS. Respiratory rate of HS cows increased immediately after exposure to heat and was higher (76.02±1.70bpm; P<0.001) than TN (39.70±0.71bpm), followed by rising of RT (39.87°C±0.07 for HS versus 38.56±0.03°C for TN; P<0.001) and VT (39.82±0.10°C for HS versus 38.26±0.03°C for TN; P<0.001). A diurnal pattern was detected, with higher (P<0.01) afternoon temperatures than morning and this effect was aggravated for HS cows. There was decrease (P<0.05) of HR for HS cows (62.13±0.99bpm) compared to TN (66.23±0.79bpm), but the magnitude of the differences was not the same over time. From the third day, there was a decrease of DMI for HS in attempt to maintain homeothermy, while TN cows increased DMI (8.27kg±0.33kg d-1 for HS versus 14.03±0.29kg d-1 for TN; P<0.001). By regression analysis, RT and RR better reflected the response of cows to changes in the Temperature Humidity Index and the effect of climate variables from the previous day to influence the physiological parameters and DMI was more important than the current day, with ambient temperature the most important factor. Comparison between acute (0 to 3 days) and chronic (13 to 16 days) exposure to heat stress showed decreasing of the slope of the regression equations for RR and DMI, suggesting an adaptive adjustment, however with no change for RT. In conclusion, intense heat stress exerted strong influence on the thermoregulatory mechanisms, but the acclimation process was only partial. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acclimation" title="acclimation">acclimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bovine" title=" bovine"> bovine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20chamber" title=" climate chamber"> climate chamber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperthermia" title=" hyperthermia"> hyperthermia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermoregulation" title=" thermoregulation"> thermoregulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55894/thermoregulatory-responses-of-holstein-cows-exposed-to-intense-heat-stress" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of School-Based Internet Intervention for Alcohol Drinking Behaviours among Chinese Adolescent</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keith%20T.%20S.%20Tung">Keith T. S. Tung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frederick%20K.%20Ho"> Frederick K. Ho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rosa%20S.%20Wong"> Rosa S. Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20K.%20M.%20Lo"> Camilla K. M. Lo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wilfred%20H.%20S.%20Wong"> Wilfred H. S. Wong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20B.%20Chow"> C. B. Chow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20Ip"> Patrick Ip</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objectives: Underage drinking is an important public health problem both locally and globally. Conventional prevention/intervention relies on unidirectional knowledge transfer such as mail leaflets or health talks which showed mixed results in changing the target behaviour. Previously, we conducted a school internet-based intervention which was found to be effective in reducing alcohol use among adolescents, yet the underlying mechanisms have not been properly investigated. This study, therefore, examined the mechanisms that explain how the intervention produced a change in alcohol drinking behaviours among Chinese adolescent as observed in our previous clustered randomised controlled trial (RCT) study. Methods: This is a cluster randomised controlled trial with parallel group design. Participating schools were randomised to the Internet intervention or the conventional health education group (control) with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Secondary 1–3 students of the participating schools were enrolled in this study. The Internet intervention was a web-based quiz game competition, in which participating students would answer 1,000 alcohol-related multiple-choice quiz questions. Conventional health education group received a promotional package on equivalent alcohol-related knowledge. The participants’ alcohol-related attitude, knowledge, and perceived behavioural control were self-reported before the intervention (baseline) and one month and three months after the intervention. Results: Our RCT results showed that participants in the Internet group were less likely to drink (risk ratio [RR] 0.79, p < 0.01) as well as in lesser amount (β -0.06, p < 0.05) compared to those in the control group at both post-intervention follow-ups. Within the intervention group, regression analyses showed that high quiz scorer had greater improvement in alcohol-related knowledge (β 0.28, p < 0.01) and attitude (β -0.26, p < 0.01) at 1 month after intervention, which in turn increased their perceived behavioural control against alcohol use (β 0.10 and -0.26, both p < 0.01). Attitude, compared to knowledge, was found to be a stronger contributor to the intervention effect on perceived behavioural control. Conclusions: Our internet-based intervention has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the risk of underage drinking when compared with conventional health education. Our study results further showed an attitude to be a more important factor than knowledge in changing health-related behaviour. This has an important implication for future prevention/intervention on an underage drinking problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adolescents" title="adolescents">adolescents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet-based%20intervention" title=" internet-based intervention"> internet-based intervention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=randomized%20controlled%20trial" title=" randomized controlled trial"> randomized controlled trial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underage%20drinking" title=" underage drinking"> underage drinking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112258/mechanisms-underlying-the-effects-of-school-based-internet-intervention-for-alcohol-drinking-behaviours-among-chinese-adolescent" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112258.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Digital Value Co-Creation: The Case of Worthy a Virtual Collaborative Museum across Europe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20Marini">Camilla Marini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deborah%20Agostino"> Deborah Agostino</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cultural institutions provide more than service-based offers; indeed, they are experience-based contexts. A cultural experience is a special event that encompasses a wide range of values which, for visitors, are primarily cultural rather than economic and financial. Cultural institutions have always been characterized by inclusivity and participatory practices, but the upcoming of digital technologies has put forward their interest in collaborative practices and the relationship with their audience. Indeed, digital technologies highly affected the cultural experience as it was conceived. Especially, museums, as traditional and authoritative cultural institutions, have been highly challenged by digital technologies. They shifted by a collection-oriented toward a visitor-centered approach, and digital technologies generated a highly interactive ecosystem in which visitors have an active role, shaping their own cultural experience. Most of the studies that investigate value co-creation in museums adopt a single perspective which is separately one of the museums or one of the users, but the analysis of the convergence/divergence of these perspectives is still emphasized. Additionally, many contributions focus on digital value co-creation as an outcome rather than as a process. The study aims to provide a joint perspective on digital value co-creation which include both museum and visitors. Also, it deepens the contribution of digital technologies in the value co-creation process, addressing the following research questions: (i) what are the convergence/divergence drivers on digital value co-creation and (ii) how digital technologies can be means of value co-creation? The study adopts an action research methodology that is based on the case of WORTHY, an educational project which involves cultural institutions and schools all around Europe, creating a virtual collaborative museum. It represents a valuable case for the aim of the study since it has digital technologies at its core, and the interaction through digital technologies is fundamental, all along with the experience. Action research has been identified as the most appropriate methodology for researchers to have direct contact with the field. Data have been collected through primary and secondary sources. Cultural mediators such as museums, teachers and students’ families have been interviewed, while a focus group has been designed to interact with students, investigating all the aspects of the cultural experience. Secondary sources encompassed project reports and website contents in order to deepen the perspective of cultural institutions. Preliminary findings highlight the dimensions of digital value co-creation in cultural institutions from a museum-visitor integrated perspective and the contribution of digital technologies in the value co-creation process. The study outlines a two-folded contribution that encompasses both an academic and a practitioner level. Indeed, it contributes to fulfilling the gap in cultural management literature about the convergence/divergence of service provider-user perspectives but it also provides cultural professionals with guidelines on how to evaluate the digital value co-creation process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=co-creation" title="co-creation">co-creation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20technologies" title=" digital technologies"> digital technologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=museum" title=" museum"> museum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value" title=" value"> value</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135098/digital-value-co-creation-the-case-of-worthy-a-virtual-collaborative-museum-across-europe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135098.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Spatial Conceptualization in French and Italian Speakers: A Contrastive Approach in the Context of the Linguistic Relativity Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20Simoncelli">Camilla Simoncelli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The connection between language and cognition has been one of the main interests of linguistics from several years. According to the Sapir-Whorf Linguistic Relativity Theory, the way we perceive reality depends on the language we speak which in turn has a central role in the human cognition. This paper is in line with this research work with the aim of analyzing how language structures reflect on our cognitive abilities even in the description of space, which is generally considered as a human natural and universal domain. The main objective is to identify the differences in the encoding of spatial inclusion relationships in French and Italian speakers to make evidence that a significant variation exists at various levels even in two similar systems. Starting from the constitution a corpora, the first step of the study has been to establish the relevant complex prepositions marking an inclusion relation in French and Italian: au centre de, au cœur de, au milieu de, au sein de, à l'intérieur de and the opposition entre/parmi in French; al centro di, al cuore di, nel mezzo di, in seno a, all'interno di and the fra/tra contrast in Italian. These prepositions had been classified on the base of the type of Noun following them (e.g. mass nouns, concrete nouns, abstract nouns, body-parts noun, etc.) following the Collostructional Analysis of lexemes with the purpose of analyzing the preferred construction of each preposition comparing the relations construed. Comparing the Italian and the French results it has been possible to define the degree of representativeness of each target Noun for the chosen preposition studied. Lexicostatistics and Statistical Association Measures showed the values of attraction or repulsion between lexemes and a given preposition, highlighting which words are over-represented or under-represented in a specific context compared to the expected results. For instance, a Noun as Dibattiti has a negative value for the Italian Al cuore di (-1,91), but it has a strong positive representativeness for the corresponding French Au cœur de (+677,76). The value, positive or negative, is the result of a hypergeometric distribution law which displays the current use of some relevant nouns in relations of spatial inclusion by French and Italian speakers. Differences on the kind of location conceptualization denote syntactic and semantic constraints based on spatial features as well as on linguistic peculiarity, too. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the domain of spatial relations is basic to human experience and is linked to universally shared perceptual mechanisms which create mental representations depending on the language use. Therefore, linguistic coding strongly correlates with the way spatial distinctions are conceptualized for non-verbal tasks even in close language systems, like Italian and French. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20semantics" title="cognitive semantics">cognitive semantics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-linguistic%20variations" title=" cross-linguistic variations"> cross-linguistic variations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=locational%20terms" title=" locational terms"> locational terms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-verbal%20spatial%20representations" title=" non-verbal spatial representations"> non-verbal spatial representations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109528/spatial-conceptualization-in-french-and-italian-speakers-a-contrastive-approach-in-the-context-of-the-linguistic-relativity-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109528.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Place-Making Theory behind Claremont Court</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Costa-Santos">Sandra Costa-Santos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20Bertolino"> Nadia Bertolino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Hicks"> Stephen Hicks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vanessa%20May"> Vanessa May</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilla%20Lewis"> Camilla Lewis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper aims to elaborate the architectural theory on place-making that supported Claremont Court housing scheme (Edinburgh, United Kingdom). Claremont Court (1959-62) is a large post-war mixed development housing scheme designed by Basil Spence, which included ‘place-making’ as one of its founding principles. Although some stylistic readings of the housing scheme have been published, the theory on place-making that allegedly ruled the design has yet to be clarified. The architecture allows us to mark or make a place within space in order to dwell. Under the framework of contemporary philosophical theories of place, this paper aims to explore the relationship between place and dwelling through a cross-disciplinary reading of Claremont Court, with a view to develop an architectural theory on place-making. Since dwelling represents the way we are immersed in our world in an existential manner, this theme is not just relevant for architecture but also for philosophy and sociology. The research in this work is interpretive-historic in nature. It examines documentary evidence of the original architectural design, together with relevant literature in sociology, history, and architecture, through the lens of theories of place. First, the paper explores how the dwelling types originally included in Claremont Court supported ideas of dwelling or meanings of home. Then, it traces shared space and social ties in order to study the symbolic boundaries that allow the creation of a collective identity or sense of belonging. Finally, the relation between the housing scheme and the supporting theory is identified. The findings of this research reveal Scottish architect Basil Spence’s exploration of the meaning of home, as he changed his approach to the mass housing while acting as President of the Royal Incorporation of British Architects (1958-60). When the British Government was engaged in various ambitious building programmes, he sought to drive architecture to a wider socio-political debate as president of the RIBA, hence moving towards a more ambitious and innovative socio-architectural approach. Rather than trying to address the ‘genius loci’ with an architectural proposition, as has been stated, the research shows that the place-making theory behind the housing scheme was supported by notions of community-based on shared space and dispositions. The design of the housing scheme was steered by a desire to foster social relations and collective identities, rather than by the idea of keeping the spirit of the place. This research is part of a cross-disciplinary project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. The findings present Claremont Court as a signifier of Basil Spence’s attempt to address the post-war political debate on housing in United Kingdom. They highlight the architect’s theoretical agenda and challenge current purely stylistic readings of Claremont Court as they fail to acknowledge its social relevance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architectural%20theory" title="architectural theory">architectural theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dwelling" title=" dwelling"> dwelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=place-making" title=" place-making"> place-making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-war%20housing" title=" post-war housing"> post-war housing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55192/place-making-theory-behind-claremont-court" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55192.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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