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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Available_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Available_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Available forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Available_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Side effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Side effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endometrial_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endometrial_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Endometrial cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endometrial_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_and_metabolic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_and_metabolic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cardiovascular and metabolic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_and_metabolic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liver_toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liver_toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Liver toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liver_toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pharmacodynamics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Selective estrogen receptor modulator activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Other activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Absorption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Metabolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Elimination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Brand names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tamoxifen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تاموكسيفين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاموكسيفين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86" title="تاموکسیفن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تاموکسیفن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tamoxifen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamocsiffen" title="Tamocsiffen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tamocsiffen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamoxifen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ταμοξιφαίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταμοξιφαίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifeno" title="Tamoxifeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tamoxifeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifeno" title="Tamoxifeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tamoxifeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86" title="تاموکسیفن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاموکسیفن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxif%C3%A8ne" title="Tamoxifène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamoxifène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamocsaifein" title="Tamocsaifein – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tamocsaifein" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifeno" title="Tamoxifeno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tamoxifeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%AA%A9%EC%8B%9C%ED%8E%9C" title="타목시펜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타목시펜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Տամոքսիֆեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տամոքսիֆեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoksifen" title="Tamoksifen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tamoksifen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifene" title="Tamoxifene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tamoxifene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="טמוקסיפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמוקסיפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifenum" title="Tamoxifenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tamoxifenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoksifenas" title="Tamoksifenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamoksifenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тамоксифен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тамоксифен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тамоксифен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тамоксифен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tamoxifen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3" title="タモキシフェン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タモキシフェン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ଟାମୋକ୍ସିଫେନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟାମୋକ୍ସିଫେନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoksyfen" title="Tamoksyfen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tamoksyfen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifeno" title="Tamoxifeno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tamoxifeno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tamoxifen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тамоксифен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамоксифен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoksifen" title="Tamoksifen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tamoksifen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoksifen" title="Tamoksifen – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tamoksifen" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoksifen" title="Tamoksifen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamoksifen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoksifeeni" title="Tamoksifeeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamoksifeeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тамоксифен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тамоксифен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99" title="ทาม็อกซิเฟน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทาม็อกซิเฟน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoksifen" title="Tamoksifen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tamoksifen" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Tamoxifen</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamoxifen2DACS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tamoxifen2DACS.svg/250px-Tamoxifen2DACS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tamoxifen2DACS.svg/375px-Tamoxifen2DACS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tamoxifen2DACS.svg/500px-Tamoxifen2DACS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="524" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamoxifen-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tamoxifen-3D-balls.png/175px-Tamoxifen-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tamoxifen-3D-balls.png/263px-Tamoxifen-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tamoxifen-3D-balls.png/350px-Tamoxifen-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1100" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nolvadex, Genox, Tamifen, others<a href="#cite_note-drug_dictionary-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">TMX; ICI-46474</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/tamoxifen-citrate.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682414.html">a682414</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: B3<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-2">[2]</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulator</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L02" title="ATC code L02">L02BA01</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=L02BA01">WHO</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug"> ℞-only</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">POM</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">℞-only</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~100%<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrennerStevens2017-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">>99% (<a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">albumin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo2011-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> (<a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data">• <a href="/wiki/N-Desmethyltamoxifen" title="N-Desmethyltamoxifen">N-Desmethyltamoxifen</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23962908-9">[9]</a> • <a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">Endoxifen</a> (4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen)<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23962908-9">[9]</a> • <a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">Afimoxifene</a> (4-hydroxytamoxifen)<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23962908-9">[9]</a> • <a href="/wiki/N,N-Didesmethyltamoxifen" title="N,N-Didesmethyltamoxifen">N,N-Didesmethyltamoxifen</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norendoxifen" title="Norendoxifen">Norendoxifen</a> (4-hydroxy-N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen)<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a> • Others, <a href="/wiki/Conjugation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugation (biochemistry)">conjugates</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21451508-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nagar2010-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5–7 days<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">Feces</a>: 65% <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a>: 9%</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(Z)-2-[4-(1,2-Diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=10540-29-1">10540-29-1</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li><li>citrate: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54965-24-1">54965-24-1</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2733526">2733526</a></li><li>citrate: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2733525">2733525</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=1016">1016</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00675">DB00675</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li><li>citrate: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DBSALT000168">DBSALT000168</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2015313.html">2015313</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li><li>citrate: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2015312.html">2015312</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/094ZI81Y45">094ZI81Y45</a></li><li>citrate: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/7FRV7310N6">7FRV7310N6</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D08559">D08559</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li><li>citrate: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00966">D00966</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:41774">CHEBI:41774</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li><li>citrate: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:9397">CHEBI:9397</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL83">ChEMBL83</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li><li>citrate: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL786">ChEMBL786</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB ligand</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>CTX (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=CTX">PDBe</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/CTX">RCSB PDB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1034187">DTXSID1034187</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412178#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.031.004">100.031.004</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412178#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C26H29NO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">371.524 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CN%28C%29CCOc1ccc%28cc1%29%2FC%28c2ccccc2%29%3DC%28%2FCC%29c3ccccc3">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">CN(C)CCOc1ccc(cc1)/C(c2ccccc2)=C(/CC)c3ccccc3</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C26H29NO/c1-4-25(21-11-7-5-8-12-21)26(22-13-9-6-10-14-22)23-15-17-24(18-16-23)28-20-19-27(2)3/h5-18H,4,19-20H2,1-3H3/b26-25- <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:NKANXQFJJICGDU-QPLCGJKRSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=470477095&page2=Tamoxifen">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Tamoxifen, sold under the brand name Nolvadex among others, is a <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">selective estrogen receptor modulator</a> used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> in women and men.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2015-13">[13]</a> It is also being studied for other types of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2015-13">[13]</a> It has been used for <a href="/wiki/Albright_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Albright syndrome">Albright syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-14">[14]</a> Tamoxifen is typically taken daily <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a> for five years for breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-14">[14]</a> Serious side effects include a small increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, vision problems, and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-14">[14]</a> Common side effects include <a href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">irregular periods</a>, weight loss, and <a href="/wiki/Hot_flashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot flashes">hot flashes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-14">[14]</a> It may cause harm to the baby if taken during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-14">[14]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen-receptor_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen-receptor modulator">selective estrogen-receptor modulator</a> (SERM) and works by decreasing the growth of breast cancer cells.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Triphenylethylene" title="Triphenylethylene">triphenylethylene</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Tamoxifen was initially made in 1962, by chemist <a href="/wiki/Dora_Richardson" title="Dora Richardson">Dora Richardson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Viviane_M_2017-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jordan_2006-18">[18]</a> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO21st-19">[19]</a> Tamoxifen is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-14">[14]</a> In 2020, it was the 317th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 900 thousand prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dysmenorrhea">edit</a>]</div> Dysmenorrhea is the term for menstrual pain, usually centered in the lower abdomen but often spreading to the back and inner thighs. It’s a common gynecological condition that can seriously affect daily activities and well-being.Tamoxifen has been identified and used to effectively improve blood flow, reduce uterine contractility and pain in <a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">dysmenorrhea</a> patients.<a href="#cite_note-modern-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breast_cancer">Breast cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Breast cancer">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen is used for the treatment of both early and advanced <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptor</a>-positive (ER-positive or ER+) breast cancer in <a href="/wiki/Premenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Premenopausal">pre-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postmenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmenopausal">postmenopausal</a> women.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan_1993-24">[24]</a> Tamoxifen increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_bleeding" title="Vaginal bleeding">postmenopausal bleeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_polyp" title="Endometrial polyp">endometrial polyps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">hyperplasia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a>; using tamoxifen with an <a href="/wiki/IntraUterine_System" class="mw-redirect" title="IntraUterine System">intrauterine system</a> releasing <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a> might increase vaginal bleeding after 1 to 2 years, but reduces somewhat endometrial polyps and hyperplasia, but not necessarily endometrial cancer.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Additionally, it is the most common hormone treatment for male breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-urlBreast_cancer_in_men:_Cancer_Research_UK:_CancerHelp_UK-26">[26]</a> It is also approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> for the prevention of breast cancer in women at high risk of developing the disease.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-27">[27]</a> The effectiveness of tamoxifen is primarily influenced by estrogen receptor (ER) status, which was the key predictor of the proportional benefits observed. It has been further approved for the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Contralateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Contralateral">contralateral</a> (in the opposite breast) cancer. Five years of adjuvant tamoxifen treatment significantly lowers the 15-year risk of breast cancer recurrence and mortality. The overall use of tamoxifen is recommended for 10 years.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 2006, the large STAR clinical study concluded that <a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">raloxifene</a> is also effective in reducing the incidence of breast cancer. Updated results after an average of 6.75 years of follow up found that raloxifene retains 76% of tamoxifen's effectiveness in preventing invasive breast cancer, with 45% fewer <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine cancers</a> and 25% fewer blood clots in women taking raloxifene than in women taking tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-NCI-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-STAR-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infertility">Infertility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Infertility">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen is used for <a href="/wiki/Ovulation_induction" title="Ovulation induction">ovulation induction</a> to treat infertility in women with <a href="/wiki/Anovulatory_cycle" title="Anovulatory cycle">anovulatory</a> disorders. It is given at days three to seven of a woman's cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Steiner_2005-33">[33]</a> Tamoxifen improves fertility in males with infertility by disinhibiting the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a> (HPG axis) via ER antagonism and thereby increasing the secretion of <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) and <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) and increasing testicular <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23970453-34">[34]</a> Some animal studies have suggested tamoxifen could have negative effects on sperm quality and prostatic and gonadal health.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gynecomastia">Gynecomastia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gynecomastia">edit</a>]</div> Benign enlargement of the male breast, whether <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a> or painful, is a common condition thought to result from an increased estrogen/testosterone ratio or from heightened <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogenic</a> or reduced <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgenic</a> activity via receptor interactions.Tamoxifen is used to prevent and treat <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lapidvan_Wingerden2013-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-VianiBernardes_da_Silva2012-38">[38]</a> It is taken as a preventative measure in small doses, or used at the onset of any symptoms such as nipple soreness or sensitivity. Current treatments typically involve pain relief through medication or surgery. However, targeting the underlying estrogenic stimulation may offer a more specific therapeutic approach. In a double-blind crossover study, patients were given either a placebo or tamoxifen (10 mg orally twice daily) for one month, in random order. Seven out of ten patients saw a reduction in gynecomastia size with tamoxifen (P < 0.005), and the overall reduction for the group was statistically significant (P < 0.01).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> No benefits were observed with the placebo (P > 0.1). Additionally, all four patients with painful gynecomastia experienced relief of their symptoms, and no toxicity was noted. Although the breast size reduction was partial, this suggests that longer treatment may be necessary. Follow-up examinations conducted 9 to 12 months after treatment revealed no significant changes, except in two cases: one tamoxifen responder had a recurrence of breast tenderness after six months, and one non-responder developed increased breast size and new tenderness after ten months. Other medications are taken for similar purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">clomifene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">aromatase inhibitor</a> drugs; which are used in order to try to avoid the hormone-related adverse effects. Overall, tamoxifen appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for selected cases of gynecomastia. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamoxifen_dosage_and_incidence_of_breast_symptoms_with_bicalutamide_in_men" title="Template:Tamoxifen dosage and incidence of breast symptoms with bicalutamide in men"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamoxifen_dosage_and_incidence_of_breast_symptoms_with_bicalutamide_in_men" title="Template talk:Tamoxifen dosage and incidence of breast symptoms with bicalutamide in men"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamoxifen_dosage_and_incidence_of_breast_symptoms_with_bicalutamide_in_men" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamoxifen dosage and incidence of breast symptoms with bicalutamide in men"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Tamoxifen doses and rates of bicalutamide-induced breast symptoms in men </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Follow-up timepoint</th> <th colspan="6">Tamoxifen dosage </th></tr> <tr> <th>Placebo</th> <th>1 mg/day</th> <th>2.5 mg/day</th> <th>5 mg/day</th> <th>10 mg/day</th> <th>20 mg/day </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 months</td> <td colspan="6"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 months</td> <td>98%</td> <td>90%</td> <td>80%</td> <td>54%</td> <td>22%</td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 months</td> <td>99%</td> <td>95%</td> <td>84%</td> <td>56%</td> <td>38%</td> <td>19% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="7" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Notes: Prevention of <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a> symptoms—specifically <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breast_pain" title="Breast pain">breast pain</a>—induced by 150 mg/day <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a> monotherapy with tamoxifen in 282 men with <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>. Bicalutamide and tamoxifen were initiated at the same time (0 months). Estradiol levels were in the range of about 22 to 47 pg/mL in the treated group.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17270340-40">[40]</a> Sources: <a href="#cite_note-pmid29322112-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17270340-40">[40]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_puberty">Early puberty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early puberty">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen is useful in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_precocious_puberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral precocious puberty">peripheral precocious puberty</a>, for instance due to <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Albright_syndrome" title="McCune–Albright syndrome">McCune–Albright syndrome</a>, in both girls and boys.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29292624-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaddadEugster2019-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zacharin2019-44">[44]</a> It has been found to decrease <a href="/wiki/Growth_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth velocity">growth velocity</a> and the rate of <a href="/wiki/Bone_maturation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone maturation">bone maturation</a> in girls with precocious puberty, and hence to improve final <a href="/wiki/Human_height" title="Human height">height</a> in these individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29292624-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaddadEugster2019-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Available_forms">Available forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Available forms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nolvadex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nolvadex.jpg/250px-Nolvadex.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nolvadex.jpg/375px-Nolvadex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nolvadex.jpg/500px-Nolvadex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2119" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption>Nolvadex (tamoxifen) 20 mg tablets.</figcaption></figure> Tamoxifen is available as a tablet or oral solution.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen has a number of <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindications</a>, including known <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> to tamoxifen or other ingredients, individuals taking concomitant <a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">coumarin</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> therapy, and women with a history of <a href="/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous thromboembolism">venous thromboembolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> A report in September 2009 from Health and Human Services' Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality suggests that tamoxifen, raloxifene, and tibolone used to treat breast cancer significantly reduce invasive breast cancer in midlife and older women, but also increase the risk of adverse side effects.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endometrial_cancer">Endometrial cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Endometrial cancer">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen is a <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">selective estrogen receptor modulator</a> (SERM).<a href="#cite_note-Gallo_1997-48">[48]</a> Even though it is an <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> in breast tissue it acts as <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a> and has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> in some women. Therefore, endometrial changes, including cancer, are among tamoxifen's side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Grilli_2006-49">[49]</a> With time, risk of endometrial cancer may be doubled to quadrupled, which is a reason tamoxifen is typically only used for five years.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> lists tamoxifen as a known <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>, stating that it increases the risk of some types of uterine cancer while lowering the risk of breast cancer recurrence.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_and_metabolic">Cardiovascular and metabolic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular and metabolic">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen treatment of postmenopausal women is associated with beneficial effects on serum lipid profiles. However, long-term data from clinical trials have failed to demonstrate a cardioprotective effect.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16230014-52">[52]</a> For some women, tamoxifen can cause a rapid increase in <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglyceride</a> concentration in the blood. In addition, there is an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Thromboembolism" title="Thromboembolism">thromboembolism</a> especially during and immediately after major surgery or periods of immobility.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15699284-53">[53]</a> Use of tamoxifen has been shown to slightly increase risk of <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvey_2006-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liver_toxicity">Liver toxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Liver toxicity">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen has been associated with a number of cases of <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">hepatotoxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CameronFeuer2012-55">[55]</a> Several different varieties of hepatotoxicity have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-CameronFeuer2012-55">[55]</a> Tamoxifen can also precipitate <a href="/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease">non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</a> in obese and overweight women (not in normal weight women) at an average rate of 40% after a year use with 20 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17181445-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> Acute <a href="/wiki/Overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdose">overdose</a> of tamoxifen has not been reported in humans.<a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Dose-ranging_study" title="Dose-ranging study">dose-ranging studies</a>, tamoxifen was administered at very high doses in women (e.g., 300 mg/m2) and was found to produce acute <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a> including <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperreflexia" title="Hyperreflexia">hyperreflexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gait_abnormality" title="Gait abnormality">unsteady gait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a> These symptoms occurred within three to five days of therapy and disappeared within two to five days of discontinuation of therapy.<a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a> No indications of permanent neurotoxicity were observed.<a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/QT_prolongation" class="mw-redirect" title="QT prolongation">QT prolongation</a> was also observed with very high doses of tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a> There is no specific <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidote</a> for overdose of tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a> Instead, treatment should be based on <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> Patients with variant forms of the gene <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> may not receive full benefit from tamoxifen because of too slow metabolism of the tamoxifen prodrug into its active metabolites.<a href="#cite_note-Goetz_2005-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beverage_2007-58">[58]</a> On 18 October 2006, the Subcommittee for Clinical Pharmacology recommended relabeling tamoxifen to include information about this gene in the package insert.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Certain CYP2D6 variations in breast cancer patients lead to a worse clinical outcome for tamoxifen treatment.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19809024-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genotyping" title="Genotyping">Genotyping</a> therefore has the potential for identification of women who have these CYP2D6 phenotypes and for whom the use of tamoxifen is associated with poor outcomes. Recent research has shown that 7–10% of women with breast cancer may not receive the full medical benefit from taking tamoxifen due to their genetic make-up. DNA Drug Safety Testing can examine DNA variations in the CYP2D6 and other important drug processing pathways. More than 20% of all clinically used medications are metabolized by CYP2D6 and knowing the CYP2D6 status of a person can help the doctor with the future selection of medications.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Other molecular biomarkers may also be used to select appropriate patients likely to benefit from tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21552410-62">[62]</a> Recent studies suggest that taking the <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs) antidepressants <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a> (Paxil), <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">fluoxetine</a> (Prozac), and <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a> (Zoloft) can decrease the effectiveness of tamoxifen, as these drugs compete for the CYP2D6 enzyme which is needed to metabolize tamoxifen into its active forms.<a href="#cite_note-Jin_2005-63">[63]</a> A U.S. study presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology's annual meeting in 2009 found that after two years, 7.5% of women who took only tamoxifen had a recurrence, compared with 16% who took either paroxetine, fluoxetine or sertraline, drugs considered to be the most potent CYP2D6 inhibitors. That difference translates to a 120% increase in the risk of breast cancer recurrence. Patients taking the SSRIs Celexa (<a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">citalopram</a>), Lexapro (<a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a>), and Luvox (<a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">fluvoxamine</a>) did not have an increased risk of recurrence, due to their lack of competitive metabolism for the CYP2D6 enzyme.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A newer study demonstrated a clearer and stronger effect from paroxetine in causing the worst outcomes. Patients treated with both paroxetine and tamoxifen have a 67% increased risk of death from breast cancer, from 24% to 91%, depending on the duration of coadministration.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Tamoxifen interacts with certain other <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">aromatase inhibitor</a> <a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">aminoglutethimide</a> induces the metabolism of tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> Conversely, the aromatase inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Letrozole" title="Letrozole">letrozole</a> does not affect the metabolism of tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> However, tamoxifen induces the metabolism of letrozole and significantly reduces its concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pharmacodynamics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator_activity">Selective estrogen receptor modulator activity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Selective estrogen receptor modulator activity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3ert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3ert.png/220px-3ert.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3ert.png/330px-3ert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3ert.png/440px-3ert.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography#Biological_macromolecular_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">Crystallographic structure</a> of afimoxifene (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> = white, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> = red, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> = blue) complexed with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor#Structure" title="Nuclear receptor">ligand binding domain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_alpha" title="Estrogen receptor alpha">estrogen receptor alpha</a> (ERα) (cyan ribbon).<a href="#cite_note-pmid9875847-66">[66]</a></figcaption></figure> Tamoxifen acts as a <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">selective estrogen receptor modulator</a> (SERM), or as a <a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">partial agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptors</a> (ERs). It has mixed <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogenic</a> activity, with its profile of effects differing by <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>. For instance, tamoxifen has predominantly antiestrogenic effects in the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breasts</a> but predominantly estrogenic effects in the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>. In breast tissue, tamoxifen acts as an ER <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> so that <a href="/wiki/Gene_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene transcription">transcription</a> of estrogen-responsive genes is inhibited.<a href="#cite_note-Wang_2004-67">[67]</a> A beneficial side effect of tamoxifen is that it prevents bone loss by acting as an ER <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> (i.e., mimicking the effects of estrogen) in this cell type. Therefore, by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Osteoclasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteoclasts">osteoclasts</a>, it prevents <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17803905-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18219273-69">[69]</a> When tamoxifen was launched as a drug, it was thought that tamoxifen would act as an ER antagonist in all tissues, including bone, and therefore it was feared that it would contribute to osteoporosis. It was therefore very surprising that the opposite effect was observed clinically. Hence tamoxifen's tissue selective action directly led to the formulation of the concept of SERMs.<a href="#cite_note-Mincey_2000-70">[70]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tissue-specific_estrogenic_and_antiestrogenic_activity_of_SERMs" title="Template:Tissue-specific estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of SERMs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tissue-specific_estrogenic_and_antiestrogenic_activity_of_SERMs" title="Template talk:Tissue-specific estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of SERMs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tissue-specific_estrogenic_and_antiestrogenic_activity_of_SERMs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tissue-specific estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of SERMs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Tissue-specific estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity of <abbr title="selective estrogen receptor modulators">SERMs</abbr> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Medication</th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a></th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">Lipids</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulation</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1"><abbr title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Insulin-like growth factor 1</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">Hot flashes</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">Gonadotropins</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a></td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Ideal SERM"</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">± </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bazedoxifene" title="Bazedoxifene">Bazedoxifene</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td>?</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">Clomifene</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td>?</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>?</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">± </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lasofoxifene" title="Lasofoxifene">Lasofoxifene</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ospemifene" title="Ospemifene">Ospemifene</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">± </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">±</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">± </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tamoxifen</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">± </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toremifene" title="Toremifene">Toremifene</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">–</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">± </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="15" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Effect: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">+ = <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogenic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonistic</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">± = Mixed or neutral. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">– = <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">Antiestrogenic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonistic</a>. Note: SERMs generally increase gonadotropin levels in hypogonadal and eugonadal men as well as premenopausal women (antiestrogenic) but decrease gonadotropin levels in postmenopausal women (estrogenic). Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> Tamoxifen is a long-acting SERM, with a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_retention" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear retention">nuclear retention</a> of the ER–tamoxifen (or metabolite) complex of greater than 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2013-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-WallachHammond1982-72">[72]</a> It has relatively little <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> for the ERs itself and instead acts as a <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> of <a href="/wiki/Active_metabolite" title="Active metabolite">active metabolites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">endoxifen</a> (4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen) and <a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">afimoxifene</a> (4-hydroxytamoxifen; 4-OHT).<a href="#cite_note-pmid23962908-9">[9]</a> These metabolites have approximately 30 to 100 times greater affinity for the ERs than tamoxifen itself.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20981001-73">[73]</a> Per one study, tamoxifen had 7% and 6% of the affinity of <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a> for the <a href="/wiki/ER%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ERα">ERα</a> and <a href="/wiki/ER%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ERβ">ERβ</a>, respectively, whereas afimoxifene had 178% and 338% of the affinity of estradiol for the ERα and ERβ, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16112947-74">[74]</a> Hence, afimoxifene showed 25-fold higher affinity for the ERα and 56-fold higher affinity for the ERβ than tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15863530-75">[75]</a> The antiestrogenic potencies of endoxifen and afimoxifene are very similar.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23962908-9">[9]</a> However, endoxifen occurs in much higher concentrations than afimoxifene and is now thought to be the major active form of tamoxifen in the body.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23962908-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25618289-76">[76]</a> Tamoxifen binds to ER competitively (with respect to the endogenous agonist estrogen) in tumor cells and other tissue targets, producing a nuclear complex that decreases DNA synthesis and inhibits estrogen effects. It is a nonsteroidal agent with potent antiestrogenic properties which compete with estrogen for <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">binding sites</a> in breast and other tissues. Tamoxifen causes cells to remain in the G0 and G1 phases of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">cell cycle</a>. Because it prevents (pre)cancerous cells from dividing but does not cause cell death, tamoxifen is cytostatic rather than cytocidal. Tamoxifen binds to ER, the ER/tamoxifen complex recruits other proteins known as <a href="/wiki/Corepressor_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corepressor (genetics)">co-repressors</a>, and the complex then binds to DNA to modulate gene expression. Some of these proteins include <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_co-repressor_1" title="Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1">NCoR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_co-repressor_2" title="Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2">SMRT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11136970-77">[77]</a> Tamoxifen function can be regulated by a number of different variables including growth factors.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18245484-78">[78]</a> Tamoxifen needs to block growth factor proteins such as <a href="/wiki/ERBB2" class="mw-redirect" title="ERBB2">ErbB2/HER2</a><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado_2008-79">[79]</a> because high levels of ErbB2 have been shown to occur in tamoxifen resistant cancers.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12618500-80">[80]</a> Tamoxifen seems to require a protein <a href="/wiki/PAX2" title="PAX2">PAX2</a> for its full anticancer effect.<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado_2008-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-urlwww.modernmedicine.com-81">[81]</a> In the presence of high PAX2 expression, the tamoxifen/ER complex is able to suppress the expression of the pro-proliferative <a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">ERBB2</a> protein. In contrast, when <a href="/wiki/AIB-1" class="mw-redirect" title="AIB-1">AIB-1</a> expression is higher than PAX2, tamoxifen/ER complex upregulates the expression of ERBB2 resulting in stimulation of breast cancer growth.<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado_2008-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-urlCORDIS_:_News-82">[82]</a> Tamoxifen is <a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonadotropic">antigonadotropic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Postmenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmenopausal">postmenopausal</a> women and partially suppresses levels of the <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) and <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) in such women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23687971-83">[83]</a> However, it has <a href="/wiki/Progonadotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Progonadotropic">progonadotropic</a> effects in <a href="/wiki/Premenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Premenopausal">premenopausal</a> women and increases estrogen levels by 6-fold in them.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23687971-83">[83]</a> Due to the nature of tamoxifen as a competitive ER ligand, this increase in estrogen levels is liable to interfere with the antiestrogenic efficacy of tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23687971-83">[83]</a> The effects of tamoxifen on <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ki-67_(protein)" title="Ki-67 (protein)">Ki-67</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG) levels, and IGF-1 levels are <a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">dose-dependent</a> across a dosage range of 1 to 20 mg/day in women with breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15755972-84">[84]</a> Tamoxifen has been found to decrease <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">insulin-like growth factor 1</a> (IGF-1) levels by 17 to 38% in women and men.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27704479-85">[85]</a> Suppression of IGF-1 production in the liver is a well-known action of estrogens and SERMs.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27704479-85">[85]</a> A 10 mg/day dosage of tamoxifen is nearly as effective as a 20 mg/day dosage in suppressing IGF-1 levels.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other activities">edit</a>]</div> Afimoxifene is an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_estrogen_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled estrogen receptor">G protein-coupled estrogen receptor</a> (GPER) with relatively low <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26023144-86">[86]</a> Its affinity for the receptor is in the range of 100 to 1,000 nM, relative to 3 to 6 nM for estradiol.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26023144-86">[86]</a> In addition to its activity as a SERM, afimoxifene binds to both the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen-related receptor β">estrogen-related receptor β</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_%CE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen-related receptor γ">estrogen-related receptor γ</a> and is an antagonist of the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_%CE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogen-related receptor γ">estrogen-related receptor γ</a> (ERRγ).<a href="#cite_note-pmid16515477-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norendoxifen" title="Norendoxifen">Norendoxifen</a> (4-hydroxy-N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen), another <a href="/wiki/Active_metabolite" title="Active metabolite">active metabolite</a> of tamoxifen, has been found to act as a <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> <a href="/wiki/Competitive_inhibition" title="Competitive inhibition">competitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">aromatase inhibitor</a> (<a href="/wiki/IC50" title="IC50">IC50</a> = 90 nM), and may also be involved in the antiestrogenic activity of tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23824607-88">[88]</a> In addition to its activity as a SERM, tamoxifen is a <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binding_selectivity" title="Binding selectivity">selective</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_C" title="Protein kinase C">protein kinase C</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_inhibitor" title="Protein kinase inhibitor">inhibitor</a>, and is active in this regard at therapeutic concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-ZarateManji2009-89">[89]</a> This action is thought to underlie the efficacy of tamoxifen in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZarateManji2009-89">[89]</a> Tamoxifen is an inhibitor of <a href="/wiki/P-glycoprotein" title="P-glycoprotein">P-glycoprotein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a> In 2018, it was discovered that tamoxifen directly interacts with the <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">dopamine transporter</a> (DAT) and acts as an atypical <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (DRI).<a href="#cite_note-NepalDasReith2023-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-MikelmanGuptaroySchmitt2018-91">[91]</a> It has weak <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potency</a> (54% inhibition of dopamine uptake at 10 μM) and lacks any <a href="/wiki/Psychostimulant" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychostimulant">stimulant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_depressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Central depressant">depressant</a> effects when administered by itself.<a href="#cite_note-NepalDasReith2023-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-MikelmanGuptaroySchmitt2018-91">[91]</a> However, tamoxifen <a href="/wiki/Dose_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose dependence">dose-dependently</a> blocks <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>-mediated <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agent" title="Dopamine releasing agent">dopamine release</a> and psychostimulant-like effects in animals.<a href="#cite_note-NepalDasReith2023-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-MikelmanGuptaroySchmitt2018-91">[91]</a> This unusual profile of DRI activity has made tamoxifen of potential interest as a starting point for <a href="/wiki/Structural_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural modification">structural modification</a> to develop novel pharmaceutical drugs for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Stimulant_use_disorder" title="Stimulant use disorder">stimulant use disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NepalDasReith2023-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-MikelmanGuptaroySchmitt2018-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absorption">Absorption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Absorption">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen is rapidly and extensively <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacokinetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption (pharmacokinetics)">absorbed</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a> with <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrennerStevens2017-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> of tamoxifen is approximately 100%, which is suggestive of minimal <a href="/wiki/First-pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First-pass metabolism">first-pass metabolism</a> in the intestines and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> Following intake, <a href="/wiki/Peak_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak levels">peak levels</a> of tamoxifen occur after three to seven hours.<a href="#cite_note-DeVitaLawrence2016-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steady_state_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Steady state levels">Steady state levels</a> of tamoxifen are reached typically after 3 to 4 weeks but possibly up to 16 weeks of daily administration.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nagar2010-11">[11]</a> Steady state levels of afimoxifene are achieved after 8 weeks of daily tamoxifen administration.<a href="#cite_note-Nagar2010-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo2011-7">[7]</a> Peak levels of tamoxifen after a single 40 mg oral dose were 65 ng/mL and steady state levels at 20 mg/day were 310 ng/mL.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> Levels of tamoxifen show clear <a href="/wiki/Dose_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Dose dependency">dose dependency</a> across a dosage range of 1 to 20 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15073109-93">[93]</a> Endoxifen levels are approximately 5 to 10 times higher than afimoxifene levels, with large <a href="/wiki/Interindividual_variability" class="mw-redirect" title="Interindividual variability">interindividual variability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23962908-9">[9]</a> Endoxifen levels have been reported as 10.8 to 15.9 ng/mL at steady state in <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> normal metabolizers during therapy with 20 mg/day tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a> The most abundant <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> of tamoxifen in terms of circulating concentrations are <a href="/wiki/N-desmethyltamoxifen" class="mw-redirect" title="N-desmethyltamoxifen">N-desmethyltamoxifen</a>, <a href="/wiki/N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen">N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">(Z)-endoxifen</a>, and tamoxifen N-oxide.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21451508-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6184101-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution">Distribution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">volume of distribution</a> of tamoxifen is 50 to 60 L/kg and its <a href="/wiki/Clearance_(pharmacology)" title="Clearance (pharmacology)">clearance</a> has been estimated as 1.2 to 5.1 L/hour.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeVitaLawrence2016-92">[92]</a> High concentrations of tamoxifen have been found in <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, liver, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a> tissue in animals and humans.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> Levels of tamoxifen in the uterus have been found to be 2- to 3-fold higher than in the circulation<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> and in the breasts 10-fold higher than in the circulation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15073109-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">plasma protein binding</a> of tamoxifen and afimoxifene is greater than 99%.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo2011-7">[7]</a> A majority of tamoxifen is bound to <a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">albumin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> Albumin alone binds 98.8% of tamoxifen while other <a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein" title="Plasma protein">plasma proteins</a> are not greatly involved.<a href="#cite_note-pmid2702659-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Metabolism">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Tamoxifen and its metabolites in humans<a href="#cite_note-pmid19574470-96">[96]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound </th> <th>Mean plasma concentrations </th> <th>Effect on ER / affinity for ERa </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tamoxifen </td> <td>190–420 nmol/L </td> <td>Weak antagonist / 2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethyltamoxifen" title="N-Desmethyltamoxifen">N-Desmethyltamoxifen</a> </td> <td>280–800 nmol/L </td> <td>Weak antagonist / 1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N,N-Desmethyltamoxifen" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-Desmethyltamoxifen">N,N-Desmethyltamoxifen</a> </td> <td>90–120 nmol/L </td> <td>Weak antagonist </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">Endoxifen</a> </td> <td>14–130 nmol/L </td> <td>Strong antagonist / equal to afimoxifene </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">Afimoxifene</a> </td> <td>3–17 nmol/Lb </td> <td>Strong antagonist / 188% </td></tr> <tr> <td>α-Hydroxytamoxifen </td> <td>1 nmol/L </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,4-Dihydroxytamoxifen </td> <td>? </td> <td>Weak antagonist / high affinity </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tamoxifen N-oxide </td> <td>15–24 nmol/L </td> <td>Weak antagonistc </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Footnotes: a = Estradiol is 100%. b = One study reported a much higher concentration (67 nmol/L). c = Might be due to reduction to tamoxifen. </td></tr></tbody></table> Tamoxifen is a <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> <a href="/wiki/Isoform" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoform">isoforms</a> <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CYP2C9" title="CYP2C9">CYP2C9</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a> into <a href="/wiki/Active_metabolite" title="Active metabolite">active metabolites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">endoxifen</a> (4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen) and <a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">afimoxifene</a> (4-hydroxytamoxifen).<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nolvadex-Label-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a> Conversion of tamoxifen by N-demethylation into <a href="/wiki/N-desmethyltamoxifen" class="mw-redirect" title="N-desmethyltamoxifen">N-desmethyltamoxifen</a>, which is catalyzed primarily by CYP3A4 and <a href="/wiki/CYP3A5" title="CYP3A5">CYP3A5</a>, is responsible for approximately 92% of tamoxifen metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23962908-9">[9]</a> Conversely, 4-hydroxylation of tamoxifen into afimoxifene is responsible for only about 7% of tamoxifen metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23962908-9">[9]</a> Following its formation, N-desmethyltamoxifen is <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidized</a> into several other metabolites, the most notable of which is endoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23962908-9">[9]</a> Another active metabolite, <a href="/wiki/Norendoxifen" title="Norendoxifen">norendoxifen</a> (4-hydroxy-N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen), is formed via N-demethylation of endoxifen or 4-hydroxylation of <a href="/wiki/N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen" class="mw-redirect" title="N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen">N,N-didesmethyltamoxifen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a> Tamoxifen and its metabolites undergo <a href="/wiki/Conjugation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugation (biochemistry)">conjugation</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Glucuronidation" title="Glucuronidation">glucuronidation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfation" title="Sulfation">sulfation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nagar2010-11">[11]</a> Tamoxifen may inhibit its own metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elimination">Elimination</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Elimination">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen has a long <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of typically 5 to 7 days, with a range of 4 to 11 days.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeVitaLawrence2016-92">[92]</a> Similarly, the half-life of afimoxifene is 14 days.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo2011-7">[7]</a> Conversely, the half-life of <a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">endoxifen</a> is 50 to 70 hours (2–3 days).<a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-SpitmanSwen2019-8">[8]</a> The long half-lives of tamoxifen and afimoxifene are attributed to their high plasma protein binding as well as to <a href="/wiki/Enterohepatic_recirculation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterohepatic recirculation">enterohepatic recirculation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo2011-7">[7]</a> Upon discontinuation of treatment, levels of tamoxifen and its metabolites persist in the circulation for at least 6 weeks.<a href="#cite_note-ChabnerLongo2011-7">[7]</a> Tamoxifen is <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreted</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Elimination_(pharmacology)" title="Elimination (pharmacology)">eliminated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, while small amounts are eliminated in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MorelloWurz2003-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen is a <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal" title="Nonsteroidal">nonsteroidal</a> SERM of the <a href="/wiki/Triphenylethylene" title="Triphenylethylene">triphenylethylene</a> family and was structurally derived from <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a>-like estrogens and <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogens</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chlorotrianisene" title="Chlorotrianisene">chlorotrianisene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethamoxytriphetol" title="Ethamoxytriphetol">ethamoxytriphetol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan1986-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pratt1994-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaximovMcDaniel2013-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravina2011-100">[100]</a> Initially, <a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">clomifene</a> was synthesized, and tamoxifen was developed subsequently.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan1986-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-MaximovMcDaniel2013-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravina2011-100">[100]</a> Tamoxifen is closely related structurally to other triphenylethylenes, such as clomifene, <a href="/wiki/Nafoxidine" title="Nafoxidine">nafoxidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ospemifene" title="Ospemifene">ospemifene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toremifene" title="Toremifene">toremifene</a>, and numerous others.<a href="#cite_note-CanoAlsina2006-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-OrwollBilezikian2009-102">[102]</a> Other SERMs, like <a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">raloxifene</a>, are structurally distinct from tamoxifen and other triphenylethylenes.<a href="#cite_note-OrwollBilezikian2009-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1950s, pharmaceutical companies were actively researching a newly discovered class of anti-estrogen compounds in the hope of developing a morning-after contraceptive pill. Arthur L Walpole was a reproductive <a href="/wiki/Endocrinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrinologist">endocrinologist</a> who led such a team at the <a href="/wiki/Alderley_Park" title="Alderley Park">Alderley Park</a> research laboratories of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">ICI</a> Pharmaceuticals.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan_2006-18">[18]</a> It was there in 1962 that chemist Dora Richardson first synthesized tamoxifen, back then known as ICI-46,474, when she was looking to create triphenylethylene derivatives for the contraceptive pill project that her team was researching.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-471-89979-8-103">[103]</a> This compound was originally created to work as an estrogen inhibitor, but instead was found to stimulate ovulation in participants of the drug testing trial.<a href="#cite_note-Viviane_M_2017-17">[17]</a> Walpole and his colleagues filed a UK patent covering this compound in 1962, but patent protection on this compound was repeatedly denied in the US until the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan_2003-104">[104]</a> Tamoxifen did eventually receive marketing approval as a fertility treatment, but the class of compounds never proved useful in human contraception. A link between estrogen and breast cancer had been known for many years, but cancer treatments were not a corporate priority at the time, and Walpole's personal interests were important in keeping support for the compound alive in the face of this and the lack of patent protection.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan_2006-18">[18]</a> It was only when Walpole threatened to leave his position that corporate decided to allow trials and testing for tamoxifen as a drug that could be used to treat breast cancer. Without Walpole's effort towards defending the work that his team had done in discovering a possibly revolutionary source for breast cancer treatment, tamoxifen could have become a discarded or under-researched idea. Walpole's team consisted of Dora Richardson and G. A. Snow, who worked on the chemistry portion of the project, along with G. E. Paget and J. K. Walley, who focused primarily on the biological side.<a href="#cite_note-Viviane_M_2017-17">[17]</a> Tamoxifen is one of three drugs in an <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Angiogenesis inhibitor">anti-angiogenetic</a> protocol developed by <a href="/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman">Dr. Judah Folkman</a>, a researcher at Children's Hospital at Harvard Medical School in Boston. Folkman discovered in the 1970s that <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a> – the growth of new blood vessels – plays a significant role in the development of cancer. Since his discovery, an entirely new field of cancer research has developed. Clinical trials on <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Angiogenesis inhibitor">angiogenesis inhibitors</a> have been underway since 1992 using many different drugs. The Harvard researchers developed a specific protocol for a golden retriever named Navy who was cancer-free after receiving the prescribed cocktail of <a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">celecoxib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a>, and tamoxifen – the treatment subsequently became known as the Navy Protocol.<a href="#cite_note-urlUSA_Today-105">[105]</a> Furthermore, tamoxifen treatment alone has been shown to have anti-angiogenetic effects in animal models of cancer which appear to be, at least in part, independent of tamoxifen's ER antagonist properties.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11106254-106">[106]</a> Other antiestrogens, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethamoxytriphetol" title="Ethamoxytriphetol">ethamoxytriphetol</a> (MER-25) and <a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">clomifene</a> (MRL-41), were assessed for treatment of breast cancer and found to be effective before tamoxifen, but were plagued with <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> issues.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12796359-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-HowellJordan2013B-108">[108]</a> The first clinical study of tamoxifen took place at the <a href="/wiki/Christie_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Christie Hospital">Christie Hospital</a> in 1971, and showed a convincing effect in advanced breast cancer, but nevertheless ICI's development programme came close to termination when it was reviewed in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Cole_1971-109">[109]</a> In an unpublished article from the early days of the trial, Dora Richardson documented her team's excitement about tamoxifen's effects in counteracting infertility problems and the early positive effects found in breast cancer patients. Unfortunately, this work was not well received by everyone, as the team was supposed to be looking for a contraceptive pill.<a href="#cite_note-Viviane_M_2017-17">[17]</a> Tamoxifen's further development may have been bolstered by a second clinical study by Harold W.C. Ward <a href="#cite_note-Ward_1973-110">[110]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham">Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham</a>. Ward's study showed a more definitive response to the drug at a higher dosage. Walpole also may have helped to convince the company to market tamoxifen for late stage breast cancer in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan_2003-104">[104]</a> He was also instrumental in funding <a href="/wiki/V._Craig_Jordan" title="V. Craig Jordan">V. Craig Jordan</a> to work on tamoxifen. In 1972, ICI Pharmaceuticals Division abandoned development of tamoxifen for financial reasons. The drug was subsequently reinvented from a failed contraceptive, to become tamoxifen, the gold standard for the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer and the pioneering medicine for chemprevention for high-risk women.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Two books, Estrogen Action, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Women's Health (Imperial College Press 2013) and Tamoxifen: Pioneering Medicine in Breast Cancer (Springer 2013) tell this story. <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:small; margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comparison_of_early_clinical_experience_with_antiestrogens_for_advanced_breast_cancer" title="Template:Comparison of early clinical experience with antiestrogens for advanced breast cancer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comparison_of_early_clinical_experience_with_antiestrogens_for_advanced_breast_cancer" title="Template talk:Comparison of early clinical experience with antiestrogens for advanced breast cancer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comparison_of_early_clinical_experience_with_antiestrogens_for_advanced_breast_cancer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comparison of early clinical experience with antiestrogens for advanced breast cancer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Comparison of early clinical experience with antiestrogens for advanced breast cancer </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Antiestrogen </th> <th>Dosage </th> <th>Year(s) </th> <th>Response rate </th> <th>Adverse effects </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethamoxytriphetol" title="Ethamoxytriphetol">Ethamoxytriphetol</a> </td> <td>500–4,500 mg/day </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>25% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acute_psychotic_episode" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute psychotic episode">Acute psychotic episodes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">Clomifene</a> </td> <td>100–300 mg/day </td> <td>1964–1974 </td> <td>34% </td> <td>Risks of <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataracts</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nafoxidine" title="Nafoxidine">Nafoxidine</a> </td> <td>180–240 mg/day </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>31% </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">Cataracts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosis" title="Ichthyosis">ichthyosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">photophobia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tamoxifen </td> <td>20–40 mg/day </td> <td>1971–1973 </td> <td>31% </td> <td>Transient <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">thrombocytopenia</a>a </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Footnotes: a = "The particular advantage of this drug is the low incidence of troublesome side effects (25)." "Side effects were usually trivial (26)." Sources: <a href="#cite_note-pmid12796359-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-HowellJordan2013-113">[113]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> 1980 saw the publication of the first trial to show that tamoxifen given in addition to chemotherapy improved survival for patients with early breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Baum_2003-114">[114]</a> In advanced disease, tamoxifen is now only recognized as effective in ER+ patients, but the early trials did not select ER+ patients, and by the mid-1980s the clinical trial picture was not showing a major advantage for tamoxifen.<a href="#cite_note-FURR_1984-115">[115]</a> Nevertheless, tamoxifen had a relatively mild side-effect profile, and a number of large trials continued. The pharmacology of SERMs was discovered, defined, and deciphered during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> A clinical strategy was described<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> that led to the creation of SERMs as a group of multifunctional medicines aimed at the treatment or prevention of many conditions in postmenopausal women, e.g. osteoporosis and breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The early sales of tamoxifen in both the UK and in the U.S. far exceeded ICI's original estimate, but despite this, at the annual portfolio review ICI's board members still asserted that "there was no market for cancer", leaving the drug's marketing success to rely on its clinical results and clinicians' and scientists' interests in it. Shortly after, Dora Richardson published a history of tamoxifen that, unusually for that type of paper, included personal accounts and letters from patients who attributed their healing to the drug. This testimony from cancer patients using tamoxifen helped to shape and push forward research, by justifying it both morally and scientifically to corporations.<a href="#cite_note-Viviane_M_2017-17">[17]</a> It was not until 1998 that the meta-analysis of the Oxford-based Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group showed definitively that tamoxifen was effective for early breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9605801-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Brand names">edit</a>]</div> Tamoxifen is marketed under the brand names Nolvadex and Soltamox, and a variety of other brand names throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-drug_dictionary-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> Global sales of tamoxifen in 2001 were approximately $1.02 billion.<a href="#cite_note-urlCancer_the_generic_impact-121">[121]</a> Since the expiration of the patent in 2002, it is widely available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic drug</a> around the world. As of 2004<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit">[update]</a>, tamoxifen was the world's largest selling hormonal drug for the treatment of breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-urlwww.astrazeneca.se-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/McCune-Albright_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="McCune-Albright syndrome">McCune-Albright syndrome</a> (MAS) tamoxifen has been used to treat <a href="/wiki/Premature_puberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature puberty">premature puberty</a> and the consequences of premature puberty. Tamoxifen has been seen to decrease rapid <a href="/wiki/Bone_maturation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone maturation">bone maturation</a> which is the result of <a href="/wiki/Hyperestrogenism" title="Hyperestrogenism">excessive estrogen</a> and alter predicted adult height (PAH).<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The same effects have also been seen in short pubertal boys.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> However, one in vitro study in 2007 and later an in vivo study in 2008 have shown that tamoxifen induces apoptosis in growth plate chondrocytes, reduces serum <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">insulin-like growth factor 1</a> (IGF-1) levels and causes persistent retardation of longitudinal and cortical radial bone growth in young male rats, leading the researchers to express concern giving tamoxifen to growing individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18348701-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Tamoxifen has been studied in the treatment of the rare conditions of <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal_fibrosis" title="Retroperitoneal fibrosis">retroperitoneal fibrosis</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16418409-128">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_sclerosing_mesenteritis" title="Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis">idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17478346-129">[129]</a> It has also been proposed as part of a treatment plan for <a href="/wiki/Riedel%27s_thyroiditis" title="Riedel's thyroiditis">Riedel's thyroiditis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12698518-130">[130]</a> Tamoxifen is used as a research tool to trigger tissue-specific gene expression in many conditional expression constructs in <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_animal" title="Genetically modified animal">genetically modified animals</a> including a version of the <a href="/wiki/Cre-Lox_recombination" title="Cre-Lox recombination">Cre-Lox recombination</a> technique.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8855277-131">[131]</a> While widely used in transgenic research, the strong anabolic effect of tamoxifen on bone might confound this approach, especially as it relates to bone-targeted constructs. Tamoxifen may be effective in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a> in people with <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TalaeiPourgholami2016-132">[132]</a> This is thought to be due to blockade of <a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_C" title="Protein kinase C">protein kinase C</a> (PKC), an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that regulates <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a> activity in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TalaeiPourgholami2016-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-SaxenaScaini2017-133">[133]</a> Researchers believe PKC is overactive during the mania in bipolar patients.<a href="#cite_note-TalaeiPourgholami2016-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-SaxenaScaini2017-133">[133]</a> As of September 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">endoxifen</a>, a major active metabolite of tamoxifen with a 4-fold more potent PKC inhibition, was in <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">phase III</a> clinical trials for bipolar disorder.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-Endoxifen-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid29207335-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-drug_dictionary-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drug_dictionary_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-drug_dictionary_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Molecular Neuropsychiatry. 3 (2): 108–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000480349">10.1159/000480349</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5701269">5701269</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29230399">29230399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Neuropsychiatry&rft.atitle=Role+of+Protein+Kinase+C+in+Bipolar+Disorder%3A+A+Review+of+the+Current+Literature&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-124&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5701269%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29230399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000480349&rft.aulast=Saxena&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Scaini%2C+G&rft.au=Bavaresco%2C+DV&rft.au=Leite%2C+C&rft.au=Valvassori%2C+SS&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+AF&rft.au=Quevedo%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5701269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamoxifen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdisInsight-Endoxifen-134"><a href="#cite_ref-AdisInsight-Endoxifen_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800036114">"Endoxifen - Intas Pharmaceuticals/Jina pharmaceuticals"</a>. AdisInsight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AdisInsight&rft.atitle=Endoxifen+-+Intas+Pharmaceuticals%2FJina+pharmaceuticals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadisinsight.springer.com%2Fdrugs%2F800036114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamoxifen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29207335-135"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29207335_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad I (January 2018). "Tamoxifen a pioneering drug: An update on the therapeutic potential of tamoxifen derivatives". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 143: 515–531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejmech.2017.11.056">10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.056</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29207335">29207335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Tamoxifen+a+pioneering+drug%3A+An+update+on+the+therapeutic+potential+of+tamoxifen+derivatives&rft.volume=143&rft.pages=515-531&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejmech.2017.11.056&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29207335&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamoxifen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2014" class="citation book cs1">Dean L (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247013/">"Tamoxifen Therapy and CYP2D6 Genotype"</a>. In Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999/">Medical Genetics Summaries</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28520357">28520357</a>. Bookshelf ID: NBK247013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tamoxifen+Therapy+and+CYP2D6+Genotype&rft.btitle=Medical+Genetics+Summaries&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information+%28NCBI%29&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28520357&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK247013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamoxifen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamoxifen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2733526">"Tamoxifen"</a>. PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PubChem&rft.atitle=Tamoxifen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2F2733526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamoxifen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2733525">"Tamoxifen citrate"</a>. PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PubChem&rft.atitle=Tamoxifen+citrate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2F2733525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamoxifen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/tamoxifencitrate">"Tamoxifen citrate"</a>. National Cancer Institute. 5 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Tamoxifen+citrate&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fabout-cancer%2Ftreatment%2Fdrugs%2Ftamoxifencitrate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamoxifen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template talk:Estrogens and antiestrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">antiestrogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">Alfatradiol</a></li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">testosterone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">methyltestosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">metandienone</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">nandrolone esters</a>) (via estrogenic metabolites)</li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">noretynodrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">etynodiol diacetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">tibolone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomestrone" title="Clomestrone">Clomestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol_acetate" title="Cloxestradiol acetate">Cloxestradiol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estriol" title="Conjugated estriol">Conjugated estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">Epiestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimestrol" title="Epimestrol">Epimestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens" title="Esterified estrogens">Esterified estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetrol_(medication)" title="Estetrol (medication)">Estetrol</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estradiol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_acetate" title="Estradiol acetate">estradiol acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_benzoate" title="Estradiol benzoate">estradiol benzoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_cypionate" title="Estradiol cypionate">estradiol cypionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_enanthate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol enanthate">estradiol enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_undecylate" title="Estradiol undecylate">estradiol undecylate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">estradiol valerate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">polyestradiol phosphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_ester_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol ester mixture">estradiol ester mixtures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climacteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Climacteron">Climacteron</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine_phosphate" title="Estramustine phosphate">Estramustine phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_(medication)" title="Estriol (medication)">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estriol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estriol esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estriol_succinate" title="Estriol succinate">estriol succinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyestriol_phosphate" title="Polyestriol phosphate">polyestriol phosphate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogenic_substances" title="Estrogenic substances">Estrogenic substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_(medication)" title="Estrone (medication)">Estrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estrone_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estrone esters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate_(medication)" title="Estrone sulfate (medication)">Estrone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estropipate" title="Estropipate">Estropipate (piperazine estrone sulfate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">Ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyestrone_diacetate" title="Hydroxyestrone diacetate">Hydroxyestrone diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestranol" title="Mestranol">Mestranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylestradiol" title="Methylestradiol">Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxestrol" title="Moxestrol">Moxestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilestriol" title="Nilestriol">Nilestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">Prasterone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">Prasterone sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promestriene" title="Promestriene">Promestriene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestradol" title="Quinestradol">Quinestradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestrol" title="Quinestrol">Quinestrol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/Benzestrol" title="Benzestrol">Benzestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrianisene" title="Chlorotrianisene">Chlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol" title="Dienestrol">Dienestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol_diacetate" title="Dienestrol diacetate">Dienestrol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol (stilbestrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Diethylstilbestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Diethylstilbestrol esters/ethers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimestrol" title="Dimestrol">Dimestrol (diethylstilbestrol dimethyl ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfestrol" title="Fosfestrol">Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestilbol" title="Mestilbol">Mestilbol (diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynoestrol" title="Doisynoestrol">Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexestrol" title="Hexestrol">Hexestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Hexestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Hexestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methallenestril" title="Methallenestril">Methallenestril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol" title="Methestrol">Methestrol (promethestrol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol_dipropionate" title="Methestrol dipropionate">Methestrol dipropionate (promethestrol dipropionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">Paroxypropione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrosilan" title="Quadrosilan">Quadrosilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylbromoethylene" title="Triphenylbromoethylene">Triphenylbromoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylchloroethylene" title="Triphenylchloroethylene">Triphenylchloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">Zeranol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progonadotropin" title="Progonadotropin">Progonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> (gonadorelin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">Gonadotropins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone"><abbr title="follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip follicle-stimulating hormone, <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone"><abbr title="luteinizing hormone">LH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip luteinizing hormone)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">Antiestrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor antagonists (incl. <a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="selective estrogen receptor modulators">SERMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip selective estrogen receptor modulators/<a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_downregulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor downregulators"><abbr title="selective estrogen receptor downregulators">SERDs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip selective estrogen receptor downregulators)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolbifene" title="Acolbifene">Acolbifene</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordrin" title="Anordrin">Anordrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazedoxifene" title="Bazedoxifene">Bazedoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broparestrol" title="Broparestrol">Broparestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">Clomifene</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclofenil" title="Cyclofenil">Cyclofenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclomifene" title="Enclomifene">Enclomifene</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasofoxifene" title="Lasofoxifene">Lasofoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospemifene" title="Ospemifene">Ospemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamoxifen</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toremifene" title="Toremifene">Toremifene</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Exclusively antagonistic: <a href="/wiki/Elacestrant" title="Elacestrant">Elacestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Noncompetitive inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">Aromatase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First-generation: <a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">Aminoglutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testolactone" title="Testolactone">Testolactone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Second-generation: <a href="/wiki/Fadrozole" title="Fadrozole">Fadrozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Third-generation: <a href="/wiki/Anastrozole" title="Anastrozole">Anastrozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letrozole" title="Letrozole">Letrozole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">Antigonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">testosterone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">nandrolone esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">oxandrolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">fluoxymesterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D2 receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">antagonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> releasers) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">sulpiride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goserelin" title="Goserelin">goserelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH antagonist"><abbr title="gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</abbr> antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">cetrorelix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elagolix" title="Elagolix">elagolix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mixed mechanism of action: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Androstenedione immunogens: <a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#DDDDFF;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens">Progestogens and antiprogestogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_estrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal estrogens">List of estrogens</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estrogen_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estrogen_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">Estrogen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17%CE%B2-ol" title="3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol">3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B1,5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel (page does not exist)">3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B2,5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel (page does not exist)">3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Hydroxytibolone" title="3α-Hydroxytibolone">3α-Hydroxytibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxytibolone" title="3β-Hydroxytibolone">3β-Hydroxytibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">4-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroestradiol" title="4-Fluoroestradiol">4-Fluoroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestradiol" title="4-Hydroxyestradiol">4-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestrone" title="4-Hydroxyestrone">4-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestradiol" title="4-Methoxyestradiol">4-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestrone" title="4-Methoxyestrone">4-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">5-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Oxo-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methylestradiol" title="7α-Methylestradiol">7α-Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8,9-Dehydroestradiol" title="8,9-Dehydroestradiol">8,9-Dehydroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8,9-Dehydroestrone" title="8,9-Dehydroestrone">8,9-Dehydroestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8%CE%B2-VE2" title="8β-VE2">8β-VE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10%CE%B2,17%CE%B2-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one" title="10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one">10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Chloromethylestradiol" title="11β-Chloromethylestradiol">11β-Chloromethylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methoxyestradiol" title="11β-Methoxyestradiol">11β-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B1-Hydroxyestradiol" title="15α-Hydroxyestradiol">15α-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestradiol" title="16-Ketoestradiol">16-Ketoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestrone" title="16-Ketoestrone">16-Ketoestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Fluoroestradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="16α-Fluoroestradiol">16α-Fluoroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="16α-Hydroxy-DHEA">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyestrone" title="16α-Hydroxyestrone">16α-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Iodoestradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="16α-Iodoestradiol">16α-Iodoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-LE2" title="16α-LE2">16α-LE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2-Hydroxyestrone" title="16β-Hydroxyestrone">16β-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2,17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="16β,17α-Epiestriol">16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Estradiol" title="17α-Estradiol">17α-Estradiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">alfatradiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Dihydroequilenin" title="17α-Dihydroequilenin">17α-Dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Dihydroequilin" title="17α-Dihydroequilin">17α-Dihydroequilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="17α-Epiestriol">17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Dihydroequilenin" title="17β-Dihydroequilenin">17β-Dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Dihydroequilin" title="17β-Dihydroequilin">17β-Dihydroequilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Methyl-17%CE%B1-dihydroequilenin" title="17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin">17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alestramustine" title="Alestramustine">Alestramustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almestrone" title="Almestrone">Almestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">methyltestosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">esters</a>, many others; via estrogenic metabolites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrimustine" title="Atrimustine">Atrimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butolame" title="Butolame">Butolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomestrone" title="Clomestrone">Clomestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol" title="Cloxestradiol">Cloxestradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol_acetate" title="Cloxestradiol acetate">Cloxestradiol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estriol" title="Conjugated estriol">Conjugated estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclodiol" title="Cyclodiol">Cyclodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotriol" title="Cyclotriol">Cyclotriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent-Estradiol" title="Ent-Estradiol">ent-Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">Epiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimestrol" title="Epimestrol">Epimestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilenin" title="Equilenin">Equilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilin" title="Equilin">Equilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERA-63" title="ERA-63">ERA-63 (ORG-37663)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens" title="Esterified estrogens">Esterified estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetrol" title="Estetrol">Estetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estradiol esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoidal_estradiol" title="Lipoidal estradiol">Lipoidal estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">Polyestradiol phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine" title="Estramustine">Estramustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine_phosphate" title="Estramustine phosphate">Estramustine phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrapronicate" title="Estrapronicate">Estrapronicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrazinol" title="Estrazinol">Estrazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estriol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estriol esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyestriol_phosphate" title="Polyestriol phosphate">Polyestriol phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrofurate" title="Estrofurate">Estrofurate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogenic_substances" title="Estrogenic substances">Estrogenic substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estromustine" title="Estromustine">Estromustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">Estrone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estrone_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estrone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_methyl_ether" title="Estrone methyl ether">Estrone methyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estropipate" title="Estropipate">Estropipate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamestrol" title="Etamestrol">Etamestrol (eptamestrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_3-benzoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate">Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">Ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestriol" title="Ethinylestriol">Ethinylestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestradiol" title="Ethylestradiol">Ethylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexolame" title="Hexolame">Hexolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippulin" title="Hippulin">Hippulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyestrone_diacetate" title="Hydroxyestrone diacetate">Hydroxyestrone diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestranol" title="Mestranol">Mestranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylestradiol" title="Methylestradiol">Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxestrol" title="Moxestrol">Moxestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytatrienediol" title="Mytatrienediol">Mytatrienediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilestriol" title="Nilestriol">Nilestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestrate" title="Orestrate">Orestrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentolame" title="Pentolame">Pentolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodiame" title="Prodiame">Prodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolame" title="Prolame">Prolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promestriene" title="Promestriene">Promestriene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-16117" title="RU-16117">RU-16117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestradol" title="Quinestradol">Quinestradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestrol" title="Quinestrol">Quinestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(R,R)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(S,S)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene" title="2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene">2,8-DHHHC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-LGND1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-LGND1 (page does not exist)">β-LGND1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-LGND2" title="Β-LGND2">β-LGND2 (GTx-878)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AC-186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC-186 (page does not exist)">AC-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenestrol" title="Allenestrol">Allenestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenolic_acid" title="Allenolic acid">Allenolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzestrol" title="Benzestrol">Benzestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisdehydrodoisynolic_acid" title="Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid">Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butestrol" title="Butestrol">Butestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbestrol" title="Carbestrol">Carbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-15414" title="D-15414">D-15414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCW234" title="DCW234">DCW234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarylpropionitrile" title="Diarylpropionitrile">Diarylpropionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol" title="Dienestrol">Dienestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol_diacetate" title="Dienestrol diacetate">Dienestrol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Diethylstilbestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Diethylstilbestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimestrol" title="Dimestrol">Dimestrol (dianisylhexene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylstilbestrol" title="Dimethylstilbestrol">Dimethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynoestrol" title="Doisynoestrol">Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynolic_acid" title="Doisynolic acid">Doisynolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elacestrant" title="Elacestrant">Elacestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERB-196" title="ERB-196">ERB-196 (WAY-202196)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteberel" title="Erteberel">Erteberel (SERBA-1, LY-500307)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrobin" title="Estrobin">Estrobin (DBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenestrel" title="Fenestrel">Fenestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FERb_033" title="FERb 033">FERb 033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfestrol" title="Fosfestrol">Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furostilbestrol" title="Furostilbestrol">Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTx-758" title="GTx-758">GTx-758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexestrol" title="Hexestrol">Hexestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Hexestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Hexestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-85966" title="ICI-85966">ICI-85966 (Stilbostat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2613" title="M2613">M2613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Butestrol" title="Meso-Butestrol">meso-Butestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Hexestrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Meso-Hexestrol">meso-Hexestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestilbol" title="Mestilbol">Mestilbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methallenestril" title="Methallenestril">Methallenestril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol" title="Methestrol">Methestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol_dipropionate" title="Methestrol dipropionate">Methestrol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">Paroxypropione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentafluranol" title="Pentafluranol">Pentafluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenestrol" title="Phenestrol">Phenestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinaberel" title="Prinaberel">Prinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylpyrazoletriol" title="Propylpyrazoletriol">Propylpyrazoletriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrosilan" title="Quadrosilan">Quadrosilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-3296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-3296 (page does not exist)">SC-3296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-4289" title="SC-4289">SC-4289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERBA-2" title="SERBA-2">SERBA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82,958" title="SKF-82,958">SKF-82,958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfluranol" title="Terfluranol">Terfluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylbromoethylene" title="Triphenylbromoethylene">Triphenylbromoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylchloroethylene" title="Triphenylchloroethylene">Triphenylchloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenyliodoethylene" title="Triphenyliodoethylene">Triphenyliodoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylmethylethylene" title="Triphenylmethylethylene">Triphenylmethylethylene (triphenylpropene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-166818" title="WAY-166818">WAY-166818</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAY-169916&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WAY-169916 (page does not exist)">WAY-169916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-200070" title="WAY-200070">WAY-200070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-204688" title="WAY-204688">WAY-204688 (SIM-688)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-214156" title="WAY-214156">WAY-214156</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/ERB-26" title="ERB-26">ERB-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERA-45" title="ERA-45">ERA-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERB-79" title="ERB-79">ERB-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZK-283197" title="ZK-283197">ZK-283197</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Xenoestrogens: <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a>-related (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Anethole" title="Anethole">anethole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anol" title="Anol">anol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianethole" title="Dianethole">dianethole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianol" title="Dianol">dianol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoanethole" title="Photoanethole">photoanethole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalconoid" title="Chalconoid">Chalconoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Isoliquiritigenin" title="Isoliquiritigenin">isoliquiritigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phloretin" title="Phloretin">phloretin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phlorizin" title="Phlorizin">phlorizin (phloridzin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedelolactone" title="Wedelolactone">wedelolactone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumestan" title="Coumestan">Coumestans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Coumestrol" title="Coumestrol">coumestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoralidin" title="Psoralidin">psoralidin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/7,8-Dihydroxyflavone" class="mw-redirect" title="7,8-Dihydroxyflavone">7,8-DHF</a>, <a href="/wiki/8-Prenylnaringenin" title="8-Prenylnaringenin">8-prenylnaringenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">apigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baicalein" title="Baicalein">baicalein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochanin_A" title="Biochanin A">biochanin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calycosin" title="Calycosin">calycosin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">catechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">daidzein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daidzin" title="Daidzin">daidzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">EGCG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">epicatechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equol" title="Equol">equol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formononetin" title="Formononetin">formononetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glabrene" title="Glabrene">glabrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glabridin" title="Glabridin">glabridin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">genistein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genistin" title="Genistin">genistin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycitein" title="Glycitein">glycitein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">kaempferol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquiritigenin" title="Liquiritigenin">liquiritigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirificin" title="Mirificin">mirificin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myricetin" title="Myricetin">myricetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">naringenin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penduletin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penduletin (page does not exist)">penduletin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinocembrin" title="Pinocembrin">pinocembrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunetin" title="Prunetin">prunetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerarin" title="Puerarin">puerarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">quercetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectoridin" title="Tectoridin">tectoridin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectorigenin" title="Tectorigenin">tectorigenin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Enterodiol" title="Enterodiol">enterodiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enterolactone" title="Enterolactone">enterolactone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyasol" title="Nyasol">nyasol (cis-hinokiresinol)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalloestrogen" title="Metalloestrogen">Metalloestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">alternariol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">dieldrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">endosulfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">fenarimol</a>, <a href="/wiki/HPTE" title="HPTE">HPTE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">methiocarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxychlor" title="Methoxychlor">methoxychlor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triclocarban" title="Triclocarban">triclocarban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triclosan" title="Triclosan">triclosan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytosteroid" title="Phytosteroid">Phytosteroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Digitoxin" title="Digitoxin">digitoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">digitalis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diosgenin" title="Diosgenin">diosgenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">guggulsterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">Phytosterols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-sitosterol">β-sitosterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campesterol" title="Campesterol">campesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stigmasterol" title="Stigmasterol">stigmasterol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resorcylic_acid_lactone" title="Resorcylic acid lactone">Resorcylic acid lactones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zearalanone" title="Zearalanone">zearalanone</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-zearalenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-zearalenol">α-zearalenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-zearalenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-zearalenol">β-zearalenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">zearalenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">zeranol (α-zearalanol)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taleranol" title="Taleranol">taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid</a>-like (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Deoxymiroestrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxymiroestrol">deoxymiroestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miroestrol" title="Miroestrol">miroestrol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbenoid" title="Stilbenoid">Stilbenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhaponticin" title="Rhaponticin">rhaponticin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_xenoestrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic xenoestrogen">Synthetic xenoestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alkylphenol" title="Alkylphenol">alkylphenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">BPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">BPF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">BPS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraben" title="Paraben">parabens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_biphenyl" title="Polybrominated biphenyl">PBBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxybenzoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxybenzoic acid">PHBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>)</li> <li>Others (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Agnuside" title="Agnuside">agnuside</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotundifuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotundifuran (page does not exist)">rotundifuran</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Mixed (<a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators">SERMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenylbenzofuran" title="2-Phenylbenzofuran">2-Phenylbenzofuran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Phenylbenzothiophene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Phenylbenzothiophene (page does not exist)">2-Phenylbenzothiophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Hydroxynorendoxifen" title="4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen">4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27-Hydroxycholesterol" title="27-Hydroxycholesterol">27-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acefluranol" title="Acefluranol">Acefluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolbifene" title="Acolbifene">Acolbifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">Afimoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordiol" title="Anordiol">Anordiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordrin" title="Anordrin">Anordrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzoxifene" title="Arzoxifene">Arzoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazedoxifene" title="Bazedoxifene">Bazedoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilanestrant" title="Brilanestrant">Brilanestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broparestrol" title="Broparestrol">Broparestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camizestrant" title="Camizestrant">Camizestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrianisene" title="Chlorotrianisene">Chlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">Clomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifenoxide" title="Clomifenoxide">Clomifenoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CN-55945-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CN-55945-27 (page does not exist)">CN-55945-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclofenil" title="Cyclofenil">Cyclofenil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-15413&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-15413 (page does not exist)">D-15413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylchlorotrianisene" title="Desmethylchlorotrianisene">Desmethylchlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droloxifene" title="Droloxifene">Droloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclomifene" title="Enclomifene">Enclomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">Endoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etacstil" title="Etacstil">Etacstil (GW-5638, DPC-974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethamoxytriphetol" title="Ethamoxytriphetol">Ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femarelle" title="Femarelle">Femarelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fispemifene" title="Fispemifene">Fispemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-7604&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-7604 (page does not exist)">GW-7604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-55548" class="mw-redirect" title="ICI-55548">ICI-55548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoxifene" title="Idoxifene">Idoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasofoxifene" title="Lasofoxifene">Lasofoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levormeloxifene" title="Levormeloxifene">Levormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LN-1643" class="mw-redirect" title="LN-1643">LN-1643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LN-2299" class="mw-redirect" title="LN-2299">LN-2299</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-117018&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-117018 (page does not exist)">LY-117018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menerba" title="Menerba">Menerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miproxifene" title="Miproxifene">Miproxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miproxifene_phosphate" title="Miproxifene phosphate">Miproxifene phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRL-37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRL-37 (page does not exist)">MRL-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafoxidine" title="Nafoxidine">Nafoxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromifene" title="Nitromifene">Nitromifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC_45-0095" title="NNC 45-0095">NNC 45-0095</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-0320&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-0320 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-0320</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-0781&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-0781 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-0781</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-1506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-1506 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-1506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospemifene" title="Ospemifene">Ospemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panomifene" title="Panomifene">Panomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipendoxifene" title="Pipendoxifene">Pipendoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promensil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promensil (page does not exist)">Promensil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimostil" title="Rimostil">Rimostil (P-081)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS1010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS1010 (page does not exist)">SS1010</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS-108" title="TAS-108">TAS-108 (SR-16234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toremifene" title="Toremifene">Toremifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxifene" title="Trioxifene">Trioxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TZE-5323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TZE-5323 (page does not exist)">TZE-5323</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-11555A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-11555A (page does not exist)">U-11555A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-11634&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-11634 (page does not exist)">U-11634</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-134&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y-134 (page does not exist)">Y-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zindoxifene" title="Zindoxifene">Zindoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclomifene" title="Zuclomifene">Zuclomifene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(R,R)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7β-Hydroxy-DHEA">7β-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroindazole (page does not exist)">Chloroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytestrol_acetate" title="Cytestrol acetate">Cytestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-800 (page does not exist)">EM-800 (SCH-57050)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ERA-90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERA-90 (page does not exist)">ERA-90</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ERB-88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERB-88 (page does not exist)">ERB-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyceollin" title="Glyceollin">Glyceollins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glyceollin_I" title="Glyceollin I">I</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyceollin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyceollin II (page does not exist)">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyceollin_III" title="Glyceollin III">III</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyceollin_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyceollin IV (page does not exist)">IV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-164384" title="ICI-164384">ICI-164384</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-101906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-101906 (page does not exist)">MDL-101906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylpiperidinopyrazole" title="Methylpiperidinopyrazole">Methylpiperidinopyrazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIBE" title="MIBE">MIBE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxabicycloheptene_sulfonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate (page does not exist)">Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHTPP" title="PHTPP">PHTPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-39411&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-39411 (page does not exist)">RU-39411</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-58668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-58668 (page does not exist)">RU-58668</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS1020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS1020 (page does not exist)">SS1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS-108" title="TAS-108">TAS-108 (SR-16234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZB716" title="ZB716">ZB716</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-164015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-164015 (page does not exist)">ZK-164015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-191703&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-191703 (page does not exist)">ZK-191703</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Coregulator-binding modulators: <a href="/wiki/ERX-11" title="ERX-11">ERX-11</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Noncompetitive inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_estrogen_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled estrogen receptor"><abbr title="G protein-coupled estrogen receptor">GPER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled estrogen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestradiol" title="2-Methoxyestradiol">2-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrazine" title="Atrazine">Atrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> (<a href="/wiki/P,p%27-DDT" class="mw-redirect" title="P,p'-DDT">p,p'-DDT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27,p%27-DDE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O',p'-DDE (page does not exist)">o',p'-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarylpropionitrile" title="Diarylpropionitrile">Diarylpropionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equol" title="Equol">Equol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">G-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPER-L1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPER-L1 (page does not exist)">GPER-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPER-L2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPER-L2 (page does not exist)">GPER-L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxytyrosol" title="Hydroxytyrosol">Hydroxytyrosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepone">Kepone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">Niacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacinamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacinamide">Niacinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleuropein" title="Oleuropein">Oleuropein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2%27,5%27-PCB-4-OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH (page does not exist)">2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylpyrazoletriol" title="Propylpyrazoletriol">Propylpyrazoletriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">Quercetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STX_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STX (drug) (page does not exist)">STX</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectoridin" title="Tectoridin">Tectoridin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCL18" title="CCL18">CCL18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-15_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-15 (drug) (page does not exist)">G-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-36_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-36 (drug) (page does not exist)">G-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIBE" title="MIBE">MIBE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">Zearalenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators">Androgen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_estrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal estrogens">List of estrogens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template talk:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Monoamine reuptake inhibitor">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter"><abbr title="Dopamine transporter">DAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine transporter (<a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitors">DRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Piperazines: <a href="/wiki/DBL-583" title="DBL-583">DBL-583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12783" title="GBR-12783">GBR-12783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13069" title="GBR-13069">GBR-13069</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-13098" title="GBR-13098">GBR-13098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJC8-088" title="JJC8-088">JJC8-088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Piperidines: <a href="/wiki/4-Fluoropethidine" title="4-Fluoropethidine">4-Fluoropethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benocyclidine" title="Benocyclidine">Benocyclidine (BTCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxypipradrol" title="Desoxypipradrol">Desoxypipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difemetorex" title="Difemetorex">Difemetorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphenidate" title="Ethylphenidate">Ethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pyrrolidines: <a href="/wiki/Diphenylprolinol" title="Diphenylprolinol">Diphenylprolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">Pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tropanes: <a href="/wiki/Altropane" title="Altropane">Altropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzatropine" title="Benzatropine">Benzatropine (benztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIN_35428" class="mw-redirect" title="WIN 35428">CFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloropane" title="Dichloropane">Dichloropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluoropine" title="Difluoropine">Difluoropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etybenzatropine" title="Etybenzatropine">Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FE-β-CPPIT">FE-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FP-%CE%B2-CPPIT" title="FP-β-CPPIT">FP-β-CPPIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioflupane_(123I)" title="Ioflupane (123I)">Ioflupane (123I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-55" title="RTI-55">RTI-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-112" title="RTI-112">RTI-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-113" title="RTI-113">RTI-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-121" title="RTI-121">RTI-121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-126" title="RTI-126">RTI-126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-150" title="RTI-150">RTI-150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-177" title="RTI-177">RTI-177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-229" title="RTI-229">RTI-229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(-)-2%CE%B2-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3%CE%B2-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-2β-(3-(4-Methylphenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane">RTI-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparil" title="Troparil">Troparil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropoxane" title="Tropoxane">Tropoxane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(4-tolyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(4-tolyl)-tropane">WF-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B2-Propanoyl-3%CE%B2-(2-naphthyl)-tropane" title="2β-Propanoyl-3β-(2-naphthyl)-tropane">WF-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane" title="2-Propanoyl-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-tropane">WF-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%CE%B1-(Propanoyl)-3%CE%B2-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane" title="2α-(Propanoyl)-3β-(2-(6-methoxynaphthyl))-tropane">WF-33</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amfonelic_acid" title="Amfonelic acid">Amfonelic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyltolylquinuclidine" title="Butyltolylquinuclidine">BTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_74,398" title="BTS 74,398">BTS 74,398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaenomeles_speciosa" title="Chaenomeles speciosa">Chaenomeles speciosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylpyraline" title="Diphenylpyraline">Diphenylpyraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine (MK-801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102,677" title="DOV-102,677">DOV-102,677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216,303" title="DOV-216,303">DOV-216,303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorenol" title="Fluorenol">Fluorenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52895" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52895">GYKI-52895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Levophacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarb" title="Mesocarb">Mesocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroxylin_A" title="Oroxylin A">Oroxylin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimcazole" title="Rimcazole">Rimcazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tametraline" title="Tametraline">Tametraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">Tripelennamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter"><abbr title="Norepinephrine transporter">NET</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine transporter (<a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">NRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Amedalin" title="Amedalin">Amedalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseroxylon" title="Alseroxylon">Alseroxylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclazindol" title="Ciclazindol">Ciclazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daledalin" title="Daledalin">Daledalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edivoxetine" title="Edivoxetine">Edivoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esreboxetine" title="Esreboxetine">Esreboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lortalamine" title="Lortalamine">Lortalamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoxetine" title="Nisoxetine">Nisoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talopram" title="Talopram">Talopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talsupram" title="Talsupram">Talsupram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandamine" title="Tandamine">Tandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniloxazine" title="Teniloxazine">Teniloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viloxazine" title="Viloxazine">Viloxazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamine" title="Fencamine">Fencamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxybupropion" title="Hydroxybupropion">Hydroxybupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levophacetoperane" title="Levophacetoperane">Levophacetoperane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR-5182" title="LR-5182">LR-5182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifaxine" title="Manifaxine">Manifaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-2172" title="O-2172">O-2172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radafaxine" title="Radafaxine">Radafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-39,332" title="CP-39,332">CP-39,332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclanamine" title="Eclanamine">Eclanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McN5652" title="McN5652">McN5652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA" title="N-Methyl-PPPA">N-Methyl-PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nafenodone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nafenodone (page does not exist)">Nafenodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPPA_(drug)" title="PPPA (drug)">PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102677" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-102677">DOV-102677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216303" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-216303">DOV-216303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-505" title="HP-505">HP-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228431 (page does not exist)">SEP-228431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228432 (page does not exist)">SEP-228432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tricyclic antidepressants: <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butriptyline" title="Butriptyline">Butriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cianopramine" title="Cianopramine">Cianopramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">Dosulepin (dothiepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">Lofepramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitracen" title="Melitracen">Melitracen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">Protriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tetracyclic antidepressants: <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">Maprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprotiline" title="Oxaprotiline">Oxaprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Antihistamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">tripelennamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeloxazine" title="Indeloxazine">Indeloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">desmetramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine (meperidine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter"><abbr title="Serotonin transporter">SERT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin transporter (<a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/6-Nitroquipazine" title="6-Nitroquipazine">6-Nitroquipazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centpropazine" title="Centpropazine">Centpropazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cericlamine" title="Cericlamine">Cericlamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapoxetine" title="Dapoxetine">Dapoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylcitalopram" title="Desmethylcitalopram">Desmethylcitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylcitalopram" title="Didesmethylcitalopram">Didesmethylcitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoxetine" title="Femoxetine">Femoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indalpine" title="Indalpine">Indalpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifoxetine" title="Ifoxetine">Ifoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omiloxetine" title="Omiloxetine">Omiloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panuramine" title="Panuramine">Panuramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIM-35" title="PIM-35">PIM-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirandamine" title="Pirandamine">Pirandamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI-353" title="RTI-353">RTI-353</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seproxetine" title="Seproxetine">Seproxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimelidine" title="Zimelidine">Zimelidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: <a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litoxetine" title="Litoxetine">Litoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubazodone" title="Lubazodone">Lubazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-393558" title="LY-393558">LY-393558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quipazine" title="Quipazine">Quipazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-649915" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-649915">SB-649915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TGBA01AD" title="TGBA01AD">TGBA01AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-39332&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-39332 (page does not exist)">CP-39332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclanamine" title="Eclanamine">Eclanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McN5652" title="McN5652">McN5652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-PPPA" title="N-Methyl-PPPA">N-Methyl-PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PPPA_(drug)" title="PPPA (drug)">PPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine" title="3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine">3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amifitadine" class="mw-redirect" title="Amifitadine">Amifitadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansofaxine" title="Ansofaxine">Ansofaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicifadine" title="Bicifadine">Bicifadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasofensine" title="Brasofensine">Brasofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centanafadine" title="Centanafadine">Centanafadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasotraline" title="Dasotraline">Dasotraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsertraline" title="Desmethylsertraline">Desmethylsertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylsibutramine" title="Desmethylsibutramine">Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofensine" title="Diclofensine">Diclofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didesmethylsibutramine" title="Didesmethylsibutramine">Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-102677" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-102677">DOV-102677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOV-216303" class="mw-redirect" title="DOV-216303">DOV-216303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXP-561" title="EXP-561">EXP-561</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fezolamine" title="Fezolamine">Fezolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMP-28" title="HDMP-28">HDMP-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-505" title="HP-505">HP-505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indatraline" title="Indatraline">Indatraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-7925476" title="JNJ-7925476">JNJ-7925476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JZ-IV-10" title="JZ-IV-10">JZ-IV-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liafensine" title="Liafensine">Liafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">Mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphyrone" title="Naphyrone">Naphyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2359" title="NS-2359">NS-2359</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perafensine" title="Perafensine">Perafensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRC200" class="mw-redirect" title="PRC200">PRC200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridefine" title="Pridefine">Pridefine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228431&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228431 (page does not exist)">SEP-228431</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SEP-228432&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEP-228432 (page does not exist)">SEP-228432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibutramine" title="Sibutramine">Sibutramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedatioxetine" title="Tedatioxetine">Tedatioxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesofensine" title="Tesofensine">Tesofensine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threohydrobupropion" title="Threohydrobupropion">Threohydrobupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropane" title="Tropane">Tropanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tricyclic antidepressants: <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cianopramine" title="Cianopramine">Cianopramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanodothiepin" title="Cyanodothiepin">Cyanodothiepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">Dosulepin (dothiepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">Lofepramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipofezine" title="Pipofezine">Pipofezine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">Protriptyline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/w/index.php?title=A-80426&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-80426 (page does not exist)">A-80426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">Antihistamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">brompheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorphenamine" title="Chlorphenamine">chlorphenamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">dimenhydrinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mepyramine" title="Mepyramine">mepyramine (pyrilamine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">pheniramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripelennamine" title="Tripelennamine">tripelennamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">loxapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">ziprasidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">esketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">methoxetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypidone" title="Hypidone">Hypidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesembrine" title="Mesembrine">Mesembrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIN-117" title="MIN-117">MIN-117 (WF-516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylserotonin" title="N-Methylserotonin">N-Me-5-HT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">dextropropoxyphene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine (meperidine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxindole" title="Roxindole">Roxindole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicular monoamine transporters"><abbr title="Vesicular monoamine transporters">VMATs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">Amphetamines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Amino-2-phenylpropene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Amino-2-phenylpropene (page does not exist)">APP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Azido-8-iodoketanserin (page does not exist)">AZIK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bietaserpine" title="Bietaserpine">Bietaserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserpidine" title="Deserpidine">Deserpidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutetrabenazine" title="Deutetrabenazine">Deutetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotetrabenazine" title="Dihydrotetrabenazine">Dihydrotetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBR-12935" title="GBR-12935">GBR-12935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GZ-793A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GZ-793A (page does not exist)">GZ-793A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methoxytetrabenazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methoxytetrabenazine (page does not exist)">Methoxytetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_bengal" title="Rose bengal">Rose bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabenazine" title="Tetrabenazine">Tetrabenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valbenazine" title="Valbenazine">Valbenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>DAT enhancers: <a href="/wiki/Luteolin" title="Luteolin">Luteolin</a></li></ul> <ul><li>DAT modulators: Agonist-like: <a href="/wiki/SoRI-9804" title="SoRI-9804">SoRI-9804</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SoRI-20040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SoRI-20040 (page does not exist)">SoRI-20040</a>; Antagonist-like: <a href="/wiki/SoRI-20041" title="SoRI-20041">SoRI-20041</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Adrenergics">Adrenergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Dopaminergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Dopaminergics">Dopaminergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonergics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Serotonergics">Serotonergics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AstraZeneca" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AstraZeneca" title="Template:AstraZeneca"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AstraZeneca" title="Template talk:AstraZeneca"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AstraZeneca" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AstraZeneca"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AstraZeneca" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acalabrutinib" title="Acalabrutinib">Acalabrutinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastrozole" title="Anastrozole">Anastrozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andexanet_alfa" title="Andexanet alfa">Andexanet alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anifrolumab" title="Anifrolumab">Anifrolumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asfotase_alfa" title="Asfotase alfa">Asfotase alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benralizumab" title="Benralizumab">Benralizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brompheniramine" title="Brompheniramine">Brompheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide" title="Budesonide">Budesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide/formoterol" title="Budesonide/formoterol">Budesonide/formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide/glycopyrronium_bromide/formoterol" title="Budesonide/glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol">Budesonide/glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candesartan" title="Candesartan">Candesartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapagliflozin" title="Dapagliflozin">Dapagliflozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disufenton_sodium" title="Disufenton sodium">Disufenton sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvalumab" title="Durvalumab">Durvalumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eculizumab" title="Eculizumab">Eculizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esomeprazole" title="Esomeprazole">Esomeprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exenatide" title="Exenatide">Exenatide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">FluMist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefitinib" title="Gefitinib">Gefitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycopyrronium_bromide/formoterol" title="Glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol">Glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goserelin" title="Goserelin">Goserelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isosorbide_mononitrate" title="Isosorbide mononitrate">Isosorbide mononitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motavizumab" title="Motavizumab">Motavizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaparib" title="Olaparib">Olaparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omeprazole" title="Omeprazole">Omeprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osimertinib" title="Osimertinib">Osimertinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palivizumab" title="Palivizumab">Palivizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravulizumab" title="Ravulizumab">Ravulizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roflumilast" title="Roflumilast">Roflumilast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosuvastatin" title="Rosuvastatin">Rosuvastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxadustat" title="Roxadustat">Roxadustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbutamol/budesonide" title="Salbutamol/budesonide">Salbutamol/budesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savolitinib" title="Savolitinib">Savolitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxagliptin" title="Saxagliptin">Saxagliptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebelipase_alfa" title="Sebelipase alfa">Sebelipase alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selumetinib" title="Selumetinib">Selumetinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_zirconium_cyclosilicate" title="Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate">Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticagrelor" title="Ticagrelor">Ticagrelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab" title="Tixagevimab/cilgavimab">Tixagevimab/cilgavimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab_deruxtecan" title="Trastuzumab deruxtecan">Trastuzumab deruxtecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandetanib" title="Vandetanib">Vandetanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Vaxzevria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximelagatran" title="Ximelagatran">Ximelagatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafirlukast" title="Zafirlukast">Zafirlukast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolmitriptan" title="Zolmitriptan">Zolmitriptan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors and acquired companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_AB" title="Astra AB">Astra AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexion_Pharmaceuticals" title="Alexion 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