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<li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Area</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Area-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Area subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Administrative units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Volume</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Volume-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Volume subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_liquid_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_liquid_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General liquid measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_liquid_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ale_and_beer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ale_and_beer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ale and beer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ale_and_beer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grain_and_dry_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grain_and_dry_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Grain and dry goods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grain_and_dry_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Specific goods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Weight</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weight-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Weight subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Weight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avoirdupois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoirdupois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Avoirdupois</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoirdupois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Troy_and_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troy_and_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Troy and Tower</span> </div> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System of units formerly used in England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical development of measurement in England up to 1826. For the non-metric measurement system used in the UK, see <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a>. For the system currently used in the US with similar unit names, see <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a>. For an overview of both UK and US non-metric units, see <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Imperial and US customary measurement systems</a>.</div> <p> <b>English units</b> were the <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">units of measurement</a> used in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> up to 1826 (when they were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a>), which evolved as a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman</a> systems of units. Various standards have applied to English units at different times, in different places, and for different applications. </p><p>Use of the term "English units" can be ambiguous, as, in addition to the meaning used in this article, it is sometimes used to refer to the units of the descendant Imperial system as well to those of the descendant system of <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two main sets of English units were the <a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester Units</a>, used from 1495 to 1587, as affirmed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">King Henry VII</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Standards" title="Exchequer Standards">Exchequer Standards</a>, in use from 1588 to 1825, as defined by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England (and the British Empire), English units were replaced by Imperial units in 1824 (effective as of 1 January 1826) by a <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Acts_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom">Weights and Measures Act</a>, which retained many though not all of the unit names and redefined (standardised) many of the definitions. In the US, being independent from the British Empire decades before the 1824 reforms, English units were standardized and adopted (as "US Customary Units") in 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very little is known of the <a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of measurement">units of measurement</a> used in the British Isles prior to Roman colonisation in the 1st century AD. During the Roman period, Roman Britain relied on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Ancient Roman units of measurement</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a> period, the North German foot of 13.2 inches (335 millimetres) was the nominal basis for other units of linear measurement. The foot was divided into 4 palms or 12 thumbs. A cubit was 2 feet, an elne 4 feet. The rod was 15 Anglo-Saxon feet, the furlong 10 rods. An acre was 4 rods × 40 rods, i.e. 160 square rods or 36,000 square Anglo-Saxon feet. However, Roman units continued to be used in the construction crafts, and reckoning by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman mile">Roman mile</a> of 5,000 feet (or 8 <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stades</a>) continued, in contrast to other Germanic countries which adopted the name "mile" for a longer native length closer to the <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">league</a> (which was 3 Roman miles). From the time of <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa King of Mercia</a> (8th century) until 1526 the <i>Saxon pound</i>, also known as the <i>moneyers' pound</i> (and later known as the <a href="/wiki/Tower_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower pound">Tower pound</a>) was the fundamental unit of weight (by Offa's law, one pound of silver, by weight, was subdivided into 240 silver pennies, hence (in money) 240 pence – twenty shillings – was known as <i>one pound</i>). </p><p>Prior to the enactment of a law known as the "<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Yards_and_Perches" title="Composition of Yards and Perches">Composition of Yards and Perches</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Compositio ulnarum et perticarum</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some time between 1266 and 1303, the English system of measurement had been based on that of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, who were descended from tribes of northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The <i>Compositio</i> redefined the yard, foot, inch, and barleycorn to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">10</span>⁄<span class="den">11</span></span> of their previous value.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:English_units#The_11/10_transition_in_c1300" title="Talk:English units">discuss</a></i>]</sup> However, it retained the Anglo-Saxon rod of 15 x <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">11</span>⁄<span class="den">10</span></span> feet (5.03 metres) and the acre of 4 × 40 square rods. Thus, the rod went from 5 old yards to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> new yards, or 15 old feet to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> new feet. The furlong went from 600 old feet (200 old yards) to 660 new feet (220 new yards). The acre went from 36,000 old square feet to 43,560 new square feet. Scholars have speculated that the <i>Compositio</i> may have represented a compromise between the two earlier systems of units, the Anglo-Saxon and the Roman. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a> introduced just one new unit: the bushel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>, in one of his first legislative acts, confirmed existing Anglo-Saxon measurement, a position which was consistent with Norman policy in dealing with occupied peoples. The <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> of 1215 stipulates that there should be a standard measure of volume for wine, ale and corn (the London Quarter), and for weight, but does not define these units.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later development of the English system was by defining the units in laws and by issuing measurement standards. Standards were renewed in 1496, 1588, and 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last <i>Imperial Standard Yard</i> in bronze was made in 1845; it served as the standard in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> until the yard was redefined by the <a href="/wiki/International_yard_and_pound" title="International yard and pound">international yard and pound</a> agreement (as 0.9144 metres) in 1959 (statutory implementation was in the <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1963">Weights and Measures Act 1963</a>). Over time, the English system had spread to other parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selected excerpts from the bibliography of <i>Marks and Marking of Weights and Measures of the British Isles</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1215 Magna Carta — the earliest statutory declaration for uniformity of weights and measures</li> <li>1335 8 & 9 Edw. 3. c. 1<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> — First statutory reference describing goods as avoirdupois</li> <li>1414 <a href="/wiki/2_Hen._5._Stat._2" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Hen. 5. Stat. 2">2 Hen. 5. Stat. 2</a>. c. 4 — First statutory mention of the Troy pound</li> <li>1495 <a href="/wiki/12_Hen._7" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Hen. 7">12 Hen. 7</a>. c. 5 — New Exchequer standards were constructed, including Winchester capacity measures defined by Troy weight of their content of threshed wheat by stricken (i.e. level) measure (first statutory mention of Troy weight as standard weight for bullion, bread, spices etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1527 Hen VIII — Abolished the Tower pound</li> <li>1531 <a href="/wiki/23_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="23 Hen. 8">23 Hen. 8</a>. c. 4 — Barrel to contain 36 gallons of beer or 32 of ale; kilderkin is half of this; firkin is half again.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1532 <a href="/wiki/24_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Hen. 8">24 Hen. 8</a>. c. 3 — First statutory references to use of avoirdupois weight.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1536 <a href="/wiki/28_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="28 Hen. 8">28 Hen. 8</a>. c. 4 — Added the tierce (41 gallons)</li> <li>1588 (Elizabeth I) — A new series of Avoirdupois standard bronze weights (bell-shaped from 56 lb to 2 lb and flat-pile from 8 lb to a dram), with new Troy standard weights in nested cups, from 256 oz to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> oz in a binary progression.</li> <li>1601–1602 — Standard bushels and gallons were constructed based on the standards of Henry VII and a new series of capacity measures were issued.</li> <li>1660 <a href="/wiki/12_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Cha. 2">12 Cha. 2</a>. c. 24 — Barrel of beer to be 36 gallons, taken by the gauge of the Exchequer standard of the ale quart; barrel of ale to be 32 gallons; all other liquors retailed to be sold by the wine gallon</li> <li>1689 <a href="/wiki/1_Will._%26_Mar." class="mw-redirect" title="1 Will. & Mar.">1 Will. & Mar.</a> c. 24 — Barrels of beer and ale outside London to contain 34 gallons</li> <li>1695 7 Will. 3. c. 24 (I) — Irish Act about grain measures decreed: unit of measure to be Henry VIII's gallon as confirmed by Elizabeth I; i.e. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">272<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> cubic inches; standard measures of the barrel (32 gallons), half-barrel (16 gallons), bushel (8), peck (2), and gallon lodged in the Irish Exchequer; and copies were provided in every county, city, town, etc.</li> <li>1696 <a href="/wiki/8_%26_9_Will._3" class="mw-redirect" title="8 & 9 Will. 3">8 & 9 Will. 3</a>. c. 22 — Size of Winchester bushel "every round bushel with a plain and even bottom being <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">18<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>″ wide throughout and 8″ deep" (i.e. a dry measure of 2150 in<sup>3</sup> per gallon).</li> <li>1706 <a href="/wiki/6_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="6 Ann.">6 Ann.</a> c. 11 — <i>Act of Union</i> decreed the weights and measures of England to be applied in Scotland, whose burgs (towns) were to take charge of the duplicates of the English Standards sent to them.</li> <li>1706 <a href="/wiki/6_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="6 Ann.">6 Ann.</a> c. 27 — Wine gallon to be a cylindrical vessel with an even bottom 7″ diameter throughout and 6″ deep from top to bottom of the inside, or holding 231 in<sup>3</sup> and no more.</li> <li>1713 <a href="/wiki/12_Ann." class="mw-redirect" title="12 Ann.">12 Ann.</a> c. 17 — The legal coal bushel to be round with a plain and even bottom, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">19<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches from outside to outside and to hold 1 Winchester bushel and 1 quart of water.</li> <li>1718 <a href="/wiki/5_Geo._1" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Geo. 1">5 Geo. 1</a>. c. 18 — Decreed Scots Pint to be exactly 103 in<sup>3</sup>.</li> <li>1803 <a href="/wiki/43_Geo._3" class="mw-redirect" title="43 Geo. 3">43 Geo. 3</a>. c. 151 — Referred to wine bottles making about 5 to the wine gallon (i.e. Reputed Quarts)</li> <li>1824 <a href="/wiki/5_Geo._4" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Geo. 4">5 Geo. 4</a>. c. 74 — <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1824">Weights and Measures Act 1824</a> completely reorganized British metrology and established Imperial weights and measures; defined the yard, troy and avoirdupois pounds and the gallon (as the standard measure for liquids and dry goods not measured by heaped measure), and provided for a 'brass' standard gallon to be constructed.</li> <li>1825 <a href="/wiki/6_Geo._4" class="mw-redirect" title="6 Geo. 4">6 Geo. 4</a>. c. 12 — Delayed introduction of Imperial weights and measures from 1 May 1825 to 1 January 1826.</li> <li>1835 <a href="/wiki/5_%26_6_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="5 & 6 Will. 4">5 & 6 Will. 4</a>. c. 63 — <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1835" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1835">Weights and Measures Act 1835</a> abolished local and customary measures, including the Winchester bushel; made heaped measure illegal; required trade to be carried out by avoirdupois weight only, except for bullion, gems and drugs (which were to be sold by troy weight instead); decreed that all forms of coal were to be sold by weight and not measure; legalised the 'stone' as 14 lb (6.4 kg), the 'hundredweight' as 112 lb (51 kg), and the (<a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long</a>) ton as 20 hundredweight, or 2,240 lb (1,020 kg).</li> <li>1853 <a href="/wiki/16_%26_17_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="16 & 17 Vict.">16 & 17 Vict.</a> c. 29 — Permitted the use of decimal bullion weights.</li> <li>1866 <a href="/wiki/29_%26_30_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="29 & 30 Vict.">29 & 30 Vict.</a> c. 82 — <a href="/wiki/Standards_of_Weights,_Measures,_and_Coinage_Act_1866" title="Standards of Weights, Measures, and Coinage Act 1866">Standards of Weights, Measures, and Coinage Act 1866</a> transferred all duties and standards from the Exchequer to the newly created Standards Department of the Board of Trade.</li> <li>1878 <a href="/wiki/41_%26_42_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="41 & 42 Vict.">41 & 42 Vict.</a> c. 49 — <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1878">Weights and Measures Act 1878</a> defined the Imperial standard yard and pound; enumerated the secondary standards of measure and weight derived from the Imperial standards; required all trade by weight or measure to be in terms of one of the Imperial weights or measures or some multiple part thereof; abolished the Troy pound.</li> <li>1963 c. 31 — <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and Measures Act 1963">Weights and Measures Act 1963</a> abolished the chaldron of coal, the fluid drachm and minim (effective 1 February 1971), discontinued the use of the quarter, abolished the use of the bushel and peck, and abolished the pennyweight (from 31 January 1969).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Length">Length</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Length_Units_Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/English_Length_Units_Graph.svg/220px-English_Length_Units_Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/English_Length_Units_Graph.svg/330px-English_Length_Units_Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/English_Length_Units_Graph.svg/440px-English_Length_Units_Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Chart showing the (sometimes approximate) relationships between assorted historical distance measures</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">SI conversions given are approximate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable static-row-numbers" style="text-left;"> <caption>Table of equivalences </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English unit</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> (metric)</th> <th class="unsortable">Traditional definition </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Line_(unit)" title="Line (unit)">Line</a></td> <td>2.12 mm</td> <td>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> of a barleycorn,<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (thus <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">12</span></span> of an inch). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barleycorn_(unit)" title="Barleycorn (unit)">Barleycorn</a></td> <td>8.47 mm</td> <td>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of an inch, the notional base unit under the <i>Composition of Yards and Perches</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Digit_(unit)" title="Digit (unit)">Digit</a></td> <td>19.05 mm</td> <td>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finger_(unit)" title="Finger (unit)">Finger</a></td> <td>22.23 mm</td> <td>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">Inch</a></td> <td>25.4 mm</td> <td>3 barleycorns (the historical legal definition) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nail_(unit)" title="Nail (unit)">Nail (cloth)</a></td> <td>57.15 mm</td> <td>3 digits = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> yard </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palm_(unit)" title="Palm (unit)">Palm</a></td> <td>76.2 mm</td> <td>3 inches </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">Hand</a></td> <td>101.6 mm</td> <td>4 inches </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaftment" title="Shaftment">Shaftment</a></td> <td>165 mm or 152 mm</td> <td>Width of the hand and outstretched thumb, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches before 12th century, 6 thereafter<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Link_(unit)" title="Link (unit)">Link</a></td> <td>201.2 mm</td> <td>7.92 inches or one 100th of a <a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)" title="Chain (unit)">chain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A modern Indian surveyor's chain has 200<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm links.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Span_(unit)" title="Span (unit)">Span</a></td> <td>228.6 mm</td> <td>Width of the outstretched hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger, 3 palms = 9 inches. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">Foot</a></td> <td>304.8 mm</td> <td>Prior to the Anglo-Saxon invasions, the Roman foot of 11.65 inches (296 mm) was used. The Anglo-Saxons introduced a North-German foot of 13.2 inches (335 mm), divided into 4 palms or 12 thumbs, while the Roman foot continued to be used in the construction crafts. In the late 13th century, the modern foot of 304.8 mm was introduced, equal to exactly <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">10</span>⁄<span class="den">11</span></span> Anglo-Saxon foot. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">Cubit</a></td> <td>457.2 mm</td> <td>From fingertips to elbow, 18 inches. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">Yard</a></td> <td>0.914 m</td> <td>3 feet = 36 inches, the practical base unit, defined as the length of the <a href="/wiki/Prototype_(metrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototype (metrology)">prototype</a> bar held by the Crown or <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">Exchequer</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ell_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ell (unit)">Ell</a></td> <td>1.143 m</td> <td>From fingertip of outstretched arm to opposite shoulder, 20 nails = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> yard or 45 inches. Mostly for measuring cloth. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">Fathom</a></td> <td>1.829 m</td> <td>6 feet, distance between arms outstretched, from fingertip to fingertip, on a 6-foot-tall person. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)" title="Rod (unit)">Rod</a></td> <td>5 m</td> <td>Also called a <a href="/wiki/Perch_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perch (unit)">perch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pole_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole (unit)">pole</a>: a measure used for surveying land and in architecture. The rod is the same length today as in Anglo-Saxon times, although its composition in terms of feet were changed by the <i>Composition of Yards and Perches</i> from 15 feet to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> feet or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> yards. The pole is commonly used as a measurement for <a href="/wiki/Allotment_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotment garden">Allotment gardens</a>. (See also <a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)#Area_and_volume" title="Rod (unit)">perch as an area and a volume unit</a>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></td> <td>20.116 m</td> <td>Four linear <i>rods</i>. Named after the length of <a href="/wiki/Surveyor%27s_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveyor's chain">surveyor's chain</a> used to measure distances until quite recently. Any of several actual chains used for land surveying and divided in links. <a href="/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain" title="Gunter's chain">Gunter's chain</a>, introduced in the 17th century, is 66 feet (20.1 metres). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">Furlong</a></td> <td>201.168 m</td> <td>Notionally the distance a plough team could furrow without rest, but actually a measure of 40 rods or 600 feet prior to the <i>Composition of Yards and Perches</i>; 40 rods or 660 feet since then. (See also the Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadion</a></i></span> or 'stade'.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">Mile</a></td> <td>1.61 km</td> <td>5280 feet or 1760 yards. Originally the Roman mile, 1000 <a href="/wiki/Pace_(unit)" title="Pace (unit)">paces</a>, later reckoned as 5000 feet, but adjusted to 5280 feet in 1593 to account for the differences introduced to these methods of reckoning by the <i>Composition of Yards and Perches</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">League</a></td> <td>4.83 km</td> <td>Notionally an hour's march, but usually reckoned as three <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a>. Approximate length of the traditional "mile" in German and Scandinavian countries. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area">Area</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">SI conversions given are approximate</div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable static-row-numbers" style="text-left;"> <caption>Table of equivalences </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English unit</th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> ("metric")</th> <th>Relationship </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)#Area_and_volume" title="Rod (unit)">Square rod</a></td> <td>25.29 <a href="/wiki/Square_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Square meter">m<sup>2</sup></a></td> <td>30.25 square yards. A square rod is also known as a square pole or a square perch. Sometimes the word 'square' is omitted when the context clearly indicates that the subject is area, notably so in the case of British <a href="/wiki/Allotment_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotment gardens">allotment gardens</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rood_(unit)" title="Rood (unit)">Rood</a></td> <td>1,012 m<sup>2</sup></td> <td>One quarter of an <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acre</a>; one 'furlong' in length by one 'rod' in width; 40 square 'rods'. The rood was sometimes called an acre itself in many ancient contexts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">Acre</a></td> <td>4,047 m<sup>2</sup></td> <td>An area of land one chain (four rods) wide by one furlong in length. As the traditional furlong could vary in length from country to country, so did the acre. In England an acre was 4,840 square yards (4,050 m<sup>2</sup>), in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> 6,150 square yards (5,140 m<sup>2</sup>) and in Ireland 7,840 square yards (6,560 m<sup>2</sup>). It is a Saxon unit, meaning "field". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovate">Bovate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxgang" title="Oxgang">Oxgang</a></td> <td>6 ha</td> <td>The area that one ox can plough in a single year. Approximately 15 acres or one eighth of a <a href="/wiki/Carucate" title="Carucate">carucate</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virgate" title="Virgate">Virgate</a></td> <td>12 ha</td> <td>The area that a pair of oxen can plough in a single year. Approximately 30 acres (also called <i>yard land</i>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carucate" title="Carucate">Carucate</a></td> <td>49 ha</td> <td>The area that can be ploughed by one eight-oxen team in a single year (also called a <i>plough</i> or <i>carve</i>). Approximately 120 acres. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_units">Administrative units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administrative units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">Hide</a></dt> <dd>four to eight <i>bovates</i>. A unit of yield, rather than area, it measured the amount of land able to support a single <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a> for agricultural and taxation purposes.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_fee" title="Knight's fee">Knight's fee</a></dt> <dd>five hides. A <i>knight's fee</i> was expected to produce one fully equipped soldier for a <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a>'s retinue in times of war.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (division)">Hundred</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wapentake" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapentake">wapentake</a></dt> <dd>100 <i>hides</i> grouped for administrative purposes.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volume">Volume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/English_units" title="Special:EditPage/English units">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many measures of <a href="/wiki/Volume#Related_terms" title="Volume">capacity</a> were understood as fractions or multiples of a <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a>. For example, a quart is a quarter of a gallon, and a pint is half of a quart, or an eighth of a gallon. These ratios applied regardless of the specific size of the gallon. Not only did the definition of the gallon change over time, but there were several different kinds of gallon, which existed at the same time. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Wine_gallon" title="Wine gallon">wine gallon</a> with a volume of 231 cubic inches (the basis of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. gallon">U.S. gallon</a>), and an <a href="/wiki/Ale_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ale gallon">ale gallon</a> of 282 cubic inches, were commonly used for many decades prior to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Gallon#Imperial_gallon" title="Gallon">imperial gallon</a>. In other words, a pint of ale and a pint of wine were not the same size. On the other hand, some measures such as the <a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">fluid ounce</a> were not defined as a fraction of a gallon. For that reason, it is not always possible to give accurate definitions of units such as pints or quarts, in terms of ounces, prior to the establishment of the imperial gallon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_liquid_measures">General liquid measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: General liquid measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">SI conversions given are approximate</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table of equivalences </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Approx<br />SI<br />equiv.</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">Minim</a></td> <td>0.06<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Milliliter" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliliter">mL</a></td> <td>Also known as a <a href="/wiki/Drop_(unit)" title="Drop (unit)">drop</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">Dram</a></td> <td>3.55 mL</td> <td>60 <a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">minims</a> or 'drops' or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">fluid ounce</a> (fl oz). See also <a href="/wiki/Drachm" class="mw-redirect" title="Drachm">drachm</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teaspoon" title="Teaspoon">Teaspoon</a></td> <td>5 mL</td> <td>80 minim or <i>drops</i> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">6</span></span> fl oz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">Tablespoon</a></td> <td>15 mL</td> <td>4 dram (240 minim or drops), 3 teaspoons, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> fl oz </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jack</td> <td>71 mL</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> Gill. This is not a traditional measure. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gill_(volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill (volume)">Gill</a></td> <td>142 mL</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> pint, or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> gallon, in some dialects <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> pint. Pronounced as "Jill" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">Pint</a></td> <td>568 mL</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> gallon </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">Quart</a></td> <td>1.136 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a></td> <td>2 pints or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> gallon </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pottle_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottle (unit)">Pottle</a></td> <td>2.272 L</td> <td>2 quarts or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> gallon </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">Gallon</a></td> <td>4.544 L</td> <td>8 pints </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Liquid measures as binary submultiples of their respective gallons (ale or wine): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>jack</th> <th>gill</th> <th>pint</th> <th>quart</th> <th>pottle</th> <th>gallon </th> <th>2<sup><i>n</i></sup> gal. </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 jack = </th> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span> </td> <td>–6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 gill = </th> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> </td> <td>–5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 pint = </th> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> </td> <td>–3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 quart = </th> <td>16</td> <td>8</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td>–2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 pottle = </th> <td>32</td> <td>16</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td>–1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 gallon = </th> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine">Wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_wine_cask_units" title="English wine cask units">English wine cask units</a></div> <p>Wine is traditionally measured based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Wine_gallon" title="Wine gallon">wine gallon</a></i> and its related units. Other liquids such as brandy, spirits, mead, cider, vinegar, oil, honey, and so on, were also measured and sold in these units.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkby_1735_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkby_1735-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wine gallon was re-established by <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> in 1707 after a 1688 survey found the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">Exchequer</a> no longer possessed the necessary standard but had instead been depending on a copy held by the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Defined as 231 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch" title="Cubic inch">cubic inches</a>, it differs from the later <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial gallon</a>, but is equal to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary gallon</a>. </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Rundlet" title="Rundlet">Rundlet</a></dt> <dd>18 wine gallons or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">7</span></span> wine pipe</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">Wine barrel</a></dt> <dd>31.5 wine gallons or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> wine hogshead</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/English_wine_cask_units#Tierce" title="English wine cask units">Tierce</a></dt> <dd>42 wine gallons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> puncheon or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> wine pipe</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">Wine hogshead</a></dt> <dd>2 wine barrels, 63 wine gallons<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> wine tun</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/English_wine_cask_units#puncheon" title="English wine cask units">Puncheon</a> or tertian</dt> <dd>2 tierce, 84 wine gallons or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> wine tun</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe (unit)">Wine pipe</a> or butt</dt> <dd>2 wine hogshead, 3 tierce, 7 roundlet or 126 wine gallons</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Tun_(unit)" title="Tun (unit)">Wine tun</a></dt> <dd>2 wine pipe, 3 puncheon or 252 wine gallons</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/English_wine_cask_units" title="English wine cask units">English wine cask units</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sizes_2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sizes_2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="10%">gallon </th> <th scope="col" width="10%">rundlet </th> <th scope="col" width="10%">barrel </th> <th scope="col" width="10%">tierce </th> <th scope="col" width="10%">hogshead </th> <th scope="col" width="10%">puncheon, tertian </th> <th scope="col" width="10%">pipe, butt </th> <th scope="col" width="10%">tun </th> <th scope="col" width="20%"> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"> </td> <td rowspan="6"> </td> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <td rowspan="4"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td scope="row">tun </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td scope="row">pipes, butts </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td>3 </td> <td scope="row">puncheons, tertians </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td scope="row">hogsheads </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>6 </td> <td scope="row">tierces </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>8 </td> <td scope="row">barrels </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>14 </td> <td scope="row">rundlets </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:medium solid"> <td>1 </td> <td>18 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">31<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td>42 </td> <td>63 </td> <td>84 </td> <td>126 </td> <td>252 </td> <td scope="row">gallons (<a href="/wiki/English_wine_cask_units" title="English wine cask units">wine</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.785 </td> <td>68.14 </td> <td>119.24 </td> <td>158.99 </td> <td>238.48 </td> <td>317.97 </td> <td>476.96 </td> <td>953.92 </td> <td scope="row">litres </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:medium solid"> <td>1 </td> <td>15 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">26<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td>35 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">52<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td>70 </td> <td>105 </td> <td>210 </td> <td scope="row">gallons (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial unit">imperial</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.546 </td> <td>68.19 </td> <td>119.3 </td> <td>159.1 </td> <td>238.7 </td> <td>318.2 </td> <td>477.3 </td> <td>954.7 </td> <td scope="row">litres </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ale_and_beer">Ale and beer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ale and beer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_brewery_cask_units" title="English brewery cask units">English brewery cask units</a></div> <dl><dt>Pin</dt> <dd>4.5 gallons or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> beer barrel</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/English_brewery_cask_units#Firkin" title="English brewery cask units">Firkin</a></dt> <dd>2 pins, 9 gallons (ale, beer or goods) or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> beer barrel</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Kilderkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilderkin">Kilderkin</a></dt> <dd>2 firkins, 18 gallons or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> beer barrel</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">Beer barrel</a></dt> <dd>2 kilderkins, 36 gallons or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> beer hogshead</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">Beer hogshead</a></dt> <dd>3 kilderkins, 54 gallons or 1.5 beer barrels</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe (unit)">Beer pipe</a> or butt</dt> <dd>2 beer hogsheads, 3 beer barrels or 108 gallons</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Tun_(unit)" title="Tun (unit)">Beer tun</a></dt> <dd>2 beer pipes or 216 gallons</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/English_brewery_cask_units" title="English brewery cask units">English brewery cask units</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sizes_2002a_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sizes_2002a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="14%"><a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="14%"><a href="/wiki/English_brewery_cask_units#Firkin" title="English brewery cask units">firkin</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="14%"><a href="/wiki/English_brewery_cask_units#Kilderkin" title="English brewery cask units">kilderkin</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="14%"><a href="/wiki/Barrel#Sizes" title="Barrel">barrel</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="14%"><a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">hogshead</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="20%"> </th> <th scope="col">Year designated </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td>1 </td> <td scope="row">hogsheads </td> <td rowspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td scope="row">barrels </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td scope="row">kilderkins </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td scope="row">firkins </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:medium solid"> <td>1 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>48 </td> <td rowspan="2" scope="row">ale gallons </td> <td rowspan="4">(1454) </td></tr> <tr> <td>= 4.621 L </td> <td>= 36.97 L </td> <td>= 73.94 L </td> <td>= 147.9 L </td> <td>= 221.8 L </td></tr> <tr style="border-top-style:dashed"> <td>1 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>54 </td> <td rowspan="2" scope="row">beer gallons </td></tr> <tr> <td>= 4.621 L </td> <td>= 41.59 L </td> <td>= 83.18 L </td> <td>= 166.4 L </td> <td>= 249.5 L </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:medium solid"> <td>1 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>51 </td> <td rowspan="2" scope="row">ale gallons </td> <td rowspan="2">1688 </td></tr> <tr> <td>= 4.621 L </td> <td>= 39.28 L </td> <td>= 78.56 L </td> <td>= 157.1 L </td> <td>= 235.7 L </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:medium solid"> <td>1 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>54 </td> <td rowspan="2" scope="row">ale gallons </td> <td rowspan="2">1803 </td></tr> <tr> <td>= 4.621 L </td> <td>= 41.59 L </td> <td>= 83.18 L </td> <td>= 166.4 L </td> <td>= 249.5 L </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:medium solid"> <td>1 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>54 </td> <td rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial unit">imperial</a> gallons </td> <td rowspan="2">1824 </td></tr> <tr> <td>= 4.546 L </td> <td>= 40.91 L </td> <td>= 81.83 L </td> <td>= 163.7 L </td> <td>= 245.5 L </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grain_and_dry_goods">Grain and dry goods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grain and dry goods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester measure</a>, also known as the corn measure, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushel</a> of approximately 2,150.42 cubic inches, which had been in use with only minor modifications since at least the late 15th century. The word <i>corn</i> at that time referred to all types of grain. The corn measure was used to measure and sell many types of dry goods, such as grain, salt, ore, and oysters.<sup id="cite_ref-Trusler_1786_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trusler_1786-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in practice, such goods were often sold by weight. For example, it might be agreed by local custom that a bushel of wheat should weigh 60 pounds, or a bushel of oats should weigh 33 pounds. The goods would be measured out by volume, and then weighed, and the buyer would pay more or less depending on the actual weight. This practice of specifying <a href="/wiki/Bushel#Weight" title="Bushel">bushels in weight</a> for each commodity continues today. This was not always the case though, and even the same market that sold wheat and oats by weight might sell barley simply by volume. In fact, the entire system was not well standardized. A sixteenth of a bushel might be called a <i>pottle</i>, <i>hoop</i>, <i>beatment</i>, or <i>quartern</i>, in towns only a short distance apart. In some places potatoes might be sold by the firkin—usually a liquid measure—with one town defining a firkin as 3 bushels, and the next town as 2 1/2 bushels.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_1810_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_1810-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pint was the smallest unit in the corn measure. The corn gallon, one eighth of a bushel, was approximately 268.8 cubic inches. Most of the units associated with the corn measure were binary (sub)multiples of the bushel:<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkby_1735_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkby_1735-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trusler_1786_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trusler_1786-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>pint</th> <th>quart</th> <th>pottle</th> <th>gallon</th> <th>peck</th> <th>kenning</th> <th>bushel</th> <th>strike</th> <th>coomb</th> <th>seam </th> <th>2<sup><i>n</i></sup> gal. </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 pint = </th> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">128</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">256</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">512</span></span> </td> <td>–3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 quart = </th> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">128</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">256</span></span> </td> <td>–2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 pottle = </th> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">128</span></span> </td> <td>–1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 gallon = </th> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span> </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 peck = </th> <td>16</td> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 kenning = </th> <td>32</td> <td>16</td> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 bushel = </th> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>16</td> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 strike = </th> <td>128</td> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>16</td> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 coomb = </th> <td>256</td> <td>128</td> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>16</td> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 seam = </th> <td>512</td> <td>256</td> <td>128</td> <td>64</td> <td>32</td> <td>16</td> <td>8</td> <td>4</td> <td>2</td> <td>1 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Other units included the <i>wey</i> (6 or sometimes 5 seams or quarters), and the <i>last</i> (10 seams or quarters).<sup id="cite_ref-Kirkby_1735_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkby_1735-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trusler_1786_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trusler_1786-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_goods">Specific goods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Specific goods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Perch_(volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perch (volume)">Perch</a></dt> <dd>24.75 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">cubic feet</a> of dry stone, derived from the more commonly known perch, a unit of length equal to 16.5 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cord_(volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord (volume)">Cord</a></dt> <dd>128 cubic feet of firewood, a stack of firewood 4 ft × 4 ft × 8 ft<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Fluid-grain</dt> <dd>The volume of 1 <a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">grain</a> of distilled water at 62 °F, 30 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inHg</a> pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>At that reference, water has a density of ≃ 0.9988<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">g</span>⁄<span class="den">ml</span></span> (438.0<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">grain</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den"><a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">imp fl oz</a></span></span>⁠</span> or 1.001<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">oz<sub>av</sub></span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">imp fl oz</span></span>⁠</span>), and thus: </p> <dl><dd>= 1.096 <a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">imperial minim</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> = .06488 ml or approximately a <i><a href="/wiki/Drop_(volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drop (volume)">drop</a></i>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weight">Weight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Weight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_mass_units_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_mass_units_graph.svg/400px-English_mass_units_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="715" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_mass_units_graph.svg/600px-English_mass_units_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/English_mass_units_graph.svg/800px-English_mass_units_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Chart showing the relationships of weight measures</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">Avoirdupois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system_of_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Apothecaries' system of mass">Apothecary</a> systems of weights all shared the same finest unit, the <a href="/wiki/Grain_(measure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain (measure)">grain</a>; however, they differ as to the number of grains there are in a dram, ounce and <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a>. This grain was legally defined as the weight of a grain seed from the middle of an ear of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. There also was a smaller <i>wheat grain</i>, said to be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> (barley) grains or about 48.6 milligrams. </p><p>The avoirdupois pound was eventually standardised as 7,000 grains and was used for all products not subject to Apothecaries's or Tower weight.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoirdupois">Avoirdupois</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Avoirdupois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">Avoirdupois</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Equivalents </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English unit</th> <th>SI ('Metric')</th> <th>Relationship </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grain_(measure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain (measure)">Grain</a> (gr)</td> <td>≈64.80 mg</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">7000</span></span> of a pound </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">Dram</a>/drachm (dr)</td> <td>≈1.772 g</td> <td>sixteenth of an ounce (possibly originated as the weight of silver in Ancient Greek coin <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachma</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">Ounce</a> (oz)</td> <td>≈28.35 g</td> <td>1 oz = 16 dr = 437.5 grains </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">Pound</a> (lb)</td> <td>≈453.6 g</td> <td>1 lb = 16 oz = 7000 grains ('lb' is an abbreviation for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Ancient Roman unit</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Weight" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">libra</a></i></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stone_(unit)" title="Stone (unit)">Stone</a> (st)</td> <td>6.35 kg</td> <td>1 st = 14 lb (see <a href="/wiki/Stone_(unit)" title="Stone (unit)">Stone (unit)</a> for other values) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quarter (qr)</td> <td>12.7 kg</td> <td>1 qr = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> cwt, or 2 st, or 28 lb </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">Hundredweight</a> (cwt)</td> <td>50.8 kg</td> <td>1 cwt = 112 lb, or 8 st </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">Ton</a></td> <td>1.016 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a></td> <td>1 ton = 20 cwt, or 2240 lb </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nail_(unit)" title="Nail (unit)">Nail</a></td> <td>3.175 kg</td> <td>1 nail = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> cwt = 7 lb </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Clove</b></td> <td>?</td> <td>7 lb (wool) or 8 lb (cheese) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tod_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tod (unit)">Tod</a></td> <td>12.7 kg</td> <td>1 tod = 2 st = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> cwt </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Troy_and_Tower">Troy and Tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Troy and Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Troy and Tower pounds and their subdivisions were used for coins and precious metals. The Tower pound, which was based upon an earlier Anglo-Saxon pound, was replaced by the Troy pound when a proclamation dated 1526 required the Troy pound to be used for mint purposes instead of the Tower pound.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No standards of the Tower pound are known to have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Established in the 8th century by <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa of Mercia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> (or "pound of sterlings"<sup id="cite_ref-Entry_189985_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Entry_189985-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was that weight of <a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">sterling silver</a> sufficient to make 240 <a href="/wiki/Silver_penny" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver penny">silver pennies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Troy">Troy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Troy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy weight</a></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Grain_(measure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain (measure)">Grain</a> (gr)</dt> <dd>= 64.79891 mg</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Pennyweight" title="Pennyweight">Pennyweight</a> (dwt)</dt> <dd>24 gr ≈ 1.56 g</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">Ounce</a> (oz t)</dt> <dd>20 dwt = 480 gr ≈ 31.1 g</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)#Troy_pound" title="Pound (mass)">Pound</a> (lb t)</dt> <dd>12 oz t = 5760 gr ≈ 373 g</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mark_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (weight)">Mark</a></dt> <dd>8 oz t</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tower">Tower</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Grain_(measure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain (measure)">Grain</a> (gr)</dt> <dd>= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">45</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span> gr t ≈ 45.6 mg</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Pennyweight" title="Pennyweight">Pennyweight</a> (dwt)</dt> <dd>32 gr T = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">22<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> gr t ≈ 1.46 g</dd> <dt>Tower ounce</dt> <dd>20 dwt T = 640 gr T = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">18<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> dwt t = 450 gr t ≈ 29.2 g</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Tower_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower pound">Tower pound</a></dt> <dd>12 oz T = 240 dwt T = 7680 gr T = 225 dwt t = 5400 gr t ≈ 350 g</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mark_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (weight)">Mark</a></dt> <dd>8 oz T ≈ 233 g</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apothecary">Apothecary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Apothecary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">Apothecaries' system</a></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Grain_(measure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain (measure)">Grain</a> (gr)</dt> <dd>= 64.79891 mg</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">Scruple</a> (s ap)</dt> <dd>20 gr</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">Dram</a> (dr ap)</dt> <dd>3 s ap = 60 gr</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">Ounce</a> (oz ap)</dt> <dd>8 dr ap = 480 gr</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">Pound</a> (lb ap)</dt> <dd>5760 gr = 1 lb t</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Merchants/Mercantile pound</dt> <dd>15 oz tower = 6750 gr ≈ 437.4 g</dd> <dt>London/Mercantile pound</dt> <dd>15 oz troy = 16 oz tower = 7200 gr ≈ 466.6 g</dd> <dt>Mercantile stone</dt> <dd>12 lb L ≈ 5.6 kg</dd> <dt>Butcher's stone</dt> <dd>8 lb ≈ 3.63 kg</dd> <dt>Sack</dt> <dd>26 st = 364 lb ≈ 165 kg</dd> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Carat_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carat (unit)">carat</a> was once specified as four grains in the English-speaking world.</dd> <dd>Some local units in the English dominion were (re-)defined in simple terms of English units, such as the Indian <a href="/wiki/Tola_(measure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tola (measure)">tola</a> of 180 grains.</dd> <dt>Tod</dt> <dd>This was an English weight for wool.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the alternative spelling forms of <i>tode</i>, <i>todd</i>, <i>todde</i>, <i>toad</i>, and <i>tood</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zupko1985_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zupko1985-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was usually 28 pounds, or two <a href="/wiki/Stone_(unit)" title="Stone (unit)">stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zupko1985_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zupko1985-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tod, however, was not a national standard and could vary by English <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shire</a>, ranging from 28 to 32 pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Zupko1985_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zupko1985-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the traditional definition in terms of pounds, the tod has historically also been considered to be <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">13</span></span> of a <a href="/wiki/Sack_(unit)" title="Sack (unit)">sack</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">26</span></span> of a <a href="/wiki/Sarpler" title="Sarpler">sarpler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zupko1985_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zupko1985-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">9</span></span> of a wey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable right" style="text-align:center"> <caption>English pounds </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Unit <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_pounds" title="Template:English pounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_pounds" title="Template talk:English pounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_pounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English pounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th> <th colspan="11" style="border-left-width:2px">Pounds </th> <th colspan="6" style="border-left-width:2px">Ounces </th> <th colspan="2" style="border-left-width:2px">Grains </th> <th colspan="2" style="border-left-width:2px">Metric </th></tr> <tr> <th style="border-left-width:2px" title="avoirdupois" colspan="2">Avdp.</th> <th colspan="2">Troy</th> <th colspan="2">Tower</th> <th colspan="2">Merchant</th> <th colspan="2">London</th> <th>Metric </th> <th style="border-left-width:2px" title="avoirdupois" colspan="2">Avdp.</th> <th colspan="2">Troy</th> <th colspan="2">Tower </th> <th style="border-left-width:2px" title="also avoirdupois">Troy</th> <th title="wheat">Tower </th> <th style="border-left-width:2px" title="grams, slightly rounded">g</th> <th title="kilograms, rounded">kg </th></tr> <tr> <th>Avoirdupois </th> <td colspan="2" style="color:black;background:silver;border-left-width:2px">1 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">175</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">144</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.2152<span style="text-decoration:overline;">7</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">35</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">27</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">296</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">28</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">27</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">037</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">35</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">36</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.97<span style="text-decoration:overline;">2</span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.9072 </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left-width:2px"><b>16</b> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠14<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">7</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">12</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 14.58<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">9</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 15.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">5</span> </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">7,000 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠9,955<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">9</span></span>⁠</span> </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">≈ 454</td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left">≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">11</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Troy </th> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">144</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">175</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.8229 </td> <td colspan="2" style="color:black;background:silver">1 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">16</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">15</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.0<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">64</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">75</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.85<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.7465 </td> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠13<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">29</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">175</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 13.17 </td> <td colspan="2"><b>12</b> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠12<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 12.8 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">5,760</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8,192 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">≈ 373</td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left">≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">8</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tower </th> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">27</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">35</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.7714 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">15</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.9375 </td> <td colspan="2" style="color:black;background:silver">1 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">5</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.8 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.75 </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.6998 </td> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠12<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">12</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">35</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 12.34 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠11<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 11.25 </td> <td colspan="2"><b>12</b> </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">5,400</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>7,680 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">≈ 350 </td> <td style="border-right:0">≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">7</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">20</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Merchant </th> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">27</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">28</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.9643 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">75</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">64</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.171875 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.25 </td> <td colspan="2" style="color:black;background:silver">1 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">15</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 0.9375 </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.8748 </td> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠15<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">7</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 15.43 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠14<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 14.0625 </td> <td colspan="2">15 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">6,750</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>9,600 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">≈ 437</td> <td style="border-left:0">≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">7</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">16</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>London </th> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">36</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">35</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.029 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">5</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.25 </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">4</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span> </td> <td style="border-right:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">16</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">15</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">= 1.0<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="color:black;background:silver">1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 0.9331 </td> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠16<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">16</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">35</span></span>⁠</span></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 16.46 </td> <td colspan="2">15 </td> <td colspan="2">16 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">7,200</td> <td>10,240 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">≈ 467</td> <td style="border-left:0">≈ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">7</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">15</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Metric </th> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.1023 </td> <td style="border-right:0"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.3396 </td> <td style="border-right:0"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.4289 </td> <td style="border-right:0"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.1431 </td> <td style="border-right:0"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 1.0717 </td> <td style="color:black;background:silver">1 </td> <td style="border-right:0;border-left-width:2px"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 17.64 </td> <td style="border-right:0;"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 16.08 </td> <td style="border-right:0;"></td> <td style="border-left:0;text-align:left;font-size:smaller">≈ 17.15 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px;color:gray">7,716</td> <td style="color:gray">10,974 </td> <td style="border-left-width:2px">= 500 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">= <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Approximate_conversion_of_units&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximate conversion of units (page does not exist)">Approximate conversion of units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Ancient Roman Units of Measurement</a> – System of measurement used in Ancient Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> – 11th-century survey of landholding in England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_Units" title="English Engineering Units">English Engineering Units</a> – System of measurement used in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a> – Legal and military structure in medieval Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (unit)">Hundred</a> – 120 (as in six score, rather than 100)<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span>, a unit of 100 or 120 items</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Imperial and US customary measurement systems</a> – English (pre 1824), Imperial (post 1824) and US Customary (post 1776) units of measure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a> – System of measurements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hundred" title="Long hundred">Long hundred</a> – 120 (as in six score, rather than 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a> – Conversion to the metric system of measurement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Scottish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Scottish units of measurement">Obsolete Scottish units of measurement</a> – Obsolete units of measurement formerly used in Scotland<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States">Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_(unit)" title="Slug (unit)">Slug</a> – Unit of mass <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poundal" title="Poundal">poundal</a> – Unit of force</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_customary_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish customary units">Spanish customary units</a> – Spanish and Portuguese units of measurement<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weights_and_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and measures">Weights and measures</a> – Quantity standard<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_units" title="Welsh units">Welsh units</a> – historical units of measurement used in Wales<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester measure</a> – Set of legal standards of volume</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The volume of a drop was not then and is not now well defined: it depends on the device and technique used to produce the drop, on the strength of the gravitational field, and on the <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, density, and the <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> of the liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-phisics_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phisics-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEugene_A._AvalloneTheodore_BaumeisterAli_SadeghLionel_S._Marks2006" class="citation book cs1">Eugene A. Avallone; Theodore Baumeister; Ali Sadegh; Lionel S. Marks (2006). <i>Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers</i> (11 ed.). McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142867-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142867-5"><bdi>978-0-07-142867-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marks%27+Standard+Handbook+for+Mechanical+Engineers&rft.edition=11&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-142867-5&rft.au=Eugene+A.+Avallone&rft.au=Theodore+Baumeister&rft.au=Ali+Sadegh&rft.au=Lionel+S.+Marks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/British-Imperial-System">"British Imperial System"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=British+Imperial+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2FBritish-Imperial-System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosch2011" class="citation book cs1">Hosch, William L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuN7rH6RzikC&pg=PA241"><i>The Britannica Guide to Numbers and Measurement</i></a>. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group (Britannica Educational Publishing). p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-108-9"><bdi>978-1-61530-108-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Britannica+Guide+to+Numbers+and+Measurement&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group+%28Britannica+Educational+Publishing%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-108-9&rft.aulast=Hosch&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcuN7rH6RzikC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbrow, L.E. and Judson, L. V. (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-C13-691a9b38e29a85d0925f4db586b60735/pdf/GOVPUB-C13-691a9b38e29a85d0925f4db586b60735.pdf"><i>Weights and Measures of the United States</i></a>. National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 447. p. 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZupko1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Edward_Zupko" title="Ronald Edward Zupko">Zupko, Ronald Edward</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWUgAQAAIAAJ"><i>British Weights and Measures: A History from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07340-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-07340-4"><bdi>978-0-299-07340-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Weights+and+Measures%3A+A+History+from+Antiquity+to+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-299-07340-4&rft.aulast=Zupko&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWUgAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/magnacarta.asp">"The Text of Magna Carta"</a>. Fordham University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+Magna+Carta&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fmagnacarta.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span> (translated to modern English. See paragraph 35.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knight-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knight_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1840" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Charles (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-BHnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Penny magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume 9</i></a>. London: Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">221–</span>2. <q>In 1758 the legislature turned attention to this subject; and after some investigations on the comparative lengths of the various standards, ordered a rod to be made of brass, about 38 or 39 inches long, graduated (measured) from the Royal Society's yard: this was marked "Standard Yard, 1758," and was given into the care of the clerk of the House of Commons. For commercial purposes another bar was made, with the yard marked off from the same standard; but it had two upright fixed markers, placed exactly one yard apart, between which any commercial yard measures might be placed, in order to have their accuracy tested: it was graded in feet, one of the feet was graded in inches, and one of the inches in ten parts. This standard yardstick was kept at the Exchequer. In 1760, a copy of Bird's standard, made two years before, was constructed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penny+magazine+of+the+Society+for+the+Diffusion+of+Useful+Knowledge%2C+Volume+9&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Diffusion+of+Useful+Knowledge&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-BHnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicketts1996" class="citation book cs1">Ricketts, Carl (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8UmAQAACAAJ"><i>Marks and Marking of Weights and Measures of the British Isles</i></a>. Taunton, Somerset: Devon Design and Print. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9528533-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9528533-0-2"><bdi>0-9528533-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marks+and+Marking+of+Weights+and+Measures+of+the+British+Isles&rft.place=Taunton%2C+Somerset&rft.pub=Devon+Design+and+Print&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-9528533-0-2&rft.aulast=Ricketts&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da8UmAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering1765" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danby_Pickering" title="Danby Pickering">Pickering, Danby</a>, ed. (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge23britgoog/page/78/mode/2up">"Cap. V: For weights and measures"</a>. <i>The Statutes at Large: from the first year of King Richard III to the thirty-first Year of King Henry VIII</i>. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Charles Bathurst. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cap.+V%3A+For+weights+and+measures&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large%3A+from+the+first+year+of+King+Richard+III+to+the+thirty-first+Year+of+King+Henry+VIII&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Charles+Bathurst&rft.date=1765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatutesatlarge23britgoog%2Fpage%2F78%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering1765" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danby_Pickering" title="Danby Pickering">Pickering, Danby</a>, ed. (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge23britgoog/page/219/mode/1up">"Cap. IV. An act concerning making of new barrels, kilderkins and other vessels"</a>. <i>The Statutes at Large: from the first year of King Richard III to the thirty-first Year of King Henry VIII</i>. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Charles Bathurst. p. 220. <q>Beef, pork, mutton and veal shall be sold by weight called <i>Haver-de-pois</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cap.+IV.+An+act+concerning+making+of+new+barrels%2C+kilderkins+and+other+vessels&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large%3A+from+the+first+year+of+King+Richard+III+to+the+thirty-first+Year+of+King+Henry+VIII&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Charles+Bathurst&rft.date=1765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatutesatlarge23britgoog%2Fpage%2F219%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering1765" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danby_Pickering" title="Danby Pickering">Pickering, Danby</a>, ed. (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge23britgoog/page/251/mode/1up">"Cap. III"</a>. <i>The Statutes at Large: from the first year of King Richard III to the thirty-first Year of King Henry VIII</i>. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Charles Bathurst. p. 251. <q>Beef, pork, mutton and veal shall be sold by weight called <i>Haver-de-pois</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cap.+III&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large%3A+from+the+first+year+of+King+Richard+III+to+the+thirty-first+Year+of+King+Henry+VIII&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Charles+Bathurst&rft.date=1765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatutesatlarge23britgoog%2Fpage%2F251%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-poppyseed" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=poppyseed">"poppyseed"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=poppyseed&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dpoppyseed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klein_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Arthur_Klein1974" class="citation book cs1">H. Arthur Klein (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofmeasureme0000klei/page/63"><i>The world of measurements: masterpieces, mysteries and muddles of metrology</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofmeasureme0000klei/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-21565-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-21565-5"><bdi>0-671-21565-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+measurements%3A+masterpieces%2C+mysteries+and+muddles+of+metrology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-671-21565-5&rft.au=H.+Arthur+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofmeasureme0000klei%2Fpage%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlett" class="citation web cs1">Rowlett, Russ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726152208/https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.html">"How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement"</a>. University of North Carolina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.html">the original</a> on 26 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Many%3F+A+Dictionary+of+Units+of+Measurement&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.aulast=Rowlett&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~rowlett%2Funits%2FdictS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/link">Merriam Webster Online Dictionary, Link definition</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phisics-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phisics_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae681.cfm">"Drop – size"</a>. Physics and Astronomy Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drop+%E2%80%93+size&rft.pub=Physics+and+Astronomy+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physlink.com%2Feducation%2Faskexperts%2Fae681.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirkby_1735-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkby_1735_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkby_1735_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirkby_1735_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkby1735" class="citation book cs1">Kirkby, Rev. Mr. John (1735). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/arithmeticalins00kirkgoog#page/n76/mode/1up"><i>Arithmetical Institutions</i></a>. London: Motte and Bathurst. Part II, page 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arithmetical+Institutions&rft.place=London&rft.pages=Part+II%2C+page+14&rft.pub=Motte+and+Bathurst&rft.date=1735&rft.aulast=Kirkby&rft.aufirst=Rev.+Mr.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Farithmeticalins00kirkgoog%23page%2Fn76%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwin1991" class="citation book cs1">Unwin, Tim (1991). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winevinehistoric00unwi"><i>Wine and the Vine</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winevinehistoric00unwi/page/n388">364</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14416-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14416-7"><bdi>0-415-14416-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+and+the+Vine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-415-14416-7&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinevinehistoric00unwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sizes_2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sizes_2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sizes.com/units/barrel_wine.htm">"wine barrel"</a>. <i>Sizes</i>. 2009-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sizes&rft.atitle=wine+barrel&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sizes.com%2Funits%2Fbarrel_wine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sizes_2002a-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sizes_2002a_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sizes.com/units/barrel_alebeer.htm">"English Beer and Ale Barrel"</a>. <i>Sizes</i>. 2002-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. p. 188. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606082457/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/ecco/004859210.0001.000/1:10.14?rgn=div2;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on Jun 6, 2023 – via Eighteenth Century Collections Online, Text Creation Partnership.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tables+of+measures+and+weights.&rft.btitle=The+London+Adviser+and+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pages=188&rft.date=1786&rft.aulast=Trusler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Fecco%2F004859210.0001.000%2F1%3A10.14%3Frgn%3Ddiv2%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey_1810-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_1810_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1810" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, John (1810). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o53QCG8cieIC"><i>General View of the Agriculture of the County of Durham, with Observations on the Means of its Improvement</i></a>. London: Richard Phillips. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o53QCG8cieIC/page/n311">283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+View+of+the+Agriculture+of+the+County+of+Durham%2C+with+Observations+on+the+Means+of+its+Improvement&rft.place=London&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Richard+Phillips&rft.date=1810&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_o53QCG8cieIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blocksma, Mary. Reading the Numbers. New York: Penguin Books, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"cord, n <sup>1</sup>". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989. <q>from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Cork" title="Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork">Richard Boyle</a>, 1616</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cord%2C+n+%3Csup%3E1%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Dittmar1890" class="citation book cs1">W. Dittmar (1890). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_arithmetic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical arithmetic (page does not exist)">Chemical arithmetic</a></i> (1 ed.). Glasgow: Glasgow, William Hodge & Co. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+arithmetic&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pages=72&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Glasgow%2C+William+Hodge+%26+Co&rft.date=1890&rft.au=W.+Dittmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">480 minim<sub>imp</sub>/imp fl oz</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">438 gn/imp fl oz</span></span>⁠</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZupko1985" class="citation book cs1">Zupko, Ronald Edward (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0l_k-XMIiQIC"><i>A Dictionary of Weights and Measures for the British Isles</i></a>. Independence Square Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0l_k-XMIiQIC/page/n349">315</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-168-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-168-2"><bdi>978-0-87169-168-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Weights+and+Measures+for+the+British+Isles&rft.place=Independence+Square+Philadelphia&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-168-2&rft.aulast=Zupko&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_0l_k-XMIiQIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A proclamation of Henry VIII, 5 November 1526. Proclamation 112 in Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin, editors. <i>Tudor Royal Proclamations</i>. Volume 1. New Haven: Yale University Press,1964.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sizes.com/units/pound_tower.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. D. Connor and A. D. C. Simpson.<i>Weights and Measures in Scotland. A European Perspective</i>.National Museums of Scotland and Tuckwell Press, 2004, page 116, quoting from H. W. Chisholm, Seventh Annual Report of the Warden for the Standards..for 1872-73 (London, 1873), quoting from 1864 House of Commons Paper.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sizes.com/units/pound_tower.htm">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Entry_189985-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Entry_189985_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150625230025/http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/189985">"Entry 189985"</a>. <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/189985">the original</a> on 25 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2012</span>. <q>sterling, n.1 and adj.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entry+189985&rft.btitle=OED+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fviewdictionaryentry%2FEntry%2F189985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaismith2014b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Naismith, Rory (2014b). "Coinage". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England</i> (Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65632-7"><bdi>978-0-470-65632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coinage&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.place=Chichester%2C+UK&rft.pages=330&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65632-7&rft.aulast=Naismith&rft.aufirst=Rory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardarelli2003" class="citation book cs1">Cardarelli, François (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card"><i>Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures</i></a></span>. London: Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000card/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-1122-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-1122-1"><bdi>978-1-4471-1122-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Scientific+Units%2C+Weights+and+Measures&rft.place=London&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-1122-1&rft.aulast=Cardarelli&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofs0000card&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zupko1985-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zupko1985_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zupko1985_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zupko1985_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zupko1985_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZupko1985" class="citation book cs1">Zupko, Ronald Edward (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0l_k-XMIiQIC&q=todde+wool&pg=PA415"><i>A Dictionary of Weights and Measures for the British Isles: The Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century, Volume 168</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">415–</span>416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-168-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-168-2"><bdi>978-0-87169-168-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Weights+and+Measures+for+the+British+Isles%3A+The+Middle+Ages+to+the+Twentieth+Century%2C+Volume+168&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-168-2&rft.aulast=Zupko&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0l_k-XMIiQIC%26q%3Dtodde%2Bwool%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+units" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=English_units&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/custom.html">English Customary Weights and Measures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724202847/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/custom.html">Archived</a> 2008-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Jacques J. Proot's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051030024814/http://users.aol.com/jackproot/met/spvolas.html">Anglo-Saxon weights & measures</a> page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*sa_/http://users.aol.com/JackProot/met/spvolas.html">Internet Archive Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Alexander Justice, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pierre-marteau.com/wiki/index.php?title=London:Measures">A General Discourse of the Weights and Measures</a>" (London, 1707).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_of_measurement" title="Template talk:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_of_measurement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems of measurement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_of_measurement98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Systems of measurement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units (SI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">UK imperial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary units (USCS/USC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">Apothecaries'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_system_of_units" title="Astronomical system of units">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_electrical_unit" title="Conventional electrical unit">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_Units" title="English Engineering Units">English Engineering Units</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_units" title="Atomic units">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrized_unit_system" title="Geometrized unit system">Geometrised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside%E2%80%93Lorentz_units" title="Heaviside–Lorentz units">Heaviside–Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_units" title="Planck units">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_units#Quantum_chromodynamics_units" title="Natural units">Quantum chromodynamical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_units" title="Stoney units">Stoney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_metric_system" title="Outline of the metric system">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">UK/US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot–pound–second system">Foot–pound–second</a> (FPS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Metric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MKS_system_of_units" class="mw-redirect" title="MKS system of units">metre–kilogram–second</a> (MKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metre%E2%80%93tonne%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Metre–tonne–second system of units">metre–tonne–second</a> (MTS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">centimetre–gram–second</a> (CGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_metric_system" title="Gravitational metric system">gravitational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish_units_of_measurement" title="Old Cornish units of measurement">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_units_of_measurement" title="Cypriot units of measurement">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_units_of_measurement" title="Czech units of measurement">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_units_of_measurement" title="Danish units of measurement">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement" title="Dutch units of measurement">Dutch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchequer_Standards" title="Exchequer Standards">Exchequer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_units_of_measurement" title="Estonian units of measurement">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Finnish_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Finnish units of measurement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_units_of_measurement" title="French units of measurement">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_French_units_of_measurement" title="Traditional French units of measurement">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_German_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete German units of measurement">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Greek units of measurement">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_units_of_measurement" title="Byzantine units of measurement">Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_units_of_measurement" title="Hungarian units of measurement">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_units_of_measurement" title="Icelandic units of measurement">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Irish units of measurement">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_units_of_measurement" title="Italian units of measurement">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_units_of_measurement" title="Latvian units of measurement">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgian units of measurement">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_units_of_measurement" title="Maltese units of measurement">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_units_of_measurement" title="Norwegian units of measurement">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_units_of_measurement" title="Ottoman units of measurement">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_units_of_measurement" title="Polish units of measurement">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_units_of_measurement" title="Portuguese units of measurement">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_units_of_measurement" title="Romanian units of measurement">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Russian units of measurement">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_units" title="Scottish units">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Serbian_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Serbian units of measurement">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_units_of_measurement" title="Slovak units of measurement">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_units_of_measurement" title="Spanish units of measurement">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_units_of_measurement" title="Swedish units of measurement">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_units_of_measurement" title="Swiss units of measurement">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_units" title="Welsh units">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_units_of_measurement" title="Afghan units of measurement">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_units_of_measurement" title="Cambodian units of measurement">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_units_of_measurement" title="Indian units of measurement">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_units_of_measurement" title="Indonesian units of measurement">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_units_of_measurement" title="Korean units of measurement">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_units" title="Mongolian units">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_units_of_measurement" title="Myanmar units of measurement">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_customary_units_of_measurement" title="Nepalese customary units of measurement">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_units_of_measurement" title="Omani units of measurement">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_Pakistan" title="History of measurement systems in Pakistan">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_units_of_measurement" title="Philippine units of measurement">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abucco" title="Abucco">Pegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_units_of_measurement" title="Singaporean units of measurement">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_units_of_measurement" title="Sri Lankan units of measurement">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_units_of_measurement" title="Syrian units of measurement">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Tatar_units_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsolete Tatar units of measurement">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_units_of_measurement" title="Algerian units of measurement">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_units_of_measurement" title="Ethiopian units of measurement">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_units_of_measurement" title="Eritrean units of measurement">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_units_of_measurement" title="Guinean units of measurement">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_units_of_measurement" title="Libyan units of measurement">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_units_of_measurement" title="Malagasy units of measurement">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_units_of_measurement" title="Mauritian units of measurement">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_units_of_measurement" title="Moroccan units of measurement">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_units_of_measurement" title="Seychellois units of measurement">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_units_of_measurement" title="Somali units of measurement">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_units_of_measurement" title="South African units of measurement">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_units_of_measurement" title="Tunisian units of measurement">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_units_of_measurement" title="Tanzanian units of measurement">Tanzanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Costa Rican units of measurement">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_units_of_measurement" title="Cuban units of measurement">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_units_of_measurement" title="Haitian units of measurement">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_units_of_measurement" title="Honduran units of measurement">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_units_of_measurement" title="Mexican units of measurement">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_units_of_measurement" title="Nicaraguan units of measurement">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_units_of_measurement" title="Puerto Rican units of measurement">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_units_of_measurement" title="Argentine units of measurement">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_units_of_measurement" title="Bolivian units of measurement">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_units_of_measurement" title="Brazilian units of measurement">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_units_of_measurement" title="Chilean units of measurement">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_units_of_measurement" title="Colombian units of measurement">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Paraguayan units of measurement">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_units_of_measurement" title="Peruvian units of measurement">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_units_of_measurement" title="Uruguayan units of measurement">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_units_of_measurement" title="Venezuelan units of measurement">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Arabic_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Arabic units of measurement">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement" title="Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement">Biblical and Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Greek units of measurement">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_units_of_measurement" title="Persian units of measurement">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement" title="List of humorous units of measurement">Humorous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_obsolete_units_of_measurement" title="List of obsolete units of measurement">Obsolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of_measurement" title="List of unusual units of measurement">Unusual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_scale" title="Absolute scale">Absolute scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-body_units" title="N-body units">N-body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor">Modulor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_units193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_units" title="Template:Imperial units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial_units" title="Template talk:Imperial units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_units193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial units</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison with US customary system</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">Thousandth of an inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barleycorn_(unit)" title="Barleycorn (unit)">Barleycorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_(unit)" title="Link (unit)">Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">Fathom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)" title="Rod (unit)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain" title="Gunter's chain">Gunter's chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">Furlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_length" title="Cable length">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">Nautical mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Square_inch" title="Square inch">Square inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_yard" title="Square yard">Square yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perch (area)">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rood_(unit)" title="Rood (unit)">Rood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">Square mile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volume</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch" title="Cubic inch">Cubic inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">Cubic foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoppus" title="Hoppus">Hoppus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_yard" title="Cubic yard">Cubic yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubic_mile" title="Cubic mile">Cubic mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmcft" title="Tmcft">Tmcft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaspoon" title="Teaspoon">Teaspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">Tablespoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">Fluid ounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_(unit)" title="Cup (unit)">Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">Pint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">Quart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_gallon" title="Trade gallon">Trade gallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">Gallon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldron" title="Chaldron">Chaldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">Minim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(unit)" title="Gill (unit)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scruple_(unit)" title="Scruple (unit)">Fluid Scruple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">Fluid Drachm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peck" title="Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">Bushel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_(unit)" title="Barrel (unit)">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuck_(unit)" title="Stuck (unit)">Stuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">Hogshead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">Miles per hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_(unit)" title="Grain (unit)">Grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">Drachm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">Ounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">Pound (mass)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_(unit)" title="Stone (unit)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(unit)" title="Quarter (unit)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_(unit)" title="Slug (unit)">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hundred" title="Long hundred">Long hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">Hundredweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_load" title="Ship load">Ship load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Ton">Ton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ksi_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksi (unit)">Ksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">Pounds per square inch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other units and measures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">British thermal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-candle" title="Foot-candle">Foot-candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_(energy)" title="Foot-pound (energy)">Foot-pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-poundal" title="Foot-poundal">Foot-poundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">Horsepower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower-hour" title="Horsepower-hour">Horsepower-hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenning (unit)">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">Pound (force)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound-foot_(torque)" title="Pound-foot (torque)">Pound-foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poundal" title="Poundal">Poundal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Span_(unit)" title="Span (unit)">Span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_count" title="Spinning count">Spinning count</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoirdupois system">Avoirdupois system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English units</a> 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