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cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modificar</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p>La <b>geografia</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nt 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> es una <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciéncia">sciéncia</a> qu'a per objècte la descripcion de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A8rra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tèrra">Tèrra</a> e en particular l'estudi dei fenomèns <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fisica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fisica">fisics</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biologia">biologics</a> e <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sociologia">umans</a> que se produson sus lo glòbe terrèstre. Un scientific especialisat en geografia es un geograf.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Geographer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Geographer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Geographer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Geographer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Geographer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Geographer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Geographer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7991" data-file-height="8959"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vermeer&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vermeer (la pagina existís pas)">Vermeer</a>, <i>Lo geografe</i>, Frankfurt am Main, de: Städelsches Kunstinstitut, 1669 </figcaption> </figure> <p>Apareguda a la fin de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre%C3%AFst%C3%B2ria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preïstòria">Preïstòria</a> ò durant l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquitat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a> Auta, la geografia respondiá ai besonhs de descripcion dau mond dei societats umanas. Son aparicion aguèt donc luòc d'un biais independent dins plusors regions diferentas. Fins a la fin de l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edat_Mejana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a>, demorèt centrada sus la cartografia e sus l'estudi de racòntes de viatges relativament rars escrichs per de marchands ò per d'explorators. Pasmens, durant lo periòde dei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grandei_Descub%C3%A8rtas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandei Descubèrtas">Grandei Descubèrtas</a>, lei geografs deguèron faciar l'aumentacion dei distàncias conegudas e la multiplicacion dei rapòrts d'exploracion. La disciplina s'institucionalizèt alora pauc a pauc per venir una <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciéncia">sciéncia</a> vertadiera durant lo sègle XIX. Uei, la geografia se devesís en tres branca principalas que son la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_matematica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia matematica">geografia matematica</a> (descripcion dei dimensions de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A8rra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tèrra">Tèrra</a>), la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_fisica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia fisica">geografia fisica</a> (descripcion deis interaccions entre l'òme e lo mitan naturau) e la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_umana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia umana">geografia umana</a> (descripcion deis activitats umanas). Existís de brancas segondàrias coma la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_militara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia militara">geografia militara</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="oc" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Somari</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ist%C3%B2ria"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Istòria</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lei_geografias_primitivas"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lei geografias primitivas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L'aparicion_de_la_geografia_sabenta"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">L'aparicion de la geografia sabenta</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lei_Grandei_Descub%C3%A8rtas"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lei Grandei Descubèrtas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_fondacion_de_la_geografia_mod%C3%A8rna"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">La fondacion de la geografia modèrna</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lei_geografias_%C2%AB_nacionalas_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Lei geografias « nacionalas »</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L'institucionalizacion_de_la_geografia"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">L'institucionalizacion de la geografia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_geografia_%C2%AB_classica_%C2%BB"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">La geografia « classica »</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_geografia_contemporan%C3%A8a"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">La geografia contemporanèa</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lo_desvolopament_deis_estudis_espaciaus"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lo desvolopament deis estudis espaciaus</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L'inter%C3%A8s_creissent_per_lei_particularitats_territ%C3%B2rialas"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.2</span> <span class="toctext">L'interès creissent per lei particularitats territòrialas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lo_desvolopament_de_complementaritats_entre_lei_diferentei_brancas_de_la_geografia"><span class="tocnumber">1.4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Lo desvolopament de complementaritats entre lei diferentei brancas de la geografia</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Met%C3%B2des_principaus"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Metòdes principaus</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lei_basas_istoricas"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lei basas istoricas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_cartografia"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">La cartografia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lei_sist%C3%A8mas_d'informacion_geografica"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Lei sistèmas d'informacion geografica</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_teledeteccion"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">La teledeteccion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lei_met%C3%B2des_quantitatius"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Lei metòdes quantitatius</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Disciplinas_principalas"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Disciplinas principalas</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_geografia_matematica"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">La geografia matematica</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_geografia_umana"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">La geografia umana</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_geografia_fisica"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">La geografia fisica</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_geografia_militara"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">La geografia militara</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ann%C3%A8xas"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Annèxas</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liames_int%C3%A8rnes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Liames intèrnes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliografia"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliografia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#N%C3%B2tas"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nòtas</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Refer%C3%A9ncias"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Referéncias</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lei_geografias_primitivas">Lei geografias primitivas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei geografias primitivas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Lei descubèrtas <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arqueologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arqueologia">arqueologicas</a> mòstran l'existéncia d'un interès ancian en lei societats <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_sapiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo sapiens">umanas</a> per l'organizacion de son espaci. Aquela pensada èra sovent integrada a un racònte <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mitologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mitologia">mitic</a> deis originas (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosmogonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosmogonia">cosmogonia</a>). Lo <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petroglif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petroglif">petroglif</a> de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carta_de_Bedolina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carta de Bedolina">Bedolina</a> es ansin una dei cartas topograficas pus vièlhas identificadas a l'ora d'ara. Representa un plan <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Topografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Topografia">topografic</a> e de figuras <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animalia">animalas</a> e <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_sapiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo sapiens">umanas</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Certanei figuras semblan datar dau <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edat_del_Bronze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edat del Bronze">Temps dau Bronze</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/-2200?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="-2200">2200</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/-750?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="-750">750 avC</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Tre l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquitat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat Auta</a>, leis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estat">Estats</a> organizats desvolopèron una geografia primitiva destinada a representar e mestrejar son territòri. Aquela <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tradicion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tradicion">tradicion</a> emergiguèt d'un biais independent dins plusors regions diferentas coma o mòstran l'existéncia de sabers <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartografia">cartografics</a> ancians en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egipte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>, en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RPC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RPC">China</a> e en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="America">America</a>. Ben sovent, la descripcion de l'espaci foguèt separat d'aquela dau <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temps">temps</a>, çò qu'es a l'origina de la separacion actuala entre l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istòria">istòria</a> e la geografia. Ansin, fòrça tractats foguèron redigits per descriure de territòris per d'autors diferents coma lo <i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Shu_Jing&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Shu Jing (la pagina existís pas)">Shu Jing</a></i> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RPC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RPC">chinés</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e lo <i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Periple_de_la_Mar_Eritr%C3%A8a&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Periple de la Mar Eritrèa (la pagina existís pas)">Periple de la Mar Eritrèa</a></i> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">roman</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo tèrme « geografia » eu meteis foguèt inventat per lo <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grècia antica">Grèc</a> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eratostenes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eratostenes">Eratostenes</a> au <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_III_avC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sègle III avC">sègle III avC</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Se fau nòtar que lei geografias primitivas èran pas unicament terrèstras. D'efiech, dins l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ocean_Pacific?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ocean Pacific">Ocean Pacific</a>, de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%B2ble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pòble">pòbles</a> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Micronesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronesia">micronesians</a> imaginèron de sistèmas permetent de depintar lei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corrent_marin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corrent marin">corrents marins</a> amb de bastons e de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cauquilhatge&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cauquilhatge (la pagina existís pas)">cauquilhatges</a>. Aquò explica lei migracions <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mar">maritimas</a> d'aquelei populacions dins leis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illa">illas</a> dau <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ocean_Pacific?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ocean Pacific">Pacific</a>.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Composizione_geometrica_chiamata_mappa_di_Bedolina_-_Bedolina_R_1_-_Capo_di_Ponte_(Foto_Luca_Giarelli).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta de Bedolina (3000-1000 avC)"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta de Bedolina (3000-1000 avC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Composizione_geometrica_chiamata_mappa_di_Bedolina_-_Bedolina_R_1_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/120px-Composizione_geometrica_chiamata_mappa_di_Bedolina_-_Bedolina_R_1_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Composizione_geometrica_chiamata_mappa_di_Bedolina_-_Bedolina_R_1_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/120px-Composizione_geometrica_chiamata_mappa_di_Bedolina_-_Bedolina_R_1_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg" data-alt="Carta de Bedolina (3000-1000 avC)" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Composizione_geometrica_chiamata_mappa_di_Bedolina_-_Bedolina_R_1_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/180px-Composizione_geometrica_chiamata_mappa_di_Bedolina_-_Bedolina_R_1_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Composizione_geometrica_chiamata_mappa_di_Bedolina_-_Bedolina_R_1_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg/240px-Composizione_geometrica_chiamata_mappa_di_Bedolina_-_Bedolina_R_1_-_Capo_di_Ponte_%28Foto_Luca_Giarelli%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carta_de_Bedolina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carta de Bedolina">Carta de Bedolina</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/-3000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="-3000">3000</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/-1000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="-1000">1000 avC</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Baylonianmaps.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta babiloniana dau mond (sègle V avC)"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta babiloniana dau mond (sègle V avC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Baylonianmaps.JPG/88px-Baylonianmaps.JPG" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2349"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Baylonianmaps.JPG/88px-Baylonianmaps.JPG" data-alt="Carta babiloniana dau mond (sègle V avC)" data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Baylonianmaps.JPG/132px-Baylonianmaps.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Baylonianmaps.JPG/176px-Baylonianmaps.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Carta_babiloniana_dau_mond&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Carta babiloniana dau mond (la pagina existís pas)">Carta babiloniana dau mond</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_V_avC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sègle V avC">sègle V avC</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Mappemonde_de_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstitucion de la carta de Ptolemèu (realizada en 1544)"> <noscript> <img alt="Reconstitucion de la carta de Ptolemèu (realizada en 1544)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mappemonde_de_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e.png/120px-Mappemonde_de_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="527"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 64px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mappemonde_de_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e.png/120px-Mappemonde_de_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e.png" data-alt="Reconstitucion de la carta de Ptolemèu (realizada en 1544)" data-width="120" data-height="64" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mappemonde_de_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e.png/180px-Mappemonde_de_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mappemonde_de_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e.png/240px-Mappemonde_de_Ptol%C3%A9m%C3%A9e.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Reconstitucion de la carta de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudi_Ptolem%C3%A8u?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudi Ptolemèu">Ptolemèu</a> (realizada en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1544?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1544">1544</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:ApocalypseStSeverFolios45v46rWorldMap.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta dau mond europèa de l'Edat Mejana (sègle VIII)"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta dau mond europèa de l'Edat Mejana (sègle VIII)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ApocalypseStSeverFolios45v46rWorldMap.jpg/120px-ApocalypseStSeverFolios45v46rWorldMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="909"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 76px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ApocalypseStSeverFolios45v46rWorldMap.jpg/120px-ApocalypseStSeverFolios45v46rWorldMap.jpg" data-alt="Carta dau mond europèa de l'Edat Mejana (sègle VIII)" data-width="120" data-height="76" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ApocalypseStSeverFolios45v46rWorldMap.jpg/180px-ApocalypseStSeverFolios45v46rWorldMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ApocalypseStSeverFolios45v46rWorldMap.jpg/240px-ApocalypseStSeverFolios45v46rWorldMap.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta dau mond europèa de l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edat_Mejana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_VIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sègle VIII">sègle VIII</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Song_Dynasty_Map.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta de China dau periòde Song (1137)"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta de China dau periòde Song (1137)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Song_Dynasty_Map.JPG/118px-Song_Dynasty_Map.JPG" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 118px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Song_Dynasty_Map.JPG/118px-Song_Dynasty_Map.JPG" data-alt="Carta de China dau periòde Song (1137)" data-width="118" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Song_Dynasty_Map.JPG/177px-Song_Dynasty_Map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Song_Dynasty_Map.JPG/236px-Song_Dynasty_Map.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RPC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="RPC">China</a> dau <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinastia_Song?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinastia Song">periòde Song</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1137?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1137">1137</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta aràbia de 1150-1160"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta aràbia de 1150-1160" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG/110px-Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1552"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG/110px-Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG" data-alt="Carta aràbia de 1150-1160" data-width="110" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG/165px-Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG/220px-Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta aràbia de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1150?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1150">1150</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1160?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1160">1160</a> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Stick_chart,_Marshall_Islands_-_Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum,_Harvard_University_-_DSC05729.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta micronesiana dei corrents marins"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta micronesiana dei corrents marins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stick_chart%2C_Marshall_Islands_-_Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05729.JPG/90px-Stick_chart%2C_Marshall_Islands_-_Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05729.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stick_chart%2C_Marshall_Islands_-_Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05729.JPG/90px-Stick_chart%2C_Marshall_Islands_-_Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05729.JPG" data-alt="Carta micronesiana dei corrents marins" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stick_chart%2C_Marshall_Islands_-_Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05729.JPG/135px-Stick_chart%2C_Marshall_Islands_-_Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05729.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stick_chart%2C_Marshall_Islands_-_Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05729.JPG/180px-Stick_chart%2C_Marshall_Islands_-_Pacific_collection_-_Peabody_Museum%2C_Harvard_University_-_DSC05729.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta micronesiana dei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corrent_marin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corrent marin">corrents marins</a> </div> </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="L'aparicion_de_la_geografia_sabenta"><span id="L.27aparicion_de_la_geografia_sabenta"></span>L'aparicion de la geografia sabenta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : L'aparicion de la geografia sabenta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Lei_Grandei_Descubèrtas"><span id="Lei_Grandei_Descub.C3.A8rtas"></span>Lei Grandei Descubèrtas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei Grandei Descubèrtas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe"> Article detalhat: <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grandei_Descub%C3%A8rtas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandei Descubèrtas">Grandei Descubèrtas</a>. </div> <p>Lei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grandei_Descub%C3%A8rtas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandei Descubèrtas">Grandei Descubèrtas</a> marquèron una etapa decisiva dins la formacion de la geografia sabenta. Pasmens, aquela formacion foguèt pas un procès sobde. Au contrari, foguèt lo resultat d'una lenta evolucion que connectèt lei besonhs eissits de la descubèrta dau mond per leis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euròpa">Europèus</a> e l'eiretatge <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquitat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquitat">antic</a> e <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edat_Mejana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edat Mejana">medievau</a> de viatjaires e de geografs coma <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erod%C3%B2t?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erodòt">Erodòt</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/-484?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="-484">484</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/-425?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="-425">425 avC</a>), <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Musa_al-Khwarizmi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a> (v. <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/780?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="780">780</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="850">850</a>), <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marco_Polo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1254?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1254">1254</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1324?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1324">1324</a>) ò <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibn_Battuta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1304?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1304">1304</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1368?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1368">1368</a>/<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1377?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1377">1377</a>). D'efiech, la tradicion dau racònte de viatge, sovent orientat vèrs la descripcion deis activitats economicas car escrich per de marchands, dispareguèt jamai. Pasmens, a partir de la fin dau sègle XV, lo fenomèn cambièt de natura en causa de la multiplicacion deis exploracions. De mai, en causa de l'aumentacion dei distàncias, deguèt tanben integrar d'elements novèus coma la geografia <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomia">astronomica</a> ò l'usatge de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boss%C3%B2la?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bossòla">bossòla</a>.</p> <p>Aquò entraïnèt una aumentacion de la recèrca en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartografia">cartografia</a> e dins la produccion de cartas, especialament de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carta_nautica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carta nautica">cartas marinas</a>. D'efiech, lo nombre de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portolan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Portolan">portolans</a>, una carta marina apareguda a la fin dau sègle XIII en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mar_Mediterran%C3%A8a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mar Mediterranèa">Mediterranèa</a>, venguèt pus important<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Representèron tant <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> que lei regions exploradas per lei navegaires. N'existiá dos tipes. Lo premier, generalament grossier, èra utilizat dirèctament per lei marins. Lo segond, fòrça ornat e dessenhat sus de materiaus de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qualitat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qualitat">qualitat</a>, èra una òbra d'art destinada ai corts <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A8i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rèi">reiaus</a> e ais elèits. Objècte de prestigi, mòstra la volontat creissenta dei poders <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estat">estataus</a> dau periòde de mestrejar lor territòri d'una maniera pus eficaça. Aqueu trabalh foguèt sostenguda per la redescubèrta de la <i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia_(Ptolem%C3%A8u)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geografia (Ptolemèu) (la pagina existís pas)">Geografia</a></i> de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudi_Ptolem%C3%A8u?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudi Ptolemèu">Ptolemèu</a> que permetèt de melhorar la teoria de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartografia">cartografia</a> gràcias a l'utilizacion de metòdes estructurats per calcular la posicion dei ponchs<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De mai, aquò participèt a la difusion de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Planisf%C3%A8ri&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Planisfèri (la pagina existís pas)">planisfèris</a> au sen de la societat, çò que permetèt de fixar de convencions importantas coma lo posicionament dau <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%B2rd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nòrd">nòrd</a> en aut de la carta.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La Carta Pisana de 1290, lo portulan pus vièlh conegut a l'ora d'ara"> <noscript> <img alt="La Carta Pisana de 1290, lo portulan pus vièlh conegut a l'ora d'ara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg/120px-Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3481" data-file-height="1848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 64px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg/120px-Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg" data-alt="La Carta Pisana de 1290, lo portulan pus vièlh conegut a l'ora d'ara" data-width="120" data-height="64" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg/180px-Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg/240px-Carte_Pisane_Portolan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> La <i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Carta_Pisana&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Carta Pisana (la pagina existís pas)">Carta Pisana</a></i> de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1290?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1290">1290</a>, lo portulan pus vièlh conegut a l'ora d'ara </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Portulan maugrabin dau sègle XIV"> <noscript> <img alt="Portulan maugrabin dau sègle XIV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg/91px-Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1351"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg/91px-Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg" data-alt="Portulan maugrabin dau sègle XIV" data-width="91" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg/136px-Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg/182px-Carte_Portulan_du_Maghreb.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portulan">Portulan</a> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magr%C3%A8b?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magrèb">maugrabin</a> dau <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XIV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sègle XIV">sègle XIV</a> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="L'Atlàs Catalan, un portulan realizat vèrs 1375"> <noscript> <img alt="L'Atlàs Catalan, un portulan realizat vèrs 1375" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg/120px-Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="696"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 82px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg/120px-Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg" data-alt="L'Atlàs Catalan, un portulan realizat vèrs 1375" data-width="120" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg/180px-Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg/240px-Europe_Mediterranean_Catalan_Atlas.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> L'<i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Atl%C3%A0s_Catalan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Atlàs Catalan (la pagina existís pas)">Atlàs Catalan</a></i>, un portulan realizat vèrs <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1375?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1375">1375</a> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Portulan de Jorge Aguiar (1492)"> <noscript> <img alt="Portulan de Jorge Aguiar (1492)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg/120px-Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="3878"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 93px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg/120px-Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg" data-alt="Portulan de Jorge Aguiar (1492)" data-width="120" data-height="93" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg/180px-Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg/240px-Jorge_Aguiar_1492_MR.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Portulan de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Aguiar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jorge Aguiar (la pagina existís pas)">Jorge Aguiar</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1492?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1492">1492</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Portulan de Vesconte Maggiolo (1541)"> <noscript> <img alt="Portulan de Vesconte Maggiolo (1541)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png/120px-Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="860"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 79px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png/120px-Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png" data-alt="Portulan de Vesconte Maggiolo (1541)" data-width="120" data-height="79" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png/180px-Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png/240px-Maggiolo_-_Portolankarte_-_1541.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portulan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portulan">Portulan</a> de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vesconte_Maggiolo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vesconte Maggiolo (la pagina existís pas)">Vesconte Maggiolo</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1541?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1541">1541</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Portulan de Lazaro Luis (1563)"> <noscript> <img alt="Portulan de Lazaro Luis (1563)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg/120px-1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1496"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg/120px-1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg" data-alt="Portulan de Lazaro Luis (1563)" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg/180px-1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg/240px-1563_lazaro_luis_04_atlantic_nord.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Portulan de Lazaro Luis (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1563?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1563">1563</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Bodleian_Libraries,_Portuguese_portolan_of_the_Atlantic_41.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Portulan de Domingos Teixeira (1570)"> <noscript> <img alt="Portulan de Domingos Teixeira (1570)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Portuguese_portolan_of_the_Atlantic_41.jpg/120px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Portuguese_portolan_of_the_Atlantic_41.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="675"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 81px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Portuguese_portolan_of_the_Atlantic_41.jpg/120px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Portuguese_portolan_of_the_Atlantic_41.jpg" data-alt="Portulan de Domingos Teixeira (1570)" data-width="120" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Portuguese_portolan_of_the_Atlantic_41.jpg/180px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Portuguese_portolan_of_the_Atlantic_41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Portuguese_portolan_of_the_Atlantic_41.jpg/240px-Bodleian_Libraries%2C_Portuguese_portolan_of_the_Atlantic_41.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Portulan de Domingos Teixeira (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1570?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1570">1570</a>) </div> </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="La_fondacion_de_la_geografia_modèrna"><span id="La_fondacion_de_la_geografia_mod.C3.A8rna"></span>La fondacion de la geografia modèrna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : La fondacion de la geografia modèrna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La fondacion de la geografia modèrna aguèt principalament luòc durant lo rèine de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_XIV_de_Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loís XIV de França">Loís XIV</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1643?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1643">1643</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1715?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1715">1715</a>). Se debanèt en parallèl dau perfeccionament dei tecnicas de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartografia">cartografia</a>. D'efiech, l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Absolutisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Absolutisme (la pagina existís pas)">absolutisme</a> reiau <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="França">francés</a> menèt au desvolopament dau concèpte d'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Estat-Nacion&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Estat-Nacion (la pagina existís pas)">Estat-Nacion</a>. Es a dire que lo poder reiau decidèt de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fortificacion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fortificacion">fortificar</a> l'espaci territòriau <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="França">francés</a>. Puei, s'interessèt a optimizar la gestion d'aqueu territòri e a assegurar lo contraròtle dau locau per lo nacionau. Per aquò, lei rèis de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="França">França</a> ordonèron de realizar una carta precisa dau Reiaume (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Depaus_de_la_Gu%C3%A8rra&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Depaus de la Guèrra (la pagina existís pas)">Depaus de la Guèrra</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, trabalhs dei Cassini, etc.) e de melhorar lei relevats d'informacion sus la societat e l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economia">economia</a>. De projèctes similars apareguèron pauc a pauc dins leis autreis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estat">Estats</a> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euròpa">europèus</a>.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Plan-relief_f4390593.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan relèu d'Estrasborg comandat per Loís XIV"> <noscript> <img alt="Plan relèu d'Estrasborg comandat per Loís XIV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Plan-relief_f4390593.jpg/120px-Plan-relief_f4390593.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4335" data-file-height="2939"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 81px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Plan-relief_f4390593.jpg/120px-Plan-relief_f4390593.jpg" data-alt="Plan relèu d'Estrasborg comandat per Loís XIV" data-width="120" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Plan-relief_f4390593.jpg/180px-Plan-relief_f4390593.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Plan-relief_f4390593.jpg/240px-Plan-relief_f4390593.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Plan relèu d'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estrasborg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estrasborg">Estrasborg</a> comandat per <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_XIV_de_Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loís XIV de França">Loís XIV</a> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Plan-relief_Palais_des_Beaux_Arts_Lille_Dec_2018_Pierreazertyuiop.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Detalh dau plan relèu de Tournai comandat per Loís XIV"> <noscript> <img alt="Detalh dau plan relèu de Tournai comandat per Loís XIV" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Plan-relief_Palais_des_Beaux_Arts_Lille_Dec_2018_Pierreazertyuiop.jpg/120px-Plan-relief_Palais_des_Beaux_Arts_Lille_Dec_2018_Pierreazertyuiop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Plan-relief_Palais_des_Beaux_Arts_Lille_Dec_2018_Pierreazertyuiop.jpg/120px-Plan-relief_Palais_des_Beaux_Arts_Lille_Dec_2018_Pierreazertyuiop.jpg" data-alt="Detalh dau plan relèu de Tournai comandat per Loís XIV" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Plan-relief_Palais_des_Beaux_Arts_Lille_Dec_2018_Pierreazertyuiop.jpg/180px-Plan-relief_Palais_des_Beaux_Arts_Lille_Dec_2018_Pierreazertyuiop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Plan-relief_Palais_des_Beaux_Arts_Lille_Dec_2018_Pierreazertyuiop.jpg/240px-Plan-relief_Palais_des_Beaux_Arts_Lille_Dec_2018_Pierreazertyuiop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Detalh dau plan relèu de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tournai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> comandat per <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_XIV_de_Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loís XIV de França">Loís XIV</a> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Citadelle_de_Brouage_Plan-relief.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan relèu francés de Hiers-Brouage (sègle XVII)"> <noscript> <img alt="Plan relèu francés de Hiers-Brouage (sègle XVII)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Citadelle_de_Brouage_Plan-relief.jpg/120px-Citadelle_de_Brouage_Plan-relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3460" data-file-height="2595"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Citadelle_de_Brouage_Plan-relief.jpg/120px-Citadelle_de_Brouage_Plan-relief.jpg" data-alt="Plan relèu francés de Hiers-Brouage (sègle XVII)" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Citadelle_de_Brouage_Plan-relief.jpg/180px-Citadelle_de_Brouage_Plan-relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Citadelle_de_Brouage_Plan-relief.jpg/240px-Citadelle_de_Brouage_Plan-relief.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plan_rel%C3%A8u&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Plan relèu (la pagina existís pas)">Plan relèu</a> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="França">francés</a> de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiers-Brouage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiers-Brouage">Hiers-Brouage</a> (sègle XVII) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Brest_-_plan-relief_1811.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan relèu francés de Brèst (1811)"> <noscript> <img alt="Plan relèu francés de Brèst (1811)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Brest_-_plan-relief_1811.jpg/120px-Brest_-_plan-relief_1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2232"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Brest_-_plan-relief_1811.jpg/120px-Brest_-_plan-relief_1811.jpg" data-alt="Plan relèu francés de Brèst (1811)" data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Brest_-_plan-relief_1811.jpg/180px-Brest_-_plan-relief_1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Brest_-_plan-relief_1811.jpg/240px-Brest_-_plan-relief_1811.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Plan_rel%C3%A8u&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Plan relèu (la pagina existís pas)">Plan relèu</a> francés de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Br%C3%A8st?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brèst">Brèst</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1811?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1811">1811</a>) </div> </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lei_geografias_«_nacionalas_»"><span id="Lei_geografias_.C2.AB_nacionalas_.C2.BB"></span>Lei geografias « nacionalas »</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei geografias « nacionalas »" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="L'institucionalizacion_de_la_geografia"><span id="L.27institucionalizacion_de_la_geografia"></span>L'institucionalizacion de la geografia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : L'institucionalizacion de la geografia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dins lo corrent dau sègle XVIII, la geografia europèa seguiguèt l'evolucion deis autrei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciéncia">sciéncias</a> dau periòde en s'institucionalizant sota la direccion. Per exemple, en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="França">França</a>, foguèt imaginada tre <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1785?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1785">1785</a> la creacion d'una societat sabenta de geografs. Après lei trèbols liats ai guèrras revolucionàrias e napoleonencas, foguèt finalament fondada en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1821?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1821">1821</a> sota lo nom de <i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A9ographie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Société de Géographie (la pagina existís pas)">Société de Géographie</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglatèrra">Anglatèrra</a>, de clubs privats coma lo <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Raleigh_Club&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Raleigh Club (la pagina existís pas)">Raleigh Club</a> se multipliquèron durant lo meteis periòde. Menèron a la creacion de la <i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a></i> en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1830?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1830">1830</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueu periòde foguèt donc caracterizat per la volontat de racionalizar lei sabers sus lo mond. Es tanben l'epòca dei viatjes sistematics destinats a explorar lei <i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_incognita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra incognita">Terrae Incognitae</a></i> dau planisfèri. Lo movement <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofia">filosofic</a> dei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A8gle_de_las_luses&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sègle de las luses (la pagina existís pas)">Lutz</a> acompanhèt fòrça aquela evolucion amb de personalitats coma l'explorator enciclopedista <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1769?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1769">1769</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1859?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1859">1859</a>) qu'es benlèu lo prototipe dei premiers geografs « universitaris »<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Aquela transicion vèrs lo professionalisme de la disciplina permetèt a la geografia de venir una disciplina <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educacion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educacion">escolara</a> e <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitat">universitària</a>. L'estrambòrd per la descubèrta dau mond en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> sostenguèt fòrça aquela transformacion. Aquò menèt a la « <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciéncia">scientifizacion</a> » progressiva de la geografia. De personalitats coma <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Paul_Vidal_de_La_Blache&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Paul Vidal de La Blache (la pagina existís pas)">Paul Vidal de La Blache</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1845?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1845">1845</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a>) en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="França">França</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Ratzel&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friedrich Ratzel (la pagina existís pas)">Friedrich Ratzel</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1844?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1844">1844</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1904?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1904">1904</a>) en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemanha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aguèron un ròtle major dins aqueu procès. Una particularitat de l'aspècte <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacion">nacionau</a> d'aqueleis evolucions foguèt l'emergéncia d'escòlas nacionalas que gardèron una identitat distinta fins a la segonda mitat dau sègle XX. Per exemple, lo movement de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Ratzel&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friedrich Ratzel (la pagina existís pas)">Ratzel</a> se destrièt per son concèpte de <i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lebensraum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En revènge, l'escòla francesa se concentrèt sus la nocion de region e conoguèt un gròs prestigi internacionau<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Terraaustralis.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta mostrant lo continent austrau coma una terra incognita (sègle XVII)"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta mostrant lo continent austrau coma una terra incognita (sègle XVII)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Terraaustralis.jpg/120px-Terraaustralis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 107px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Terraaustralis.jpg/120px-Terraaustralis.jpg" data-alt="Carta mostrant lo continent austrau coma una terra incognita (sègle XVII)" data-width="120" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Terraaustralis.jpg/180px-Terraaustralis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Terraaustralis.jpg/240px-Terraaustralis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta mostrant lo <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antartida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antartida">continent austrau</a> coma una <i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terra_incognita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terra incognita">terra incognita</a></i> (sègle XVII) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="James Cook (1728-1779), un dei pus importants explorators dau sègle XVIII"> <noscript> <img alt="James Cook (1728-1779), un dei pus importants explorators dau sègle XVIII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/96px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6131" data-file-height="7692"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/96px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" data-alt="James Cook (1728-1779), un dei pus importants explorators dau sègle XVIII" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/143px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/191px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Cook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1728?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1728">1728</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1779?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1779">1779</a>), un dei pus importants explorators dau sègle XVIII </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Fr%C3%A9gates_Astrolabe_et_Boussole_vers_1786_pendant_l%27expedition_La_Perouse.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Dessenh dei naviris de l'expedicion de La Peirosa (1785-1788)"> <noscript> <img alt="Dessenh dei naviris de l'expedicion de La Peirosa (1785-1788)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fr%C3%A9gates_Astrolabe_et_Boussole_vers_1786_pendant_l%27expedition_La_Perouse.jpg/120px-Fr%C3%A9gates_Astrolabe_et_Boussole_vers_1786_pendant_l%27expedition_La_Perouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1181"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fr%C3%A9gates_Astrolabe_et_Boussole_vers_1786_pendant_l%27expedition_La_Perouse.jpg/120px-Fr%C3%A9gates_Astrolabe_et_Boussole_vers_1786_pendant_l%27expedition_La_Perouse.jpg" data-alt="Dessenh dei naviris de l'expedicion de La Peirosa (1785-1788)" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fr%C3%A9gates_Astrolabe_et_Boussole_vers_1786_pendant_l%27expedition_La_Perouse.jpg/180px-Fr%C3%A9gates_Astrolabe_et_Boussole_vers_1786_pendant_l%27expedition_La_Perouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fr%C3%A9gates_Astrolabe_et_Boussole_vers_1786_pendant_l%27expedition_La_Perouse.jpg/240px-Fr%C3%A9gates_Astrolabe_et_Boussole_vers_1786_pendant_l%27expedition_La_Perouse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Dessenh dei naviris de l'expedicion de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joan_Franc%C3%A9s_de_La_Peirosa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joan Francés de La Peirosa">La Peirosa</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1785?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1785">1785</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1788?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1788">1788</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:184_boulevard_saint_germain_(societe_de_geographie).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Intrada de la Société de Géographie"> <noscript> <img alt="Intrada de la Société de Géographie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/184_boulevard_saint_germain_%28societe_de_geographie%29.JPG/90px-184_boulevard_saint_germain_%28societe_de_geographie%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/184_boulevard_saint_germain_%28societe_de_geographie%29.JPG/90px-184_boulevard_saint_germain_%28societe_de_geographie%29.JPG" data-alt="Intrada de la Société de Géographie" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/184_boulevard_saint_germain_%28societe_de_geographie%29.JPG/135px-184_boulevard_saint_germain_%28societe_de_geographie%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/184_boulevard_saint_germain_%28societe_de_geographie%29.JPG/180px-184_boulevard_saint_germain_%28societe_de_geographie%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Intrada de la <i><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A9ographie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Société de Géographie (la pagina existís pas)">Société de Géographie</a></i> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:AvHumboldt.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)"> <noscript> <img alt="Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg/85px-AvHumboldt.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="345"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg/85px-AvHumboldt.jpg" data-alt="Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg/128px-AvHumboldt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AvHumboldt.jpg/171px-AvHumboldt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1769?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1769">1769</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1859?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1859">1859</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:VIdal_de_la_Blache,_Paul,_BNF_Gallica.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Vidal de La Blache (1845-1918)"> <noscript> <img alt="Paul Vidal de La Blache (1845-1918)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/VIdal_de_la_Blache%2C_Paul%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg/93px-VIdal_de_la_Blache%2C_Paul%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="2107"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/VIdal_de_la_Blache%2C_Paul%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg/93px-VIdal_de_la_Blache%2C_Paul%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg" data-alt="Paul Vidal de La Blache (1845-1918)" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/VIdal_de_la_Blache%2C_Paul%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg/140px-VIdal_de_la_Blache%2C_Paul%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/VIdal_de_la_Blache%2C_Paul%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg/187px-VIdal_de_la_Blache%2C_Paul%2C_BNF_Gallica.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Paul_Vidal_de_La_Blache&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Paul Vidal de La Blache (la pagina existís pas)">Paul Vidal de La Blache</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1845?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1845">1845</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a>) </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R35179,_Prof._Friedrich_Ratzel_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904)"> <noscript> <img alt="Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R35179%2C_Prof._Friedrich_Ratzel_%28cropped%29.jpg/82px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R35179%2C_Prof._Friedrich_Ratzel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="798"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R35179%2C_Prof._Friedrich_Ratzel_%28cropped%29.jpg/82px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R35179%2C_Prof._Friedrich_Ratzel_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904)" data-width="82" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R35179%2C_Prof._Friedrich_Ratzel_%28cropped%29.jpg/123px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R35179%2C_Prof._Friedrich_Ratzel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R35179%2C_Prof._Friedrich_Ratzel_%28cropped%29.jpg/164px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R35179%2C_Prof._Friedrich_Ratzel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Ratzel&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Friedrich Ratzel (la pagina existís pas)">Friedrich Ratzel</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1844?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1844">1844</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1904?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1904">1904</a>) </div> </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="La_geografia_«_classica_»"><span id="La_geografia_.C2.AB_classica_.C2.BB"></span>La geografia « classica »</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : La geografia « classica »" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La geografia faiçonada per lei mutacions <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciéncia">scientificas</a> dau sègle XIX dominèt fins ais <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ans_1950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ans 1950">ans 1950</a>. Es desenant dicha geografia « classica ». D'efiech, en despiech de sei variacions <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacion">nacionalas</a>, es caracterizada per un ensemble de ponchs comuns. Premier, s'interessava principalament a d'espacis identificats coma coerents, es a dire un parçan, una region, un <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pa%C3%ADs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="País">país</a> ò un <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estat">Estat</a>. Privilegia tanben fòrça lei descripcions naturalas e umanas. Aquela geografia èra en acòrdi amb « l'Euròpa dei nacions » eissida dau sègle XIX. Pasmens, venguèt pauc a pauc obsolèta en causa de la dubertura progressiva deis espacis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economia">economics</a>, de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonialisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonialisme">decolonizacion</a> e de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mondializacion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mondializacion">mondializacion</a>. De mai, leis estudis classics avián tendància a se concentrar sus lei zònas ruralas en plaça dei vilas e dei centres <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria">industriaus</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_geografia_contemporanèa"><span id="La_geografia_contemporan.C3.A8a"></span>La geografia contemporanèa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : La geografia contemporanèa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Après la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala">Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</a>, la geografia classica foguèt criticada per dos corrents opausats de geografs. Aquò entraïnèt d'evolucions que son a l'origina de la geografia actuala.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Lo_desvolopament_deis_estudis_espaciaus">Lo desvolopament deis estudis espaciaus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo desvolopament deis estudis espaciaus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe"> Article detalhat: <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia_Nov%C3%A8la&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geografia Novèla (la pagina existís pas)">Geografia Novèla</a>. </div> <p>Dins lo corrent de la segonda mitat dau sègle XX, una premiera evolucion menèt un corrent de geografs a s'interessar ais estudis urbans, ai <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logica">logicas</a> de rets e, pus generalament, ais elements regulars e frequents<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dicha « <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia_Nov%C3%A8la&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geografia Novèla (la pagina existís pas)">Geografia Novèla</a> », aquela tendància a donc per objectiu d'identificar de « lèis » universalas regardant l'organizacion espaciala dau mond<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La nocion « d'espaci » geografic i es fondamentala car permet d'utilizar d'otís estatistics e de modèls generaus adaptats a aquela cèrca. De personalitats coma <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Christaller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Christaller">Walter Christaller</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1893?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1893">1893</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1969?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1969">1969</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Gould?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Gould">Peter Gould</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1932?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1932">1932</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2000">2000</a>), <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Peter_Haggett&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Peter Haggett (la pagina existís pas)">Peter Haggett</a> (nascut en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1933?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1933">1933</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Brian_Berry&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Brian Berry (la pagina existís pas)">Brian Berry</a> (nascut en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1934?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1934">1934</a>) e <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=David_Harvey&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="David Harvey (la pagina existís pas)">David Harvey</a> (nascut en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1935?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1935">1935</a>) aguèron un ròtle centrau dins la difusion d'aquela vision de la geografia au sen de la comunautat geografica anglosaxona. La geografia francesa, totjorn somesa a l'influéncia de la geografia classica, resistiguèt mai mai la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia_Nov%C3%A8la&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geografia Novèla (la pagina existís pas)">Geografia Novèla</a> s'i implantèt finalament durant leis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ans_1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ans 1970">ans 1970</a> amb lei trabalhs de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Roger_Brunet&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Roger Brunet (la pagina existís pas)">Roger Brunet</a> (nascut en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1931?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1931">1931</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Paul_Claval&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Paul Claval (la pagina existís pas)">Paul Claval</a> (nascut en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1932?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1932">1932</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="L'interès_creissent_per_lei_particularitats_territòrialas"><span id="L.27inter.C3.A8s_creissent_per_lei_particularitats_territ.C3.B2rialas"></span>L'interès creissent per lei particularitats territòrialas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : L'interès creissent per lei particularitats territòrialas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dins leis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ans_1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ans 1970">ans 1970</a>, la vision « racionalista » de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia_Nov%C3%A8la&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geografia Novèla (la pagina existís pas)">Geografia Novèla</a> entraïnèt de criticas de part de geografs desirós de s'interessar ai particularismes dei luòcs terrèstres. Segon elei, aqueleis especificats èran escafadas per l'apròchi generalista dei geografs estatisticians, çò qu'empachava de comprendre corrèctament l'identitat pròpria d'un territòri donat. Aquela concepcion entraïnèt l'aparicion de plusors soscorrents regardant per l'espaci viscut (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Armand_Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Armand Frémont (la pagina existís pas)">Armand Frémont</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), per leis eiretatges <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istòria">istorics</a> e sociaus, per lei mòdes de vida (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Yi-Fu_Tuan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Yi-Fu Tuan (la pagina existís pas)">Yi-Fu Tuan</a>), per lo <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A8xe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sèxe">sèxe</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Doreen_Massey&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Doreen Massey (la pagina existís pas)">Doreen Massey</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), per lei posicions socialas e lor representacion, etc. L'ensemble d'aquelei corrents es sovent dich geografia « sociala » ò « umana ». La nocion centrala d'aquela vision es aquela de « territòri » car permet una observacion pus fina dei particularismes.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Lo_desvolopament_de_complementaritats_entre_lei_diferentei_brancas_de_la_geografia">Lo desvolopament de complementaritats entre lei diferentei brancas de la geografia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo desvolopament de complementaritats entre lei diferentei brancas de la geografia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>En despiech de sei visions opausadas, lei dos corrents de la geografia de la fin dau sègle XX desvolopèron de liames entre elei. D'efiech, per de rasons <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istòria">istoricas</a>, rompèron pas totalament amb leis escòlas dei periòdes precedents. En particular, leis otís de l'analisi demorèron similars. Aquela proximitat foguèt renforçada per leis evolucions <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tecnologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tecnologia">tecnologicas</a> coma la multiplicacion dei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sist%C3%A8ma_d'informacion_geografica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sistèma d'informacion geografica (la pagina existís pas)">sistèmas d'informacion geografica</a>, dei sistèmas de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teledeteccion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teledeteccion">teledeteccion</a> e deis otís <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartografia">cartografics</a> modèrnes (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GPS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, satellits d'observacion, etc.). La descentralizacion progressiva deis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estat">Estats</a> favoriza tanben lo besonh d'otís decisionaus adaptats a de regions situadas entre lo territòri e l'espaci. Lei questions environamentalas an tanben transformat la geografia fisica, tradicionalament descriptiva, per li demandar d'elements regardant l'evolucion probabla deis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecosist%C3%A8ma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecosistèma">ecosistèmas</a> e dei ressorsas disponiblas. Ansin, la geografia de la premiera partida dau sègle XXI se situa generalament entre la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia_Nov%C3%A8la&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geografia Novèla (la pagina existís pas)">Geografia Novèla</a> e la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia_sociala&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geografia sociala (la pagina existís pas)">geografia sociala</a>. Es ben sovent encargada d'estudiar l'evolucion d'un territòri a la demanda d'una collectivitat locala. Aquò li demanda donc d'èsser capabla de descriure un territòri donat e de preveire son evolucion e son abitabilitat.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Metòdes_principaus"><span id="Met.C3.B2des_principaus"></span>Metòdes principaus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Metòdes principaus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lei_basas_istoricas">Lei basas istoricas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei basas istoricas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La geografia demanda d'èsser capable de situar lei diferentei partidas de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A8rra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tèrra">Tèrra</a> d'un biais precís. Per aquò, la geografia anciana desvolopèt un ensemble de questions que permetiá de respòndre a aqueu besonh. Ara, constituïsson una basa per l'ensenhament de la disciplina :</p> <ul> <li><i>Cu ?</i> - leis individüs/lei societats ocupan l'espaci amb lors valors, lors mòdes de vida, etc.</li> <li><i>Qué ?</i> - l'impacte d'aquesteis òmes, que siá economic, sociau, ò environamentau, produch de lors institucions, de la recèrca, dei tecnicas, deis escambis ò encara de l'esplecha de lei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ressorsa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ressorsa (la pagina existís pas)">ressorsas</a> naturalas.</li> <li><i>Onte ?</i> - la question fondamentala en geografia, lo luòc d'aqueleis activitats umanas, generalament la rason dei localizacions.</li> <li><i>Quand ?</i> - lo periòde istoric onte lei individüs ò lei societats produson deis espacis que s'ajustan ò concurrencian lei precedents.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_cartografia">La cartografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : La cartografia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe"> Article detalhat: <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartografia">Cartografia</a>. </div> <p>La <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartografia">cartografia</a> estúdia la representacion de la superficia de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A8rra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tèrra">Tèrra</a> e deis activitats <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_sapiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo sapiens">umanas</a>. Per aquò, l'utilizacion de cartas per presentar una analisi es sovent indispensabla. Pasmens, la realizacion de cartas es tanben una sosdisciplina especifica que seguís un ensemble complèx de règlas e de tecnicas. D'un biais generau, leis autors de cartas dèvon aver de nocions en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psicologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psicologia">psicologia</a> cognitiva e en <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ergonomia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ergonomia (la pagina existís pas)">ergonomia</a> per incitar a la lectura de sei cartas e facilitar sa comprenença per lo public (colors, simbòls, formas, etc.). Dèvon tanben mestrejar la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geodesia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geodesia (la pagina existís pas)">geodesia</a> e lei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matematicas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matematicas">matematicas</a> liadas a aquela disciplina per comprendre lei sistèmas de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projeccion_cartografica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projeccion cartografica">projeccion cartografica</a>.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Carte_France_Vuillemin_1843.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta de França de 1843"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta de França de 1843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Carte_France_Vuillemin_1843.jpg/120px-Carte_France_Vuillemin_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1625"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 89px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Carte_France_Vuillemin_1843.jpg/120px-Carte_France_Vuillemin_1843.jpg" data-alt="Carta de França de 1843" data-width="120" data-height="89" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Carte_France_Vuillemin_1843.jpg/180px-Carte_France_Vuillemin_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Carte_France_Vuillemin_1843.jpg/240px-Carte_France_Vuillemin_1843.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="França">França</a> de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1843?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1843">1843</a> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Valdez_BlighReef.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta nautica modèrna"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta nautica modèrna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Valdez_BlighReef.jpeg/120px-Valdez_BlighReef.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 82px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Valdez_BlighReef.jpeg/120px-Valdez_BlighReef.jpeg" data-alt="Carta nautica modèrna" data-width="120" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Valdez_BlighReef.jpeg/180px-Valdez_BlighReef.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Valdez_BlighReef.jpeg/240px-Valdez_BlighReef.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta nautica modèrna </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Baltimore-Washington_TAC_82.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta aeronautica modèrna"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta aeronautica modèrna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Baltimore-Washington_TAC_82.png/120px-Baltimore-Washington_TAC_82.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2943"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 88px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Baltimore-Washington_TAC_82.png/120px-Baltimore-Washington_TAC_82.png" data-alt="Carta aeronautica modèrna" data-width="120" data-height="88" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Baltimore-Washington_TAC_82.png/180px-Baltimore-Washington_TAC_82.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Baltimore-Washington_TAC_82.png/240px-Baltimore-Washington_TAC_82.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta aeronautica modèrna </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La projeccion de Bonne, un exemple de projeccion cartografica"> <noscript> <img alt="La projeccion de Bonne, un exemple de projeccion cartografica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png/120px-Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="275"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 112px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png/120px-Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png" data-alt="La projeccion de Bonne, un exemple de projeccion cartografica" data-width="120" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png/180px-Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png/240px-Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> La <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projeccion_de_Bonne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Projeccion de Bonne (la pagina existís pas)">projeccion de Bonne</a>, un exemple de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projeccion_cartografica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projeccion cartografica">projeccion cartografica</a> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La projeccion de Lambert, un autre exemple de projeccion"> <noscript> <img alt="La projeccion de Lambert, un autre exemple de projeccion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg/120px-Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1291"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 75px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg/120px-Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg" data-alt="La projeccion de Lambert, un autre exemple de projeccion" data-width="120" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg/180px-Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg/240px-Lambert_conformal_conic_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> La <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projeccion_de_Lambert&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Projeccion de Lambert (la pagina existís pas)">projeccion de Lambert</a>, un autre exemple de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projeccion_cartografica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projeccion cartografica">projeccion</a> </div> </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lei_sistèmas_d'informacion_geografica"><span id="Lei_sist.C3.A8mas_d.27informacion_geografica"></span>Lei sistèmas d'informacion geografica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei sistèmas d'informacion geografica" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe"> Article detalhat: <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sist%C3%A8ma_d'informacion_geografica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sistèma d'informacion geografica (la pagina existís pas)">Sistèma d'informacion geografica</a>. </div> <p>Un <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sist%C3%A8ma_d'informacion_geografica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sistèma d'informacion geografica (la pagina existís pas)">sistèma d'informacion geografica</a> (SIG) es un <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tecnologias_de_l%27informacion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tecnologias de l'informacion">sistèma d'informacion</a> capable d'organizar e de presentar de donadas alfanumericas espacialament referenciadas e de produrre de plans e de cartas. Son principalament utilizats per d'activitats geomaticas de tractament e de difusion de l'informacion geografica. La representacion es sovent en doas dimensions mai lei sistèmas pus modèrnes intègran desenant de mejans de visualizacion en tres dimensions e la possibilitat de veire l'evolucion istorica d'un territòri. Son usatge pus frequent es la representacion mai ò mens realista de l'environament espaciau en se basant sus d'elements geometricas (ponchs, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vector_(matematicas)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vector (matematicas)">vectors</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polig%C3%B2n?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poligòn">poligòns</a>, etc.) associats amb d'informacions permetent de definir la natura dau terren (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Selva">seuva</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rota">rota</a>, etc.).</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta de 1854 permetent de localizar lei victimas d'una epidemia de colèra"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta de 1854 permetent de localizar lei victimas d'una epidemia de colèra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg/120px-Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20124" data-file-height="18877"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 113px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg/120px-Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg" data-alt="Carta de 1854 permetent de localizar lei victimas d'una epidemia de colèra" data-width="120" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg/180px-Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg/240px-Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1854?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1854">1854</a> permetent de localizar lei victimas d'una epidemia de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Col%C3%A8ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colèra">colèra</a> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Dem.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Modelizacion 3D d'un relèu per un SIG"> <noscript> <img alt="Modelizacion 3D d'un relèu per un SIG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dem.jpg/120px-Dem.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 82px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dem.jpg/120px-Dem.jpg" data-alt="Modelizacion 3D d'un relèu per un SIG" data-width="120" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dem.jpg/180px-Dem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Dem.jpg/240px-Dem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Modelizacion 3D d'un relèu per un SIG </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Swisstopo_Eiger_-_Grindelwald.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Autre exemple de modelizacion 3D per un SIG"> <noscript> <img alt="Autre exemple de modelizacion 3D per un SIG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Swisstopo_Eiger_-_Grindelwald.jpg/120px-Swisstopo_Eiger_-_Grindelwald.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1025"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Swisstopo_Eiger_-_Grindelwald.jpg/120px-Swisstopo_Eiger_-_Grindelwald.jpg" data-alt="Autre exemple de modelizacion 3D per un SIG" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Swisstopo_Eiger_-_Grindelwald.jpg/180px-Swisstopo_Eiger_-_Grindelwald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Swisstopo_Eiger_-_Grindelwald.jpg/240px-Swisstopo_Eiger_-_Grindelwald.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Autre exemple de modelizacion 3D per un SIG </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ferret_program.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Representacion de la temperatura mondiala per un SIG"> <noscript> <img alt="Representacion de la temperatura mondiala per un SIG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ferret_program.png/120px-Ferret_program.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="662"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 103px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ferret_program.png/120px-Ferret_program.png" data-alt="Representacion de la temperatura mondiala per un SIG" data-width="120" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ferret_program.png/180px-Ferret_program.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ferret_program.png/240px-Ferret_program.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Representacion de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temperatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> mondiala per un SIG </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:USGS_GIS_superimposed_plat_map_of_Manganese_Minnesota_Screenshot.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta miniera producha per un SIG"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta miniera producha per un SIG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/USGS_GIS_superimposed_plat_map_of_Manganese_Minnesota_Screenshot.jpg/120px-USGS_GIS_superimposed_plat_map_of_Manganese_Minnesota_Screenshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="809"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 78px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/USGS_GIS_superimposed_plat_map_of_Manganese_Minnesota_Screenshot.jpg/120px-USGS_GIS_superimposed_plat_map_of_Manganese_Minnesota_Screenshot.jpg" data-alt="Carta miniera producha per un SIG" data-width="120" data-height="78" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/USGS_GIS_superimposed_plat_map_of_Manganese_Minnesota_Screenshot.jpg/180px-USGS_GIS_superimposed_plat_map_of_Manganese_Minnesota_Screenshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/USGS_GIS_superimposed_plat_map_of_Manganese_Minnesota_Screenshot.jpg/240px-USGS_GIS_superimposed_plat_map_of_Manganese_Minnesota_Screenshot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta miniera producha per un SIG </div> </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_teledeteccion">La teledeteccion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : La teledeteccion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe"> Article detalhat: <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teledeteccion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teledeteccion">Teledeteccion</a>. </div> <p>La <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teledeteccion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teledeteccion">teledeteccion</a> es l'ensemble dei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tecnologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tecnologia">tecnicas</a> utilizadas per determinar a distància lei proprietats d'objèctes <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natura">naturaus</a> ò artificiaus a partir dei raionaments qu'emetan ò que rebatan. Aquelei tecnicas intègran l'ensemble dau procès, es a dire la captura e l'enregistrament de l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Energia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Energia">energia</a> d'un raionament emés ò rebatut per leis objèctes observats, lo tractament dei donadas captadas e, fin finala, l'analisi dei donadas finalas. Generalament, aqueu procès necessita la mesa en òbra d'un captor (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fotografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fotografia">aparelh fotografic</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Laser&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Laser (la pagina existís pas)">laser</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sonar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sismografia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sismografia (la pagina existís pas)">sismograf</a>, etc.) qu'es embarcat dins un veïcul mobil (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avion">avion</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Satellit&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Satellit (la pagina existís pas)">satellit</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naviri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naviri">naviri</a>, etc.). La màger part de l'espèctre <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electromagnetisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electromagnetisme">electromagnetic</a> pòu èsser utilizada car lei diferentei partidas de l'espèctre son susceptibles de provesir d'informacions (forma, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temperatura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>, composicion <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quimia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quimia">quimica</a>, distància, etc.).</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:AphelionApplication4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Observacion d'una zòna rurala per teledeteccion"> <noscript> <img alt="Observacion d'una zòna rurala per teledeteccion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AphelionApplication4.jpg/120px-AphelionApplication4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AphelionApplication4.jpg/120px-AphelionApplication4.jpg" data-alt="Observacion d'una zòna rurala per teledeteccion" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AphelionApplication4.jpg/180px-AphelionApplication4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AphelionApplication4.jpg/240px-AphelionApplication4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Observacion d'una zòna rurala per teledeteccion </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest_in_false_colour_composition.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Observacion de seuvas per teledeteccion"> <noscript> <img alt="Observacion de seuvas per teledeteccion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest_in_false_colour_composition.jpg/97px-Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest_in_false_colour_composition.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6433" data-file-height="7954"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 97px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest_in_false_colour_composition.jpg/97px-Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest_in_false_colour_composition.jpg" data-alt="Observacion de seuvas per teledeteccion" data-width="97" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest_in_false_colour_composition.jpg/145px-Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest_in_false_colour_composition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest_in_false_colour_composition.jpg/194px-Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest_in_false_colour_composition.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Observacion de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seuva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Seuva">seuvas</a> per teledeteccion </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Global_SRTM_Bathymetry_map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta topografica realizada per teledeteccion"> <noscript> <img alt="Carta topografica realizada per teledeteccion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Global_SRTM_Bathymetry_map.png/120px-Global_SRTM_Bathymetry_map.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6600" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 55px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Global_SRTM_Bathymetry_map.png/120px-Global_SRTM_Bathymetry_map.png" data-alt="Carta topografica realizada per teledeteccion" data-width="120" data-height="55" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Global_SRTM_Bathymetry_map.png/180px-Global_SRTM_Bathymetry_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Global_SRTM_Bathymetry_map.png/240px-Global_SRTM_Bathymetry_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Carta topografica realizada per teledeteccion </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Phailin_CTT_11_Oct_2013.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Deteccion d'una tempèsta per teledeteccion"> <noscript> <img alt="Deteccion d'una tempèsta per teledeteccion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phailin_CTT_11_Oct_2013.jpg/120px-Phailin_CTT_11_Oct_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phailin_CTT_11_Oct_2013.jpg/120px-Phailin_CTT_11_Oct_2013.jpg" data-alt="Deteccion d'una tempèsta per teledeteccion" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phailin_CTT_11_Oct_2013.jpg/180px-Phailin_CTT_11_Oct_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phailin_CTT_11_Oct_2013.jpg/240px-Phailin_CTT_11_Oct_2013.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center"> Deteccion d'una tempèsta per teledeteccion </div> </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lei_metòdes_quantitatius"><span id="Lei_met.C3.B2des_quantitatius"></span>Lei metòdes quantitatius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei metòdes quantitatius" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Coma son nom l'indica, lei metòdes quantitatius son destinats a quantificar una grandor. Utilizan fòrça leis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Estatisticas&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Estatisticas (la pagina existís pas)">estatisticas</a> car requièron sovent lo mestritge d'un importanta quantitat de donadas. <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istòria">Istoricament</a>, foguèron premier utilizats per la prospeccion miniera. Pasmens, uei, aquelei tecnicas pòdon s'utilizar de tractar d'informacions variadas (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geostatistica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geostatistica (la pagina existís pas)">geostatistica</a>). L'objectiu es de transformar una taula de donadas per n'extraire sei factors principaus. Per exemple, es possible de remplaçar un ensemble de variablas de recensament (revenguts, loguiers, etc.) en un factor unic que permet de descriure leis inegalitats entre <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classa_populara&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Classa populara (la pagina existís pas)">classas</a> aisadas e popularas.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Disciplinas_principalas">Disciplinas principalas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Disciplinas principalas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_geografia_matematica">La geografia matematica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : La geografia matematica" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe"> Article detalhat: <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_matematica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia matematica">Geografia matematica</a>. </div> <p>La <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_matematica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia matematica">geografia matematica</a> es la branca pus anciana. Se concentra sus l'estudi de la superficia terrèstra e sa representacion matematica. Compren principalament l'estudi dei formas e dei dimensions de la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A8rra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tèrra">Tèrra</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geodesia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geodesia (la pagina existís pas)">geodesia</a>), la realizacion de cartas (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartografia">cartografia</a>), la descripcion dei movements de la Tèrra a respècte deis objèctes celestiaus visibles (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia_astronomica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geografia astronomica (la pagina existís pas)">geografia astronomica</a>), la mesura dei relèus e sa representacion sus una carta (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Topografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Topografia">topografia</a>) e l'estudi deis estructuras espacialas (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Analisi_espaciala&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Analisi espaciala (la pagina existís pas)">analisi espaciala</a>). Recentament, es apareguda la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geomatica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geomatica (la pagina existís pas)">geomatica</a> qu'es una branca caracterizada per l'usatge massís dei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tecnologias_de_l%27informacion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tecnologias de l'informacion">tecnologias de l'informacion</a> per analizar un territòri.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_geografia_umana">La geografia umana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : La geografia umana" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe"> Article detalhat: <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_umana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia umana">Geografia umana</a>. </div> <p>La <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_umana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia umana">geografia umana</a> es l'estudi espaciala deis activitats umanas a la superficia dau glòbe. Fa donc partida dei <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sci%C3%A9ncia_sociala&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sciéncia sociala (la pagina existís pas)">sciéncias socialas</a> e cèrca de comprendre lei preferéncias que guidan leis <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homo_sapiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homo sapiens">òmes</a> dins la chausida de son luòc de vida. Per aquò, l'utilizacion de densitats, l'analisi deis interaccions entre leis òmes e la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natura">natura</a> e lo passat <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istòria">istoric</a> tènon una gròssa importància. La <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sociologia">sociologia</a>, l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economia">economia</a>, lo <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drech">drech</a> e la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politica">politica</a> son tanben fòrça utilizats per aquela disciplina en vista d'explicar lei fenomèns observats sus lo terren.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_geografia_fisica">La geografia fisica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : La geografia fisica" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe"> Article detalhat: <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_fisica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia fisica">Geografia fisica</a>. </div> <p>La <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_fisica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia fisica">geografia fisica</a> es la branca de la geografia qu'a per objectiu la descripcion, la comparason e l'explicacion dei païsatges<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Es devesida en especialitats coma la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geomorfologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geomorfologia">geomorfologia</a>, la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climatologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climatologia">climatologia</a>, l'<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idrologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idrologia">idrologia</a>, la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biogeografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biogeografia">biogeografia</a> ò la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleogeografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paleogeografia">paleogeografia</a>. Permèton l'analisi dei geosistèmas, es a dire un territòri dotat d'una estructura e d'un foncionament pròpris que s'inscriu dins l'espaci e dins lo <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temps">temps</a>. Cada <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geosist%C3%A8ma&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geosistèma (la pagina existís pas)">geosistèma</a> tèn de compausantas abioticas (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litosf%C3%A8ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Litosfèra">litosfèra</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A8ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Atmosfèra">atmosfèra</a> e <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idrosf%C3%A8ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idrosfèra">idrosfèra</a>), bioticas (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fauna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna">fauna</a> e <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fl%C3%B2ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flòra">flòra</a>) e antropics (activitats umanas) que son en relacion. A l'origina, la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_fisica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia fisica">geografia fisica</a> s'interessava a la descripcion d'aqueleis interaccions. Pasmens, uei, estúdia mai son evolucion futura.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="La_geografia_militara">La geografia militara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : La geografia militara" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe"> Article detalhat: <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_militara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia militara">Geografia militara</a>. </div> <p>La <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_militara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia militara">geografia militara</a> es una branca particulara de la geografia. Apareguda après la desfacha <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="França">francesa</a> de <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_1870?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guèrra de 1870">1871</a>, es un corrent de pensada que cèrca d'utilizar leis otís e lei concèptes geografics per un usatge <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guèrra">militar</a>. <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istòria">Istoricament</a>, la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartografia">cartografia</a> n'èra la disciplina centrala car la manca de cartas dins leis Estats-Majors francés foguèt un factor determinant de la victòria <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemanha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemanha">alemanda</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, uei, totei leis aspèctes de la geografia <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitat">universitària</a> i son integrats (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Climatologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Climatologia">climatologia</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idrologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idrologia">idrologia</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Urbanizacion&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Urbanizacion (la pagina existís pas)">urbanizacion</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia_sociala&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geografia sociala (la pagina existís pas)">geografia sociala</a>, <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia_culturala&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Geografia culturala (la pagina existís pas)">geografia culturala</a>, etc.), especialament dins leis operacions destinadas a restaurar ò mantenir la <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patz">patz</a> dins un territòri donat.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartografia">Cartografia</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Continent">Continent</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demografia">Demografia</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_militara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia militara">Geografia militara</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istòria">Istòria</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Vautrin-Lud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prèmi Vautrin-Lud">Prèmi Vautrin-Lud</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sist%C3%A8ma_d'informacion_geografica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sistèma d'informacion geografica (la pagina existís pas)">Sistèma d'informacion geografica</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Topografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Topografia">Topografia</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vila">Vila</a>.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Centre canadien de télédétection, <i>Notions fondamentales de télédétection</i>, 1998.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Collectif CNES ONERA, <i>Imagerie spatiale : des principes d'acquisition au traitement des images optiques pour l'observation de la Terre</i>, Cépaduès, 2008.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Amat, Lucien Dorize, Charles Le Cœur e Emmanuelle Gautier, <i>Éléments de géographie physique</i>, Bréal, coll. Grand Amphi, 2002.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Germaine Aujac, <i>La Géographie dans le monde antique</i>, Presses Universitaires de France, 1975.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Philippe Boulanger, <i>Géographie militaire</i>, Carrefours Les Dossiers, 2006.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Marc Besse, <i>Les grandeurs de la Terre : aspects du savoir géographique à la Renaissance</i>, ENS Éditions, 2004.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Alain Corbin, <i>Terra incognita : Une histoire de l'ignorance XVIIIe-XIXe siècle</i>, Albin Michel, 2020.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Franck Debié, <i>Géographie économique et humaine</i>, Presses Universitaires de France, 1995.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemand">(de)</a></b> Daniela Dueck, <i>Geographie in der antiken Welt</i>, Zabern, 2013.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian">(it)</a></b> Franco Farinelli, <i>Geografia. Un'introduzione ai modelli del mondo</i>, Einaudi, 2003.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemand">(de)</a></b> Georg Gerland, <i>Immanuel Kant, seine geographischen und anthropologischen Arbeiten</i>, 1906.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Ron Johnston, <i>Geography and Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945</i>, Hodder & Stoughton Educational, 1979.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Philippe Pinchemel, <i>La géographie à travers un siècle de congrès internationaux</i>, IGU, 1972.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Paul-David Régnier, <i>Dictionnaire de géographie militaire</i>, CNRS Éditions, 2008.</li> <li><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-François Staszak (dir.), <i>Géographies anglo-saxonnes. Tendances contemporaines</i>, Belin, 2001.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nòtas"><span id="N.C3.B2tas"></span>Nòtas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dau <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grec_ancian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grec ancian">grec ancian</a> γεωγραφία, <i>geographia</i>, el-meteis compausat de 'η γη' (hê gê) (la Tèrra) e 'γραφειν' (graphein) descriure,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> puei dau <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">latin</a> geographia, literalament revira per «dessenh de la Tèrra».<sup id="cite_ref-Merlin_&_Choay_2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Merlin_&_Choay_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Referéncias"><span id="Refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Referéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modificar la seccion : Referéncias" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modificar</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2;column-count:2;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2450626">.mw-parser-output span.default a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Lock_icon_blue.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.abonament a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.liure a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.limitat a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.pdf a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif/15px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}</style><span class="citation noarchive" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF">«<span class="default"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/g%25C3%25A9ographie">GÉOGRAPHIE : Etymologie de GÉOGRAPHIE</a></span>» (en francés). <i>www.cnrtl.fr</i>. [Consulta: 2017-03-10]</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Merlin_&_Choay_2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Merlin_&_Choay_2010_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P.Merlin, F. Choay, Dictionnaire de l'urbanisme et de l'aménagement, PUF, 2010</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Christian Jacob, <i>L'empire des cartes. Approche théorique de la cartographie à travers l'histoire</i>, Albin Michel, 1992, pp. 41-48.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espanh%C3%B2u?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espanhòu">(es)</a></b> M. Beltrán Llorís, <i>Los grabados rupestres de Bedolina (Valcamonica)</i>, BCSP, vol. VIII, 1972, pp. 121-158.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Liao Mingchun, <i>A Preliminary Study on the Newly-unearthed Bamboo Inscriptions of the Chu Kingdom: An Investigation of the Materials from and about the Shangshu in the Guodian Chu Slips</i>, Taiwan Guji Publishing Co., 2001.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Christian Robin, « L'Arabie du sud et la date du Périple de la mer Érythrée. Nouvelles données », <i>Journal asiatique</i>, n° 279, 1991, pp. 1-30.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Paul Claval, <i>Histoire de la géographie</i>, PUF, coll. « Que sais-je ? », 2011, p. 12.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Monique de la Roncière e Michel Mollat du Jourdin, <i>Les Portulans, cartes marines du XIIIe au XVIIe siècle</i>, Nathan, 1984.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En revènge, lo redescubèrta de Ptolemèu entraïnèt egalament lo retorn a de cartas anticas qu'èran ben mens precisas que lei portulans medievaus.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Patrice Bret, « Le Dépôt général de la guerre et la formation scientifique des ingénieurs-géographes militaires en France (1789-1830) », <i>Annals of Science</i>, 48/2, 1991, pp. 113-157.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Alfred Fierro, <i>La Société de géographie (1821-1946)</i>, Centre de recherches d'histoire et de philologie de la IVe section de l'École pratique des hautes études », V, Hautes études médiévales et modernes, n° 52, Droz / H. Champion, 1983.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> H. R. Mill, <i>The record of the Royal Geographical Society, 1830–1930</i>, Royal Geographical Society, 1930.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemand">(de)</a></b> Kurt-Reinhard Biermann, <i>Alexander von Humboldt</i>, 4<sup>a</sup> edicion, Teubner, 1990.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Vincent Berdoulay, <i>La formation de l'école française de géographie (1870-1914)</i>, Comité des travaux historiques et Scientifiques, 1981.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Marie-Claire Robic, « La réception de Friedrich Ratzel en France et ses usages au temps de l’installation de la géographie à l’Université (années 1880-1914) », <i>Revue germanique internationale</i>, n° 20,‎ 1<sup>èr</sup> de decembre de 2014, pp. 13–39.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Mechtild Rössler, « Geography and Area Planning under National-Socialism », dins Margit Szöllösi-Janze (dir.), <i>Science in the Third Reich</i>, Berg Publishers, 2001, p. 59-79.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Paul Claval e André-Louis Sanguin (dir.), <i>La Géographie française à l'époque classique (1918-1968)</i>, L'Harmattan, 1996.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Durant lo sègle XIX, se fau nòta que <a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Johann_Heinrich_Von_Th%C3%BCnen&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Johann Heinrich Von Thünen (la pagina existís pas)">Johann Heinrich Von Thünen</a> (<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1783?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1783">1783</a>-<a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1850">1850</a>) aviá desvolopat una vision similara. Pasmens, son apròchi suscitèt pauc d'interès.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean François Dortier, <i>Dictionnaire des sciences humaines</i>, Sciences humaines, 2004, pp. 444-455.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Louis Mathieu, « Christaller, Walter », dins Jacques Lévy e Michel Lussault (dir.), <i>Dictionnaire de la géographie et de l'espace des sociétés</i>, Belin, 2003, pp. 156-158.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Robin Flowerdew, « Peter Haggett », dins Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin e Gill Valentine (dir.), <i>Key Thinkers on Space and Place</i>, Thousand Oaks / SAGE Publications, 2004, pp. 155–159.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Sylvain Allemand (dir.), « Roger Brunet », dinss <i>Comment je suis devenu géographe</i>, Le Cavalier Bleu, 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Sylvain Allemand (dir.), « Paul Claval », dinss <i>Comment je suis devenu géographe</i>, Le Cavalier Bleu, 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Sylvain Allemand (dir.), « Armand Frémont », dins <i>Comment je suis devenu géographe</i>, Le Cavalier bleu, 2007</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Felicity Callard, « Doreen Massey », dins Phil Hubbard e Rob Kitchin (dir.), <i>Key Thinkers on Space and Place</i>, Sage, 2011.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> François Saur, <i>Géographie physique</i>, Presses universitaires de France, 2012, p. 13.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Philippe Boulanger, <i>La géographie militaire française (1871-1939)</i>, Economica, 2002, pp. 35-41.</span></li> </ol> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal de la geografia"> <noscript> <img alt="Portal de la geografia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/24px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/24px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png" data-alt="Portal de la geografia" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/36px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/48px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Geografia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Geografia">Portal de la geografia</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGeografia%26oldid%3D2458188">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geografia&oldid=2458188</a> » </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://oc-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Geografia&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Lhanars" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1734878206"> <span>Darrera modificació: 22 decembre de 2024 a les 14.36</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Llengües</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - atjeh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atjeh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardrykskunde" title="Aardrykskunde - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aardrykskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%2588%258D%25E1%258A%25AD%25E1%258B%2593_%25E1%2588%259D%25E1%258B%25B5%25E1%2588%25AD" title="መልክዓ ምድር - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መልክዓ ምድር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheograf%25C3%25ADa" title="Cheografía - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cheografía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgem%25C7%25A3rung" title="Landgemǣrung - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Landgemǣrung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भूगोल - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="جغرافيا - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%2593%25DC%2590%25DC%2598%25DC%2593%25DC%25AA%25DC%25A6%25DC%259D%25DC%2590" title="ܓܐܘܓܪܦܝܐ - arameu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܐܘܓܪܦܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="جغرافيا - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="جغرافيا - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جغرافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25B2" title="ভূগোল - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%25C3%25ADa" title="Xeografía - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xeografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - àvar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="àvar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawavopa" title="Tawavopa - kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tawavopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भूगोल - awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraqita" title="Uraqita - aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Uraqita" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%25C4%259Frafiya" title="Coğrafiya - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Coğrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="جوغرافیا - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوغرافیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A9ograpi" title="Géograpi - balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Géograpi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geuograp%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Geuograpėjė - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Geuograpėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograpi" title="Geograpi - batak toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Geograpi" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="batak toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heograpiya" title="Heograpiya - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Heograpiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Геаграфія - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Геаграфія - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Геаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भूगोल - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiografi" title="Jiografi - bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jiografi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_banua" title="Kaji banua - banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaji banua" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259F%25E1%2580%25B6%25E1%2582%258F%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2582%258F" title="ဟံႏပထဝီႏ - Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟံႏပထဝီႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25B9g%25C3%25B9k%25C3%25B2l%25C3%25B2k%25C3%25B9nn%25C3%25A0kalan" title="Dùgùkòlòkùnnàkalan - bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dùgùkòlòkùnnàkalan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A7%2582%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25B2" title="ভূগোল - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2581%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2594%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ས་ཁམས་རིག་པ། - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ས་ཁམས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douaroniezh" title="Douaroniezh - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douaroniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograpi" title="Geograpi - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Geograpi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580_%25D0%25B7%25D2%25AF%25D0%25B9" title="Газар зүй - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Газар зүй" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%25C3%25ADa" title="Geografía - Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Geografía" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25AA-l%25C4%25AB" title="Dê-lī - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dê-lī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8" title="Географи - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Географи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyograpiya" title="Heyograpiya - cebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Heyograpiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A0%25E1%258F%2593%25E1%258F%2595%25E1%258F%25B2%25E1%258E%25B2%25E1%258F%258D%25E1%258E%25A9_%25E1%258E%25A1%25E1%258E%25B6%25E1%258E%25AF" title="ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ - cheroqui" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroqui" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="جوگرافیا - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوگرافیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%25C3%25ACa" title="Geografìa - còrs" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Geografìa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="còrs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%25C4%259Frafiya" title="Coğrafiya - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Coğrafiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%25C3%25B2grafij%25C3%25B4" title="Geògrafijô - caixubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Geògrafijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="caixubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8" title="Географи - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Географи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daearyddiaeth" title="Daearyddiaeth - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Daearyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographie" title="Geographie - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%25C4%259Frafya" title="Coğrafya - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija - baix sòrab" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baix sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidtana%2527" title="Sidtana' - dusun central" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sidtana'" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="dusun central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भूगोल - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2596%25DE%25AA%25DE%25A3%25DE%25AA%25DE%2583%25DE%25A7%25DE%258A%25DE%25A9" title="ޖުޣުރާފީ - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖުޣުރާފީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2581%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2594%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ས་ཁམས་རིག་པ། - dzongka" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ས་ཁམས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2589%25CE%25B3%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Γεωγραφία - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεωγραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Geography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografio" title="Geografio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%25C3%25ADa" title="Geografía - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograafia" title="Geograafia - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="جغرافیا - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maantiede" title="Maantiede - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatiid%25C3%25BCs" title="Maatiidüs - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Maatiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landafr%25C3%25B8%25C3%25B0i" title="Landafrøði - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Landafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A9ographie" title="Géographie - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografii" title="Geografii - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Geografii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografie" title="Gjeografie - friolan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjeografie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friolan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografy" title="Geografy - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Geografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25ADreola%25C3%25ADocht" title="Tíreolaíocht - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tíreolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%25AD%25B8" title="地理學 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="地理學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A9yografi" title="Jéyografi - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jéyografi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruinn-e%25C3%25B2las" title="Cruinn-eòlas - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cruinn-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeograf%25C3%25ADa" title="Xeografía - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xeografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyapekuaa" title="Yvyapekuaa - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvyapekuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भुगोल - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="भुगोल" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25AD%25E0%25AB%2582%25E0%25AA%2597%25E0%25AB%258B%25E0%25AA%25B3" title="ભૂગોળ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભૂગોળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587heer-oaylleeaght" title="Çheer-oaylleeaght - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çheer-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labarin_kasa" title="Labarin kasa - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Labarin kasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi-l%25C3%25AE-ho%25CC%258Dk" title="Thi-lî-ho̍k - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thi-lî-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="גאוגרפיה - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भूगोल - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagha" title="Jagha - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jagha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija - naut sorab" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="naut sorab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewografi" title="Jewografi - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jewografi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%25C3%25B6ldrajztudom%25C3%25A1ny" title="Földrajztudomány - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Földrajztudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B1%25D5%25B7%25D5%25AD%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25B0%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A3%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Աշխարհագրություն - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia" title="Geographia - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Geographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25BB%258Cm%25C3%25BAm%25C3%25BA-%25C3%25A0l%25C3%25A0" title="Ọmúmú-àlà - igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọmúmú-àlà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heograpia" title="Heograpia - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Heograpia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8" title="Географи - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Географи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografio" title="Geografio - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Geografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfr%25C3%25A6%25C3%25B0i" title="Landfræði - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2593%2584%25E1%2593%2587%25E1%2590%2585%25E1%2594%25AA%25E1%2596%2585" title="ᓄᓇᐅᔪᖅ - inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓄᓇᐅᔪᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%25AD%25A6" title="地理学 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaagrafi" title="Jaagrafi - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Jaagrafi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tutske" title="tutske - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tutske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A9ografi" title="Géografi - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Géografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გეოგრაფია - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografiya" title="Geografiya - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Geografiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnamurt" title="Tasnamurt - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnamurt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%258D%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D1%2582%25D1%2585" title="Хэкумэтх - kabardí" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хэкумэтх" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kede%25C5%258Ba_t%25CA%258B%25CA%258Bz%25CA%258B%25CA%258B_l%25C9%259B%25C9%25A3t%25CA%258B" title="Kedeŋa tʋʋzʋʋ lɛɣtʋ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kedeŋa tʋʋzʋʋ lɛɣtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunalerineq" title="Nunalerineq - groenlandès" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Nunalerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="groenlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2597%25E1%259E%25BC%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%258F%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259A" title="ភូមិសាស្ត្រ - cambojian" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភូមិសាស្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambojian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AD%25E0%25B3%2582%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B3%258B%25E0%25B2%25B3_%25E0%25B2%25B6%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0" title="ಭೂಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೂಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A7%2580%25EB%25A6%25AC%25ED%2595%2599" title="지리학 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - karatxai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatxai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%258E%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D9%25B2%25D9%2581%25DB%258C" title="جَغرٲفی - cashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَغرٲفی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdn%25C3%25AEgar%25C3%25AE" title="Erdnîgarî - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erdnîgarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doronieth" title="Doronieth - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Doronieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia" title="Geographia - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Geographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeografiya" title="Jeografiya - ladin" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Jeografiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographie" title="Geographie - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - lesguià" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesguià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeografia" title="Jeografia - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jeografia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomansi" title="Essomansi - ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomansi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - ladí" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamb%25C3%25AD_ma_mabel%25C3%25A9" title="Mambí ma mabelé - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mambí ma mabelé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259E%25E0%25BA%25B9%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2594" title="ພູມສາດ - laosian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພູມສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25A2eogr%25C4%2581fija" title="Ģeogrāfija - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģeogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - madurès" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भूगोल - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Географиясь - mordovià moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Географиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mordovià moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%25C3%25B4grafia" title="Jeôgrafia - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jeôgrafia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9" title="Географий - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Географий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Географија - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Географија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AD%25E0%25B5%2582%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B6%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%2582" title="ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൂമിശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580_%25D0%25B7%25D2%25AF%25D0%25B9" title="Газар зүй - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газар зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25B3%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ပထဝဳဝင် - Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပထဝဳဝင်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भूगोल - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25A0eografija" title="Ġeografija - maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġeografija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ပထဝီဝင် - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပထဝီဝင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2588%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25DB%258C" title="جوغرافی - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جوغرافی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlalticpacmatiliztli" title="Tlalticpacmatiliztli - Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlalticpacmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giugrafia" title="Giugrafia - napolità" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Giugrafia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भूगोल - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भूगोल - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Oshiwambo" data-language-local-name="ndonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oshiwambo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardrijkskunde" title="Aardrijkskunde - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aardrijkskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A9ographie" title="Géographie - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Géographie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutafase" title="Thutafase - sotho septentrional" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutafase" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muantiedo" title="Muantiedo - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Muantiedo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafxii" title="Lafxii - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lafxii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%25AD%25E0%25AD%2582%25E0%25AC%2597%25E0%25AD%258B%25E0%25AC%25B3" title="ଭୂଗୋଳ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭୂଗୋଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8" title="Географи - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Географи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AD%25E0%25A9%2582%25E0%25A8%2597%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%25B2" title="ਭੂਗੋਲ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੂਗੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jografie" title="Jografie - picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jografie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="भूगोल - pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="भूगोल" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiiografii" title="Jiiografii - Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jiiografii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="جغرافیا - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جغرافیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2589%25CE%25B3%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD" title="Γεωγραφίαν - pòntic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γεωγραφίαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pòntic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2581%25D9%2585%25DA%25A9%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25D9%2587" title="ځمکپوهنه - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځمکپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allpa_saywachi" title="Allpa saywachi - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allpa saywachi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - romanch" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuvipen" title="Phuvipen - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Phuvipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie" title="Geografie - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Geografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciugrafije" title="Sciugrafije - Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Sciugrafije" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%2590%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D2%2591%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Ґеоґрафія - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґеоґрафія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A5%2582%25E0%25A4%2597%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D" title="भूगोलम् - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भूगोलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B8%25D1%258D%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D1%258D%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D1%258D" title="Киэгирээпийэ - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киэгирээпийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%259A%25E1%25B1%259B%25E1%25B1%25B1%25E1%25B1%259A%25E1%25B1%259C" title="ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giugraf%25C3%25ACa" title="Giugrafìa - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giugrafìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographie" title="Geographie - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Geographie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D9%258A" title="جاگرافي - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاگرافي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakal" title="Tarakal - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tarakal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B7%25E0%25B7%2596%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B7%259D%25E0%25B6%25BD_%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580" title="භූගෝල විද්‍යාව - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භූගෝල විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Geografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="جغرافیہ - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جغرافیہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografija" title="Geografija - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography" title="Geography - samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Geography" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarachisi" title="Tarachisi - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tarachisi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juqraafi" title="Juqraafi - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Juqraafi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografia" title="Gjeografia - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Географија - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Географија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temhlaba" title="Temhlaba - swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Temhlaba" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25A9ografi" title="Géografi - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Géografi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Geografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiografia" title="Jiografia - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jiografia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografijo" title="Geografijo - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Geografijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AF%258D" title="புவியியல் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புவியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AD%25E0%25B3%2582%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B3%258B%25E0%25B2%25B3_%25E0%25B2%25B6%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0" title="ಭೂಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ - toulou" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೂಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="toulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A5%2599%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25AD%25E1%25A5%25B0_%25E1%25A5%2599%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B3_%25E1%25A5%2597%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B3_%25E1%25A5%259D%25E1%25A5%25A4%25E1%25A5%25B1" title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥙᥣᥳ ᥗᥣᥳ ᥝᥤᥱ - Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥙᥣᥳ ᥗᥣᥳ ᥝᥤᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AD%25E0%25B1%2582%25E0%25B0%2597%25E0%25B1%258B%25E0%25B0%25B3_%25E0%25B0%25B6%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%2582" title="భూగోళ శాస్త్రం - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భూగోళ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%25B6%25D1%2583%25D2%2593%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2591" title="Ҷуғрофиё - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷуғрофиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C" title="ภูมิศาสตร์ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi%25C3%25BDa" title="Geografiýa - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Geografiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heograpiya" title="Heograpiya - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Heograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%258Co%25C7%25A7rafij%25C9%2599" title="Čoǧrafijə - talix" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Čoǧrafijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_long_giraun" title="Save long giraun - tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Save long giraun" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%25C4%259Frafya" title="Coğrafya - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-mbangu" title="Ntivo-mbangu - tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-mbangu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhuzgo" title="Nkhuzgo - tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nkhuzgo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeografi" title="Gyeografi - twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Gyeografi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - tuvinià" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="География - udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="География" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25DB%2587%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%25BE%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595" title="جۇغراپىيە - oigor" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جۇغراپىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oigor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Географія - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Географія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25DB%258C%25DB%2581" title="جغرافیہ - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جغرافیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografiya" title="Geografiya - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeografia" title="Zeografia - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zeografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografii" title="Geografii - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Geografii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%258Ba_l%25C3%25BD" title="Địa lý - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirdrykskunde" title="Eirdrykskunde - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eirdrykskunde" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taledav" title="Taledav - volapuc" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Taledav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djeyografeye" title="Djeyografeye - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djeyografeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyograpiya" title="Heyograpiya - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Heyograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melosuuf" title="Melosuuf - wòlof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Melosuuf" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wòlof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%25AD%25B8" title="地理學 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地理學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJografi" title="IJografi - xhòsa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJografi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhòsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გეოგრაფია - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%25A2%25D7%2590%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2" title="געאגראפיע - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געאגראפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581%25E1%25BB%258D%25CC%2581gr%25C3%25A1f%25C3%25AC" title="Jẹ́ọ́gráfì - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́ọ́gráfì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deihleix" title="Deihleix - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Deihleix" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heografie" title="Heografie - zelandès" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Heografie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%2594%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B4%25BD%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B5%259C" title="ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ - amazic estàndard marroquí" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazic estàndard marroquí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%25AD%25A6" title="地理学 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E7%2590%2586%25E5%25AD%25B8" title="地理學 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="地理學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C4%2593-l%25C3%25AD" title="Tē-lí - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" 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