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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Romani people in Poland</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="pl"><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Romowie w Polsce</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Approx. 50,000 (2011, census, Indo-Aryan origins)  Indo-Aryan origins (including those of <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">ancestral descent</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Małopolskie, Dolnośląskie, Mazowieckie, Warsaw, Poznań, Wrocław, Łódź, Kraków, Mielec, Puławy and Nowa Dęba regions.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Romani people in Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Romani people in the Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Romani people in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Romani people in Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Romani people in Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Romani people in Slovakia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Romani" title="Category:Romani">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Romani people"><img alt="Flag of the Romani people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Romani_people" title="Archaeology of the Romani people">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dress" title="Romani dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romani_people" title="History of the Romani people">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_media" title="Romani media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_people" title="List of Romani people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people#Religion" title="Romani people">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Romani people by sub-group</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Romani" title="Afro-Romani">Afro-Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Roma" title="Burgenland Roma">Burgenland Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gurbeti" title="Gurbeti">Gurbeti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Romani_relations#Romani_Jews" title="Jewish–Romani relations"> Judeo-Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Kale (Iberian Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Kale (Finnish Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale (Welsh Roma)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83utari" title="Lăutari">Lăutari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Romanisæl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">Romanichal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides Romani</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a> by country</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina" title="Romani people in Argentina">Argentina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia" title="Romani people in Australia">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Finland" title="Romani people in Finland">Finland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimea</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gypsy,_Roma_and_Traveller_people_(UK)" title="Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people (UK)">term</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gypsy_and_Traveller_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups">Scotland</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian-Slovak</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Romani_people" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Romani people">WikiProject</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_people" title="Template:Romani people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_people" title="Template talk:Romani people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrivo_dei_Sinti_e_Rom_in_Europa_New.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arrivo_dei_Sinti_e_Rom_in_Europa_New.jpg/255px-Arrivo_dei_Sinti_e_Rom_in_Europa_New.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arrivo_dei_Sinti_e_Rom_in_Europa_New.jpg/383px-Arrivo_dei_Sinti_e_Rom_in_Europa_New.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arrivo_dei_Sinti_e_Rom_in_Europa_New.jpg/510px-Arrivo_dei_Sinti_e_Rom_in_Europa_New.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of Roma migration to Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Romani people in Poland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Romowie w Polsce</i>) are an ethnic minority group of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan origins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> regards the <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> "Roma" as more appropriate when referencing the people, and "Romani" when referencing cultural characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Cyganie</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[t͡sɘˈɡaɲɛ]</a></span>) is considered an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major Roma subgroups in Poland include: the <a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska</a> (Polska Roma), <a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Polska Roma are the largest subgroup.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a> of the Romani people in Poland dates to the 15th century. As per historical linguistic evidence, the Roma likely arrived in present-day Poland between 1400 and 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further evidence exhibits the Roma's persecution during the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequent alienation during the communist era in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-communist era brought about societal and economic developments for the Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld_49749cc828_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld_49749cc828-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani language</a> is composed of several dialects, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rituals followed, such as the "Romani Caravan of Memory", pertain to the Roma's history in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a significant local adherence to a culturally influenced <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compiled evidence shows that the Roma experience difficulties and successes in acquiring quality housing in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roma children are also reported to be enrolled in school, with some requiring ‘special-needs’ assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roma continue to experience tensions such as high unemployment rates,<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forced evictions, violence and societal ostracisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designation">Designation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Designation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Cygan</i> is a pejorative term used in Poland to refer to the Roma. <i>Cygan</i> and the verb "<i>ocyganić</i>" ("to cheat") share an etymology;<sup id="cite_ref-:14_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cygan</i> connotes qualities such as theft and lying.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census">Census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2012, 96% of residents in Poland claim to be ethnically Polish and 4% claim to belong to another ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2011 census, 12,560 people claimed to be Roma and 17,049 considered Roma as either their primary or secondary ethnicity. It is, however estimated that there are around 50,000 Roma in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld_49749cc828_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld_49749cc828-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_dispersion">Geographic dispersion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographic dispersion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2007, 93% of Polish Roma live in cities; 13% in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Lesser Poland</a>, 10% in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesia</a> and 10% in <a href="/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship" title="Masovian Voivodeship">Masovia</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a> primarily reside in Lesser Poland, whereas, the Keldrash and Lovari, as of 2012 predominantly reside in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wroclaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Lodz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Krakow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mielec" title="Mielec">Mielec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy" title="Puławy">Pulawy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Lesser Poland province, some of the regions settled by Roma include <a href="/wiki/Czarna_G%C3%B3ra,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Czarna Góra, Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Czarna Góra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czarny_Dunajec" title="Czarny Dunajec">Czarny Dunajec-Kamieniec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koszary,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Koszary, Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Koszary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kro%C5%9Bnica,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Krośnica, Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Krośnica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_Backdrop">Historical Backdrop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical Backdrop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguistic evidence shows the Roma's emigration from <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">Northwestern India</a> to Europe, between the 3rd to 7th century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to Poland at around 1400.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their emigration may be attributed to the surge in Roma killings during 1400–1500 in Western Europe, as Poland was relatively more welcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0203-503,_Warschau,_Kr%C3%B6nung_eines_%22Zigeunerk%C3%B6nigs%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0203-503%2C_Warschau%2C_Kr%C3%B6nung_eines_%22Zigeunerk%C3%B6nigs%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0203-503%2C_Warschau%2C_Kr%C3%B6nung_eines_%22Zigeunerk%C3%B6nigs%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0203-503%2C_Warschau%2C_Kr%C3%B6nung_eines_%22Zigeunerk%C3%B6nigs%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0203-503%2C_Warschau%2C_Kr%C3%B6nung_eines_%22Zigeunerk%C3%B6nigs%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0203-503%2C_Warschau%2C_Kr%C3%B6nung_eines_%22Zigeunerk%C3%B6nigs%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-0203-503%2C_Warschau%2C_Kr%C3%B6nung_eines_%22Zigeunerk%C3%B6nigs%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Crowning of Roma King</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">Poland gained its independence in 1918</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> was formed. In 1930, the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">nationalist sentiment in Poland</a> encouraged the development of a separate Roma authority,<sup id="cite_ref-:15_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> predominantly composed of the <a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a> subgroup.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kalderash gained recognition by non-Roma authorities such as, the Police, by performing requested tasks in exchange for validation of the Roma authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, the first two Roma kings emerged: Michalak I and Gregory, their rule was premised on publicising the Roma's interests and concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, records show the appointment of Jan Michalak and Dymitr Koszoe Kwiek.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, Michalak Kwiek was the first ‘Gypsy King’ to be publicly crowned in Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speculations by the public about Kwiek prioritising his self-interest lead to his dethroning. In August 1930, Vasil Kwiek attained the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934 Michal attempted to regain the throne through a re-election, the outcome of his attempt is disputed by academics. Klimová-Alexander states that his attempt failed, Ficowski and Liegeois state that he was successful and reigned for a further five years.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following 1934, competing claims to the throne emerged,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Janusz Kwiek was the last ruler, who reigned from 1937 until he was subsequently killed during the Porrajmos (WWII).<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div> <p>The ‘Romani Holocaust’ or <i><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Porrajmos</a></i>, denotes the Nazi effort to eliminate the Roma population. As per Ian Hancock and Yitzhak Arad, the number of Romani deaths are uncertain due to the concealment of records in ‘mass extermination camps’ such as "Birkenau, Belzec, Treblinka".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lublin_Ghetto_Roma_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lublin_Ghetto_Roma_women.jpg/220px-Lublin_Ghetto_Roma_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lublin_Ghetto_Roma_women.jpg/330px-Lublin_Ghetto_Roma_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lublin_Ghetto_Roma_women.jpg/440px-Lublin_Ghetto_Roma_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Roma women in the Lublin Ghetto</figcaption></figure> <p>Arad writes that albeit the Roma were racially Aryan, their nomadism was depicted by the Nazis as a threat to European societies.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, a leading member of the Nazi party sent 5,000 Roma to the ‘Łódź ghetto’ in Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-:18_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which contained a Roma designated camp: <i>Zigeunerlager</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to poor maintenance conditions "<a href="/wiki/Spotted_fever" title="Spotted fever">spotted fever</a>" arose and killed over seven hundred Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Bełzec</a> was another labour camp which accommodated 2,500 Roma; poor working conditions in Bełzec lead to a malnutrition epidemic as well as the dispersion of diseases such as typhoid.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roma were also sent to camps in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> and Warsaw and then sent to <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a> and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were murdered in gas chambers and others were shot at the ‘Lazarett’. Arad estimates that in "Krakow, Sanok, Jalso and Rzeszow", around 1,000 Romanies were shot.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celinska estimates that 220,000-500,000 Roma were killed during the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Internment_of_Roma_and_Sinti_Peoples_at_Radom,_Poland,_during_the_Second_World_War._HU105685.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Internment_of_Roma_and_Sinti_Peoples_at_Radom%2C_Poland%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._HU105685.jpg/220px-Internment_of_Roma_and_Sinti_Peoples_at_Radom%2C_Poland%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._HU105685.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Internment_of_Roma_and_Sinti_Peoples_at_Radom%2C_Poland%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._HU105685.jpg/330px-Internment_of_Roma_and_Sinti_Peoples_at_Radom%2C_Poland%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._HU105685.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Internment_of_Roma_and_Sinti_Peoples_at_Radom%2C_Poland%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._HU105685.jpg/440px-Internment_of_Roma_and_Sinti_Peoples_at_Radom%2C_Poland%2C_during_the_Second_World_War._HU105685.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3699" data-file-height="5683" /></a><figcaption>Roma and Sinti Peoples at Radom, Poland, during the Second World War</figcaption></figure> <p>While both Roma and Jewish populations were persecuted during the holocaust, the Roma have mainly been left out of reparation conversations due to the citizenship-based nature of such policies.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Poland is considered an ethnically and culturally homogenous country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in Polish society, discrimination against Romani people is considered a social, rather than ethnic issue.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-WWII">Post-WWII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-WWII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Communist era (1947-1989), the <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers Party</a> (PZPR) attempted to cultivate a uniform civic identity,<sup id="cite_ref-Verme_2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verme_2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forcefully settle the Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Talewicz-Kwiatkowska this resulted in problems for the Roma: living in apartments and houses, was incompatible with their nomadic lifestyle, where they could usually engage in activities such as, "make bonfires" without disturbing their neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education-wise the Roma "sedentarization" lead to an increase in schooling amongst Roma: 25% from 1950–1960 to 82% in 1970s. Due to cultural and linguistic variances between Roma children and non-Roma educators, they were reportedly placed in separate classes and subject to different curriculums.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Communist era, the Roma were classified as a "social group" rather than an ethnic one, precluding their involvement in the national census.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955 an attempt was made by the Polish authorities to identify the Roma population in Poland through the implementation of the "Roma passport operation", Roma who did not hold valid ID cards or "residence registration cards" were penalised.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following 1989, Roma organisations, such as the Association of Roma were founded in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld_49749cc828_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld_49749cc828-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assimilation policies attempted to increase positive attitudes toward the Roma, but failed to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Verme_2008_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verme_2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the Romani people did receive some benefits during this time period because of their ability to have access to social services that were funded by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">end of communism in Eastern Europe</a>, the Romani people were able to enjoy more cultural freedoms but did not have access to the same level of social services that they received under communism in Poland. The United Nations criticised the Polish government for failing to provide sufficient support to the Roma in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s Roma political parties were created.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_dissolution">Post-Soviet dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990 the ‘solidarity government’ in Poland commenced its economic privatization, resulting in the loss of industry jobs for sedentary Roma such as the Carpathian Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas, Nomadic Roma who had international ties were able to import goods that were in demand in Poland, such as carpets.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a Polish police chief, the consequential wealth experienced by some Roma in the early 1990s possibly contributed to resentment by the Polish, as between 1990 and 1991 Poland experienced a decline in its ‘national income’ by 13% and an annual inflation rate of 585%.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surge in resentment is exemplified by the "<a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> against Gypsies" that occurred in the town of Mlawa in 1991; Mlawa was experiencing high levels of unemployment (35%), relative to the nation (10%).<sup id="cite_ref-:25_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mayor Chmielinski also stated that tensions may have been rooted in racism,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the dissolution of censorship in the 1990s allowed to surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs_and_culture">Customs and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Customs and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian Romani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a></div> <p>As per a 2008 survey, 90% of the 500 Romanies interviewed in Poland claimed to predominantly speak <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland has granted "official status" to the Romani language as a non-territorial language, it is however not formally recognised by Poland's educational system.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roma subgroups speak several dialects: the <a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian Romani</a> and others speak <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Romani" title="Baltic Romani">Baltic Romani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dialects are mostly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> languages, yet the extent of their influence is contingent on the degree of a group's assimilation into the respective population.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Polish influence on the Romani language is evidenced by the phonological borrowing of the sound [w]<sup id="cite_ref-:22_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lexical borrowings: 12.5% of the <a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a> and 21.5% of the Bergitka Roma's vocabulary is derived from the Polish language (inclusive of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>).  Such vocabulary involves, the names of institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-:22_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "semantic dwellings": houses, furniture etc. and "semantic fields of nature": plants, animals etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Meyer, the ratio of the borrowing of noun to verbs to adjectives for the Polska Roma is (6:1:1) and (6:2:1) for the Bergitka.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incorporation of Slavic languages into the Romani language has also been done through <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calquing</a>. An example is the "syntactic model" for ‘<i>what is your name?’</i>, which in Romani is "<i>Sar pes vičines?",</i> influenced by the Slavic (Polish): "<i>Jak się nazywasz?</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-:11_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociocultural_organisation">Sociocultural organisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sociocultural organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roma society in Poland is structured around a set of culture principles articulated as the ‘<a href="/wiki/Romani_society_and_culture" title="Romani society and culture">Romanipen</a>’. In accordance with ‘Romanipen’, the Roma are discouraged from sharing their cultural values or language with non-Roma (<i><a href="/wiki/Gadjo_(non-Romani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadjo (non-Romani)">Gadjo</a></i>) and from resolving disputes externally.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roma in Poland also have a distinct internal judicial system, consisting of a Court, the Romano Celo and a prevailing authority, the Sero Rom, which only the Roma are subject to.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roma has historically endorsed traditional gender roles: a woman is expected to bear children, undertake domestic duties and men are the main income earners.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of 2019, in subgroups such as, the Bergitka, women are increasingly permitted to pursue professional careers.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, since 1996, the "Romani Caravan of Memory", a Bergitka Romani ritual occurs annually in <a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w_County" title="Tarnów County">Tarnow</a>, Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual involves a trip intended to preserve a collective memory of the Roma persecution in the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A central stop of the trip is at <a href="/wiki/Szczurowa" title="Szczurowa">Szczurowa</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Szczurowa_massacre" title="Szczurowa massacre">the massacre of ninety-three Romani people by the Nazis</a> on 1943 is commemorated.<sup id="cite_ref-:21_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Roma tradition is the pilgrimage to the "<a href="/wiki/Rywa%C5%82d,_Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Rywałd, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Holy Mary of Rywałd</a>", a figure in Rywałd Królewski, which began in 1930 and involves the making of offerings by Roma to the figure.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>97% of the Roma in Poland claim to adhere to a cultural form of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, wherein Roma cultural beliefs are merged with Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is manifest in religious practices, such as the seven-hour pilgrimage to the ‘Sanctuary of Our Lady of Sorrows in <a href="/wiki/Limanowa" title="Limanowa">Limanowa</a>’.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government:_Socio-Economics">Government: Socio-Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government: Socio-Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, the scarcity of economical accommodation in Poland has contributed to housing difficulties for the Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 21% lack access to either: an "indoor kitchen, indoor toilet, indoor shower or bath or electricity",<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some Roma families, however, reside in lavish houses.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an EU survey conducted in 2012, around 35% of Romani residing in Poland, ages 20–64, claimed to be unemployed and around 25% of Romani claimed to be engaged in paid employment.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celinska points towards Roma involvement in "small businesses" such as car sales.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per a US State Department report, as of 2020 Roma children are reportedly involved in "forced begging".<sup id="cite_ref-State._2020_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State._2020-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, the undervaluing of 'traditional' skills in the Polish economy has contributed to Roma poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osuch and Dwojak state that structured education is <i>generally</i> not valued in Romani culture,<sup id="cite_ref-:20_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather, it is perceived as "forced assimilation".<sup id="cite_ref-:25_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, children's education is provided for by the ‘elders’ of the Roma community.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted in 2016 revealed that 82% of Bergitka Roma mothers support their children's schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-:20_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009/2010, 82% of Roma children aged 6–16 years were reported to be enrolled in school.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence also shows the segregation of Roma children from non-Roma in schools: in 2011, 17% of Romani were reported to be enrolled in special needs schools and/or classes.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in the Maszkowice village, Roma and non-Roma must enter schools from separate entries.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kwadrans attributes the increased allocation towards ‘special needs’ to a cultural and linguistic disjuncture between the Roma children and their educators.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the US State Department reported that the Polish government directed $2.88 million towards bolstering the provision of national services, such as education, to Romani people by for example, "providing school grants for Romani high school and university students".<sup id="cite_ref-State._2020_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State._2020-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of education, Romani children have lower rates of education within Poland due to a combination of reported discrimination within the education system and hesitation by Romani parents to send their children to school where the dominant culture's values are taught and upheld.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_representation">Political representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Political representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been no inclusion of the Roma in the Polish parliament to date. As a recognised minority group in Poland, the Roma hold constitutional rights to determine their own cultural and traditional values.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001–2003, the Polish government implemented the "pilot government programme for the Roma community in the Malopolska province", an inchoate programme which sought to include Roma in decisions about their wellbeing, education, employment etc.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since becoming a member of the European Union in 2004, Poland has adopted several minority protection policies like the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">FCNM</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these policies have been adopted, the Polish government has faced criticism for not making greater efforts to stop discrimination against the Romani people.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_tension">Contemporary tension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Contemporary tension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evictions">Evictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Evictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roma communities in Poland are increasingly subject to forced evictions. On 22 July 2016 in Wroclaw, Poland, Amnesty International reported that while Roma people were not home, they were evicted without notice.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has also been reported violence against the Roma in Poland, in 2009 an EU survey conveyed that around 28% Romanies experienced some form of violence in the last twelve months.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One instance involved an attack on a Roma family by a Polish mob in ‘Limanowa’, following an incident between a Polish woman and a dog belonging to a Roma family.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ostracism">Ostracism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ostracism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surveys reflect a sentiment of ostracism felt by the Romani people in Poland. As per interviews conducted in 2008 by the EU, 59% of Romanies feel alienated due to their ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost half feel ostracised in "cafes, restaurants, bars", 19% claimed to have felt this in employment and 18% by social services.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The implementation of immigration policies by the Polish government, such as, the "on-the-spot" deportation policy has increased the societal ostracism of the Roma. Another immigration/EU citizenship policy requires Roma (and other applicants) to pass a resources test that requires a proof of address, which nomadic Romani may not possess.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societal_attitudes">Societal attitudes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Societal attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A poll conducted by CBOS in 2013 centred around the question, "How would you rate your relationship toward different nations?" which was asked to thirty-six Roma groups, the results showed that in contrast to the 13% which claimed to dislike the Czechs,  52% disliked the Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personalities">Personalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Personalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82awa_Wajs" title="Bronisława Wajs">Bronisława Wajs</a>, commonly known as Papusza - female poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfreda_Markowska" title="Alfreda Markowska">Alfreda Markowska</a> - saved Romani and Jewish children during the German occupation of Poland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edyta_G%C3%B3rniak" title="Edyta Górniak">Edyta Górniak</a> - singer, runner-up of the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1994" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1994">Eurovision Song Contest 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viki_Gabor" title="Viki Gabor">Viki Gabor</a> - singer, winner of the <a href="/wiki/Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019" title="Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019">Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:20-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFŚwiętek2019" class="citation journal cs1">Świętek, Agnieszka (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/063/9/1/article-p42.xml">"Romani women and their significance for the education of the Romani minority in 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Strasbourg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostka2019" class="citation cs2">Kostka, Joanna (2019), Magazzini, Tina; Piemontese, Stefano (eds.), "The Migrating Poor: Romanian Roma Under Social Authoritarianism in Poland", <i>Constructing Roma Migrants: European Narratives and Local Governance</i>, IMISCOE Research Series, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 155–172, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-11373-5_9">10.1007/978-3-030-11373-5_9</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-11373-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-11373-5"><bdi>978-3-030-11373-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constructing+Roma+Migrants%3A+European+Narratives+and+Local+Governance&rft.atitle=The+Migrating+Poor%3A+Romanian+Roma+Under+Social+Authoritarianism+in+Poland&rft.pages=155-172&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-11373-5_9&rft.isbn=978-3-030-11373-5&rft.aulast=Kostka&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomani+people+in+Poland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roma_people_in_Poland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roma people in Poland">Roma people in Poland</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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people">Greater Poland people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliszans" title="Kaliszans">Kaliszans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavians" title="Kuyavians">Kuyavians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian_Borowiaks" title="Kuyavian Borowiaks">Kuyavian Borowiaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Btaks" title="Taśtaks">Taśtaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland_people" title="Lesser Poland people">Lesser Poland people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cracovians_(ethnic_group)" title="Cracovians (ethnic group)">Cracovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasovians" title="Lasovians">Lasovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublinians" title="Lublinians">Lublinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandomierzans" title="Sandomierzans">Sandomierzans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81owiczans" title="Łowiczans">Łowiczans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpie" title="Kurpie">Kurpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurians" title="Masurians">Masurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Boyars" title="Międzyrzec Boyars">Międzyrzec Boyars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poborzans" title="Poborzans">Poborzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlachians" title="Podlachians">Podlachians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Poles" title="Borderlands Poles">Borderlands Poles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug_River_Poles" title="Bug River Poles">Bug River Poles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambers" title="Bambers">Bambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kocievians" title="Kocievians">Kocievians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czycans" title="Łęczycans">Łęczycans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Uplanders" title="Polish Uplanders">Polish Uplanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest#Ethnocultural_region" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Borowians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmians_(ethnic_group)" title="Warmians (ethnic group)">Warmians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorals" title="Gorals">Gorals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85cz_Lachs" title="Sącz Lachs">Sącz Lachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Gorals" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian Gorals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gochy" title="Gochy">Gochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krubans" title="Krubans">Krubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cieszyn_Vlachs" title="Cieszyn Vlachs">Cieszyn Vlachs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs_in_Poland" title="Czechs in Poland">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Poland" title="Macedonians in Poland">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Podlashuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poleshuks" title="Poleshuks">Poleshuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_minority_in_Poland" title="Russian minority in Poland">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Poland">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Poland" title="Ukrainians in Poland">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch people in Poland">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olenders" title="Olenders">Olenders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="English people in Poland">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish people in Poland">Flemings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilamovians" title="Vilamovians">Vilamovians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galician Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest#Ethnocultural_region" title="Tuchola Forest">Kosznajders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)" title="Pomeranians (German people)">Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Germans" title="Vistula Germans">Vistula Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walddeutsche" title="Walddeutsche">Walddeutsche</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in Poland">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italians in Poland">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloons_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloons in Poland">Walloons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Poland" title="Africans in Poland">Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Poland" title="Bangladeshis in Poland">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora#Poland" title="Circassian diaspora">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Poland" title="Filipinos in Poland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Poland" title="Georgians in Poland">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Poland" title="Greeks in Poland">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Poland" title="Hungarians in Poland">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Poland" title="Indians in Poland">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Poland" title="Koreans in Poland">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_minority_in_Poland" title="Lithuanian minority in Poland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutejszy" title="Tutejszy">Locals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Poland" title="Nepalis in Poland">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots in Poland">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Poland" title="Turks in Poland">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Poland" title="Vietnamese people in Poland">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romani_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_diaspora" title="Template:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romani_diaspora" title="Template talk:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romani_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romani diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romani_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora" title="Romani diaspora">Romani diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">Settlements</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Uncontested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergitka_Roma" title="Bergitka Roma">Bergitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyash" title="Boyash">Boyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenland_Roma" title="Burgenland Roma">Burgenland Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascarots" title="Cascarots">Cascarots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Romanichal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela" class="mw-redirect" title="Erromintxela">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Finnish Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovari" title="Lovari">Lovari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machvaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machvaya">Machvaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manouche" title="Manouche">Manouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Roma">Muslim Roma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_tribe" title="Zargari tribe">Zargari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polska_Roma" title="Polska Roma">Polska Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruska_Roma" title="Ruska Roma">Ruska Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Romani_and_Itinerant_people_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Romani and Itinerant people groups">Scottish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepe%C4%8Dides_Romani" title="Sepečides Romani">Sepečides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servitka_Roma" title="Servitka Roma">Servitka Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursari" title="Ursari">Ursari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Romanies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kale (Welsh Romanies)">Welsh Kale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contested</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garachi" title="Garachi">Garachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Kawliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Nawar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Bosha/Lom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">Lori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuli" title="Lyuli">Lyuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Algeria" title="Romani people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Argentina" title="Romani people in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Australia" title="Romani people in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Brazil" title="Romani people in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Canada" title="Romani people in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Colombia" title="Romani people in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Czechoslovakia" title="Romani people in Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Israel" title="Doms in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijitoak_Euskal_Herrian" class="extiw" title="eu:Ijitoak Euskal Herrian">eu</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Uruguay" title="Romani people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romani_people_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romani_people_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Romani people in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Austria" title="Romani people in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belarus" title="Romani people in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Belgium" title="Romani people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Romani people in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Croatia" title="Romani people in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Cyprus" title="Romani people in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Romani people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Denmark" title="Romani people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Estonia" title="Romani people in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Finland" title="Romani people in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_France" title="Romani people in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Romani people in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Germany" title="Romani people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Greece" title="Romani people in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Hungary" title="Romani people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Lithuania" title="Romani people in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Moldova" title="Romani people in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Montenegro" title="Romani people in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Romani people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_North_Macedonia" title="Romani people in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Norway" title="Romani people in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal" title="Romani people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Russia" title="Romani people in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Serbia" title="Romani people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia" title="Romani people in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovenia" title="Romani people in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani people in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Sweden" title="Romani people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Switzerland" title="Romani people in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Turkey" title="Romani people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ukraine" title="Romani people in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romani people in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&oldid=1254963679">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romani_people_in_Poland&oldid=1254963679</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Poland" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Poland">Ethnic groups in Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romani_in_Poland" title="Category:Romani in Poland">Romani in Poland</a></li><li><a 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