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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology and behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology and behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication_and_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication_and_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Domestication and breeding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestication_and_breeding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestication and breeding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestication_and_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Genetic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_of_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_of_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution of populations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_of_populations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution of populations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In Europe and the Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>In Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Significance_to_Aboriginal_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_to_Aboriginal_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Significance to Aboriginal peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_to_Aboriginal_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>In South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>In North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Husbandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Husbandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Husbandry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Husbandry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Husbandry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Husbandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dairy_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dairy products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meat_and_skin_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat_and_skin_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Meat and skin products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat_and_skin_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_and_horn_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_and_horn_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Bone and horn products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_and_horn_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reproductive research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproductive_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproductive research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_vitro_fertilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_vitro_fertilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>In vitro fertilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_vitro_fertilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Cloning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fighting_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Fighting festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racing_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racing_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Racing festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racing_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Religious festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Water buffalo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keubeue" title="Keubeue – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Keubeue" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8D_%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Азиэ хыв – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Азиэ хыв" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8C" title="Акамбашь – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акамбашь" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="جاموس الماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاموس الماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%89" title="Гамущ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гамущ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiya_cam%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Asiya camışı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Asiya camışı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جامیشلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جامیشلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebo" title="Kebo – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kebo" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7" title="মহিষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহিষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadangan" title="Hadangan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hadangan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-g%C3%BB" title="Chúi-gû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-gû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8" title="भँइस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भँइस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Домашен бивол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Домашен бивол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="མ་ཧེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མ་ཧེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bual_Azia" title="Bual Azia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bual Azia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAfal_aqu%C3%A0tic" title="Búfal aquàtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Búfal aquàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buvol_dom%C3%A1c%C3%AD" title="Buvol domácí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buvol domácí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byfflo_D%C5%B5r" title="Byfflo Dŵr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Byfflo Dŵr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandb%C3%B8ffel" title="Vandbøffel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vandbøffel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserb%C3%BCffel" title="Wasserbüffel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserbüffel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85h_b%C3%A9%C3%A9gashii" title="Tábąąh béégashii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tábąąh béégashii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="भैसो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भैसो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Νεροβούβαλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεροβούβαλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvobubalo" title="Akvobubalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvobubalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiar_bufalo" title="Asiar bufalo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asiar bufalo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="گاومیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاومیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buabhall_uisce" title="Buabhall uisce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buabhall uisce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAfalo" title="Búfalo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Búfalo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8" title="ભેંસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભેંસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%86%8C" title="물소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="भैंस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भैंस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodeni_bivol" title="Vodeni bivol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodeni bivol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olobu" title="Olobu – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Olobu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufalo" title="Bufalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bufalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbau" title="Kerbau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerbau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufalo_de_aqua" title="Bufalo de aqua – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bufalo de aqua" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatnabuffall" title="Vatnabuffall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vatnabuffall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תאו מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאו מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebo" title="Kebo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kebo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ಎಮ್ಮೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಮ್ಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="აზიური შინაური კამეჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აზიური შინაური კამეჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%B2%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B4" title="مٲنٛش – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مٲنٛش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyati-maji" title="Nyati-maji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyati-maji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayadol_(Bubalus_bubalis)" title="Ayadol (Bubalus bubalis) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ayadol (Bubalus bubalis)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gam%C3%AA%C5%9F" title="Gamêş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gamêş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Буйвол – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Буйвол" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ຄວາຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAdens_bifelis" title="Ūdens bifelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdens bifelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waasserb%C3%BCffel" title="Waasserbüffel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Waasserbüffel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azijinis_buivolas" title="Azijinis buivolas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Azijinis buivolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96r%C3%B6bao" title="Öröbao – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Öröbao" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1zi_v%C3%ADzibivaly" title="Házi vízibivaly – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Házi vízibivaly" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Бивол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бивол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="പോത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="पाण म्हैस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाण म्हैस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="جاموس الماء – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاموس الماء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4" title="گومش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گومش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbau" title="Kerbau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerbau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabau" title="Kabau – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kabau" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ကျွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterbuffel" title="Waterbuffel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterbuffel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="भैँसी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भैँसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="मेय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A6" title="スイギュウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スイギュウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vufero" title="Vufero – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Vufero" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weederb%C3%BCfel" title="Weederbüfel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weederbüfel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannb%C3%B8ffel" title="Vannbøffel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vannbøffel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyvollar" title="Buyvollar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyvollar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9D" title="ਮੱਝ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਝ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%DA%BE" title="مجھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مجھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3%C5%82_domowy" title="Wół domowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wół domowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAfalo-asi%C3%A1tico" title="Búfalo-asiático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Búfalo-asiático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivol_indian" title="Bivol indian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bivol indian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Азиатский буйвол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Азиатский буйвол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%83" title="महिषः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="महिषः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱟᱰᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱰᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%DA%BE" title="منجھ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="منجھ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buallica" title="Buallica – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Buallica" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93_%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="ආසියානු ගෘහස්ථ මී හරක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආසියානු ගෘහස්ථ මී හරක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water buffalo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86" title="مينهن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مينهن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byvol_arni" title="Byvol arni – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Byvol arni" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodni_bivol" title="Vodni bivol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodni bivol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Водени биво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Водени биво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodeni_bivol" title="Vodeni bivol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vodeni bivol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munding" title="Munding – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Munding" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesipuhveli" title="Vesipuhveli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesipuhveli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenbuffel" title="Vattenbuffel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattenbuffel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88)" title="எருமை (கால்நடை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எருமை (கால்நடை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amugay_n_waman" title="Amugay n waman – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amugay n waman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%82%82%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8" title="ၵႂၢႆး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵႂၢႆး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%86" title="గేదె – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గేదె" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ควาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ควาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Говмеш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Говмеш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ಎರ್ಮೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಎರ್ಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asya_mandas%C4%B1" title="Asya mandası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asya mandası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Водяний буйвіл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водяний буйвіл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="بھینس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھینس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaiz" title="Vaiz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vaiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A2u" title="Trâu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trâu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" title="Bubalus bubalis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bubalus bubalis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%89%9B" title="水牛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水牛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%89%9B" title="水牛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水牛" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camus%C3%AA_Asya" title="Camusê Asya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Camusê Asya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%89%9B" title="水牛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水牛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horbo" title="Horbo – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Horbo" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerabau" title="Kerabau – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Kerabau" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebo" title="Kebo – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kebo" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbo" title="Orbo – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Orbo" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42710#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of large bovid</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the domesticated water buffalo. For its endangered wild ancestor, see <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo</a>. For the wild African species, see <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Water buffalo (disambiguation)">Water buffalo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Water buffalo </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Buffal,Sylhet_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Water_Buffal%2CSylhet_01.jpg/220px-Water_Buffal%2CSylhet_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Water_Buffal%2CSylhet_01.jpg/330px-Water_Buffal%2CSylhet_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Water_Buffal%2CSylhet_01.jpg/440px-Water_Buffal%2CSylhet_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Water buffalo spotted in Sylhet, Bangladesh </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center">Domesticated <small></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bubalus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus"><i>Bubalus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>B. bubalis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Bubalus bubalis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2004buffalo.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2004buffalo.PNG/220px-2004buffalo.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2004buffalo.PNG/330px-2004buffalo.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/2004buffalo.PNG/440px-2004buffalo.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Global distribution of the water buffalo in 2004 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Bos bubalis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>water buffalo</b> (<i><b>Bubalus bubalis</b></i>), also called <b>domestic water buffalo</b>, <b>Asian water buffalo</b> and <b>Asiatic water buffalo</b>, is a large <a href="/wiki/Bovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovid">bovid</a> originating in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Today, it is also kept in Italy, the Balkans, Australia, North America, South America and some African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two extant <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">types</a> of water buffalo are recognized, based on <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">behavioural</a> criteria: the <b>river buffalo</b> of the Indian subcontinent and further west to the Balkans, Egypt and Italy; and the <b>swamp buffalo</b> from <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> in the west through Southeast Asia to the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> Valley of China in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1974_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1974-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">wild water buffalo</a> (<i>Bubalus arnee</i>) most probably represents the <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestor</a> of the domestic water buffalo.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results of a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> study indicate that the river-type water buffalo probably originated in western India and was <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> about 6,300 years ago, whereas the swamp-type originated independently from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> and was domesticated about 3,000 to 7,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river buffalo dispersed west as far as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and Italy; while swamp buffalo dispersed to the rest of Southeast Asia and up to the Yangtze Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yang_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2020_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water buffaloes were traded from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, in modern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, in 2500 BC by the <a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seal of a scribe employed by an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> king shows the sacrifice of water buffaloes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water buffaloes are especially suitable for <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tilling</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice field">rice fields</a>, and their milk is richer in fat and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> than that of <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a>. A large <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> population became established in northern Australia in the late 19th century, and there are smaller feral herds in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feral herds are also present in <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irian_Jaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irian Jaya">Irian Jaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, Brazil, and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_buffalo_skull_(Bubalus_bubalis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Water_buffalo_skull_%28Bubalus_bubalis%29.jpg/220px-Water_buffalo_skull_%28Bubalus_bubalis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Water_buffalo_skull_%28Bubalus_bubalis%29.jpg/330px-Water_buffalo_skull_%28Bubalus_bubalis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Water_buffalo_skull_%28Bubalus_bubalis%29.jpg/440px-Water_buffalo_skull_%28Bubalus_bubalis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3577" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>A water buffalo skull</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> first described the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i> and the water buffalo under the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial</a> <i>Bos bubalis</i> in 1758; the species was known to occur in Asia and was held as a domestic form in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Ellerman,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Ellerman, 1st Baronet">Ellerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terence_Morrison-Scott" title="Terence Morrison-Scott">Morrison-Scott</a> treated the wild and domestic forms of the water buffalo as <a href="/wiki/Conspecificity" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecificity">conspecifics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas others treated them as different <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">nomenclatorial</a> treatment of the wild and domestic forms has been inconsistent and varies between authors and even within the works of single authors.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2003, the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature</a> achieved consistency in the naming of the wild and domestic water buffaloes by ruling that the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> <i>Bubalus arnee</i> is valid for the wild form.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>B. bubalis</i> continues to be valid for the domestic form and applies also to <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> populations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1970s, different names were proposed for the river and swamp types of water buffalos; the river type was referred to as <i>Bubalus bubalis bubalis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Linnaeus, 1758)</span>, while the swamp type was referred to as <i>Bubalus bubalis carabanensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Castillo, 1971)</span>. However, <i>Bubalus carabanensis</i> is considered a junior synonym of <i>Bubalus kerabau</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Fitzinger, 1860</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curaudeau2021_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curaudeau2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">List of water buffalo breeds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albino_Water_Buffalo,_Chiang_Mai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Albino_Water_Buffalo%2C_Chiang_Mai.jpg/220px-Albino_Water_Buffalo%2C_Chiang_Mai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Albino_Water_Buffalo%2C_Chiang_Mai.jpg/330px-Albino_Water_Buffalo%2C_Chiang_Mai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Albino_Water_Buffalo%2C_Chiang_Mai.jpg/440px-Albino_Water_Buffalo%2C_Chiang_Mai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3447" data-file-height="2572" /></a><figcaption>An albino swamp buffalo in Chiang Mai province, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>The skin of the river buffalo is black, but some specimens may have dark, slate-coloured skin. Swamp buffaloes have a grey skin at birth, which becomes slate blue later. <a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">Albinoids</a> are present in some populations. River buffaloes have longer faces, smaller girths, and bigger limbs than swamp buffaloes. Their dorsal ridges extend further back and taper off more gradually. Their horns grow downward and backward, then curve upward in a spiral. Swamp buffaloes are heavy-bodied and stockily built, with a short body and large belly. The forehead is flat, the eyes are prominent, the face is short, and the <a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">muzzle</a> is wide. The neck is comparatively long, and the <a href="/wiki/Withers" title="Withers">withers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rump_(animal)" title="Rump (animal)">croup</a> are prominent. A dorsal ridge extends backward and ends abruptly just before the end of the chest. Their horns grow outward and curve in a semicircle, but always remain more or less on the plane of the forehead. The tail is short, reaching only to the <a href="/wiki/Hock_(anatomy)" title="Hock (anatomy)">hocks</a>. Size of the body and shape of horns may vary greatly among breeds. Height at the withers is 129–133 cm (51–52 in) for bulls and 120–127 cm (47–50 in) for cows, but large individuals may attain 160 cm (63 in). Head-lump length at maturity typically ranges from 240–300 cm (94–118 in) with a 60–100 cm (24–39 in) long tail.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They range in weight from 300–550 kg (660–1,210 lb), but weights of over 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) have also been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Tedong bonga</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Piebald" title="Piebald">piebald</a> water buffalo featuring a unique black and white colouration that is favoured by the <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The swamp buffalo has 48 <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a>, while the river buffalo has 50 chromosomes. The two types do not readily interbreed, but fertile offspring can occur. Water buffalo-cattle hybrids have not been observed to occur, but the embryos of such hybrids reach maturity in laboratory experiments, albeit at lower rates than non-hybrids.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a> of the water buffalo differs from the rumen of other <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains a larger population of bacteria, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Cellulolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulolytic">cellulolytic</a> bacteria, lower <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, and higher fungi <a href="/wiki/Zoospore" title="Zoospore">zoospores</a>. In addition, higher levels of the rumen <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (NH<sub>4</sub>-N) and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> have been found compared to those in cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_behavior">Ecology and behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology and behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_buffalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Water_buffalo.jpg/220px-Water_buffalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Water_buffalo.jpg/330px-Water_buffalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Water_buffalo.jpg/440px-Water_buffalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Water buffaloes in the water</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Water_Buffalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Water_Buffalo.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Water_Buffalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Water_Buffalo.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Water_Buffalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Water_Buffalo.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Rainbirder_-_Water_Buffalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Water buffalo wallowing in mud</figcaption></figure> <p>River buffaloes prefer deep water. Swamp buffaloes prefer to <a href="/wiki/Wallowing_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallowing in animals">wallow</a> in mudholes, which they make with their horns. During wallowing, they acquire a thick coating of mud.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are well-adapted to a hot and humid climate with temperatures ranging from 0 °C (32 °F) in the winter to 30 °C (86 °F) and greater in the summer. Water availability is important in hot climates, since they need wallows, rivers, or splashing water to assist in <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>. Some water buffalo <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breeds</a> are adapted to <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline</a> seaside shores and <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">saline sandy terrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water buffaloes thrive on many <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a>. During floods, they graze submerged, raising their heads above the water and carrying quantities of edible plants. Water buffaloes eat <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arundo_donax" title="Arundo donax">Arundo donax</a></i>, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eichhornia_crassipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eichhornia crassipes">Eichhornia crassipes</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a>. Some of these plants are of great value to local peoples. Others, such as <i>E. crassipes</i> and <i>A. donax</i>, are a major problem in some tropical valleys and by eating them, the water buffaloes may help control these invasive plants. </p><p>Green fodders are widely used for intensive milk production and for fattening. Many fodder crops are conserved as hay, chaffed, or pulped. Fodders include <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, the leaves, stems or trimmings of banana, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangelwurzel" title="Mangelwurzel">Mangelwurzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esparto" title="Esparto">esparto</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Leucaena_leucocephala" title="Leucaena leucocephala">Leucaena leucocephala</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">kenaf</a>, maize, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">Pandanus</a></i>, peanut, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">bagasse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>. <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">Citrus</a> pulp and <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a> wastes have been fed safely to buffalo. In Egypt, whole sun-dried <a href="/wiki/Date_palm#Dates" title="Date palm">dates</a> are fed to milk buffalo up to 25% of the standard feed mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_buffalo_calf,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Water_buffalo_calf%2C_India.jpg/220px-Water_buffalo_calf%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Water_buffalo_calf%2C_India.jpg/330px-Water_buffalo_calf%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Water_buffalo_calf%2C_India.jpg/440px-Water_buffalo_calf%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A water buffalo calf in India</figcaption></figure> <p>Swamp buffaloes generally become <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproductive</a> at an older age than river breeds. Young males in Egypt, India, and Pakistan are first mated around 3.0–3.5 years of age, but in Italy, they may be used as early as 2 years of age. Successful mating behaviour may continue until the animal is 12 years or even older. A good river buffalo male can impregnate 100 females in a year. A strong seasonal influence on <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a> occurs. Heat stress reduces <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although water buffaloes are polyoestrous, their reproductive efficiency shows wide variation throughout the year. The cows exhibit a distinct seasonal change in displaying <a href="/wiki/Oestrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oestrus">oestrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conception_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception (biology)">conception</a> rate, and <a href="/wiki/Calf_(animal)" title="Calf (animal)">calving</a> rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Barile2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barile2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age at the first oestrus of <a href="/wiki/Cattle#Terminology" title="Cattle">heifers</a> varies between breeds from 13 to 33 months, but mating at the first oestrus is often infertile and usually deferred until they are 3 years old. <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">Gestation</a> lasts from 281 to 334 days, but most reports give a range between 300 and 320 days. Swamp buffaloes carry their calves for one or two weeks longer than river buffaloes. Finding water buffaloes that continue to work well at the age of 30 is not uncommon, and instances of a working life of 40 years have been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestication_and_breeding">Domestication and breeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Domestication and breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murrah_buffalo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Murrah_buffalo.JPG/220px-Murrah_buffalo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Murrah_buffalo.JPG/330px-Murrah_buffalo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Murrah_buffalo.JPG/440px-Murrah_buffalo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murrah_buffalo" title="Murrah buffalo">Murrah buffalo</a> herd at the Philippine Carabao Center</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bao_Yen_-_Kim_Son_Rural_Commune_-_P1380626.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bao_Yen_-_Kim_Son_Rural_Commune_-_P1380626.JPG/220px-Bao_Yen_-_Kim_Son_Rural_Commune_-_P1380626.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bao_Yen_-_Kim_Son_Rural_Commune_-_P1380626.JPG/330px-Bao_Yen_-_Kim_Son_Rural_Commune_-_P1380626.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bao_Yen_-_Kim_Son_Rural_Commune_-_P1380626.JPG/440px-Bao_Yen_-_Kim_Son_Rural_Commune_-_P1380626.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Trâu Nội buffaloes tied near a barn in Lào Cai, Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <p>The most probable ancestor of domesticated water buffalo is the wild water buffalo (<i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus_arnee" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubalus arnee">Bubalus arnee</a></i>), which is native to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and tropical Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Groves2006_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groves2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two types of domesticated water buffalo are recognized, based on <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> and behavioural criteria – the <b>river buffalo</b> (of the western Indian subcontinent and west to the Levant, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean) and the <b>swamp buffalo</b> (found from <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a> in the west, east to the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> Valley of China, and south through <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and Southeast Asia).<sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1974_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1974-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>River- and swamp-type water buffalo are believed to have been <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> independently. Results of a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> study indicate that the river-type water buffalo probably originated in western India and was probable domesticated about 6,300 years ago; the swamp-type originated independently from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, being domesticated between 3-7,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2020_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river buffalo dispersed west as far as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, southern Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and the Mediterranean regions; swamp buffalo dispersed in the opposite direction, to the rest of Southeast Asia, and as far as the Yangtze Valley in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2020_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu2004_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yang_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swamp-type water buffalo entered <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> from at least 2,500 years ago through the northern <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, where butchered remains of domesticated water buffalo have been recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Nagsabaran site (part of the <a href="/wiki/Lal-lo_and_Gattaran_Shell_Middens" title="Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens">Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200 BCE</span> to 400 CE). These became the ancestors of the distinctly swamp-type <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabao</a> buffalo breed of the Philippines which, in turn, spread to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, among other smaller islands.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The present-day river buffalo is the result of complex domestication processes involving more than one maternal lineage and a significant maternal <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> from wild populations after the initial domestication events.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-two <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breeds</a> of the river buffalo are known, including the <a href="/wiki/Murrah_buffalo" title="Murrah buffalo">Murrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/NiliRavi" class="mw-redirect" title="NiliRavi">NiliRavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surti_buffalo" title="Surti buffalo">Surti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">Carabao</a>, Anatolian, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Mediterranean_buffalo" title="Italian Mediterranean buffalo">Mediterranean</a>, and Egyptian buffaloes.<sup id="cite_ref-Moioli2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moioli2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has a huge variety of water buffalo <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a>, with 16 local swamp buffalo breeds in various regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese2005_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genetic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Results of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> analyses indicate that the two types were domesticated independently.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">Sequencing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_b" title="Cytochrome b">cytochrome b</a> (<i>CytB</i>) <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> of <i>Bubalus</i> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> implies that the water buffalo originated from at least two populations, and that the river-type and the swamp-type have differentiated at the full species level. The <a href="/wiki/Genetic_distance" title="Genetic distance">genetic distance</a> between the two types is so large that a divergence time of about 1.7 million years has been suggested. The swamp-type was noticed to have the closest relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">tamaraw</a> of the northern Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2008 DNA analysis of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> water buffalo remains in northern China (previously used as evidence of a Chinese domestication origin) found that the remains were of the <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus_mephistopheles" title="Bubalus mephistopheles">Bubalus mephistopheles</a></i> and are not genetically related to modern domesticated water buffaloes. Another study in 2004 also concluded that the remains were from wild specimens. Both indicate that water buffaloes were first domesticated outside of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu2004_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yang_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analyses of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphism</a> indicate that swamp and river buffaloes were <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbred</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 analysis of the genomes of 91 swamp and 30 river buffaloes showed that they separated already before domestication about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=0.23">0.23</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 analysis of water buffalo and <a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">lowland anoa</a> genomes unexpectedly found the anoa branching somewhere between swamp and river buffalos.<sup id="cite_ref-Curaudeau2021_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curaudeau2021-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2023 Filipino study using the <i>CytB</i> gene instead found the <a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">tamaraw</a> branching between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_of_populations">Distribution of populations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Distribution of populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Carabao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Philippine_Carabao.jpg/220px-Philippine_Carabao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Philippine_Carabao.jpg/330px-Philippine_Carabao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Philippine_Carabao.jpg/440px-Philippine_Carabao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabao</a> buffalo in the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>By 2011, the global water buffalo population was about 172 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated global population of water buffalo is 208,098,759 head distributed in 77 countries in five continents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Asia">In Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_buffaloes_of_Cambodia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Water_buffaloes_of_Cambodia.jpg/220px-Water_buffaloes_of_Cambodia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Water_buffaloes_of_Cambodia.jpg/330px-Water_buffaloes_of_Cambodia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Water_buffaloes_of_Cambodia.jpg/440px-Water_buffaloes_of_Cambodia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3073" data-file-height="2235" /></a><figcaption>A water buffalo in Cambodia</figcaption></figure> <p>More than 95.8% of the world population of water buffaloes are kept in Asia, including both the river-type and the swamp-type.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese2005_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water buffalo population in India numbered over 97.9 million head in 2003, representing 56.5% of the world population. They are primarily of the river type, with 10 well-defined breeds: the <a href="/wiki/Bhadawari" title="Bhadawari">Bhadawari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banni_buffalo" title="Banni buffalo">Banni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jafarabadi_buffalo" title="Jafarabadi buffalo">Jafarabadi</a>, Marathwadi, <a href="/wiki/Mehsana_buffalo" title="Mehsana buffalo">Mehsana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murrah_buffalo" title="Murrah buffalo">Murrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_(buffalo)" title="Nagpuri (buffalo)">Nagpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nili-Ravi" title="Nili-Ravi">Nili-Ravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandharpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandharpuri">Pandharpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surti_buffalo" title="Surti buffalo">Surti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toda_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Toda buffalo">Toda</a> buffaloes. Swamp buffaloes occur only in small areas in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">northeastern India</a> and are not distinguished into breeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_buffaloes_being_washed_in_the_Mutha_river_of_Pune_in_1986_IMG_20230204_165155.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Water_buffaloes_being_washed_in_the_Mutha_river_of_Pune_in_1986_IMG_20230204_165155.jpg/220px-Water_buffaloes_being_washed_in_the_Mutha_river_of_Pune_in_1986_IMG_20230204_165155.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Water_buffaloes_being_washed_in_the_Mutha_river_of_Pune_in_1986_IMG_20230204_165155.jpg/330px-Water_buffaloes_being_washed_in_the_Mutha_river_of_Pune_in_1986_IMG_20230204_165155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Water_buffaloes_being_washed_in_the_Mutha_river_of_Pune_in_1986_IMG_20230204_165155.jpg/440px-Water_buffaloes_being_washed_in_the_Mutha_river_of_Pune_in_1986_IMG_20230204_165155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Water buffaloes being washed in the Mutha river of <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, the second-largest population lived in China, with 22.76 million head, all of the swamp-type, with many breeds kept only in the lowlands, and other breeds kept only in the mountains; as of 2003, 3.2 million swamp-type <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabao</a> buffaloes were in the Philippines, nearly 3 million swamp buffaloes were in Vietnam, and roughly 773,000 buffaloes were in Bangladesh. About 750,000 head were estimated in Sri Lanka in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese2005_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, the water buffalo was used as a domestic animal throughout the Ryukyu Islands or <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawa prefecture">Okinawa prefecture</a>, however it is almost extinct now and mainly used as a tourist attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per a 2015 report, about 836,500 water buffaloes were in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The water buffalo is the main dairy animal in Pakistan, with 23.47 million head in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, 76% are kept in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>. The rest are mostly kept in the province of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. The water buffalo breeds used are the Nili-Ravi, Kundi, and Azi Kheli.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> alone has upwards of 400,000 head of water buffalo in 2021, which provide dairy as well as meat to the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Thailand, the number of water buffaloes dropped from more than 3 million head in 1996 to less than 1.24 million head in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slightly over 75% of them are kept in the country's northeastern region. By the beginning of 2012, less than one million were in the country, partly as a result of illegal shipments to neighbouring countries where sales prices are higher than in Thailand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Water buffaloes are also present in the southern region of Iraq in the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> was an attempt to punish the south for the <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a>. After 2003 and the <a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">Firdos Square statue destruction</a>, these lands were reflooded and a 2007 report on <a href="/wiki/Maysan_Governorate" title="Maysan Governorate">Maysan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhi_Qar_Governorate" title="Dhi Qar Governorate">Dhi Qar</a> shows a steady increase in the number of water buffaloes. The report puts the number at 40,008 head in those two provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe_and_the_Mediterranean">In Europe and the Mediterranean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Europe and the Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuciulata_bivoli_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cuciulata_bivoli_1.jpg/220px-Cuciulata_bivoli_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cuciulata_bivoli_1.jpg/330px-Cuciulata_bivoli_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cuciulata_bivoli_1.jpg/440px-Cuciulata_bivoli_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Buffaloes in Brașov County, Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>Water buffaloes were probably introduced to Europe from India or other eastern sources. In Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Longobard" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobard">Longobard</a> King <a href="/wiki/Agilulf" title="Agilulf">Agilulf</a> is said to have received water buffaloes around 600 AD. These were probably a present from the <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic</a> nomadic tribe that dwelt near the <a href="/wiki/Danube_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube River">Danube River</a> at the time. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Johnston" title="Harry Johnston">Sir H. Johnston</a> knew of a herd of water buffaloes presented by a <a href="/wiki/King_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Naples">King of Naples</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bey_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bey of Tunis">Bey of Tunis</a> in the mid-19th century that had resumed the <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> state in northern <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European water buffaloes are all of the river-type and considered to be of the same breed named the Mediterranean buffalo. In Italy, the Mediterranean type was particularly selected and is called the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranea_Italiana_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranea Italiana buffalo">Mediterranea Italiana buffalo</a> to distinguish it from other European breeds, which differ genetically. Mediterranean buffalo are also kept in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, with a few hundred in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. Little exchange of breeding water buffaloes has occurred among countries, so each population has its own <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> features and performances. In Bulgaria, they were crossbred with the Indian Murrah breed, and in Romania, some were crossbred with Bulgarian Murrah.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese2005_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, about 13,000 buffaloes were in Romania, down from 289,000 in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Populations in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> are of the Anatolian buffalo breed.<sup id="cite_ref-Moioli2005_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moioli2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Australia">In Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WildWaterBuffalo(Bubalus_bubalis_arnee).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/WildWaterBuffalo%28Bubalus_bubalis_arnee%29.jpg/220px-WildWaterBuffalo%28Bubalus_bubalis_arnee%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/WildWaterBuffalo%28Bubalus_bubalis_arnee%29.jpg/330px-WildWaterBuffalo%28Bubalus_bubalis_arnee%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/WildWaterBuffalo%28Bubalus_bubalis_arnee%29.jpg/440px-WildWaterBuffalo%28Bubalus_bubalis_arnee%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>A feral water buffalo in Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1824 and 1849,<sup id="cite_ref-letts_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letts-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> swamp buffaloes<sup id="cite_ref-trishan_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trishan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kisar" title="Kisar">Kisar</a> and probably other islands in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_archipelago" title="Indonesian archipelago">Indonesian archipelago</a>, to provide meat and hide.<sup id="cite_ref-letts_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letts-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the third attempt at settlement by the British on the <a href="/wiki/Cobourg_Peninsula" title="Cobourg Peninsula">Cobourg Peninsula</a> was abandoned in 1849, the buffaloes were released.<sup id="cite_ref-abc2022_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1880s, a few river buffaloes were imported from India to Darwin for milk.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trishan_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trishan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water buffalo have been the main grazing animals on the subcoastal plains and river basins between Darwin and <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>") since the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-letts_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letts-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trishan_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trishan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They became feral and caused significant environmental damage. Their only natural predators in Australia are crocodiles and <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingoes</a>, which can only prey on the younger animals. As a result, they were hunted in the Top End from 1885 until 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1960s, an estimated population of 150,000 to 200,000 water buffaloes was living in the plains and nearby areas.<sup id="cite_ref-letts_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letts-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commencement of the <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> campaign (BTEC) resulted in a huge culling program to reduce water buffalo herds to a fraction of the numbers that were reached in the 1980s. The BTEC was finished when the Northern Territory was declared free of the disease in 1997. Numbers dropped dramatically as a result of the campaign, but had recovered to an estimated 150,000 animals across northern Australia in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and up to an estimated 200,000 by 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-abc2022_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both swamp and river buffaloes exist in feral populations,<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but swamp buffaloes are more prevalent than river buffaloes.<sup id="cite_ref-trishan_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trishan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Significance_to_Aboriginal_peoples">Significance to Aboriginal peoples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Significance to Aboriginal peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<i>Nganabbarru</i>" is the <a href="/wiki/Bininj_Kunwok" title="Bininj Kunwok">Bininj Kunwok</a> word for buffalo, which are represented in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_rock_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian rock art">rock art paintings</a> at Djabidjbakalloi. The buffalo left behind after the failed British attempt at settlement became a threat to the local <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Australian">Aboriginal peoples</a>, as they had no guns at that time. As the herds expanded across into <a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a>, some local people seized the chance to hunt the animals for their hides in the 1880s, as they did not belong to anyone, unlike sheep and cattle. The industry continues to provide employment opportunities and income for <a href="/wiki/Traditional_owners" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owners">traditional owners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abc2022_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uses">Uses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1950s, water buffaloes were hunted for their skins and meat, which was exported and used in the local trade. In the late 1970s, live exports were made to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and continued later into other countries. Swamp buffaloes are now crossed with river buffaloes in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a> programs, and are kept in many areas of Australia. Some of these <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreeds</a> are used for milk production. <a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northern_Territory)" title="Melville Island (Northern Territory)">Melville Island</a> is a popular hunting location, where a steady population up to 4,000 individuals exists. Safari outfits are run from Darwin to Melville Island and other locations in the Top End, often with the use of <a href="/wiki/Bush_pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush pilot">bush pilots</a>; buffalo horns, which can measure up to a record of 3.1 m (10 ft) tip-to-tip, are prized hunting trophies.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water buffaloes were exported live to Indonesia until 2011, at a rate of about 3,000 per year. After the live export ban that year, the exports dropped to zero, and had not resumed as of June 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tom Dawkins, CEO of NT Buffalo Industry Council, said in May 2022 that culling should be a last resort, given the flourishing and growing live export trade and economic benefits for Aboriginal people.<sup id="cite_ref-abc2022_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2021, cattle exports to Indonesia had dropped to the lowest level since 2012, while demand for buffalo was growing both in Australia and in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_South_America">In South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%BAfalo_Murrah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/B%C3%BAfalo_Murrah.JPG/220px-B%C3%BAfalo_Murrah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/B%C3%BAfalo_Murrah.JPG/330px-B%C3%BAfalo_Murrah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/B%C3%BAfalo_Murrah.JPG/440px-B%C3%BAfalo_Murrah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Murrah buffalo on a Brazilian farm</figcaption></figure> <p>Water buffaloes were introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> basin in 1895. They are now extensively used there for meat and dairy production. In 2005, the water buffalo herd in the Brazilian Amazon stood at roughly 1.6 million head, of which 460,000 were located in the lower Amazon floodplains.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The breeds used include the Mediterranean from Italy, the Murrah and Jafarabadi from India, and the carabao from the Philippines. The official Brazilian herd number in 2019 is 1.39 million head.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1970s, small herds were imported to <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayenne" title="Cayenne">Cayenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRC_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Argentina, many game ranches raise water buffaloes for commercial hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other important herds in South America are <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (>300.000), Argentina (>100.000) and Venezuela with unconfirmed reports ranging from 200 to 500 thousand head.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_North_America">In North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, four water buffaloes were imported to the United States from <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> to be studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>. In February 1978, the first herd arrived for commercial farming. Until 2002, only one commercial breeder was in the United States. Water buffalo meat is imported from Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-NRC_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRC-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2011, water buffaloes were raised in <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida" title="Gainesville, Florida">Gainesville, Florida</a>, from young obtained from zoo overflow. They were used primarily for meat production, and frequently sold as hamburger.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other U.S. ranchers use them for production of high-quality <a href="/wiki/Mozzarella" title="Mozzarella">mozzarella</a> cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water buffaloes are also kept in the Caribbean, specifically in Trinidad and Tobago and Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Husbandry">Husbandry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Husbandry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerbau_Jawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kerbau_Jawa.jpg/220px-Kerbau_Jawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kerbau_Jawa.jpg/330px-Kerbau_Jawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kerbau_Jawa.jpg/440px-Kerbau_Jawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Water buffaloes plowing <a href="/wiki/Rice_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice fields">rice fields</a> in Java, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuanyang_cow_pat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yuanyang_cow_pat.jpg/220px-Yuanyang_cow_pat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yuanyang_cow_pat.jpg/330px-Yuanyang_cow_pat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yuanyang_cow_pat.jpg/440px-Yuanyang_cow_pat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cow_dung" title="Cow dung">Water buffalo dung</a> is dried against the façade of a house in Yuanyang County, Yunnan, China.</figcaption></figure> <p>The husbandry system of water buffaloes depends on the purpose for which they are bred and maintained. Most of them are kept by people who work on small farms in family units. Their water buffaloes live in close association with them, and are often their greatest <a href="/wiki/Capital_asset" title="Capital asset">capital asset</a>. The women and girls in India generally look after the milking buffaloes, while the men and boys are concerned with the working animals. Throughout Asia, they are commonly tended by children who are often seen leading or riding their charges to wallows. Water buffaloes are the ideal animals for work in the deep mud of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> because of their large hooves and flexible foot joints. They are often referred to as "the living tractor of the East". They are the most efficient and economical means of cultivation of small fields. In most rice-producing countries, they are used for <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a> and for transporting the <a href="/wiki/Sheaf_(agriculture)" title="Sheaf (agriculture)">sheaves</a> during the rice harvest. They provide power for oilseed mills, sugarcane presses, and devices for raising water. They are widely used as <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a>, and in India and Pakistan, for heavy haulage, also. In their invasions of Europe, the Turks used water buffaloes for hauling heavy battering rams. Their dung is used as a <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, and as a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> when dried.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 26 million water buffaloes are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They contribute 72 million tonnes of milk and three million tonnes of meat annually to world food, much of it in areas that are prone to nutritional imbalances. In India, river buffaloes are kept mainly for milk production and for transport, whereas swamp buffaloes are kept mainly for work and a small amount of milk.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2010_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dairy_products">Dairy products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dairy products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_cheeses" title="List of water buffalo cheeses">List of water buffalo cheeses</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCC_Dairy_products.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PCC_Dairy_products.jpg/220px-PCC_Dairy_products.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PCC_Dairy_products.jpg/330px-PCC_Dairy_products.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PCC_Dairy_products.jpg/440px-PCC_Dairy_products.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Dairy products of water buffalo milk</figcaption></figure> <p>Water buffalo milk presents physicochemical features different from those of other ruminant species, such as a higher content of <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physical and chemical parameters of swamp-type and river-type water buffalo milk differ.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water buffalo milk contains higher levels of total solids, <a href="/wiki/Crude_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude protein">crude protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk fat">fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and slightly higher content of <a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">lactose</a> compared with those of <a href="/wiki/Cow_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow milk">cow milk</a>. The high level of total solids makes water buffalo milk ideal for processing into value-added dairy products such as cheese. The <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_linoleic_acid" title="Conjugated linoleic acid">conjugated linoleic acid</a> content in water buffalo milk ranged from 4.4 mg/g fat in September to 7.6 mg/g fat in June. Seasons and genetics may play a role in variation of CLA level and changes in gross composition of water buffalo milk.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water buffalo milk is processed into a large variety of <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a>, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">Cream</a> <a href="/wiki/Churning_(butter)" title="Churning (butter)">churns</a> much faster at higher fat levels and gives higher overrun than cow cream.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Butter from water buffalo cream displays more stability than that from cow cream.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a> from water buffalo milk has a different texture with a bigger grain size than ghee from cow milk.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Heat-concentrated milk products in the Indian subcontinent include <a href="/wiki/Paneer" title="Paneer">paneer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoa" title="Khoa">khoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabri" title="Rabri">rabri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">kheer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basundi" title="Basundi">basundi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented milk">Fermented milk</a> products include <a href="/wiki/Dahi_(curd)" title="Dahi (curd)">dahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strained_yogurt" title="Strained yogurt">strained yogurt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">Whey</a> is used for making <a href="/wiki/Ricotta" title="Ricotta">ricotta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mascarpone" title="Mascarpone">mascarpone</a> in Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Areesh_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Areesh cheese">alkarish</a> in Syria and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard cheese">Hard cheeses</a> include braila in Romania, and <a href="/wiki/Rumi_cheese" title="Rumi cheese">rahss</a> in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese_69-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft cheese">Soft cheeses</a> include <a href="/wiki/Mozzarella" title="Mozzarella">mozzarella</a> in Italy, karish, mish and madhfor in Iraq, alghab in Syria, <a href="/wiki/Kesong_puti" title="Kesong puti">kesong puti</a> in the Philippines, and vladeasa in Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-Borghese_69-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borghese-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" align="left" width="auto" style="clear:left"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Top 10 water buffalo milk producers—2020<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th width="auto">Country </th> <th width="auto">Production (<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) </th> <th width="auto">Note </th></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td align="right">90,026,273</td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-USM_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USM-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pakistan</td> <td align="right">37,256,000</td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-O_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>China</td> <td align="right">2,919,966</td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FAO-est_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-est-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egypt</td> <td align="right">1,747,641</td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FAO-est_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-est-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nepal</td> <td align="right">1,380,600</td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FAO-est_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-est-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td align="right">253,830</td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FAO-est_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-est-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myanmar</td> <td align="right">205,102</td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FAO-est_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-est-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iran</td> <td align="right">128,000</td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FAO-est_73-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-est-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mongolia</td> <td align="right">104,645</td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FAO-est_73-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-est-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia</td> <td align="right">89,983</td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-FAO-est_73-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-est-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><b>World</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" align="right"><b>134,425,197</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" align="right"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USM-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USM_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">unofficial, semi-official, mirror data</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">official figure</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-est-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-est_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-est_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-est_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-est_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-est_73-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-est_73-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-est_73-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO-est_73-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FAO estimate</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat_and_skin_products">Meat and skin products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Meat and skin products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo meat</a></div> <p>Water buffalo meat, sometimes called "carabeef", is often passed off as beef in certain regions, and is also a major source of export revenue for India. In many Asian regions, water buffalo meat is less preferred due to its toughness; however, recipes have evolved (<i><a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">rendang</a></i>, for example) where the slow cooking process and spices not only make the meat palatable, but also preserve it, an important factor in hot climates where refrigeration is not always available.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Their hides provide tough and useful leather, often used for shoes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_and_horn_products">Bone and horn products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bone and horn products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg/220px-Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg/330px-Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg/440px-Bihu_dancer_with_a_horn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">bihu</a></i> dancer blowing a <a href="/wiki/Hornpipe_(instrument)" title="Hornpipe (instrument)">hornpipe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The bones and horns are often made into jewellery, especially earrings. Horns are used for the embouchure of musical instruments, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kaval" title="Kaval">kaval</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Environmental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">Wildlife conservation</a> scientists have started to recommend and use introduced populations of feral water buffaloes in far-away lands to manage uncontrolled vegetation growth in and around natural <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>. Introduced water buffaloes at home in such environs provide cheap service by regularly grazing the uncontrolled vegetation and opening up clogged water bodies for <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>, wetland birds, and other wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grazing water buffaloes are sometimes used in Great Britain for <a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">conservation grazing</a>, such as in the Chippenham Fen National Nature Reserve. The water buffaloes can better adapt to wet conditions and poor-quality vegetation than cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In uncontrolled circumstances, though, water buffaloes can cause environmental damage, such as trampling vegetation, disturbing bird and reptile nesting sites, and spreading exotic weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproductive_research">Reproductive research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reproductive research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_vitro_fertilization">In vitro fertilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In vitro fertilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Carabao_Center" title="Philippine Carabao Center">Philippine Carabao Center</a> (PCC) in <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a> produced the first swamp-type water buffalo born from an <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation"><i>in vitro</i>-produced</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embryo_cryopreservation" title="Embryo cryopreservation">vitrified embryo</a>. It was named "Glory" after President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>'s most successful project as an opposition senator, the PCC was created through Republic Act 3707, the Carabao Act of 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been many attempts at creating hybrids between domestic cattle and domestic water buffaloes, however, to date, none have been successful; the embryos usually only get to the <a href="/wiki/8-cell_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="8-cell stage">8-cell stage</a> before failing.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloning">Cloning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cloning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first cloned water buffalos were born in 2007. Chinese scientists used <a href="/wiki/Micromanipulator" title="Micromanipulator">micromanipulation</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">somatic cell nuclear transfer</a> (SCNT) produce several clones of a swamp-type water buffalo. Three calves were born; two died young.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29620444_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29620444-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the PCC announced plans to clone the swamp-type water buffalo. The plan was to use as a tool for genetic improvement in water buffaloes to produce "super buffalo calves" by multiplying existing <a href="/wiki/Germplasm" title="Germplasm">germplasms</a>, but without modifying or altering <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genetic</a> material.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> article says the PCC is "close to producing the world's first water buffalo clone".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/National_Dairy_Research_Institute" title="National Dairy Research Institute">National Dairy Research Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karnal" title="Karnal">Karnal</a>, India) cloned a river-type water buffalo using a simplified SCNT procedure they called "<a href="/wiki/Handmade_cloning" class="mw-redirect" title="Handmade cloning">handmade cloning</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29620444_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29620444-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The calf, named Samrupa, did not survive more than a week due to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic defect">genetic defects</a>. A few months later, a second cloned calf named Garima was successfully born.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_for_Research_on_Buffaloes" title="Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes">Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes</a>, India's premier research institute on water buffaloes, also became the second institute in the world to successfully clone the water buffalo in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_zodiac#Weekdays" title="Burmese zodiac">Thai and Sinhalese animal and planetary zodiac</a>, the water buffalo is the third animal zodiac of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> and the fourth animal zodiac of the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a> of Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some ethnic groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> in Indonesia and the <a href="/wiki/Derung" class="mw-redirect" title="Derung">Derung</a> in China, sacrifice water buffaloes or <i>kerbau</i> (called <i>horbo</i> in Batak or <i>tedong</i> in Toraja) at several festivals.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> adorn their houses and clothing with motifs based on the buffalo's horns as a tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_(legend)" title="Minangkabau (legend)">legend</a> that pitted a buffalo (<i>kabau</i>) chosen by their kingdom against one by (traditionally) the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> empire, to which their kingdom won.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Chinese tradition, the water buffalo is associated with a contemplative life.<sup id="cite_ref-Tressider_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tressider-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A water buffalo head was a symbol of death in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-Tressider_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tressider-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The carabao is considered a <a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">national symbol</a> of the Philippines, although this has no basis in Philippine law.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Indian mythology, the Hindu god of death, <a href="/wiki/Yama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (Hinduism)">Yama</a>, rides on a water buffalo.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A male water buffalo is sacrificed in many parts of India during festivals associated <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> sect of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buffalo_sacrifice_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buffalo_sacrifice-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Legend has it that <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophical</a> sage <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> left China through the <a href="/wiki/Hangu_Pass" title="Hangu Pass">Hangu Pass</a> riding a water buffalo.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> in India, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Rayka" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayka">Rayka</a>, as well as many other communities, many worship the goddess Vihat, who uses a male water buffalo as her <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahana</a>. Also, the goddess Varahi in Indian culture is shown to possess a water buffalo and ride it.</li> <li>According to folklore, <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>, a half-buffalo and half-human demon, was killed by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, water buffaloes are often the most valuable possession of poor farmers.</li> <li>Many ethnic groups use the horns of water buffaloes as a game trophy, or for musical instruments and ornaments. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo_(zodiac)" title="Water buffalo (zodiac)">water buffalo</a> is the second animal zodiac in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Vietnamese zodiac</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Impression of a cylinder seal of the Akkadian Empire, with the label: "The Divine Sharkalisharri Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant." The long-horned water buffalo is thought to have come from the Indus Valley, and testifies to exchanges with Meluhha, the Indus Valley Civilisation. c. 2217–2193 BC. Louvre Museum.[91][92][93]"><img alt="Impression of a cylinder seal of the Akkadian Empire, with the label: "The Divine Sharkalisharri Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant." The long-horned water buffalo is thought to have come from the Indus Valley, and testifies to exchanges with Meluhha, the Indus Valley Civilisation. c. 2217–2193 BC. Louvre Museum.[91][92][93]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg/200px-Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg/300px-Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg/400px-Impression_of_a_cylinder_seal_of_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2922" data-file-height="1782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Impression of a cylinder seal of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, with the label: "The Divine <a href="/wiki/Sharkalisharri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharkalisharri">Sharkalisharri</a> Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant." The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buffalo">long-horned water buffalo</a> is thought to have come from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a>, and testifies to exchanges with Meluhha, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2217–2193</span> BC. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WaterBuffaloLopburiThailand2300BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceramic water buffalo from 2300 BC found in Lopburi, Thailand (Museum of Asian Art, Berlin)"><img alt="A ceramic water buffalo from 2300 BC found in Lopburi, Thailand (Museum of Asian Art, Berlin)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/WaterBuffaloLopburiThailand2300BCE.jpg/200px-WaterBuffaloLopburiThailand2300BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/WaterBuffaloLopburiThailand2300BCE.jpg/300px-WaterBuffaloLopburiThailand2300BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/WaterBuffaloLopburiThailand2300BCE.jpg/400px-WaterBuffaloLopburiThailand2300BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A ceramic water buffalo from 2300 BC found in Lopburi, Thailand (<a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Asian_Art" title="Museum of Asian Art">Museum of Asian Art</a>, Berlin)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamantaka,_Fear-Striking_Vajra,_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo,_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hindu and Buddhist deity Yama on a water buffalo (Art Institute, Chicago)"><img alt="The Hindu and Buddhist deity Yama on a water buffalo (Art Institute, Chicago)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg/158px-Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg/237px-Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg/316px-Yamantaka%2C_Fear-Striking_Vajra%2C_Lord_of_Death_on_a_water_buffalo%2C_Vajrayana_Buddhism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="3319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Hindu and Buddhist deity <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> on a water buffalo (Art Institute, Chicago)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Buffalo_by_Hokusai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water Buffalo (Suigyū) painted by Katsushika Hokusai, c. 1875, Japan"><img alt="Water Buffalo (Suigyū) painted by Katsushika Hokusai, c. 1875, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_Buffalo_by_Hokusai.jpg/139px-Water_Buffalo_by_Hokusai.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_Buffalo_by_Hokusai.jpg/208px-Water_Buffalo_by_Hokusai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_Buffalo_by_Hokusai.jpg/277px-Water_Buffalo_by_Hokusai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Water Buffalo (Suigyū)</i> painted by <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Katsushika Hokusai</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1875</span>, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_th%E1%BA%A3_di%E1%BB%81u.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mục đồng thả diều, 19th century, Đông Hồ painting, Vietnam"><img alt="Mục đồng thả diều, 19th century, Đông Hồ painting, Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/M%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_th%E1%BA%A3_di%E1%BB%81u.JPG/142px-M%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_th%E1%BA%A3_di%E1%BB%81u.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/M%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_th%E1%BA%A3_di%E1%BB%81u.JPG/213px-M%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_th%E1%BA%A3_di%E1%BB%81u.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/M%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_th%E1%BA%A3_di%E1%BB%81u.JPG/285px-M%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_th%E1%BA%A3_di%E1%BB%81u.JPG 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="618" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mục đồng thả diều, 19th century, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%E1%BB%93_painting" title="Đông Hồ painting">Đông Hồ painting</a>, Vietnam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tijdens_het_slepen_van_een_grafsteen_wordt_even_uitgerust_op_de_steen_zijn_horens_van_de_geofferde_karbouwen_gebonden_West-Sumba%27_TMnr_10003262.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The horns of water buffaloes sacrificed in West Sumba Regency, c. 1936"><img alt="The horns of water buffaloes sacrificed in West Sumba Regency, c. 1936" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tijdens_het_slepen_van_een_grafsteen_wordt_even_uitgerust_op_de_steen_zijn_horens_van_de_geofferde_karbouwen_gebonden_West-Sumba%27_TMnr_10003262.jpg/142px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tijdens_het_slepen_van_een_grafsteen_wordt_even_uitgerust_op_de_steen_zijn_horens_van_de_geofferde_karbouwen_gebonden_West-Sumba%27_TMnr_10003262.jpg/213px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Tijdens_het_slepen_van_een_grafsteen_wordt_even_uitgerust_op_de_steen_zijn_horens_van_de_geofferde_karbouwen_gebonden_West-Sumba%27_TMnr_10003262.jpg/284px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The horns of water buffaloes sacrificed in West Sumba Regency, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1936</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_festivals">Fighting festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fighting festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_and_American_spectators_at_a_Carabao_fight_in_Jolo_LOC_3909061743.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Filipino_and_American_spectators_at_a_Carabao_fight_in_Jolo_LOC_3909061743.jpg/220px-Filipino_and_American_spectators_at_a_Carabao_fight_in_Jolo_LOC_3909061743.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Filipino_and_American_spectators_at_a_Carabao_fight_in_Jolo_LOC_3909061743.jpg/330px-Filipino_and_American_spectators_at_a_Carabao_fight_in_Jolo_LOC_3909061743.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Filipino_and_American_spectators_at_a_Carabao_fight_in_Jolo_LOC_3909061743.jpg/440px-Filipino_and_American_spectators_at_a_Carabao_fight_in_Jolo_LOC_3909061743.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="3180" /></a><figcaption>Filipinos and American soldiers observed a water buffalo fight in 1906.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Buffalo_fight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Water_Buffalo_fight.jpg/220px-Water_Buffalo_fight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Water_Buffalo_fight.jpg/330px-Water_Buffalo_fight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Water_Buffalo_fight.jpg/440px-Water_Buffalo_fight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An unstaged water buffalo fight</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Pasungay Festival is held annually in the town of <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin,_Iloilo" title="San Joaquin, Iloilo">San Joaquin</a>, Iloilo, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</li> <li>The Moh juj Water Buffalo Fighting Festival is held every year in <a href="/wiki/Bhogali_Bihu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhogali Bihu">Bhogali Bihu</a> in Assam.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Do Son Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Vietnam is held each year on the ninth day of the eighth month of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Do_Son" class="mw-redirect" title="Do Son">Do Son</a> Township, <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a> City, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. It is one of the most popular Vietnam festivals and events in Haiphong City. The preparations for this buffalo fighting festival begin from the two to three months earlier. The competing water buffalo are selected and methodically trained months in advance. It is a traditional festival of Vietnam attached to a Water God worshiping ceremony and the <i>Hien Sinh</i> custom to show the martial spirit of the local people of Do Son, Haiphong.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Hai Luu Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Vietnam has existed since the second century BC. General Lu Gia, at that time, had the water buffalo slaughtered to give a feast to the local people and the warriors, and organized buffalo fighting for amusement. Eventually, all the fighting water buffaloes will be slaughtered as tributes to the deities.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ko_Samui" title="Ko Samui">Ko Samui</a> Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Thailand is a popular event held on special occasions such as New Year's Day in January, and <a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a> in mid-April. This festival features head-wrestling bouts in which two male water buffaloes are pitted against one another. Unlike in <a href="/wiki/Spanish-style_bullfighting" title="Spanish-style bullfighting">Spanish-style bullfighting</a>, wherein bulls get killed while fighting sword-wielding men, the festival held at <a href="/wiki/Ko_Samui" title="Ko Samui">Ko Samui</a> is a fairly harmless contest. The fighting season varies according to ancient customs and ceremonies. The first water buffalo to turn and run away is considered the loser; the winning water buffalo becomes worth several million baht.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ma'Pasilaga Tedong Water Buffalo Fighting Festival, in <a href="/wiki/Tana_Toraja_Regency" title="Tana Toraja Regency">Tana Toraja Regency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulawesi Island">Sulawesi Island</a>, Indonesia, is a popular event where the Rambu Solo or a Burial Festival takes place in Tana Toraja.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racing_festivals">Racing festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Racing festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Water_buffalo" title="Special:EditPage/Water buffalo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The Carabao Carroza Festival is held annually every May in the town of <a href="/wiki/Pavia,_Iloilo" title="Pavia, Iloilo">Pavia, Iloilo</a>, the Philippines.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kambala" title="Kambala">Kambala</a> races of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, India, take place between October and March.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The races are conducted by having the water buffaloes (bulls) run in long parallel slushy ditches, where they are driven by men standing on wooden planks drawn by the water buffaloes. The objectives of the race are to finish first and to raise the water to the greatest height. It is also a rural sport. Kambala races are arranged with competition, as well as without competition, and as a part of thanksgiving (to God) in about 50 villages of coastal Karnataka.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi Province</a> of Thailand, and in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, annual water buffalo races are held.</li> <li>The Chon Buri water buffalo racing festival, in downtown <a href="/wiki/Chonburi_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonburi (city)">Chonburi</a>, 70 km (43 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, an annual water buffalo festival is held in mid-October. About 300 water buffaloes race in groups of five or six, spurred on by bareback jockeys wielding wooden sticks, as hundreds of spectators cheer. The water buffalo has always played an important role in agriculture in Thailand. For the farmers, it is an important festival. It is also a celebration among rice farmers before the rice harvest. At dawn, farmers walk their water buffaloes through the surrounding rice fields, splashing them with water to keep them cool before leading them to the race field.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Babulang" title="Babulang">Babulang</a> water buffalo racing festival in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, Malaysia, is the largest or grandest of the many rituals, ceremonies and festivals of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a> community of Limbang, Sarawak. Highlights are the Ratu Babulang competition and the water buffalo races, which can only be found in this town in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, Malaysia.</li> <li>At the Vihear Suor village water buffalo racing festival, Cambodia, each year, people visit Buddhist temples across the country to honor their deceased loved ones during a 15-day period commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a>, but in Vihear Suor village, about 22 mi (35 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, citizens each year wrap up the festival with a water buffalo race to entertain visitors and honour a pledge made hundreds of years ago. There was a time when many village cattle which provide rural Cambodians with muscle power to plow their fields and transport agricultural products died from an unknown disease. The villagers prayed to a spirit to help save their animals from the disease and promised to show their gratitude by holding a water buffalo race each year on the last day of the "P'chum Ben" festival, as it is known in Cambodia. The race draws hundreds of spectators, who come to see riders and their animals charge down the racing field, the racers bouncing up and down on the backs of their water buffaloes, whose horns were draped with colorful cloth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_racing_in_Kerala" title="Buffalo racing in Kerala">Buffalo racing in Kerala</a> is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Kambala" title="Kambala">Kambala</a> races.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carabao_Cart.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A carabao cart in the Philippines in 1899"><img alt="A carabao cart in the Philippines in 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Carabao_Cart.jpg/200px-Carabao_Cart.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Carabao_Cart.jpg/300px-Carabao_Cart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Carabao_Cart.jpg/400px-Carabao_Cart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A carabao cart in the Philippines in 1899</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisbuffalorace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water buffalo racing at Babulang 2006"><img alt="Water buffalo racing at Babulang 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bisbuffalorace.jpg/200px-Bisbuffalorace.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bisbuffalorace.jpg/300px-Bisbuffalorace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bisbuffalorace.jpg/400px-Bisbuffalorace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="311" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water buffalo racing at Babulang 2006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kambala,_he-buffalo_race_at_Vandar_village,_Udupi_Dist.,_Kar._India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A water buffalo race at Vandar village, Udupi district, India"><img alt="A water buffalo race at Vandar village, Udupi district, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kambala%2C_he-buffalo_race_at_Vandar_village%2C_Udupi_Dist.%2C_Kar._India.jpg/200px-Kambala%2C_he-buffalo_race_at_Vandar_village%2C_Udupi_Dist.%2C_Kar._India.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kambala%2C_he-buffalo_race_at_Vandar_village%2C_Udupi_Dist.%2C_Kar._India.jpg/300px-Kambala%2C_he-buffalo_race_at_Vandar_village%2C_Udupi_Dist.%2C_Kar._India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kambala%2C_he-buffalo_race_at_Vandar_village%2C_Udupi_Dist.%2C_Kar._India.jpg/400px-Kambala%2C_he-buffalo_race_at_Vandar_village%2C_Udupi_Dist.%2C_Kar._India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A water buffalo race at Vandar village, Udupi district, India</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_festival">Religious festival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religious festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Pulilan Carabao Festival is held annually every 14 and 15 May in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippine</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Pulilan" title="Pulilan">Pulilan</a> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_the_Laborer" title="Isidore the Laborer">St. Isidore the Laborer</a>, the patron saint of farmers. As thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest every year, farmers parade their carabaos in the main town street, adorning them with garlands and other decorations. One of the highlights of the festival is the kneeling of the carabaos in front of the parish church.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a> (<i>Syncerus caffer</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus_murrensis" title="Bubalus murrensis">Bubalus murrensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle in religion">Cattle in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Mediterranean_buffalo" title="Italian Mediterranean buffalo">Italian Mediterranean buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_buffalo_breeds" title="List of water buffalo breeds">List of water buffalo breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu</a> – the common breed of domestic cattle from India</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cockrill1977-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1977_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCockrill,_W._R.1977" class="citation book cs1">Cockrill, W. R. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616141330/http://www4.zetatalk.com/docs/Animal_Power/The_Water_Buffalo_1977.pdf"><i>The water buffalo</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rome: Animal Production and Health Series No. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.zetatalk.com/docs/Animal_Power/The_Water_Buffalo_1977.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+water+buffalo&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Animal+Production+and+Health+Series+No.+4.+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Cockrill%2C+W.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.zetatalk.com%2Fdocs%2FAnimal_Power%2FThe_Water_Buffalo_1977.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cockrill1974-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1974_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1974_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockrill,_W._R.1974" class="citation book cs1">Cockrill, W. R., ed. (1974). <i>The husbandry and health of the domestic buffalo</i>. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+husbandry+and+health+of+the+domestic+buffalo&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau,_C._H.Drinkwater,_R._D.Yusoff,_K.Tan,_S._G.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lau, C. H.; Drinkwater, R. D.; Yusoff, K.; Tan, S. G.; Hetzel, D. J. S.; Barker, J. S. F. 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London: Helicon Publisher. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85986-059-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85986-059-1"><bdi>1-85986-059-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hutchinson+Dictionary+of+Symbols&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Helicon+Publisher&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85986-059-1&rft.aulast=Tressider&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPangilinan2014" class="citation web cs1">Pangilinan, L. Jr. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126154959/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/">"In Focus: 9 Facts You May Not Know About Philippine National Symbols"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols/">the original</a> on 26 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Focus%3A+9+Facts+You+May+Not+Know+About+Philippine+National+Symbols&rft.pub=National+Commission+for+Culture+and+the+Arts&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Pangilinan&rft.aufirst=L.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-culture-and-arts%2Fin-focus%2F9-facts-you-may-not-know-about-philippine-national-symbols%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley2017" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Andra S. (2017). Cohen, Mathilde; Otomo, Yoriko (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neqMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50"><i>Making Milk: The Past, Present and Future of Our Primary Food</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-02997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-02997-2"><bdi>978-1-350-02997-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Milk%3A+The+Past%2C+Present+and+Future+of+Our+Primary+Food&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-350-02997-2&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Andra+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DneqMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller_Christopher_John2004" class="citation book cs1">Fuller Christopher John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7823.html">"4"</a>. <i>The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India</i> (Revised and Expanded ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12048-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=The+camphor+flame%3A+popular+Hinduism+and+society+in+India&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12048-5&rft.au=Fuller+Christopher+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F7823.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller_C._J.2004" class="citation book cs1">Fuller C. J. (26 July 2004). <i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India [Paperback]</i> (Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12048-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/069112048X">069112048X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India+%5BPaperback%5D&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004-07-26&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12048-5&rft.au=Fuller+C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buffalo_sacrifice-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buffalo_sacrifice_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (February 1980). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum">the original</a> on 9 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louvre+Museum&rft.atitle=Cylinder+Seal+of+Ibni-Sharrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Foeuvre-notices%2Fcylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=12067">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. <i>cartelfr.louvre.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not_frame%26idNotice%3D12067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownFeldman2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4DoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA187"><i>Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614510352" title="Special:BookSources/9781614510352"><bdi>9781614510352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Approaches+to+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Art&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781614510352&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Marian+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4DoBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutta2008" class="citation news cs1">Dutta, P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Bonfire%2C+feast+%26+lots+more&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1080112%2Fjsp%2Fnortheast%2Fstory_8771062.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.vietnamnet.vn/lifestyle/2005/09/489209/">Do Son: buffalo fighting festival (Vietnam)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705124746/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/lifestyle/2005/09/489209/">Archived</a> 5 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 14 September 2005, VietNamNet Bridge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012081514/http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/vietnam/vietnam-festivals-&-events/do-son-buffalo-fighting-festival-vietnam.html">Do Son Buffalo Fighting Festival Vietnam</a>. Asiarooms.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vietnampictorial.vnagency.com.vn/VNP-Website/News_Detail/Default.asp?ID_Cat=25&ID_NEWS=4936&language=EN&number=1&year=2007">Buffalo Fighting in Hai Luu Commune</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Vietnam News Agency</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=291P4wqQmFM">Water Buffalo-fighting festival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216104851/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=291P4wqQmFM&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> 16 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Youtube</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koh Samui Point (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kohsamuipoint.com/activities/buffalo-fighting/">Buffalo Fighting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302194028/http://www.kohsamuipoint.com/activities/buffalo-fighting/">Archived</a> 2 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karnatakatourism.org/destinations/kambala/">"Kambala"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kambala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karnatakatourism.org%2Fdestinations%2Fkambala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050128132016/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022702250500.htm">"Bull race held at Kaakkoor peacefully"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 27 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022702250500.htm">the original</a> on 28 January 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Bull+race+held+at+Kaakkoor+peacefully&rft.date=2004-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2004%2F02%2F27%2Fstories%2F2004022702250500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040801014156/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022702240500.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Maramadi' winners"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 27 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022702240500.htm">the original</a> on 1 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27Maramadi%27+winners&rft.date=2004-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2004%2F02%2F27%2Fstories%2F2004022702240500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220053546/http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/tourism/touristspot.php?id=81">"Pulilan Carabao Festival (Pulilan, Bulacan)"</a>. <i>Experience Bulacan</i>. Provincial Government of Bulacan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/tourism/touristspot.php?id=81">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Experience+Bulacan&rft.atitle=Pulilan+Carabao+Festival+%28Pulilan%2C+Bulacan%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulacan.gov.ph%2Ftourism%2Ftouristspot.php%3Fid%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater+buffalo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clutton-Brock, J. 1999. <i>A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63495-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63495-4">0-521-63495-4</a>.</li> <li>Fahimuddin, M. 1989. <i>Domestic Water Buffalo</i>. Janpath, New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-204-0402-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-204-0402-5">81-204-0402-5</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a></i>, 2005.</li> <li><i>The Water Buffalo: New Prospects for an Underutilized Animal</i>. Washington, D.C. 1981. National Academy Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04159-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04159-1">978-0-309-04159-1</a>.</li> <li>Nowak, R. M. and Paradiso, J. L. 1983. <i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-2525-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-2525-3">0-8018-2525-3</a>.</li> <li>Roth, J. and P. Myers. "Bubalis Bubalis", University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 15 January 2009</li> <li>Ruangprim, T. et al. 2007. "Rumen microbes and ecology of male dairy, beef cattle and buffaloes". In: <i>Proceedings Animal Science Annual Meeting</i>, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.</li> <li>Thu, Nguyen Van and T. R. Preston. 1999. "Rumen environment and feed degradability in swamp buffaloes fed different supplements". <i>Livestock Research for Rural Development</i> 11 (3)</li> <li>Voelker, W. 1986. <i>The Natural History of Living Mammals</i>. Medford, New Jersey: Plexus Publishing, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937548-08-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-937548-08-1">0-937548-08-1</a>.</li> <li>Wilson, D. E. and Reeder, D. M. 1993. <i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i>, Second Edition. Smithsonian Institution.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_buffalo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bubalus_bubalis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bubalus bubalis">Water buffalo</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bubalus bubalis">Water buffalo</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of an 1879 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Buffalo_(oxen)" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Buffalo (oxen)">Water buffalo</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buffalopedia.cirb.res.in/">Buffalopedia</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_for_Research_on_Buffaloes" title="Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes">Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hisar_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisar city">Hisar city</a>, Haryana state, India.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalinfo.org/species/artiperi/bubaarne.htm">Animal Info: <i>Wild Asian (Water) Buffalo</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/creaturefeatures/facts/buffalo.htm">Creature features: <i>Buffaloes</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304194627/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/pubs/buffalo.pdf">Feral buffalo in Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/other/">Breeds of Livestock: <i>Murrah</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buffaloqtl.org/">National Agricultural Innovation Project: <i>Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Milk yield, Fat and Protein Percent in Buffaloes</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715033818/http://buffaloqtl.org/">Archived</a> 15 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quachtli" title="Quachtli">Quachtli</a> (cotton cloth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> (Roman world)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a> (barley)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_beads" title="Trade beads">Trade bead</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water buffalo</a> (SE Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cow</a> (Hindu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> (Arabia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (Tibet, China)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Representative_money" title="Representative money">Representative money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">Bimetallism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">Fiat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Token_money" title="Token money">Token</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Chattel/movable property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque_clearing" title="Cheque clearing">Cheque clearing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_(finance)" title="Deposit (finance)">Deposit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Legal tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary" title="Notary">Notary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">Possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">Promissory note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_value" title="Redemption value">Redemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe" title="Safe">Safekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">List of historical currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_of_wants" title="Coincidence of wants">Coincidence of wants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_change" title="Bureau de change">Bureau de change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_house_(finance)" title="Clearing house (finance)">Clearinghouse bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depository_institution" title="Depository institution">Depository institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Akkadian standards of measurement</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2150 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">§100; §122–125</a>; c. 1750 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallism" title="Metallism">Commodity theory of money (Metallism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_theory_of_money" title="Credit theory of money">Credit theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_deferred_payment" title="Standard of deferred payment">Standard of deferred payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_of_value" title="Store of value">Store of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">Unit of account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-based_currency" title="Time-based currency">Time-based currency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Artiodactyla_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artiodactyla" title="Template:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artiodactyla" title="Template talk:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artiodactyla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Artiodactyla_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Working_animals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Working_animals" title="Template:Working animals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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title="Dog">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">Assistance dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draught_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Draught dog">Draught dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">Guard dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">Herding dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_dog" title="Mercy dog">Mercy dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_working_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Military working dog">Military working dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">Police dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">Search and rescue dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Service dog">Service dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">Sled dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_horse" title="Guide horse">Guide horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packhorse" title="Packhorse">Pack horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_pony" title="Pit pony">Pit pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_horse" title="Riding horse">Riding horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">Mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">Ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_animals" title="Human uses of animals">Human uses of animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_vertebrates" title="Domestication of vertebrates">Domestication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_animal" title="Military animal">Military animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bubalus bubalis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42710" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q42710">Q42710</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bubalus_bubalis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bubalus bubalis">Bubalus bubalis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bubalus_bubalis/">Bubalus_bubalis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Bubalus_bubalis">Bubalus_bubalis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/bubalus-bubalis/">bubalus-bubalis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=25386">25386</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/NKLN">NKLN</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/311907">311907</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BUBABU">BUBABU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7422937">7422937</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Invasive_Species_Database" title="Global Invasive Species Database">GISD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1853">1853</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/81925">81925</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10212873">10212873</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/90762">90762</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=552476">552476</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006269">1006269</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200694">14200694</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020975275">NHMSYS0020975275</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=89462">89462</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/82129/">82129</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/1479040">1479040</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=641187">641187</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=149716">149716</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=2863">2863</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bos bubalis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109646856" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q109646856">Q109646856</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7939863">7939863</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42710#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4256274-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span 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