CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134a2751a89fce3',cH: 'ktlIMckfPi7RRO.MAyrJD.vd3wYApBBNCFTmZoHIr00-1739783324-1.2.1.1-Wzm8xMqsPETbsgWRFbAJV8rt1YGAMfp5KZOhq4ycA21EdjPoXStwr69eyeX1G4m7',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=specific%20surface%20area&__cf_chl_tk=CI3rEUDoDo.oGjUZVja0eQpILc07cRRJ5SniG9sPzgg-1739783324-1.0.1.1-JdO.9r7nSvqvD6VvkyTW_llcyRsSMbVNJAIEJ7pJaYI",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739783324',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=specific%20surface%20area&__cf_chl_f_tk=CI3rEUDoDo.oGjUZVja0eQpILc07cRRJ5SniG9sPzgg-1739783324-1.0.1.1-JdO.9r7nSvqvD6VvkyTW_llcyRsSMbVNJAIEJ7pJaYI",md: "q_NQIdvV5C88QO5p_8E2_nlRcOa5jHlLMZYjedIy.rQ-1739783324-1.2.1.1-o27F07YpTEx66a5A63eSZzIU1FHcfDcVxK3zm2jI3JohV7fIeA6sLKbnL9Y02CNC6zTvcb.JLeQyELnP8nrLvZE5KSA9j6cBqYemnuj8VdOONWtgQ1xNXZtoHh_nHCVIYXb110D2_T5pAKvheFO7bC1LlIc.7LRsqfrYANebAuFlbAo9t2McqctvqylKyhQ407ZKkHjhUwZr8y5sP4OnFzk8PfCbo5BI8pf_3v8.Z2Kn1c9aYa0owyPUGM_rDQzqM23AiwdZL9i9r1IxP7Bfsjxe7tEom4UIf7wMcCaQFn.rIMJRcodZwm0Xg9MbZmjw7Vn3ZHEESpdxPmZjBZqo2.Oa0b3Vw.PTFfJIOtOj93qeFUmrLTLEb43Q3sRgw2i9hR6mx16UWTZEGvjPHUGm_qdk3MCqjvuPEud_lkC41veH2Ni4RwQNQ28Zm_Bu8AeFfcTU5ImqPeb6qA5fQq18CYCmo0V_cjOt5NVY95T8nqeC3KFGiQ1rXfHQE36iRfQMrAIzA7x15ssR4bLqgayPHBOGSKongxcxlCJVS8ShEpmlY0ztyHkeQFe1Fng5BRMdKl_Brt_82.OH7Fs6.8aaCDo_1PhG_3bYHrPve.Cy5ONeHbOFcbhZ3I9YV5oFE4C2Q32Lt4biIasxQPNR0.hiRYfENAuDg6LFBP5k0e9_7ohQ2YEkjJsdgKed_TkwFK.fkBkmYcSRO842I_hJ8JpqlOtrSGC1N6ja5tzuqK.tRHXcTdvI4EfQLaHeKVjFWGzsFS50IGY7EntA3tZeBQmZyBkPvOxJmjjtCXZWtmOuUgHOkhTapO8qjHyBC4VRJcDazQiCeRgKrAFYBQGFWYihZJaoY.ApPfTJTpcJ9QNr4mfxB3.VWgtd2GNQCthKh2rLFruK8_TAD391OV9ND2o7yEJcLwtXXmhSpQflEne9dG_c3oA4mweWpz4aTQX2IYvEwp8Qq_z9eI39gaAY3QS5swm4vodT2vnJ4fuh.0PNdHOMeq0A7ymr80ykeScJoF4tl7H78frmMi8EKs3FwKl.VJo4P7hP_7VQVKMV_8Cx__uH3dY2tF3gOZqOc9yOa5Eh7qPwqj.oSWtZzgfnU7bXLVJxvpNDJx1g14miRNZNzvEaFb3E_F.rUWVvmLKCcm_.06abj5xPuTO0tp1ffRKELSq4aNPmxFx.5nFAKXZK9D1yfohTHAJNHyclVx4hjOPB5zrbrvpjQ.Me8L7rYAHQYnPUbpifwS_Xai9c.wirBtFzYYpKiY4Po_JaOcK0JBl0tIBk_f1R3zaPsUHJd3AEM2tQXF3TAGnaROF7JoeYaaAUJQ8BN6WxUOjraYMQn9PSfzaB9kH1_ifAei4QcEXXUU9L_OyugPhAuagKJ.jKFLIs9LORyidetp1uLkVht97qEYRyE.ZfrpRFfiHjTYKE97go0yGdvxXq.e1r.YhGbNZeqNnD2T8AcIKKxK8C.0ggGOPJ3n4HFa6lQD4u4DWJK_LFMLDOCoAhereBqmTrwLTRTULuHy4QGY7r7Yey7vxnrXP7SD0zmEbfEKCNeNA41IKSIQUdBBdJTm.CjmAEeJM2Y.WhXaYpMROVLvm8oURjxJXsN7Udft.yrYhY8o5B0rYUDDTGGMGDn.qQ_A_THJco7wcCAFaMcrhaUh2ePPy1kgAvwXFOUNFg8Ow.iCygXHsHDZ9uoTN5srkx5f7cm0JnSuu_lmfuPOE9Toy3h.knpV4qUIg6ISXdaiJdYlS7jvbRyNtKhBAf..KX0jsdpFuFdrm0jGp3D6_HNsi9Pxh2uBlIo.a2XYG1gm8C1Tl7FYpW6WSo1bDU5T3cXLGVqtZxIaqotcdCXfavf5Cj171w6PMgdUrrXNiLpzdfJ5H.xjo5BR5wvtDXcDwOH77OGqnBl7ZgrEue0SO8yebO8aBATCd2vB4sIwJRY0hOl.yOvdOB3qWVSGtlRkjprTLsY0AE3B.siBbe4F9MDb_o4PAx",mdrd: "Pv5pp1hxReAUDCbzAyTl1Ln15crZ3wdFNWG1ABTXBPs-1739783324-1.2.1.1-ATO5lxaKabQSwOMLuXIwJvGMG_AlIi9CjV8lb4zfpy50KQ1R4ssA4OgXmFdqco_vf7OUVoNvFhiQBc94jn6E.L7MtgbSiB4ttbFNEGoOCMSnZmH1cFM1FGiMDQIige9WkeftajKYp_oK2Z._qbmDNwXgC3s89O23EZcTN8WxmhnujDLOwbMV4IFXCzq3pkFsFIa0Pu8vpsGdQHSxmDP2EFlbGs3IooBHaZndye9UWnWqm6nZCe856OrNPy7JdFr1wahJ2BKJxTsUf7nM55nyada30vMe14IRdbHNIzovRxEcrxUk4tr9jNCwGMQNlsmzLmEFzhJTQGV.4PRE_6V_pAfDEX5epvm4ZP2j2wPWVfmL67wnIN.kwHgXKi5V7.92l.30dCiJoVSOFsI1A7MHjt1PKwFT7jPazGr.RVMSTqniU1lvIc8ujTLlhFJUFzl8deHEIQzaK6MIF6JhnAWR93SI4BiDcoW6M.e1X842L45krj3ucwre7uO12oFwWe57XAQg4VaZxhS4_fECmfGc3LT_KUzxt0X8Hyfm8T5CCXtWBbrk79ubH4HMPbKUt9FY7CdsgJ9TMNJUsv0ToiP40ofU6dLZWSL51VUdYPYuswaVyCRTuP17k50AkgdIgDtfnSYhO9infpR7UdFpQEwGJeWldzWMNr0AmyoA0QvhtoPVT9O1SbPikOlFUxdkGgRRmbR_ZbeeAK0BbaQNHqHirMt5.jczVRTvEqDcAQTyF1szHHnGIttiQyh3jRZQO256VfJss7TEHJWXqrCzR4ASIO6CZA5fU2Qo97O5dfUnLehszAXIAaI7vKCdQ0yOxl0WPFMWM_oAQ_GBYpuHNbi7.GY_MGRjuEhmT4hhE9bQ9Xcjbfdm4Jgy0ahSIaJRU.J4jS5hI6ZfykuF_4qpXwpJMPqJRfOpw5S9UeLziSroSQ4dKGlLfbF18ZWXMGzzgPwm26p3RJL6P08JgpBABch8QFLNo_l0q_RxLVbXZcwZYPyK_8a3w4rwVFnPPDK8lUCc8tjkBkSwSFb.6Ns2zwFtAYHD.sZ0LwFwk8p4kU5S.Zo1mDVinXGQ1NGMr9TvC45CIJWmYXxQzA7h8OafGHyhIpftwxIRo7ZxS7HgFrrPrIMYy85yV9qeKeglRpnv2KaoPf8hHjLD3osDwKoM9.3epdKzn8ISclBXJWQQcc7SeQzb8LGheYM8f2XPRKH5pCa53P3Qx24JhXQ26MBYubBzgExY1Z.QWTJqXFQfAPGC_XNmEUhysDeX9JlMNG9ReXKNGm7k7zupjaKvrMBQFRnaSeIlzTlX2q5Ru0Vq8WMbb7crB05UZQdaBHNFAdvja.tFiIURYb8Ktd7km6fK20CfXU1EgEILuHciHb635Pbk4QFiwNF.qqERYUil0pAVTAmWeiWy6u.OeV7K_D4t0aIXsXrouAuw_nvszXhQ7CeGwbNzY8Ixnw4nKObc8U9q4xHjduGR89EBj7NCj4ObK234OP_SVenXqiALOPj33pLkpzKaFtgfsGip1Y9gnvQfFK1SjuFJb9Gl0i8R40o4ift.6Ov58FOqkl5OYKBMzjDeHzofKamZeha5_5Q7ID3_QEyJzT2pvdncvWp.7VhtuMO6h3FV1om.tchss7wQgKTfofFtmsm_68Z7fc6vmqwEDE3.i2s0yyo2XK5kZ_z9uemBUffQrYya2LQg0XoQJY5POtLN0SKbxeBeAhSbmXzVKfbjUhWGRTbjKm.o7fkqn8BVqzN_H0EuTH.xIChOPVmPrPS6h6gD3.lXgObA7QrEtkWQgT5sMtHNdPjKGfP8E0WXw89wN8j4.F_ItdH_WnuDxfciJu__NmbRzSSZWXkroj53ks2xxq54MAVm6_cRnBlZOoIFPzgCG6aOx7r1K9Uwmq1QuPxUf3a4s2X3TURv8i6EDDZ6m1uXovYW8E2TDtFORSmUfwfTikRCPmi._mxMQBrdy6xVKuFcQQoKicUJGutu"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134a2751a89fce3';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=specific%20surface%20area&__cf_chl_rt_tk=CI3rEUDoDo.oGjUZVja0eQpILc07cRRJ5SniG9sPzgg-1739783324-1.0.1.1-JdO.9r7nSvqvD6VvkyTW_llcyRsSMbVNJAIEJ7pJaYI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>