CINXE.COM
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class=" story nytapp-vi-article " xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title data-rh="true">Pat Quinn, Who Promoted A.L.S. Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 37 - The New York Times</title> <meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="noarchive, max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Mr. Quinn, who learned he had A.L.S. after turning 30, was credited with helping to make the ice-bucket videos a viral sensation that raised $220 million."/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:title" content="Pat Quinn, Who Promoted A.L.S. Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 37 (Published 2020)"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="Mr. Quinn, who learned he had A.L.S. after turning 30, was credited with helping to make the ice-bucket videos a viral sensation that raised $220 million."/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:image" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg?year=2020&h=900&w=1600&s=5023e2345fae530e8b5d83f359aea8a0aabfc79d3c7cac1de51fe41956871462&k=ZQJBKqZ0VN&tw=1"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:image:alt" content="Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research."/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Pat Quinn, Who Promoted A.L.S. Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 37 (Published 2020)"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-facebookJumbo.jpg?year=2020&h=549&w=1050&s=a883e48c310ef600501beea7cfc6c03cb703bfd440748c3c8dbd5695cd151d99&k=ZQJBKqZ0VN"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:alt" content="Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="Mr. Quinn, who learned he had A.L.S. after turning 30, was credited with helping to make the ice-bucket videos a viral sensation that raised $220 million."/> <link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html"/><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="nyt://article/6991dc9a-0136-53de-8eca-05dde6fdcb71"/><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.nytimes.com/svc/oembed/json/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F22%2Fus%2Fpat-quinn-dead.html" title="Pat Quinn, Who Promoted A.L.S. Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 37"/> <script data-rh="true" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html","description":"Mr. Quinn, who learned he had A.L.S. after turning 30, was credited with helping to make the ice-bucket videos a viral sensation that raised $220 million.","image":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg","height":900,"width":1600,"contentUrl":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg","caption":"Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research.","creditText":"Nancy Lane/MediaNews Group, via Boston Herald, via Getty Images"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-superJumbo.jpg","height":1586,"width":2000,"contentUrl":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-superJumbo.jpg","caption":"Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research.","creditText":"Nancy Lane/MediaNews Group, via Boston Herald, via Getty Images"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-mediumSquareAt3X.jpg","height":1586,"width":1586,"contentUrl":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-mediumSquareAt3X.jpg","caption":"Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research.","creditText":"Nancy Lane/MediaNews Group, via Boston Herald, via Getty Images"}],"mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html","url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html","inLanguage":"en","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","url":"https://www.nytimes.com/by/concepcion-de-leon","name":"Concepción de León"}],"dateModified":"2020-11-23T22:28:48.000Z","datePublished":"2020-11-23T03:10:03.000Z","headline":"Pat Quinn, Who Promoted A.L.S. Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 37","alternativeHeadline":"Pat Quinn, 37, Who Inspired Millions To Fight A.L.S. via Ice Bucket Challenge","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.nytimes.com/#publisher","name":"The New York Times"},"hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".meteredContent"},"isPartOf":{"@type":["CreativeWork","Product"],"name":"The New York Times","productID":"nytimes.com:basic"},"copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https://www.nytimes.com/#publisher","name":"The New York Times"},"sourceOrganization":{"@id":"https://www.nytimes.com/#publisher","name":"The New York Times"},"copyrightYear":2025,"isAccessibleForFree":false,"articleSection":"U.S.","keywords":["Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","Deaths (Obituaries)","Ice Bucket Challenge","ALS Assn","Research","Frates, Pete","Philanthropy","Quinn, Patrick Ryan (1983-2020)"]}</script><script data-rh="true" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The New York Times","logo":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/t_logo_291_black.png","height":291,"width":291,"contentUrl":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/t_logo_291_black.png","creditText":"The New York Times"},"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/","@id":"https://www.nytimes.com/#publisher","publishingPrinciples":"https://www.nytimes.com/editorial-standards/ethical-journalism.html","diversityPolicy":"https://www.nytco.com/company/diversity-and-inclusion/","ethicsPolicy":"https://www.nytco.com/company/standards-ethics/","masthead":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/01/28/admin/the-new-york-times-masthead.html","foundingDate":"1851-09-18","sameAs":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"}</script> <meta data-rh="true" property="article:published_time" content="2020-11-23T03:10:03.000Z"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:modified_time" content="2020-11-23T22:28:48.000Z"/><meta data-rh="true" http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en"/><meta data-rh="true" name="articleid" content="100000007467956"/><meta data-rh="true" name="nyt_uri" content="nyt://article/6991dc9a-0136-53de-8eca-05dde6fdcb71"/><meta data-rh="true" name="pubp_event_id" content="pubp://event/3b43522425254ef5881f2d86b58b80f5"/><meta data-rh="true" name="image" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-facebookJumbo.jpg?year=2020&h=549&w=1050&s=a883e48c310ef600501beea7cfc6c03cb703bfd440748c3c8dbd5695cd151d99&k=ZQJBKqZ0VN"/><meta data-rh="true" name="byl" content="By Concepción de León"/><meta data-rh="true" name="news_keywords" content="ALS;Lou Gehrig's disease,Obituary,ALS Association,Research,Pete Frates,Philanthropy,Pat Quinn"/><meta data-rh="true" name="pdate" content="20201122"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:section" content="U.S."/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Deaths (Obituaries)"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Ice Bucket Challenge"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="ALS Assn"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Research"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Frates, Pete"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Philanthropy"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:tag" content="Quinn, Patrick Ryan (1983-2020)"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:opinion" content="false"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:content_tier" content="metered"/><meta data-rh="true" name="CG" content="us"/><meta data-rh="true" name="SCG" content=""/><meta data-rh="true" name="CN" content=""/><meta data-rh="true" name="CT" content=""/><meta data-rh="true" name="PT" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" name="PST" content="Biography,Biography"/><meta data-rh="true" name="url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html"/><meta data-rh="true" name="msapplication-starturl" content="https://www.nytimes.com"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:url" content="nyt://article/6991dc9a-0136-53de-8eca-05dde6fdcb71"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:package" content="com.nytimes.android"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:app_name" content="NYTimes"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="NYTimes"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="com.nytimes.android"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:url:googleplay" content="nyt://article/6991dc9a-0136-53de-8eca-05dde6fdcb71"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:iphone:url" content="nytimes://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:iphone:app_store_id" content="284862083"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:iphone:app_name" content="NYTimes"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ipad:url" content="nytimes://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ipad:app_store_id" content="357066198"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ipad:app_name" content="NYTimes"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="9869919170" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@nytimes" /> <meta name="slack-app-id" content="A0121HXPPTQ" /> <script>(function Kn(e){if(new URL(window.location).searchParams.get("sentryOverride")||Math.floor(100*Math.random())<=e){var t=['<script src="https://js.sentry-cdn.com/7bc8bccf5c254286a99b11c68f6bf4ce.min.js" crossorigin="anonymous">',"<","/script>"].join("");document.write(t)}})(1);</script><script>(function $n(e){var t=e.release,n=e.env,a=e.routeName,i=window.vi&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment||{},r=i.isPreloaded,o=void 0!==r&&r,l="IOS"===i.deviceType;if(window.Sentry){var s=function(){window.Sentry.init({maxBreadcrumbs:c,release:t,environment:n,allowUrls:u,ignoreErrors:d,beforeSend:function(e,t){var n=t.originalException;return n&&n.stack&&n.stack.includes("datadog-rum")?null:e},initialScope:function(e){e.setTags({"nyt.route":a});var t=/nyt-a=(.*?)(;|$)/.exec(document.cookie);null!==t&&e.setUser({id:t[1]});try{if(o){var n,i,r=window.asset||{},s=r.eventId,c=void 0===s?"":s,d=r.uri,u=void 0===d?"":d,f=r.url,p=void 0===f?"":f,m=r.sourceType,g=void 0===m?"":m,h=r.sourceId,v=void 0===h?"":h;c&&e.setTag("eventId",c),u&&e.setTag("uri",u),p&&e.setTag("url",p),g&&e.setTag("sourceType",g),v&&e.setTag("sourceId",v),e.setExtra("visibilityState",document.visibilityState),null!==(n=window)&&void 0!==n&&null!==(i=n.performance)&&void 0!==i&&i.timeOrigin&&e.setExtra("timeOrigin",window.performance.timeOrigin),e.setTag("type","preloaded-webview")}else e.setTag("type","browser");var b=function(){var t=window.config||{},n=t.AppVersion,a=void 0===n?"":n,i=t.ConnectionStatus,r=void 0===i?3:i,o=t.LoggedIn,l=void 0!==o&&o,s=t.Subscriber,c=void 0!==s&&s;null==e||e.setTag("AppVersion",a),null==e||e.setTag("ConnectionStatus",r),null==e||e.setTag("LoggedIn",l),null==e||e.setTag("Subscriber",c)};l?window.addEventListener("initWebview:ios",b):b()}catch(e){console.error(e)}return e},replaysSessionSampleRate:0,replaysOnErrorSampleRate:.01,integrations:[window.Sentry.browserTracingIntegration({enableInp:!0,instrumentNavigation:!1,instrumentPageLoad:!1})]});var e=window.Sentry.getClient(),i={};i[window.Sentry.SEMANTIC_ATTRIBUTE_SENTRY_SOURCE]="url",window.Sentry.startBrowserTracingPageLoadSpan(e,{name:a,attributes:i})},c=70,d=["2mdn","ads-us","amazon-adsystem","amp4ads","ampproject","bk_addPageCtx","boomerang","BOOMR","cb is not a function","chartbeat","google_tag_manager","gsi","gtm","prebid","pubads","scorecardresearch","setConfig is not a function","webkitExitFullScreen","yimg","reading 'campaign'","Object.fromEntries is not a function"];o&&(d=d.concat(["Failed to fetch","Load failed","Something went wrong","Unexpected EOF","The request is not allowed by the user agent","scrollIntoView","No weather-bot homepage data available","UnhandledRejection: Non-Error promise rejection captured with value: false","VHS is currently showing this error message on-screen.","useMessageSelection","messageComponentLibrary"]));var u=[/^https?:\/\/(vi-pr-.*|www|vi|local|alpha|alpha-preview)\.(stg\.|dev\.)?(nytimes\.com|nyt\.net)/];window.Sentry.onLoad(s),window.__isUnitTestEnv&&(window.__testSentryOnload=s)}})({"release":"c281f8f394087ce6f27fbc1190bdb31cd5b91daa","env":"prd","routeName":"vi-story","allowUrls":[{}]});</script> <script> (function qn(){var e,t,n,a,i;e=window,t=document,n="script",a="https://www.datadoghq-browser-agent.com/us1/v5/datadog-rum.js",e=e[i="DD_RUM"]=e[i]||{q:[],onReady:function(t){e.q.push(t)}},(i=t.createElement(n)).async=1,i.src=a,(a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0]).parentNode.insertBefore(i,a)})(); (function Qn(e){var t=e.service,n=e.env,a=e.version,i=e.sessionSampleRate,r=e.deploymentId,o=e.routeName,l=e.tenant;if(window.DD_RUM){var s=function(){var e={clientToken:"pube5bf68ea68edb54c35106f34e32ff07c",applicationId:"7d0602a0-8ef8-4d39-985b-c3188887e5b3",site:"datadoghq.com",service:"".concat(t,"-client"),env:n,version:a,sessionSampleRate:parseInt(i,10),sessionReplaySampleRate:v,trackUserInteractions:!0,trackResources:!0,trackLongTasks:!0,trackViewsManually:!0,defaultPrivacyLevel:"mask-user-input",allowedTracingUrls:m,traceSampleRate:20,useCrossSiteSessionCookie:!0,useSecureSessionCookie:!0};u&&(e=Object.assign(e,h)),window.DD_RUM.init(e);var s="web";u&&(s=window.config&&window.config.OS&&"ANDROID"===window.config.OS.toUpperCase()?"android":"ios");var c={billing:{environment:n,deployment:{id:r}},dvsp:{tenant:l},route:{name:o},webview:p,preloaded:u,appType:s};u&&(c=Object.assign(c,g)),window.DD_RUM.setGlobalContextProperty("nyt",c),window.DD_RUM.startView({name:o});var d=/nyt-a=(.*?)(;|$)/.exec(document.cookie);if(null!==d&&window.DD_RUM.setUser({id:d[1]}),u){var f=(window.asset||{}).url,b=void 0===f?"":f;window.DD_RUM.setGlobalContextProperty("url",b);var y=window.getNativeBridgeCookie("nyt-a");y&&window.DD_RUM.setUser({id:y})}},c=window.vi&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment||{},d=c.isPreloaded,u=void 0!==d&&d,f=c.isInWebview,p=void 0!==f&&f,m=[/https:\/\/samizdat-graphql.*\.nytimes\.com/],g={},h={},v=100;u&&(m=[/[https|http|nytresource]:\/\/.*\.nytimes\.com/,/[https|http|nytresource]:\/\/.*\.nyt\.com/],g={team:"web-platforms"},v=0,h={trackFrustrations:!0,allowFallbackToLocalStorage:!0}),window.DD_RUM.onReady(s),window.__isUnitTestEnv&&(window.__testDataDogOnReady=s)}})({"service":"vi","env":"prd","version":"vi-newsreader@v6700-c281f8f","sessionSampleRate":"1","deploymentId":"aws-491988406224","routeName":"vi-story","tenant":"web-platforms"}); </script> <link data-rh="true" rel="shortcut icon" href="/vi-assets/static-assets/favicon-d2483f10ef688e6f89e23806b9700298.ico"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/vi-assets/static-assets/apple-touch-icon-28865b72953380a40aa43318108876cb.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144×144" href="/vi-assets/static-assets/ios-ipad-144x144-28865b72953380a40aa43318108876cb.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114×114" href="/vi-assets/static-assets/ios-iphone-114x144-080e7ec6514fdc62bcbb7966d9b257d2.png"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/vi-assets/static-assets/ios-default-homescreen-57x57-43808a4cd5333b648057a01624d84960.png"/> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://g1.nyt.com" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link href="https://g1.nyt.com/fonts/css/web-fonts.a65411eeb1ab091c1b7eaa3047f86dabe8355f0e.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" crossorigin /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/vi-assets/static-assets/global-75f713f5ef71fb15f77ecbb55c1f03b7.css" /> <style>[data-timezone] { display: none }</style> <style data-lights-css="val7tc tvfu69 k008qs 63woee 1dv1kvn nuvmzp qebcue j184jz wsvg60 1hyfx7x uc4bdz 1jmk4jh 1e1s8k7 1qa4qp6 13mf4b4 79elbk vxcmzt 1eeh360 1yhvmgx 1atjma0 68l2z5 1nurhyi yywogo 93zicp 12fr9lp 18z7m18 ec8ke8 1hqnpie 10habuo rnl02l 1u4hfeb 1po1uvd tvohiw b4nnp0 bgaqcm 777zgl rfqw0c twqvxd 15owey8 1xb94ky uwwqev 121kum4 171quhb asuuk5 7axq9l 6yo1no z5ryv4 p6m5rf 10cldcv 1r7ky0e ew4tgv s99gbd 53u6y8 1ly73wi 1u5onbp 165eim7 dc6zx6 233int 4anu6l gqryk5 rq4mmj ktho12 jevhma 14fe1uy ojhyzr at9mc1 sxwst7 1ch6mhx 10698na ijmohz 1npft71 yomkvi ui2i83 atthsv zd9juy 10d8k1f eap6fy 1vkm6nb 1ho5u4o t8x4fj a7htku 1d02gzt 1bymuyk 10xu8a0 1wr3we4 c5j6tx vfkorq 1bvtpon wqhysl 1vxca1d 1aeqhal 1sbuyqj 1c72mta 7lo2tm hme5ai 88wicj 79rysd 148f1u0 nlqgyf 1ubbotv 1336jj 1g71tqy 1b5b8u1 3kpklk duration name 5j8bii delay timing-function">@-webkit-keyframes animation-5j8bii{from{opacity:0;}to{opacity:1;}}@keyframes animation-5j8bii{from{opacity:0;}to{opacity:1;}}.SP_commentsRefactor_1224_1_New .comments-button-container{display:none;}.SP_commentsRefactor_1224_1_New .comments-button-container-v2{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;}.SP_commentsRefactor_1224_1_New .big-bottom-button-v2{display:block;}.css-k008qs{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.css-63woee{-webkit-animation:spin 0.8s steps(10,end) infinite;animation:spin 0.8s steps(10,end) infinite;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion){.css-63woee{-webkit-animation-duration:10s;animation-duration:10s;}}@-webkit-keyframes spin{100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);-ms-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes spin{100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);-ms-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg);}}.css-1dv1kvn{border:0;-webkit-clip:rect(0 0 0 0);clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;}.css-nuvmzp{font-size:14.25px;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.7px;-moz-letter-spacing:0.7px;-ms-letter-spacing:0.7px;letter-spacing:0.7px;line-height:19px;}.css-nuvmzp:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-qebcue{display:none;font-size:10px;margin-left:auto;text-transform:uppercase;}.hasLinks .css-qebcue{display:block;min-height:10px;}@media (min-width:740px){return!e.theme.isIntlHomepage.hasLinks .css-qebcue function(e).hasLinks .css-qebcue function(e)!e.theme.homepage.hasLinks .css-qebcue function(e).hasLinks .css-qebcue function(e){margin:"none",position:"absolute",right:"20px";}}@media (min-width:1024px){.hasLinks .css-qebcue{display:none;min-height:0;}}.css-j184jz{display:inline-block;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.25rem;-webkit-transition:color 0.6s ease;transition:color 0.6s ease;color:#121212;}.css-j184jz:hover{color:#666666;}.css-wsvg60{border:0;-webkit-clip:rect(0 0 0 0);clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;border-radius:3px;cursor:pointer;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;-webkit-transition:ease 0.6s;transition:ease 0.6s;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle;background-color:transparent;color:#000;font-size:11px;line-height:11px;font-weight:700;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.02em;-moz-letter-spacing:0.02em;-ms-letter-spacing:0.02em;letter-spacing:0.02em;padding:11px 12px 8px;background:#ffffff;display:inline-block;left:44px;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-transition:none;transition:none;z-index:5;}.css-wsvg60:active,.css-wsvg60:focus{-webkit-clip:auto;clip:auto;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;}.css-wsvg60::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0;}.css-wsvg60:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted;}.css-wsvg60:disabled,.css-wsvg60.disabled{opacity:0.5;cursor:default;}.css-wsvg60:active,.css-wsvg60.active{background-color:#f7f7f7;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-wsvg60:hover{background-color:#f7f7f7;}}.css-wsvg60:focus{margin-top:3px;padding:8px 8px 6px;}@media (max-width:600px){.css-wsvg60:focus{margin-top:12px;margin-left:9px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-wsvg60{left:112px;}}.css-1hyfx7x{display:none;}.css-uc4bdz{min-height:269px;}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-uc4bdz{min-height:431.5px;}}.NYTApp .css-uc4bdz{display:none;}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-1jmk4jh{margin:0 auto;max-width:1200px;padding:0 3% 9px;}}.NYTApp .css-1jmk4jh{display:none;}@media print{.css-1jmk4jh{display:none;}}.css-1e1s8k7{font-size:11px;text-align:center;padding-bottom:25px;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1e1s8k7{padding:0 3% 9px;}}.css-1e1s8k7.dockVisible{padding-bottom:45px;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1e1s8k7.dockVisible{padding:0 3% 45px;}}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-1e1s8k7{margin:0 auto;max-width:1200px;}}.NYTApp .css-1e1s8k7{display:none;}@media print{.css-1e1s8k7{display:none;}}.css-1qa4qp6{border-top:1px solid #ebebeb;padding-top:9px;margin:0 0 35px;}.css-13mf4b4{color:#666666;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;padding:10px 0;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;}.css-13mf4b4:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-79elbk{position:relative;}.css-vxcmzt{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;}.css-1eeh360{height:auto;width:auto;border-radius:30px;}.css-1eeh360:focus{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 4px 1px rgb(0 95 204);}@supports selector(:focus-visible){.css-1eeh360:focus{box-shadow:none;}.css-1eeh360:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 4px 1px rgb(0 95 204);}}.css-1yhvmgx{height:auto;width:auto;border:solid 1px var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);background-color:var(--color-background-primary,#FFFFFF);border-radius:30px;font-size:0.75rem;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;}.css-1yhvmgx:hover{background-color:var(--color-background-tertiary,#EBEBEB);border:1px solid var(--color-background-tertiary,#EBEBEB);}.css-1yhvmgx .hiddenClass{display:none;}.css-1yhvmgx[aria-checked='true'] .saved-fill{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-1yhvmgx[aria-checked='true'] .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-1yhvmgx[aria-checked='false'] .saved-fill{fill:none;}.css-1yhvmgx[aria-checked='false'] .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-1yhvmgx[aria-busy='true']{cursor:default;background-color:var(--color-background-tertiary,#EBEBEB);}.css-1atjma0{padding:0;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}@media (max-width:424px){.css-1atjma0{margin-left:-9px;margin-right:-20px;}}.css-68l2z5{color:#999999;display:inline;margin-right:12px;width:100%;}.css-68l2z5 > a,.css-68l2z5 > button{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-68l2z5 > a:focus,.css-68l2z5 > button:focus{display:inline-block;outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);}@supports selector(:focus-visible){.css-68l2z5 > a:focus,.css-68l2z5 > button:focus{box-shadow:none;}.css-68l2z5 > a:focus-visible,.css-68l2z5 > button:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);}}.css-68l2z5 > a:focus{border-radius:100%;}@media (max-width:424px){.css-68l2z5{margin-right:6px;}}.css-68l2z5:last-of-type{margin-right:0;}.css-1nurhyi{height:auto;width:auto;border-radius:100%;background-color:transparent;}.css-yywogo{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);}.css-yywogo:visited{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);}.css-93zicp{display:none;}@media (min-width:375px){.css-93zicp{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:16px;height:31px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-93zicp{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:16px;height:31px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-93zicp{display:none;}}@media print{.css-93zicp{display:none;}}.css-12fr9lp{height:23px;margin-top:6px;}.css-18z7m18{display:none;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-18z7m18{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:0;}}@media print{.css-18z7m18{display:block;}}.css-ec8ke8{display:none;}@media (min-width:375px){.css-ec8ke8{position:fixed;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;opacity:0;z-index:1;-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;width:100%;height:32.063px;background:white;padding:5px 0;top:0;text-align:center;font-family:nyt-cheltenham,cheltenham-fallback-georgia,cheltenham-fallback-noto,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;box-shadow:rgba(0,0,0,0.08) 0 0 5px 1px;border-bottom:1px solid #e2e2e2;}}@media print{.css-ec8ke8{position:relative;border:none;display:inline-block;opacity:1 !important;visibility:visible !important;}}@media (max-width:739px){.NYTApp .css-ec8ke8{display:none;}}.css-1hqnpie{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;max-width:1605px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;position:relative;width:100%;}@media (min-width:1360px){.css-1hqnpie{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;}}@media (min-width:1780px){.css-1hqnpie{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media print{.css-1hqnpie{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-10habuo{display:none;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-10habuo{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;max-width:1605px;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:50%;margin-left:calc((100% - 50%) / 2);}}@media (min-width:740px){.NYTApp .css-10habuo{width:90%;margin-left:calc((100% - 90%) / 2);}@media (min-width:1024px){.NYTApp .css-10habuo{width:63%;margin-left:calc((100% - 63%) / 2);}}}@media print{.css-10habuo{display:none;}}.css-rnl02l{font-family:nyt-cheltenham-small,georgia,'times new roman';font-weight:400;font-size:13px;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.015em;-moz-letter-spacing:0.015em;-ms-letter-spacing:0.015em;letter-spacing:0.015em;margin-top:10.5px;margin-bottom:10.5px;margin-right:auto;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.css-1u4hfeb{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:0.75rem;text-transform:uppercase;-webkit-letter-spacing:0;-moz-letter-spacing:0;-ms-letter-spacing:0;letter-spacing:0;margin-top:12.5px;margin-bottom:auto;margin-left:auto;white-space:nowrap;}.css-1u4hfeb:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-1po1uvd{display:inline-block;padding-left:7px;padding-right:7px;font-size:13px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:auto;color:#cccccc;}.css-tvohiw{margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:auto;margin-left:auto;z-index:50;box-shadow:-14px 2px 7px -2px rgba(255,255,255,0.7);}.css-b4nnp0{margin-top:1px;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-b4nnp0{margin-top:0;}}.css-bgaqcm{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;color:#cccccc !important;border-left:1px solid #cccccc;margin-left:10px;padding:10px;display:none;}@media print{.css-bgaqcm{display:inline-block;}}.css-777zgl{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;-webkit-clip:rect(0 0 0 0);clip:rect(0 0 0 0);overflow:hidden;text-align:center;}.css-777zgl:focus-visible{background-color:#fff;border-radius:3px;height:auto;width:auto;-webkit-clip:auto;clip:auto;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.6875rem;font-weight:700;left:50%;padding:8px 8px 6px;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%);top:5px;}.css-rfqw0c{text-align:center;height:100%;display:block;}.css-twqvxd{color:#cccccc;display:none;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.5625rem;font-weight:300;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.05rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.05rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.05rem;letter-spacing:0.05rem;line-height:0.5625rem;margin-left:auto;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-twqvxd{display:inline-block;}}.css-twqvxd p{margin-bottom:auto;margin-right:7px;margin-top:auto;text-transform:none;}.css-15owey8{color:#cccccc;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.5625rem;font-weight:300;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.05rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.05rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.05rem;letter-spacing:0.05rem;line-height:0.5625rem;margin-bottom:9px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}.sizeSmall .css-1xb94ky{width:50%;}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeSmall .css-1xb94ky{width:300px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.sizeSmall .css-1xb94ky{width:300px;}}@media (max-width:600px){.sizeSmall .css-1xb94ky{width:50%;}}.sizeSmall.sizeSmallNoCaption .css-1xb94ky{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeSmall.layoutVertical .css-1xb94ky{max-width:250px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.sizeSmall.layoutVertical .css-1xb94ky{width:250px;}}@media (max-width:740px){.sizeSmall.layoutVertical .css-1xb94ky{max-width:250px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeSmall.layoutHorizontal .css-1xb94ky{max-width:300px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.sizeSmall.layoutHorizontal .css-1xb94ky{width:300px;}}@media (max-width:740px){.sizeSmall.layoutHorizontal .css-1xb94ky{max-width:300px;}}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeMedium.layoutVertical.verticalVideo .css-1xb94ky{width:420px;}}.css-uwwqev{width:100%;height:100%;}.css-121kum4{width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-171quhb{background:linear-gradient(180deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,0),#ffffff);position:relative;height:110px;margin-top:-126px;width:100%;}.css-asuuk5{height:170px;}.css-7axq9l{display:grid;grid-row-gap:24px;justify-items:center;margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;padding:32px 0 40px 0;}.css-6yo1no{display:grid;grid-row-gap:8px;text-align:center;}.css-z5ryv4{color:#121212;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-p6m5rf{margin:1.25rem 0 0;}.css-10cldcv{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-10cldcv{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-10cldcv{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-10cldcv{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-1r7ky0e .e6idgb70 + .e1h9rw200{margin-top:0;}.css-1r7ky0e .eoo0vm40 + .e1gnsphs0{margin-top:-0.3em;}.css-1r7ky0e .e6idgb70 + .eoo0vm40{margin-top:0;}.css-1r7ky0e .eoo0vm40 + figure{margin-top:1.2rem;}.css-1r7ky0e .e1gnsphs0 + figure{margin-top:1.2rem;}.css-ew4tgv{display:none;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-ew4tgv{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-right:0;margin-left:auto;width:130px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-ew4tgv{width:210px;}}@media print{.css-ew4tgv{display:none;}}.css-s99gbd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:1rem;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-s99gbd{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;height:100%;width:945px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-s99gbd{width:1110px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:1280px){.css-s99gbd{width:1170px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.css-s99gbd{width:1200px;}}@media print{.css-s99gbd{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media print{.css-s99gbd{margin-bottom:1em;display:block;}}.css-53u6y8{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:100%;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-53u6y8{margin-left:calc((100% - 600px) / 2);margin-right:0;width:600px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.css-53u6y8{max-width:600px;width:600px;margin-left:calc((100% - 600px) / 2);}}@media print{.css-53u6y8{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-1ly73wi{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;-webkit-clip:rect(0 0 0 0);clip:rect(0 0 0 0);overflow:hidden;}.css-1u5onbp{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:0.25rem;margin-bottom:0.75rem;}.css-1u5onbp > img,.css-1u5onbp a > img,.css-1u5onbp div > img{margin-right:10px;}.css-165eim7{min-width:60px;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:auto;}.css-dc6zx6{width:50px;margin-right:10px;vertical-align:bottom;border-radius:50%;}.css-233int{display:inline-block;}.css-4anu6l{display:inline-block;margin:0;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.125rem;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);}@media (min-width:740px){.css-4anu6l{font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.25rem;}}.css-gqryk5{margin-bottom:0.25rem;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;}.css-gqryk5:empty{display:none;}.css-rq4mmj{height:auto;width:100%;width:100%;vertical-align:top;}.css-rq4mmj img{width:100%;vertical-align:top;}.css-ktho12{color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);font-family:nyt-imperial,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;margin:10px 20px 0;text-align:left;}.css-ktho12 a{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-ktho12 a:hover,.css-ktho12 a:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-ktho12{margin-left:0;}}.sizeSmall .css-ktho12{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:calc(50% - 15px);margin:auto 0 15px 15px;}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeSmall .css-ktho12{width:260px;margin-left:15px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeSmall .css-ktho12{margin-left:15px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.sizeSmall .css-ktho12{width:330px;margin-left:15px;}}@media (max-width:600px){.sizeSmall .css-ktho12{margin:auto 0 0 15px;}}.sizeSmall.sizeSmallNoCaption .css-ktho12{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:10px;}.sizeMedium .css-ktho12{max-width:900px;}.sizeSmall.layoutVertical.verticalVideo .css-ktho12{margin:0 0 auto 16px;}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeSmall.layoutVertical.verticalVideo .css-ktho12{margin:auto 0 auto 16px;}}.sizeMedium.layoutVertical.verticalVideo .css-ktho12{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:calc(100% - 40px);}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeMedium.layoutVertical.verticalVideo .css-ktho12{width:100%;}}.sizeLarge .css-ktho12{max-width:none;}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeLarge .css-ktho12{margin-left:20px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeLarge .css-ktho12{margin-left:20px;max-width:900px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.sizeLarge .css-ktho12{margin-left:0;max-width:720px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.sizeLarge .css-ktho12{margin-left:0;max-width:900px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeLarge.layoutVertical .css-ktho12{margin-left:0;}}.sizeFull .css-ktho12{margin-left:20px;}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeFull .css-ktho12{max-width:900px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeFull .css-ktho12{max-width:900px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.sizeFull .css-ktho12{max-width:900px;}}@media print{.css-ktho12{display:none;}}.css-jevhma{margin-right:7px;color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);font-family:nyt-imperial,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.125rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-jevhma{font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.25rem;}}.css-jevhma strong{font-weight:700;}.css-jevhma em{font-style:italic;}.css-jevhma a{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);}.css-jevhma a:visited{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);}.css-14fe1uy{display:inline;color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.01em;-moz-letter-spacing:0.01em;-ms-letter-spacing:0.01em;letter-spacing:0.01em;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-14fe1uy{font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1rem;}}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-14fe1uy{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.0625rem;}}.css-ojhyzr{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:1px;-webkit-text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;-webkit-text-decoration-color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);text-decoration-color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);display:inline-block;}.css-ojhyzr:hover,.css-ojhyzr:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-at9mc1{margin-bottom:0.78125rem;margin-top:0;overflow-wrap:break-word;color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);font-family:nyt-imperial,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.5625rem;margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-at9mc1{margin-bottom:0.9375rem;margin-top:0;}}.css-at9mc1 .css-yywogo{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-style:solid;text-decoration-style:solid;-webkit-text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;-webkit-text-decoration-color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);text-decoration-color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);}.css-at9mc1 .css-yywogo:hover,.css-at9mc1 .css-yywogo:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-at9mc1{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.875rem;}}.css-at9mc1:first-child{margin-top:0;}.css-at9mc1:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.css-at9mc1.e1h9rw200:last-child{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}.css-at9mc1.eoo0vm40:first-child{margin-top:0.8125rem;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-at9mc1{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-at9mc1{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}.css-at9mc1.eoo0vm40:first-child{margin-top:1.1875rem;}}@media print{.css-at9mc1{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-sxwst7{background-color:#f7f7f7;border-bottom:1px solid #f3f3f3;border-top:1px solid #f3f3f3;margin:2rem auto;padding-bottom:30px;padding-top:12px;text-align:center;position:relative;margin-top:60px;min-height:280px;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-sxwst7{margin:3rem auto;}}@media print{.css-sxwst7{display:none;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-sxwst7{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;}}.css-1ch6mhx{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-around;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:space-around;justify-content:space-around;left:10px;position:absolute;}@media print{.css-1ch6mhx{display:none;}}.css-10698na{text-align:center;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-10698na{padding-top:0;}}@media print{.css-10698na a[href]::after{content:'';}.css-10698na svg{fill:black;}}.css-ijmohz{display:block;width:189px;height:26px;margin:5px auto 0;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-ijmohz{width:189px;height:26px;margin:5px auto 0;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-ijmohz{width:195px;height:26px;margin:6px auto 0;}}.css-1npft71{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-around;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:space-around;justify-content:space-around;position:absolute;right:10px;top:8px;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1npft71{top:4px;}}@media print{.css-1npft71{display:none;}}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button{background:var(--color-background-primary,#FFFFFF);border:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);box-shadow:none;}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button svg > path{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:hover{border:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);background:var(--color-background-tertiary,#EBEBEB);color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:hover svg > path{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:hover svg > g{stroke:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:active,.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-expanded='true']{border:1px solid var(--color-stroke-tertiary,#C7C7C7);background:rgba(235,235,235,0.6);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:active svg > path,.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-expanded='true'] svg > path{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:active svg > g,.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-expanded='true'] svg > g{stroke:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true'] .saved-fill{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true'] .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true']:hover .saved-fill{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true']:hover .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true']:active .saved-fill{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true']:active .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='false'] .saved-fill{fill:none;}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='false'] .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='false']:hover .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='false']:active .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:focus{box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);outline:3px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;}@supports selector(:focus-visible){.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:focus{box-shadow:none;}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);outline:3px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;}}.css-ui2i83{color:#999999;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:17px;margin-bottom:5px;margin-bottom:0;}@media print{.css-ui2i83{display:none;}}.css-atthsv{color:#999999;display:inline;margin-right:12px;width:100%;position:relative;}.css-atthsv > a,.css-atthsv > button{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-atthsv > a:focus,.css-atthsv > button:focus{display:inline-block;outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);}@supports selector(:focus-visible){.css-atthsv > a:focus,.css-atthsv > button:focus{box-shadow:none;}.css-atthsv > a:focus-visible,.css-atthsv > button:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);}}.css-atthsv > a:focus{border-radius:100%;}@media (max-width:424px){.css-atthsv{margin-right:6px;}}.css-atthsv:last-of-type{margin-right:0;}.css-zd9juy{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:20px;border-radius:100%;padding:6px;overflow:initial;vertical-align:middle;height:20px;}.css-zd9juy path{fill:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);}.css-10d8k1f{direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:30px;padding:6px 10px 6px;font-size:0.75rem;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;line-height:0.9375rem;text-align:right;font-weight:500;}.css-10d8k1f:hover .gift-count{background-color:#fafafa;}@media (max-width:600px){.css-10d8k1f{padding:6px 7px 5px;}}.css-10d8k1f svg{margin-right:5px;vertical-align:-6px;height:20px;}.css-eap6fy{height:18px;width:18px;padding:7px;overflow:visible;vertical-align:middle;cursor:not-allowed;}.css-eap6fy g{stroke-width:0.1px;}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-eap6fy:hover g,.css-eap6fy:focus g{stroke:var(--color-stroke-secondary,#8B8B8B);opacity:1;}}.css-1ho5u4o{list-style:none;margin:0 0 15px;padding:0;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-1ho5u4o{display:inline-block;}}.css-t8x4fj{list-style:none;line-height:8px;padding:0;}.css-t8x4fj:last-child > li{margin:16px 0 0 0;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-t8x4fj{display:inline-block;}}.css-a7htku{display:inline-block;line-height:20px;padding:0 10px;}.css-a7htku:first-child{border-left:none;}.css-a7htku.desktop{display:none;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-a7htku.smartphone{display:none;}.css-a7htku.desktop{display:inline-block;}.css-a7htku.mobileOnly{display:none;}}.css-1d02gzt{opacity:1;visibility:visible;-webkit-animation-name:animation-5j8bii;animation-name:animation-5j8bii;-webkit-animation-duration:300ms;animation-duration:300ms;-webkit-animation-delay:0ms;animation-delay:0ms;-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out;animation-timing-function:ease-out;}@media print{.css-1d02gzt{display:none;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1d02gzt{position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;left:0;z-index:200;background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:none;-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1bymuyk{position:relative;border-bottom:1px solid #e2e2e2;}}.css-10xu8a0{background:#ffffff;border-bottom:1px solid #e2e2e2;height:36px;padding:8px 15px 3px;position:relative;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-10xu8a0{background:#ffffff;padding:8px 15px 3px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-10xu8a0{background:transparent;border-bottom:0;padding:4px 15px 2px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-10xu8a0{margin:0 auto;max-width:1605px;}}.css-1wr3we4{display:none;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1wr3we4{display:block;position:absolute;left:105px;line-height:19px;top:10px;}}.css-c5j6tx{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:11px;-webkit-box-pack:space-around;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:space-around;justify-content:space-around;padding:13px 20px 12px;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-c5j6tx{position:relative;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-c5j6tx{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;border:none;padding:0;height:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(48px);-ms-transform:translateY(48px);transform:translateY(48px);-webkit-align-items:flex-end;-webkit-box-align:flex-end;-ms-flex-align:flex-end;align-items:flex-end;}}@media print{.css-c5j6tx{display:none;}}.css-vfkorq{color:#121212;font-size:0.6875rem;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;display:none;width:auto;font-weight:700;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-vfkorq{text-align:center;width:100%;font-weight:700;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-vfkorq{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.25rem;width:auto;margin-bottom:4px;font-weight:400;}}.css-1bvtpon{display:none;}.css-wqhysl{top:0;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;background-color:var(--color-background-elevated,#FFFFFF);z-index:902;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-wqhysl{margin-top:3px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-wqhysl:empty{margin-top:0;}}@media print{.css-wqhysl{display:none;}}.css-1vxca1d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-1vxca1d{margin:0 auto 20px;}}.css-1vxca1d .relatedcoverage + .recirculation{margin-top:20px;}.css-1vxca1d .wrap + .recirculation{margin-top:20px;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1vxca1d{padding-top:40px;}}.css-1aeqhal{display:none;position:relative;min-height:280px;}@media (min-width:765px){.css-1aeqhal{background-color:#f7f7f7;border-bottom:1px solid #f3f3f3;display:block;padding-bottom:15px;padding-top:15px;margin:0;}}@media print{.css-1aeqhal{display:none;}}.css-1sbuyqj{display:inline-block;padding-right:1em;}.css-1c72mta{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-end;-webkit-box-align:flex-end;-ms-flex-align:flex-end;align-items:flex-end;margin-top:0.25rem;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:0.125rem;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-1c72mta{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-1c72mta{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-1c72mta{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-1c72mta{margin-bottom:0.125rem;}}.css-7lo2tm{margin-bottom:1.25rem;margin-top:1.5625rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-7lo2tm{margin-top:3.75rem;}}.css-7lo2tm .e6idgb70{color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);font-weight:700;line-height:0.75rem;}@media print{.css-7lo2tm .e6idgb70{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-7lo2tm .e1h9rw200{margin-bottom:0.5rem;margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;margin-top:0;text-wrap:balance;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-7lo2tm .e1h9rw200{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-7lo2tm .e1h9rw200{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-7lo2tm .e1h9rw200{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-7lo2tm .e1h9rw200{max-width:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:relative;width:600px;}@media print{.css-7lo2tm .e1h9rw200{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}}.css-7lo2tm .e1wiw3jv0{color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-7lo2tm .e1wiw3jv0{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-7lo2tm .e1wiw3jv0{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-7lo2tm .e1wiw3jv0{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media print{.css-7lo2tm .e1wiw3jv0{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-7lo2tm .e16638kd0{display:inline-block;width:auto;margin-left:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}.css-7lo2tm .eatfx1z0{margin-right:15px;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1;}.css-7lo2tm .section-kicker .opinion-bar{font-size:25px;}.css-7lo2tm .css-p6m5rf{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-7lo2tm .css-p6m5rf{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-7lo2tm .css-p6m5rf{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-7lo2tm .css-p6m5rf{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-7lo2tm .e1g7ppur0{margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:20px;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-7lo2tm .e1g7ppur0{margin-top:25px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-7lo2tm .e1g7ppur0{margin-bottom:43px;}}.css-7lo2tm .css-1arl30t{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;max-width:600px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-7lo2tm .css-1arl30t{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-7lo2tm .css-1arl30t{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-7lo2tm .css-1arl30t{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media print{.css-7lo2tm .css-1arl30t{display:none;}}.css-7lo2tm .eakwutd0{margin-bottom:20px;color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);}@media print{.css-7lo2tm .eakwutd0{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-hme5ai{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:1.25rem;margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-hme5ai{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-hme5ai{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-hme5ai{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-hme5ai .e6idgb70{margin-bottom:0;}@media print{.css-hme5ai .e6idgb70{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-hme5ai:empty{display:none;}.css-88wicj{color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);font-family:nyt-cheltenham,cheltenham-fallback-georgia,cheltenham-fallback-noto,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-size:1.9375rem;line-height:2.25rem;text-align:left;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-88wicj{font-size:2.5rem;line-height:2.875rem;}}.css-79rysd{font-style:normal;font-stretch:normal;margin-bottom:1.25rem;color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);font-family:nyt-cheltenham,cheltenham-fallback-georgia,cheltenham-fallback-noto,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;font-weight:300;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5625rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-79rysd{font-size:1.4375rem;line-height:1.875rem;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-79rysd{margin-bottom:1.875rem;}}.css-148f1u0{color:#999999;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:17px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media print{.css-148f1u0{display:none;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-148f1u0{border-top:1px solid #ebebeb;padding-top:20px;}}.css-nlqgyf{margin:1.25rem auto 1.5rem;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:32px;}.css-nlqgyf strong{font-weight:700;}.css-nlqgyf em{font-style:italic;}.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall{width:calc(100% - 40px);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall{max-width:600px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall{width:100%;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall{max-width:600px;}}.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall.sizeSmallNoCaption{display:block;}@media print{.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall.sizeSmallNoCaption{display:none;}}.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium{width:100%;max-width:600px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium{width:calc(100% - 40px);}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium{max-width:600px;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium.layoutVertical{width:420px;}}.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium.layoutVertical.verticalVideo{width:100%;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium.layoutVertical.verticalVideo{width:420px;}}.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge{width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge{width:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge.layoutVertical{width:600px;}.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge.layoutVertical.verticalVideo{width:600px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge{width:945px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge{width:1200px;}.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge.layoutVertical{width:720px;}.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge.layoutVertical.verticalVideo{width:600px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-nlqgyf{margin:2.5rem auto;}}@media print{.css-nlqgyf{display:none;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-nlqgyf{margin-top:25px;}}.css-1ubbotv{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:500;color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);margin-bottom:1rem;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.125rem;margin-bottom:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-shrink:1;-ms-flex-negative:1;flex-shrink:1;}.css-1336jj{--tpl-color-content-primary:hsla(0,0%,7.06%,1);--tpl-color-content-primaryDim:hsla(0,0%,21.18%,1);--tpl-color-content-secondary:hsla(0,0%,35.3%,1);--tpl-color-content-secondaryDim:hsla(0,0%,44.71%,1);--tpl-color-content-accent:hsla(213.44,55.75%,46.08%,1);--tpl-color-content-accentDim:hsla(205.9,48.72%,38.24%,1);--tpl-color-content-positive:hsla(126.98,53.09%,31.77%,1);--tpl-color-content-negative:hsla(354.29,98.83%,33.34%,1);--tpl-color-content-breaking:hsla(352.72,98.1%,41.18%,1);--tpl-color-content-placeholder:hsla(0,0%,54.51%,1);--tpl-color-stroke-primary:hsla(0,0%,7.06%,1);--tpl-color-stroke-secondary:hsla(0,0%,59.22%,1);--tpl-color-stroke-tertiary:hsla(0,0%,87.46%,1);--tpl-color-background-primary:hsla(0,0%,100%,1);--tpl-color-background-secondary:hsla(0,0%,97.26%,1);--tpl-color-background-tertiary:hsla(0,0%,92.16%,1);--tpl-color-background-highlight:hsla(54.67,95.75%,90.79%,1);--tpl-color-background-scrim:hsla(0,0%,7%,0.6);--serif:georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;--sans-serif:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;--cheltenham:"nyt-cheltenham",var(--serif);--franklin:"nyt-franklin",var(--sans-serif);--imperial:"nyt-imperial",var(--serif);--karnak:"nyt-karnak",var(--serif);--cheltenham-condensed:"nyt-cheltenham-cond",var(--serif);--cheltenham-text-condensed:"nyt-cheltenham-text-cond",var(--serif);}@media (forced-colors:none){.css-1336jj *{outline:0.125rem solid var(--tpl-color-content-accent,#346EB7);outline-offset:0.125rem;outline-color:transparent;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:no-preference){.css-1336jj *{-webkit-transition:outline-color 100ms ease-out;transition:outline-color 100ms ease-out;}}.css-1336jj *:focus{outline:0.125rem solid var(--tpl-color-content-accent,#346EB7);outline-offset:0.125rem;}.css-1336jj *:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:0.125rem solid transparent;}.css-1336jj *:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem solid var(--tpl-color-content-accent,#346EB7);outline-offset:0.125rem;}.css-1g71tqy{-webkit-animation:fadeIn 2s ease;animation:fadeIn 2s ease;overflow:hidden;display:grid;grid-row-gap:24px;justify-items:center;margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;padding:32px 0 40px 0;}@-webkit-keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0;}50%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}@keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0;}50%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}.css-1b5b8u1{display:block;}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){[data-dark-mode] .css-1b5b8u1 .icon-light{visibility:hidden;}}.css-1b5b8u1 .icon-dark{visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){[data-dark-mode] .css-1b5b8u1 .icon-dark{visibility:visible;}}.css-3kpklk{margin:0;color:var(--tpl-color-content-secondaryDim,#727272);font:500 1rem/1.3 nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;}</style> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(e,t){function n(){if(!o()&&r()){var n=document.createElement("script");n.id="nyt-fides",n.src=e,t.document.head.appendChild(n)}}var a=new URLSearchParams(t.location.search),i=function(e){return(t.document.cookie.split(";").find((function(t){return t.includes(e)}))||"").replace(e,"").trim().charAt(16)},r=function(){var e,n,r,o=a.get("fides-override"),l=i("nyt-purr="),s=i("override-purr=");return 0<(null===(e=t.config)||void 0===e||null===(n=e.tc_info)||void 0===n||null===(r=n.fides_string)||void 0===r?void 0:r.length)||"s"===s||"s"===l||"true"===o},o=function(){return null!==t.document.getElementById("nyt-fides")};n(),t.addEventListener("initWebview:ios",n),t.fidesUtils={isFidesEligible:r}})('https://static01.nyt.com/vi-assets/static-assets/fides-8ff3b866ef707d7b05879c1b02bc31aa.js', window); (function(e){function t(e){var t=e.layerType;return{event:"impression",priority:!0,module:{name:t,label:t,region:"bottom"}}}function n(t){(e.dataLayer||(e.dataLayer=[])).push(t)}function a(t){var n=e.document.getElementById("fides-banner"),a=e.document.getElementById("fides-modal"),i=e.document.getElementById("fides-embed-container"),r="true"===(null==a?void 0:a.getAttribute("aria-hidden"));if(i)return"cmp_layer_2";if(null!==t){if(!n||!a)return"";if(n.contains(t))return"cmp_layer_1";if(a.contains(t))return"cmp_layer_2"}return r?"cmp_layer_1":"cmp_layer_2"}function i(t){var n=new CustomEvent("NYTFidesUpdated",{detail:t});e.dispatchEvent(n)}var r;!0===(null===(r=e.fidesUtils)||void 0===r?void 0:r.isFidesEligible())&&(e.addEventListener("FidesUIShown",(function(e){var a,i=(null==e||null===(a=e.detail)||void 0===a?void 0:a.extraDetails).servingComponent;"tcf_banner"===(void 0===i?"":i)&&n(t({layerType:"cmp_layer_1"}))})),e.addEventListener("click",(function(e){var t=e.target,r="button"===t.type,o="a"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r||o){var l=function(e){return{"accept all":"accept_all","reject all":"reject_all","manage preferences":"manage_prefs","cookie policy":"cookie_policy","privacy policy":"privacy_policy",purposes:"purposes",features:"features",vendors:"vendors",save:"save"}[e.textContent.toLowerCase()]||""}(t),s=a(t);if(l)n(function(e){var t=e.actionType,n=void 0===t?"":t,a=e.layerType,i=void 0===a?"":a;return{event:"moduleInteraction",eventData:{trigger:"module",type:"click"},module:{name:i,label:i,element:{name:n,label:n}}}}({actionType:l,layerType:s})),i(function(e){var t=e.actionType,n=void 0===t?"":t,a=e.layerType,i=void 0===a?"":a;return{subject:"interaction",data:{name:i,label:i,element:{name:n,label:n}}}}({actionType:l,layerType:s})),e.stopPropagation()}})),e.addEventListener("beforeunload",(function(){var e=a(null);n(t({layerType:"".concat(e,"_exit")}))})))})(window); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // 36.294000000000004kB window.viHeadScriptSize = 36.294000000000004; window.NYTD = {}; window.vi = window.vi || {}; window.vi.pageType = { type: '', edge: 'vi-story'}; (function () { var userAgent=window.navigator.userAgent||window.navigator.vendor||window.opera||"",inNewsreaderApp=userAgent.includes("nytios")||userAgent.includes("nyt_android"),inXWordsApp=userAgent.includes("nyt_xwords_ios")||userAgent.includes("Crosswords"),inAndroid=userAgent.includes("nyt_android")||userAgent.includes("Crosswords"),iniOS=userAgent.includes("nytios")||userAgent.includes("nyt_xwords_ios"),isInWebviewByUserAgent=(inAndroid||iniOS)&&(inNewsreaderApp||inXWordsApp);function appType(){return inNewsreaderApp?"newsreader":inXWordsApp?"crosswords":""}function deviceType(){return inAndroid?"ANDROID":iniOS?"IOS":""}var _f=function(e){window.vi.webviewEnvironment={appType:appType(),deviceType:deviceType(),isInWebview:e.webviewEnvironment.isInWebview||isInWebviewByUserAgent,isPreloaded:e.webviewEnvironment.isPreloaded}};;_f.apply(null, [{"gqlUrlClient":"https://samizdat-graphql.nytimes.com/graphql/v2","gqlRequestHeaders":{"nyt-app-type":"project-vi","nyt-app-version":"0.0.5","nyt-token":"MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAs+/oUCTBmD/cLdmcecrnBMHiU/pxQCn2DDyaPKUOXxi4p0uUSZQzsuq1pJ1m5z1i0YGPd1U1OeGHAChWtqoxC7bFMCXcwnE1oyui9G1uobgpm1GdhtwkR7ta7akVTcsF8zxiXx7DNXIPd2nIJFH83rmkZueKrC4JVaNzjvD+Z03piLn5bHWU6+w+rA+kyJtGgZNTXKyPh6EC6o5N+rknNMG5+CdTq35p8f99WjFawSvYgP9V64kgckbTbtdJ6YhVP58TnuYgr12urtwnIqWP9KSJ1e5vmgf3tunMqWNm6+AnsqNj8mCLdCuc5cEB74CwUeQcP2HQQmbCddBy2y0mEwIDAQAB","x-nyt-targeting-dimensions-map":"newsTenure=anon_user"},"gqlFetchTimeout":1500,"disablePersistedQueries":false,"initialDeviceType":"desktop","fastlyAbraConfig":{".ver":"23373.000","AMS_FrictionCircumventionDesktop_cwv":"2_low-mid-truncation","AMS_FrictionCircumventionMobile_cwv":"2_low-mid-truncation","DFP_MediaNet_0123":"","DFP_TopAd_Anon_0124":"0_Control","HOME_cwv_chartbeat":"1_Headlines"},"fastlyEntitlements":[],"internalPreviewConfig":{},"webviewEnvironment":{"isInWebview":false,"isPreloaded":false},"isOptimisticallyTruncated":true,"optimisticTruncationDropzone":6,"requestPath":"/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html","isProvisionallyLoggedIn":false,"routeName":"vi-story","serviceWorkerFile":"service-worker-test-1739545190723.js","preloadedServiceWorkerFile":"/vi-assets/static-assets/preloaded-service-worker-1739545351728.js"}]); })();;(function () { var _f=function(i,w){window.vi=window.vi||{},window.vi.env=Object.freeze(i),window.hybrid=w};;_f.apply(null, [{"JKIDD_PATH":"https://a.nytimes.com/svc/nyt/data-layer","ET2_URL":"https://a.et.nytimes.com","ALS_URL":"https://als-svc.nytimes.com","WEDDINGS_PATH":"https://content.api.nytimes.com","GDPR_PATH":"https://us-central1-nyt-dsra-prd.cloudfunctions.net/datagov-dsr-formhandler","RECAPTCHA_SITEKEY":"6LevSGcUAAAAAF-7fVZF05VTRiXvBDAY4vBSPaTF","ABRA_ET_URL":"//et.nytimes.com","NODE_ENV":"production","EXPERIMENTAL_ROUTE_PREFIX":"","ENVIRONMENT":"prd","RELEASE":"c281f8f394087ce6f27fbc1190bdb31cd5b91daa","RELEASE_TAG":"","AUTH_HOST":"https://myaccount.nytimes.com","METER_HOST":"https://meter-svc.nytimes.com","MESSAGING_LANDING_PAGE_HOST":"https://www.nytimes.com","CAPI_HOST":"https://mwcm.nytimes.com","SWG_PUBLICATION_ID":"nytimes.com","GQL_FETCH_TIMEOUT":"1500","GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID":"1005640118348-amh5tgkq641oru4fbhr3psm3gt2tcc94.apps.googleusercontent.com","STORY_SURROGATE_CONTROL":"max-age=300, stale-if-error=259200, stale-while-revalidate=259200","ONBOARDING_API_KEY":"","PURR_ENV":"prd"},false]); })();;(function () { var _f=function(){var e=window;e.initWebview=function(e){var t=document.documentElement;if(e.OS){var i=e.OS.toUpperCase();t.classList.add(i)}if(e.BaseFontSize&&(t.dataset.baseFontSize=e.BaseFontSize),e.trackingSensitive&&(t.dataset.trackingSensitive=!0),e.hasOptedOutOfTracking&&(t.dataset.hasOptedOutOfTracking=!0),e.PurrDirectives){var a=e.PurrDirectives.PURR_AdConfiguration_v3||e.PurrDirectives.PURR_AdConfiguration_v2;a&&(t.dataset.optedOutOfAds=["adluce","adluce-socrates"].includes(a))}e.OS&&"IOS"===e.OS.toUpperCase()&&window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("initWebview:ios",{detail:e}))};var t=e.navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();/iphone|ipod|ipad/.test(t)||void 0===e.config||e.initWebview(e.config)};;_f.apply(null, []); })();; (()=>{var Q=1e3,b="pageViewID",Y="getPageViewID",h="contextID",Z="getContextID",ee="NativeBridge unavailable.";async function X(e){if(!T())return Promise.reject("not in webview");try{await U();let t={};return await Promise.all([L(b,Y,e),L(h,Z,e)]).then(o=>{o.forEach(a=>{a.name==b?t[b]=a.id:t[h]=a.id})}),Promise.resolve(t)}catch(t){return Promise.reject(t)}}function T(){if(window?.vi?.webviewEnvironment!==void 0)return window.vi.webviewEnvironment.isInWebview&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment.deviceType=="IOS";if(window?.navigator?.userAgent!==void 0){for(var e=["nytios"],t=0;t<e.length;t++)if(window.navigator.userAgent.includes(e[t]))return!0}return!1}function J(){var e={subject:"page_update",assetUrl:(document.querySelector("link[rel=canonical]")||{}).href,assetId:(document.querySelector("meta[name=articleid]")||{}).content,nyt_uri:(document.querySelector("meta[name=nyt_uri]")||{}).content,url:location.href,client_tz_offset:new Date().getTimezoneOffset(),sourceApp:(document.querySelector("meta[name=sourceApp]")||{}).content||"nytcooking"};window.nyt_et("send",e)}function te(e,t){window.NativeBridge.addEventListener(e+"DidChange",function(o){t(e,o)})}async function L(e,t,o){return window.NativeBridge.callNativeBridgeCommand(t).then(a=>{let _=a.values[e];return te(e,o),Promise.resolve({name:e,id:_})})}async function U(e=0){return window.NativeBridge?Promise.resolve():e>=Q?Promise.reject(ee):new Promise((t,o)=>{setTimeout(function(){return U(e+1).then(t).catch(o)},10)})}function z(e){return!!(Object.keys(e).length==2&&e.hasOwnProperty("gtm")&&e.hasOwnProperty("activeTime")||e.hasOwnProperty("eventData")&&Object.keys(e.eventData).length==2&&e.eventData.hasOwnProperty("gtm")&&e.eventData.hasOwnProperty("activeTime"))}function D(){var e,t,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;if(o)t=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(18));else for(t=[];t.length<18;)t.push(Math.random()*256^(e=e||+new Date)&255),e=Math.floor(e/256);return btoa(String.fromCharCode.apply(String,t)).replace(/\+/g,"-").replace(/\//g,"_")}function F(e,t){var o="",a="",_=!1,c=!1,l=!1,g=!1;if(typeof e=="string"&&e=="init"&&typeof t=="object"&&(_=!!t.intranet,c=!!t.force_xhr,l=!!t.store_last_response,g=!!t.use_webview_dedup_logic,typeof t.pv_id_override=="string"&&typeof t.ctx_id_override=="string"))if(t.pv_id_override.length>=24&&t.ctx_id_override.length>=24)o=t.pv_id_override,a=t.ctx_id_override;else try{console.warn("override id(s) must be >= 24 chars long")}catch{}return{pv_id:o,ctx_id:a,intra:_,store_last_response:l,force_xhr:c,use_webview_dedup_logic:g}}function $(e,t,o,a,_,c,l,g){if(!a&&(l==="beacon"||g&&o)){var f=window.navigator.sendBeacon(e,t);return _&&(last_send_response=f),f}else{var s=typeof XMLHttpRequest<"u"?new XMLHttpRequest:new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");return s.open("POST",e),s.withCredentials=!0,s.setRequestHeader("Accept","*/*"),typeof t=="string"?s.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","text/plain;charset=UTF-8"):{}.toString.call(t)==="[object Blob]"&&t.type&&s.setRequestHeader("Content-Type",t.type),c&&s.setRequestHeader("ETJS-Ignore-Session-Info","true"),_&&!s.onload&&(s.onload=function(){last_send_response=s.response},s.onerror=function(P){last_send_response=!1}),s.send(t),!0}}(function(e,t){if(e.nyt_et){console.warn("et2 snippet should only load once per page");return}var o,a,_,c,l=0,g,f=[],s,P,p={pv_id:"",ctx_id:"",intra:!1,force_xhr:!1,store_last_response:!1,use_webview_dedup_logic:!1},B=typeof e.navigator=="object"&&typeof e.navigator.userAgent=="string"&&/iP(ad|hone|od)/.test(e.navigator.userAgent),O=typeof e.navigator=="object"&&e.navigator.sendBeacon,C=O?B?"xhr_ios":"beacon":"xhr",u=T(),d="",m="",S=0;function K(n,i){if(n!==b&&n!==h){console.error("syncID got unknown id="+n);return}if(!(!i||!i.detail)){var r=i.detail[n]||i.detail.newID;r&&(n===b?d=r:m=r,J())}}function A(n){if(f.length!==0){if(u&&(d===void 0||d==="")){console.log("ERROR: in webview attempting to transmit() but native_pvid not set. Doing nothing...");return}$(a,JSON.stringify(f),n,p.force_xhr,p.store_last_response,u,C,O),f.length=0,clearTimeout(s),s=null}}function x(n){var i,r,v,w,R,H,y=n[0];if(typeof y=="string"&&/init/.test(y)&&(""+JSON.stringify(n),H=!0,p=F(y,n[3]),c=p.pv_id||D(),l+=1,y=="init"&&!_)){if(_=p.ctx_id||D(),typeof n[1]=="string"&&/^http/.test(n[1]))o=String(n[1]).replace(/([^\/])$/,"$1/"),a=o+"track";else throw new Error("init must include an et host url");if(typeof n[2]=="string")g=n[2];else throw new Error("init must include a source app name")}var N=n.length-1;if(n[N]&&typeof n[N]=="object"&&(i=n[N]),!i&&!/init/.test(y)?console.warn("when invoked without 'init' or 'pageinit', nyt_et() must include a event data"):i&&!i.subject&&console.warn("event data {} must include a subject"),!o||!(i&&i.subject)){console.log("ERROR: data must contain subject and et_base_url must be set");return}let j=l==1;var V=!1,I=p.use_webview_dedup_logic;if(u&&p.use_webview_dedup_logic&&H&&j&&i.subject=="page"&&(i.subject="page_update",V=!0),r=i.subject,delete i.subject,w=r=="page_exit"||(i.eventData||{}).type=="ob_click",R=r=="page_update",I&&u&&w&&(r="page_update",w=!1,R=!0),I&&u&&R&&z(i)){S+=1;return}r=="page"||r=="page_soft"?v=c:v=D();let W=c,G=_;I&&u&&j&&(W=d,G=m),f.push({context_id:G,pageview_id:W,event_id:v,client_lib:t,sourceApp:g,intranet:p.intra?1:void 0,subject:r,how:w&&B&&O?"beacon_ios":C,client_ts:+new Date,data:JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(i))}),y=="send"||v==c||w||V?A(w):(y=="soon"&&(clearTimeout(s),s=setTimeout(A,200)),s||(s=setTimeout(A,5500)))}e.nyt_et=function(){var n=arguments;if(u&&d===""){e.nyt_et_buffer=e.nyt_et_buffer||[],e.nyt_et_buffer.push(n);return}x(n)};var k=!1;function M(){if(u&&d===""){return}if(k){q(e.nyt_et_buffer);return}let n=e.nyt_et_buffer;e.nyt_et_buffer=e.nyt_et_buffer||[],q(n),e.nyt_et_buffer.push=new Proxy(e.nyt_et_buffer.push,{apply:function(i,r,v){return console.table("calling window.nyt_et",r,v),x(v),i.apply(r,v)}}),k=!0}M();var E=0;function q(n=[]){if(!g){let i=n?.findIndex(r=>typeof r[0]=="string"&&r[0]==="init");""+i.toString(),i>-1&&x(n[i])}""+E;for(let i=E;i<n.length;i++){let r=n[i];""+E+i,typeof r[0]=="string"&&r[0]!=="init"&&(console.log("non-init event at pos="+i.toString()),x(r)),E++}}e.nyt_et.get_pageview_id=function(){return p.use_webview_dedup_logic&&u&&l>=1?d:c},e.nyt_et.get_context_id=function(){return p.use_webview_dedup_logic&&u&&l>=1?m:_},e.nyt_et.get_host=function(){return o},e.nyt_et.is_running_in_webview=function(){return u},e.nyt_et.get_native_pageview_id=function(){return d},e.nyt_et.get_native_context_id=function(){return m},e.nyt_et.get_buffer_len=function(){f.length},e.nyt_et.get_buffer=function(){return f},e.nyt_et.call_is_running_in_webview=function(){return T()},e.nyt_et.get_last_send_response=function(){var n=P;return n&&(P=null),n},e.nyt_et.get_num_blocked_heartbeats=function(){return S},e.nyt_et.reset_blocked_heartbeat_counts=function(){S=0},u&&X(K).then(n=>{m=n[h],d=n[b],M()}).catch(console.error).finally(console.log)})(window,"v1.4.0");})(); ;(function c(e){var t,n=(null===(t=e=e||("undefined"!=typeof window?window:void 0))||void 0===t?void 0:t.UnifiedTracking)||{};return n.context="web",e?(e.UnifiedTracking=n,n.sendAnalytic=function(t,n){return e.dataLayer=e.dataLayer||[],Array.isArray(e.dataLayer)&&(n.event=n.event||t,e.dataLayer.push(n)),Promise.resolve({success:!0})},n):n})(window);!function(r){var n,t;r=r||self,n=r.Abra,(t=r.Abra=function(){"use strict";var r=Array.isArray,n=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n),u=e[0],o=e[1];if(null==u||""===u)return n;for(var i=String(u).split("."),a=0;a<i.length&&(n=n[i[a]]);a++);return null==n&&(n=o),null!=n?n:null},t=function(r,n,t){return r(t,n).reduce((function(r,n){return parseFloat(r)+parseFloat(n)}),0)},e=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n);return e[0]/e[1]},u=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n);return e[0]%e[1]},o=function(r,n,t){return r(t,n).reduce((function(r,n){return parseFloat(r)*parseFloat(n)}),1)},i=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n),u=e[0],o=e[1];return void 0===o?-u:u-o};function a(n){return!(r(n)&&0===n.length||!n)}var f=function(r,n,t){for(var e,u=0;u<t.length;u++)if(!a(e=r(t[u],n)))return e;return e},c=function(r,n,t){var e;for(e=0;e<t.length-1;e+=2)if(a(r(t[e],n)))return r(t[e+1],n);return t.length===e+1?r(t[e],n):null},l=function(r,n,t){return!a(r(t,n)[0])},v=function(r,n,t){for(var e,u=0;u<t.length;u++)if(a(e=r(t[u],n)))return e;return e},d=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n);return e[0]===e[1]},s=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n);return e[0]!==e[1]},h=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n),u=e[0],o=e[1];return!(!o||void 0===o.indexOf)&&-1!==o.indexOf(u)},g=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n);return e[0]>e[1]},p=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n);return e[0]>=e[1]},b=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n),u=e[0],o=e[1],i=e[2];return void 0===i?u<o:u<o&&o<i},w=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n),u=e[0],o=e[1],i=e[2];return void 0===i?u<=o:u<=o&&o<=i},y=function(r,n,t){var e=t[0],u=t[1],o=t.slice(2),i=r(e,n);if(!i)return null;if(0===o.length)return null;if(1===o.length)return r(o[0],n);if(4294967295===o[0])return r(o[1],n);for(var a=function(r){var n,t,e,u,o,i=[],a=[t=1732584193,e=4023233417,~t,~e,3285377520],f=[],c=unescape(encodeURI(r))+"\x80",l=c.length;for(f[r=--l/4+2|15]=8*l;~l;)f[l>>2]|=c.charCodeAt(l)<<8*~l--;for(n=l=0;n<r;n+=16){for(t=a;l<80;t=[t[4]+(i[l]=l<16?~~f[n+l]:2*c|c<0)+1518500249+[e&u|~e&o,c=341275144+(e^u^o),882459459+(e&u|e&o|u&o),c+1535694389][l++/5>>2]+((c=t[0])<<5|c>>>27),c,e<<30|e>>>2,u,o])c=i[l-3]^i[l-8]^i[l-14]^i[l-16],e=t[1],u=t[2],o=t[3];for(l=5;l;)a[--l]+=t[l]}return a[0]>>>0}(i+" "+r(u,n));o.length>1;){var f=o.splice(0,2),c=f[0],l=f[1];if(a<=r(c,n))return r(l,n)}return 0===o.length?null:r(o[0],n)},k=function(r,n,t){var e=t[0],u=t[1],o=r(e,n);return null==o?null:new RegExp(u).test(o)};return function(a,m,O,A){void 0===a&&(a={}),void 0===m&&(m={}),void 0===O&&(O={}),void 0===A&&(A=!1);var j=function(){var r={},n=function(n){if(n)for(var t,e=decodeURIComponent(n[1]),u=/(?:^|,)([^,=]+)=([^,]*)/g;t=u.exec(e);){var o=t,i=o[1],a=o[2];r[i]=a||null}};n(document.cookie.match(/(?:^|;) *abra-overrides=([^;]+)/)),n(window.location.search.match(/(?:\?|&)abra-overrides=([^&]+)/));var t=/(?:^|;) *abra-nuke=true(?:;|$)/.test(document.cookie)||/(?:\?|&)abra-nuke=true(?:&|$)/.test(window.location.search);return[r,t]}(),x=j[0],E=j[1];Object.keys(O).forEach((function(r){x[r]=O[r]}));var F,C=A||E,R=(F={var:n,if:c,"===":d,"!==":s,and:f,or:v,"!":l,">":g,">=":p,"<":b,"<=":w,"+":t,"-":i,"*":o,"/":e,"%":u,in:h,abtest_partition:y,regex_match:k,ref:function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n)[0];return U(e)}},function n(t,e){if(e||(e={}),r(t))return t.map((function(r){return n(r,e)}));if(!function(n){return"object"==typeof n&&null!==n&&!r(n)&&1===Object.keys(n).length}(t))return t;var u=function(r){return Object.keys(r)[0]}(t),o=t[u];r(o)||(o=[o]);var i=F[u];if(!i)throw new Error("Unrecognized operation "+u);return i(n,e,o)}),U=function(r){if(!r)return null;var n=x[r];if(void 0===n){if(!C){if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(x,r))throw new Error("circular logic");x[r]=void 0,n=R(a[r],m)}void 0===n&&(n=null),x[r]=n}return n};return U}}()).noConflict=function(){return r.Abra=n,t}}(this); ;(function () { var NYTD="undefined"!=typeof window&&window.NYTD?window.NYTD:{};function setupTimeZone(){var e='[data-timezone][data-timezone~="'+(new Date).getHours()+'"] { display: block }',i=document.createElement("style");i.innerHTML=e,document.head.appendChild(i)}function addNYTAppClass(){var e=window.vi&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment||{};e&&e.isInWebview&&document.documentElement.classList.add("NYTApp"),e&&e.isPreloaded&&document.documentElement.classList.add("NYTAppPreloaded"),e&&e.deviceType&&document.documentElement.classList.add(window.vi.webviewEnvironment.deviceType)}function addNYTPageTypeClass(){var e=window.vi.pageType.edge;e&&document.documentElement.classList.add("nytapp-"+e)}function isIOSNewsreaderWebview(){return void 0!==window.vi&&void 0!==window.vi.webviewEnvironment&&"IOS"===window.vi.webviewEnvironment.deviceType&&"newsreader"===window.vi.webviewEnvironment.appType}function shouldUseNativePvid(){return void 0!==window.vi&&void 0!==window.vi.webviewEnvironment&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment.isPreloaded||isIOSNewsreaderWebview()}function setNativePageViewId(e){return e?NYTD.PageViewId.current=e:isIOSNewsreaderWebview()?window.NativeBridge.getPageViewID().then(function(e){window.NYTD=window.NYTD||{},window.NYTD.PageViewId=window.NYTD.PageViewId||{},e&&e.values&&e.values.pageViewID?NYTD.PageViewId.current=e.values.pageViewID:NYTD.PageViewId.current="native-bridge-pageview_id-undefined"}).catch(function(){NYTD.PageViewId.current="native-bridge-getpageviewid-catch"}):window.config&&window.config.AdRequirements&&window.config.AdRequirements.page_view_id?NYTD.PageViewId.current=window.config.AdRequirements.page_view_id:NYTD.PageViewId.current="native-pageview_id-unavailable",NYTD.PageViewId.current}function forceNativePageViewIdUpdate(e){setNativePageViewId(e),window.AdSlot4&&window.AdSlot4.updateAdReq&&window.AdSlot4.updateAdReq({page_view_id:e})}function handlePvidDidChange(e){forceNativePageViewIdUpdate(e&&e.detail&&(e.detail.pageViewID||e.detail.newID))}function setupPageViewId(){NYTD.PageViewId={},NYTD.PageViewId.update=function(e){return e?NYTD.PageViewId.current=e:shouldUseNativePvid()?setNativePageViewId():"undefined"!=typeof nyt_et&&"function"==typeof window.nyt_et.get_pageview_id?(window.nyt_et("pageinit"),NYTD.PageViewId.current=window.nyt_et.get_pageview_id()):NYTD.PageViewId.current="no-native-bridge-nor-nyt_et",NYTD.PageViewId.current},shouldUseNativePvid()&&(isIOSNewsreaderWebview()?window.NativeBridge.addEventListener("pageViewIDDidChange",handlePvidDidChange):window.updatePageViewID=forceNativePageViewIdUpdate)}function reRenderEvent(){window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("rerender-programming",{detail:{viewport:window.innerWidth}}))}function setupResizeListeners(){var e=window.vi&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment||{},i=window.vi&&window.vi.pageType&&window.vi.pageType.edge;e&&e.isPreloaded&&"vi-homepage"===i&&(window.addEventListener("resize",function(){reRenderEvent("window.onresize callback")}),window.addEventListener("rerender-ready",function(){reRenderEvent("rerender-ready Custom Event callback")}))}var _f=function(){try{document.domain="nytimes.com"}catch(e){}window.swgUserInfoXhrObject=new XMLHttpRequest,setupPageViewId(),setupTimeZone(),addNYTAppClass(),addNYTPageTypeClass(),setupResizeListeners(),window.nyt_et&&"function"==typeof window.nyt_et&&window.nyt_et("init",vi.env.ET2_URL,"nyt-vi",{use_webview_dedup_logic:!0},{subject:"page",canonicalUrl:(document.querySelector("link[rel=canonical]")||{}).href,articleId:(document.querySelector("meta[name=articleid]")||{}).content,nyt_uri:(document.querySelector("meta[name=nyt_uri]")||{}).content,pubpEventId:(document.querySelector("meta[name=pubp_event_id]")||{}).content,url:location.href,referrer:document.referrer||void 0,client_tz_offset:(new Date).getTimezoneOffset()}),shouldUseNativePvid()?setNativePageViewId():"undefined"!=typeof nyt_et&&"function"==typeof window.nyt_et.get_pageview_id?NYTD.PageViewId.current=window.nyt_et.get_pageview_id()||"nyt_et-pageview_id-undefined":NYTD.PageViewId.update();var e=window.reportError;window.reportError=function(){var i=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments),n=i[0];(n.message.includes("root will switch to client rendering.")||n.message.includes("Minified React error #423"))&&window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("react-hydration-error")),e.apply(null,i)},window.NYTD=NYTD||{}};;_f.apply(null, []); })();;(function () { var NYTD="undefined"!=typeof window&&window.NYTD?window.NYTD:{};var _f=function(n){var e=window.vi&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment.isPreloaded;function t(){if(window.Abra&&"function"==typeof window.Abra){NYTD.Abra=function(){var t=e?window.getNativeBridgeCookie("nyt-a"):(window.document.cookie.match(/(?:^|;) *nyt-a=([^;]*)/)||[])[1],i=[];window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[],d.config=n.abraConfig||{},d.reportedAllocations={},d.reportedExposures={};var o=(n.abraURL||"").match(/current[/]([a-zA-Z-]+).json/i);d.integration=o&&o.length>1?o[1]:"";try{d.version=window.Abra(d.config)(".ver")}catch(n){d.version=0}var a=d.config,r={agent_id:t},c=window.Abra(a,r);function d(n){return d.getAbraSync(n).variant}return d.getAbraSync=function(n){var e=d.reportedAllocations[n];if(void 0!==e)return{variant:e,allocated:!0};var t=null,i=!1;try{t=c(n),i=!0}catch(n){}return{variant:t,allocated:i}},d.reportExposure=function(n){var e=d.getAbraSync(n).variant;if(null!=e&&(void 0===d.reportedExposures[n]||e!==d.reportedExposures[n])){d.reportedExposures[n]=e;var t={event:"ab-expose",abtest:{test:n,variant:e,config_ver:d.version,integration:d.integration}};window.UnifiedTracking.sendAnalytic(t.event,t)}},d.alloc=function(){Object.keys(d.config).filter(function(n){return!n.includes(".")}).forEach(function(n){var e=d.getAbraSync(n);e.allocated&&(d.reportedAllocations[n]=e.variant,i.push({test:n,variant:e.variant}))});var n={event:"ab-alloc",abtest:{batch:i}};window.UnifiedTracking.sendAnalytic(n.event,n)},d.alloc(),d}();var t=window.NYTD.Abra.getAbraSync("SP_commentsRefactor_1224").variant;t&&document.documentElement.classList.add("SP_commentsRefactor_1224_"+t),window.NYTD=NYTD||{}}}e&&!window.nativeBridgeCookies?window.initNativeBridgeCookies(t):t()};;_f.apply(null, [{"abraConfig":{".ver":23536,"UPSHOT_wordleStateV2_0306":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"UPSHOT_wordleStateV2_0306",4294967295,"0_Control"]},"UJ_ResurfaceRegiOnboarding_0924":{"if":[{"and":[{"!":{"in":[{"ref":"SUBX_regi_alloc_holdout_2024H1"},["0_holdout"]]}}]},{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"regi_id"},"UJ_ResurfaceRegiOnboarding_0924",107374181,"1_ResurfaceRegiOnboarding",214748364,"2_ResurfaceRegiOnboarding",2254857829,"1_ResurfaceRegiOnboarding",4294967295,"2_ResurfaceRegiOnboarding"]}]},"UJ_ResurfaceAAOnboarding_0924":{"if":[{"and":[{"!":{"in":[{"ref":"SUBX_regi_alloc_holdout_2024H1"},["0_holdout"]]}}]},{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"regi_id"},"49c3c84d-7935-4652-80a7-50bfc2aaee45",2147483647,"1_ResurfaceAAOnboarding",4294967295,"2_ResurfaceAAOnboarding"]}]},"SUBX_regi_alloc_holdout_2024H1":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"regi_id"},"SUBX_regi_alloc_holdout_2024H1",214748364,"1_best_experience",429496729,"1_best_experience",4294967295,"1_best_experience"]},"SUBX_agent_alloc_holdout_2024H1":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"SUBX_agent_alloc_holdout_2024H1",214748364,"1_best_experience",429496729,"1_best_experience",4294967295,"1_best_experience"]},"SUBCON_RES_AIG_SURVEY_228":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"SUBCON_RES_AIG_SURVEY_228",4080218930,"0_Control",4294967295,"1_Variant"]},"STYLN_LIVE_USER_STATE_API_SWITCH":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"STYLN_LIVE_USER_STATE_API_SWITCH",4294967295,null]},"SP_ReqToComRollout_Web":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"SP_ReqToComRollout_Web",4294967295,"0_Off"]},"SJ_disrupter_V2_increased_cadence":{"if":[{"and":[{"!":{"in":[{"ref":"SUBX_regi_alloc_holdout_2024H1"},["0_holdout"]]}}]},{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"regi_id"},"SJ_disrupter_V2_increased_cadence",4294967295,"2_high_intensity"]}]},"SHA_TooltipWeb_1224":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"regi_id"},"SHA_TooltipWeb_1224",429496729,"0_Control",858993458,"1_Value",1288490188,"2_Awareness",1717986917,"3_Connection"]},"SHA_LiveNativeShare_1024":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"SHA_LiveNativeShare_1024",4294967295,"1_Native"]},"SHA_ElectionAppPromo_1024":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"SHA_ElectionAppPromo_1024",4294967295,"1_Download"]},"SHA_cardShare_0424":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"SHA_cardShare_0424",4294967295,"1_Share"]},"SEO_spanishSearchTranslation_0824":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"SEO_spanishSearchTranslation_0824",4294967295,null]},"SEO_langInputSearchBar_0824":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"SEO_langInputSearchBar_0824",4294967295,"1_Rollout"]},"PERSX_electionNLSignup_0926":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"PERSX_electionNLSignup_0926",4294967295,"1_Variant"]},"ON_news_upsell_sale":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"ON_news_upsell_sale",3865470565,"1_news_upsell",4294967295,"1_news_upsell"]},"OMA_WEB_LIBRARY_OPS_HARDCODED_FALLBACK":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"OMA_WEB_LIBRARY_OPS_HARDCODED_FALLBACK",1073741823,null]},"OMA_TIMEOUTROLLOUT_062024":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"OMA_TIMEOUTROLLOUT_062024",4294967295,"on"]},"OMA_TermsOfService_0624":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"OMA_TermsOfService_0624",214748364,"1_Variant",429496729,"1_Variant",4294967295,"1_Variant"]},"OMA_SAMIZDAT_SELECTION_KILL_SWITCH":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"OMA_SAMIZDAT_SELECTION_KILL_SWITCH"]},"OMA_SAMIZDAT_OPS_KILL_SWITCH":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"OMA_SAMIZDAT_OPS_KILL_SWITCH"]},"OMA_SAMIZDAT_KILL_SWITCH":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"OMA_SAMIZDAT_KILL_SWITCH"]},"OMA_FEDERATED_QUERY":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"OMA_FEDERATED_QUERY",64424508,"on",85899345,"on",107374181,"on",128849018,"on",150323854,"on",171798691,"on",193273527,"on",214748364,"on",236223200,"on",257698037,"on",279172873,"on",300647710,"on",322122546,"on",343597383,"on",365072219,"on",386547056,"on",408021892,"on",429496729,"on",450971565,"on",472446402,"on",493921238,"on",515396075,"on",536870911,"on",558345747,"on",579820584,"on",601295420,"on",773094112,"on",1116691496,"on",1503238553,"on",1717986917,"on",1889785609,"on",2126008811,"on",4294967295,"on"]},"OMA_FASTLY_ROLLOUT_09_24":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"OMA_FASTLY_ROLLOUT_09_24",214748364,"1_fastly",429496729,"1_fastly",644245093,"1_fastly",858993458,"1_fastly",1288490188,"1_fastly",1717986917,"1_fastly",2576980377,"1_fastly",3435973836,"1_fastly",3865470565,"1_fastly",4294967295,"1_fastly"]},"OMA_DVSP_ROLLOUT":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"OMA_DVSP_ROLLOUT",4294967295,"on"]},"OMA_DISABLE_USER_STATE_HYBRID":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"OMA_DISABLE_USER_STATE_HYBRID",1073741823,"enabled",4294967295,"enabled"]},"MX_Turn_Off_CAPI_0324":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"MX_Turn_Off_CAPI_0324",4294967295,"0_no_capi"]},"MX_NewArchitecture_gateway":{"if":[{"and":[{"===":[{"ref":"MX_NewArchitecture_MeterReal"},"1_variant"]}]},{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"MX_NewArchitecture_gateway",21474835,"1_variant",107374181,"1_variant",1073741823,"1_variant",1116691496,"1_variant",1159641169,"1_variant",1267015351,"1_variant",1503238553,"1_variant",1717986917,"1_variant",1932735282,"1_variant",2126008811,"1_variant",4294967295,"1_variant"]}]},"MX_FF_WELCOME_AD":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"MX_FF_WELCOME_AD",4294967295,"1_Variant"]},"MKT_first_party_data_survey_subs_dock":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"regi_id"},"MKT_first_party_data_survey_subs_dock",2748779068,"0_control",2963527433,"1_survey",4294967295,"0_control"]},"MKT_first_party_data_survey_regi_dock":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"regi_id"},"MKT_first_party_data_survey_regi_dock",3822520892,"0_control",3908420238,"1_survey",4294967295,"0_control"]},"MKT_first_party_data_survey":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"MKT_first_party_data_survey",2061584301,"0_control",2276332666,"1_survey",3650722201,"0_control",4294967295,"1_survey"]},"GUAC_GROWTH_EXISTING_SUBS_BAR1_SPLIT":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"84bd05a9-a853-4748-90ac-cefc321921e3",858993458,"v7",1288490188,"v7",4294967295,"v7"]},"DFP_Prebid_0624":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"DFP_Prebid_0624",4294967295,"1_Criteo"]},"CONV_TA_PLOPRO":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"7291d95b-8aed-444f-b38e-ff2c59dc2f00",1434519076,"0_control",2864743185,"2_value_cards",4294967295,"2_value_cards"]},"CONV_GUAC_PLOPRO_SLAYER_0224":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"CONV_GUAC_PLOPRO_SLAYER_0224",4294967295,"1_slayer"]},"CONV_GUAC_NewsPaywall_SLAYER_0324":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"CONV_GUAC_NewsPaywall_SLAYER_0324",4294967295,"1_Slayer"]},"CONV_GUAC_CKLP_ExpressCheckOut_RollOut_0124":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"CONV_GUAC_CKLP_ExpressCheckOut_RollOut_0124",4294967295,"1_expresscheckout"]},"CONV_GUAC_CK_AA_Intl_AnnualOffer_0524":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"CONV_GUAC_CK_AA_Intl_AnnualOffer_0524",4294967295,null]},"CONV_GUAC_AALP_SLAYER_0224":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"CONV_GUAC_AALP_SLAYER_0224",4294967295,"1_slayer"]},"CONV_GUAC_AALP_HDAnchor_Test_0424":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"CONV_GUAC_AALP_HDAnchor_Test_0424",1417339207,"1_anchor",4294967295,"1_anchor"]},"CONV_GUAC_AADock_SLAYER_0324":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"regi_id"},"CONV_GUAC_AADock_SLAYER_0324",4294967295,"1_slayer"]},"CONV_GAMES_GUAC_PRO_REMOVED_TEST":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"70610249-c5a4-4001-9df1-a622b81db68a",4294967295,"1_pro_removed"]},"AMS_FrictionCircumventionMobile_cwv":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"AMS_FrictionCircumventionMobile_cwv",14315125,"2_low-mid-truncation",214726889,"2_low-mid-truncation",243357141,"2_low-mid-truncation",257672267,"2_low-mid-truncation",271987393,"2_low-mid-truncation",286302519,"2_low-mid-truncation",300617645,"2_low-mid-truncation",314932771,"2_low-mid-truncation",329247897,"2_low-mid-truncation",343563023,"2_low-mid-truncation",357878149,"2_low-mid-truncation",372193275,"2_low-mid-truncation",386508401,"2_low-mid-truncation",400823527,"2_low-mid-truncation",415138653,"2_low-mid-truncation",429453779,"2_low-mid-truncation",443768905,"2_low-mid-truncation",558289913,"2_low-mid-truncation",830277307,"2_low-mid-truncation",1259731087,"2_low-mid-truncation",4294967295,"2_low-mid-truncation"]},"AMS_FrictionCircumventionDesktop_cwv":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"AMS_FrictionCircumventionDesktop_cwv",14315125,"2_low-mid-truncation",214726889,"2_low-mid-truncation",243357141,"2_low-mid-truncation",257672267,"2_low-mid-truncation",271987393,"2_low-mid-truncation",286302519,"2_low-mid-truncation",300617645,"2_low-mid-truncation",314932771,"2_low-mid-truncation",329247897,"2_low-mid-truncation",343563023,"2_low-mid-truncation",357878149,"2_low-mid-truncation",372193275,"2_low-mid-truncation",386508401,"2_low-mid-truncation",400823527,"2_low-mid-truncation",415138653,"2_low-mid-truncation",429453779,"2_low-mid-truncation",443768905,"2_low-mid-truncation",458084031,"2_low-mid-truncation",644180669,"2_low-mid-truncation",844592433,"2_low-mid-truncation",1245415961,"2_low-mid-truncation",4294967295,"2_low-mid-truncation"]},"ACCT_PRODUCT_SWITCH_REDESIGN_DIRECT_TO_REVIEW_TEST":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"regi_id"},"ACCT_PRODUCT_SWITCH_REDESIGN_DIRECT_TO_REVIEW_TEST",1431942095,"0_Control",2863454695,"1_No_AA_Merchandising_Card",4294967295,"2_AA_Merchandising_Card"]},"ACAC_SupergraphRollout":{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"agent_id"},"ACAC_SupergraphRollout",4294967295,"supergraph"]},"AA_OnboardingFlow_MVPFlowAppSequence_WebandApp_V1":{"if":[{"and":[{"regex_match":[{"var":"user_entitlements"},"(^|\\W)MM($|\\W)"]},{"regex_match":[{"var":"user_entitlements"},"(^|\\W)CKG($|\\W)"]},{"regex_match":[{"var":"user_entitlements"},"(^|\\W)ATH($|\\W)"]},{"regex_match":[{"var":"user_entitlements"},"(^|\\W)WC($|\\W)"]},{"regex_match":[{"var":"user_entitlements"},"(^|\\W)XWD($|\\W)"]},{"!":{"in":[{"ref":"SUBX_regi_alloc_holdout_2024H1"},["0_holdout"]]}},{"!==":[{"var":"app_version"},"10.44.0"]}]},{"abtest_partition":[{"var":"regi_id"},"AA_OnboardingFlow_MVPFlowAppSequence_WebandApp_V1",773094112,"2_appLater",1275605286,"2_appLater",1346472246,"2_appLater",1360645638,"2_appLater",1374819030,"2_appLater",1388992423,"2_appLater",1403165815,"2_appLater",4294967295,"2_appLater"]}]}},"abraURL":"https://a1.nyt.com/abra-config/current/vi-prd.json"}]); })();;(function () { var _f=function(e,r){var t=window.vi&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment.isPreloaded;function n(){var n,s,o=e.url;try{n=JSON.parse(e.body)}catch(e){return void console.error("Error parsing body:",e)}try{var i=window.location.search.slice(1).split("&").reduce(function(e,r){return"ip-override"===r.split("=")[0]?"?"+r:e},"");o+=i}catch(e){console.warn(e)}function a(r,n,s,o){var i=new XMLHttpRequest;for(var a in i.withCredentials=!0,i.open(r,n,!0),i.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/json"),i.setRequestHeader("Accept","application/json"),t&&(i.setRequestHeader("NYT-User-Token",window.getNativeBridgeCookie("NYT-S")),i.setRequestHeader("NYT-Agent-ID",window.getNativeBridgeCookie("nyt-a"))),e.headers)i.setRequestHeader(a,e.headers[a]);i.onreadystatechange=function(){i.readyState===XMLHttpRequest.DONE&&o(i)},i.send(s?JSON.stringify(s):null),window.userXhrObject=i}function d(e){var t;if(200===e.status)try{var s=JSON.parse(e.responseText);!s.data&&s.errors&&s.errors.length>0&&"PersistedQueryNotFound"===s.errors[0].message&&(console.warn("Persisted query not found for GET request."),t={operationName:n.operationName,query:n.query,extensions:{persistedQuery:{version:1,sha256Hash:r}},variables:n.variables},a("POST",o,t,function(e){200!==e.status&&console.warn("POST request failed:",e.status,e.statusText)}))}catch(e){console.warn("Error processing response:",e)}else console.warn("Request failed:",e.status,e.statusText)}s="extensions="+encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify({persistedQuery:{version:1,sha256Hash:r}}))+"&operationName="+n.operationName+"&variables="+encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(n.variables)),a("GET",o+"?"+s,null,d)}t&&!window.nativeBridgeCookies?window.initNativeBridgeCookies(function(){n()}):n(),window.userXhrRefresh=function(){return n(),window.userXhrObject}};;_f.apply(null, [{"url":"https://samizdat-graphql.nytimes.com/graphql/v2","body":"{\"operationName\":\"UserQuery\",\"variables\":{},\"query\":\" query UserQuery { user { __typename profile { displayName email givenName } newsletterSubscriptions { newsletters { productCode isFreeTrial freeTrialSignupTime } } userInfo { regiId entitlements demographics { emailSubscriptions wat } } subscriptionDetails { bundleType cancellationDate graceStartDate graceEndDate isFreeTrial hasQueuedSub startDate endDate status hasActiveEntitlements entitlements billingSource promotionTierType subscriptionName subscriptionProducts subscriptionLabels } } } \"}","headers":{"nyt-app-type":"project-vi","nyt-app-version":"0.0.5","nyt-token":"MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAs+/oUCTBmD/cLdmcecrnBMHiU/pxQCn2DDyaPKUOXxi4p0uUSZQzsuq1pJ1m5z1i0YGPd1U1OeGHAChWtqoxC7bFMCXcwnE1oyui9G1uobgpm1GdhtwkR7ta7akVTcsF8zxiXx7DNXIPd2nIJFH83rmkZueKrC4JVaNzjvD+Z03piLn5bHWU6+w+rA+kyJtGgZNTXKyPh6EC6o5N+rknNMG5+CdTq35p8f99WjFawSvYgP9V64kgckbTbtdJ6YhVP58TnuYgr12urtwnIqWP9KSJ1e5vmgf3tunMqWNm6+AnsqNj8mCLdCuc5cEB74CwUeQcP2HQQmbCddBy2y0mEwIDAQAB","x-nyt-targeting-dimensions-map":"newsTenure=anon_user"}},"18b49c689a1a1dda8e2237a503fe06644b44b0f5ca7b1e821a310d9ea9b64bd9"]); })();;(function () { var registry=window._interactiveRegistry={};function getId(e){for(;(e=e.parentElement)&&!e.matches("[data-sourceid].interactive-body"););return e?e.getAttribute("data-sourceid"):null}window.registerInteractive=function(e){var t={_subs:{cleanup:[],remount:[]},id:e,on:function(e,r){return this._subs[e].push(r),t},errorFound:!1},r=document.getElementById("embed-id-"+e),n=new MutationObserver(function(){(r.textContent.includes("500 Internal Error")||r.textContent.includes("200 undefined"))&&(t.errorFound||(window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("trigger-embed-hydration-"+e)),window.Sentry&&window.Sentry.captureException&&window.Sentry.captureException(new Error("Embed load error, triggered manual rehydration: "+e)),t.errorFound=!0))});r&&n.observe(r,{characterData:!0,attributes:!1,childList:!0,subtree:!0}),registry[e]=t},window.getInteractiveBridge=function(e){var t="string"==typeof e?e:getId(e);return registry[t]}; })();;(function () { var _f=function(){"function"!=typeof window.onInitNativeAds&&(window.onInitNativeAds=function(){})};;_f.apply(null, []); })(); </script> <script>!function(){try{var e="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:{},n=(new Error).stack;n&&(e._sentryDebugIds=e._sentryDebugIds||{},e._sentryDebugIds[n]="81f2fd8c-cc94-4e70-9857-1c03607529e4",e._sentryDebugIdIdentifier="sentry-dbid-81f2fd8c-cc94-4e70-9857-1c03607529e4")}catch(e){}}();var _global="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:{};_global.SENTRY_RELEASE={id:"c281f8f394087ce6f27fbc1190bdb31cd5b91daa"},function(e){function n(n){for(var r,u,l=n[0],i=n[1],a=n[2],d=0,s=[];d<l.length;d++)u=l[d],Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(o,u)&&o[u]&&s.push(o[u][0]),o[u]=0;for(r in i)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(i,r)&&(e[r]=i[r]);for(c&&c(n);s.length;)s.shift()();return f.push.apply(f,a||[]),t()}function t(){for(var e,n=0;n<f.length;n++){for(var t=f[n],r=!0,l=1;l<t.length;l++){var i=t[l];0!==o[i]&&(r=!1)}r&&(f.splice(n--,1),e=u(u.s=t[0]))}return e}var r={},o={154:0},f=[];function u(n){if(r[n])return r[n].exports;var t=r[n]={i:n,l:!1,exports:{}};return e[n].call(t.exports,t,t.exports,u),t.l=!0,t.exports}u.m=e,u.c=r,u.d=function(e,n,t){u.o(e,n)||Object.defineProperty(e,n,{enumerable:!0,get:t})},u.r=function(e){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},u.t=function(e,n){if(1&n&&(e=u(e)),8&n)return e;if(4&n&&"object"==typeof e&&e&&e.__esModule)return e;var t=Object.create(null);if(u.r(t),Object.defineProperty(t,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e}),2&n&&"string"!=typeof e)for(var r in e)u.d(t,r,function(n){return e[n]}.bind(null,r));return t},u.n=function(e){var n=e&&e.__esModule?function(){return e.default}:function(){return e};return u.d(n,"a",n),n},u.o=function(e,n){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,n)},u.p="/vi-assets/static-assets/";var l=window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[],i=l.push.bind(l);l.push=n,l=l.slice();for(var a=0;a<l.length;a++)n(l[a]);var c=i;t()}([]); //# sourceMappingURL=runtime~adslot-5d36bf8124ebb748d52f.js.map</script> <script async src="/vi-assets/static-assets/adslot-c9276bdc350308920280.js"></script> <script data-rh="true" > (function () { var _f=function(){const n="1_block";function o(n){return window&&window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.Abra?window.NYTD.Abra(n):""}window.adClientUtils={hasActiveToggle:function(r){return o(r)!==n},getAbraVar:o,reportExposure:function(n){window&&window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.Abra&&window.NYTD.Abra.reportExposure&&window.NYTD.Abra.reportExposure(n)},getAdsPurrDirective:function(){let n;if(window&&window.config&&window.config.PurrDirectives)n=window.config.PurrDirectives.PURR_AdConfiguration_v3;else{const o={f:"full",r:"rdp",n:"npa",l:"ltd",s:"adluce-socrates",a:"no-ads"},r=function(n){if("string"!=typeof n)return"";const o=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(n.concat("=([^;]+)")));return o?o[1]:""}("nyt-purr");n=o[r&&r.substring(14,15)]}return n}}};;_f.apply(null, []); })(); (function () { var _f=function(t){try{if(!(e=t,!!(window&&window.adClientUtils&&window.adClientUtils.hasActiveToggle)&&window.adClientUtils.hasActiveToggle(e)))return;!function(){const t=window&&window.adClientUtils&&window.adClientUtils.getAdsPurrDirective?window.adClientUtils.getAdsPurrDirective():"";if("adluce-socrates"!==t&&"no-ads"!==t){var e=document.createElement("script");e.async="async",e.src="ltd"===t?"//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js":"//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js",document.head.appendChild(e)}}()}catch(t){console.log(t)}var e};;_f.apply(null, ["dfp_story_toggle"]); })(); (function () { var _f=function(){var t,e,o=50,n=50;function i(t){if(!document.getElementById("3pCheckIframeId")){if(t||(t=1),!document.body){if(t>o)return;return t+=1,setTimeout(i.bind(null,t),n)}var e,a,r;e="https://static01.nyt.com/ads/tpc-check.html",a=document.body,(r=document.createElement("iframe")).src=e,r.id="3pCheckIframeId",r.style="display:none;",r.height=0,r.width=0,a.insertBefore(r,a.firstChild)}}function a(t){if("https://static01.nyt.com"===t.origin)try{"3PCookieSupported"===t.data&&googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cookie","true")}),"3PCookieNotSupported"===t.data&&googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cookie","false")})}catch(t){}}function r(){if(function(){if(Object.prototype.toString.call(window.HTMLElement).indexOf("Constructor")>0)return!0;if("[object SafariRemoteNotification]"===(!window.safari||safari.pushNotification).toString())return!0;try{return window.localStorage&&/Safari/.test(window.navigator.userAgent)}catch(t){return!1}}()){try{window.openDatabase(null,null,null,null)}catch(e){return t(),!0}try{localStorage.length?e():(localStorage.x=1,localStorage.removeItem("x"),e())}catch(o){navigator.cookieEnabled?t():e()}return!0}}!function(){try{googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cookie","unknown")})}catch(t){}}(),t=function(){try{googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting("cookie","private")})}catch(t){}}||function(){},e=function(){window.addEventListener("message",a,!1),i(0)}||function(){},function(){if(window.webkitRequestFileSystem)return window.webkitRequestFileSystem(window.TEMPORARY,1,e,t),!0}()||r()||function(){if(!window.indexedDB&&(window.PointerEvent||window.MSPointerEvent))return t(),!0}()||e()};;_f.apply(null, ["dfp_story_toggle"]); })(); </script><script data-rh="true" id="als-svc">(function () { var _f=function(e,t,n,i){function l(e,t="impression"){window.UnifiedTracking&&window.UnifiedTracking.sendAnalytic&&window.UnifiedTracking.sendAnalytic(t,e)}var o;if(!(o=n,!!(window&&window.adClientUtils&&window.adClientUtils.hasActiveToggle)&&window.adClientUtils.hasActiveToggle(o)))return;!function(e){window&&window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.Abra&&window.NYTD.Abra.reportExposure(e)}(n);let a=()=>{var e=new Date,t=e.getFullYear();return e.getMonth()<9&&(t+="0"),t+=e.getMonth()+1,e.getDate()<10&&(t+="0"),t+=e.getDate(),e.getHours()<10&&(t+="0"),t+=e.getHours(),e.getMinutes()<10&&(t+="0"),t+=e.getMinutes(),e.getSeconds()<10&&(t+="0"),t+e.getSeconds()};window.googletag=window.googletag||{},googletag.cmd=googletag.cmd||[];let s=new URLSearchParams(location.search).get("alice_rules_test");var r,d=new XMLHttpRequest,g=window.vi.env.ALS_URL,c=document.querySelector('[name="nyt_uri"]');if(t)r="uri="+(u=t);else if("/"===location.pathname){var u=encodeURIComponent("https://www.nytimes.com/pages/index.html");r="uri="+u}else if(void 0===c||""===c||null===c){var m=e||location.protocol+"//"+location.hostname+location.pathname;r="url="+encodeURIComponent(m)}else{u=encodeURIComponent(c.content);r="uri="+u}var w=i;if(!w){var _=document.querySelector('[name="template"]');w=null==_||null==_.content?"":_.content}var p=document.querySelector('[name="prop"]'),b=document.querySelector('[name="plat"]'),f=null==p||null==p.content?"nyt":p.content,v=null==b||null==b.content?"web":b.content;window.innerWidth<740&&(f="mnyt",v="mweb");var U=window.localStorage.getItem("als_test_clientside"),h=null;window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){var e=U&&0!==U.length?U:"empty_empty_empty_"+a(),t=h||e;googletag.pubads().setTargeting("als_test_clientside",t)});var T=window.localStorage.getItem("mktg"),S=null;window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){var e=S||T;e&&googletag.pubads().setTargeting("mktg",e)});var C,y=window.localStorage.getItem("bt");window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){var e=null!=C?C:y;null!=e&&googletag.pubads().setTargeting("bt",e)});var x=window.localStorage.getItem("sub"),k=null;window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){var e=k||x;e&&googletag.pubads().setTargeting("sub",e)}),r=null==s?r:r+"&alice_rules_test="+s,d.open("GET",g+"/als?"+r+"&typ="+w+"&prop="+f+"&plat="+v,!0),d.withCredentials=!0,d.send(),d.onerror=function(){var e="reqfailed_reqfailed_reqfailed_"+a();h=e,window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting("als_test_clientside",e)}),l({module:{name:"alice-timing",context:"script-load",label:"alice-error-reqfail-"+r}})},d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(4===d.readyState)if(200===d.status){var e=JSON.parse(d.responseText);h=e.als_test_clientside&&0!==e.als_test_clientside.length?e.als_test_clientside:"bou_bou_bou_"+a(),void 0!==e.User&&(void 0!==e.User.mktg&&(S=e.User.mktg,window.localStorage.setItem("mktg",e.User.mktg)),void 0!==e.User.bt&&(C=e.User.bt,window.localStorage.setItem("bt",e.User.bt)),void 0!==e.User.sub&&(k=e.User.sub,window.localStorage.setItem("sub",e.User.sub)),void 0!==e.User.aid&&(server_aid=e.User.aid,window.localStorage.setItem("aid",e.User.aid))),window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){if(e.als_test_clientside&&0!==e.als_test_clientside.length)googletag.pubads().setTargeting("als_test_clientside",e.als_test_clientside),window.localStorage.setItem("als_test_clientside","ls-"+e.als_test_clientside);else{var t=void 0===e.als_test_clientside?"undefined_undefined_undefined_"+a():"blank_blank_blank_"+a();googletag.pubads().setTargeting("als_test_clientside",t),l({module:{name:"alice-timing",context:"script-load",label:"alice-error-test-client-undefined"}})}if(void 0!==e.User){if(S)googletag.pubads().setTargeting("mktg",S);else l({module:{name:"alice-timing",context:"script-load",label:"alice-error-mktg-undefined"}});if(void 0!==C)googletag.pubads().setTargeting("bt",C);else l({module:{name:"alice-timing",context:"script-load",label:"alice-error-bt-undefined"}});if(k)googletag.pubads().setTargeting("sub",k);else l({module:{name:"alice-timing",context:"script-load",label:"alice-error-sub-undefined"}});(e.User.lucidC1||e.User.lucidC2||e.User.lucidC3||e.User.lucidC4||e.User.lucidC5)&&l({c1_val:e.User.lucidC1,c2_val:e.User.lucidC2,c3_val:e.User.lucidC3,c4_val:e.User.lucidC4,c5_val:e.User.lucidC5},"lucidtest")}else{l({module:{name:"alice-timing",context:"script-load",label:"alice-error-user-undefined"}})}if(void 0!==e.Asset)for(var n in e.Asset){var i=e.Asset[n];if(i)googletag.pubads().setTargeting(n,i);else l({module:{name:"alice-timing",context:"script-load",label:"alice-error-"+n+"-undefined"}})}else l({module:{name:"alice-timing",context:"script-load",label:"alice-error-asset-undefined"}})})}else{d.responseText.substring(0,40);var t="error_"+d.status+"_error_"+a();window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){googletag.pubads().setTargeting("als_test_clientside",t)}),l({module:{name:"alice-timing",context:"script-load",label:"alice-error-ajaxreq-"+d.status+"-"+r}})}}};;_f.apply(null, [null,null,"als_toggle","art"]); })();</script><script data-rh="true" id="adslot-config">(function() { var AdSlot4=function(){"use strict";var e=function(){return window.AdSlot4=window.AdSlot4||{},window.AdSlot4.cmd=window.AdSlot4.cmd||[],window.AdSlot4};var t=function(){return t=Object.assign||function(e){for(var t,n=1,i=arguments.length;n<i;n++)for(var o in t=arguments[n])Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,o)&&(e[o]=t[o]);return e},t.apply(this,arguments)};"function"==typeof SuppressedError&&SuppressedError;var n=[{name:"PURR_AcceptableTrackers",valueMapping:{controllers:"c",processors:"p"}},{name:"PURR_AdConfiguration",valueMapping:{full:"f",npa:"n","adluce-socrates":"s"}},{name:"PURR_DataSaleOptOutUI",valueMapping:{hide:"h",show:"s"}},{name:"PURR_DataProcessingConsentUI",valueMapping:{hide:"h",show:"s"}},{name:"PURR_AcceptableTrackers_v2",valueMapping:{controllers:"c",processors:"p",essentials:"e"}},{name:"PURR_AdConfiguration_v2",valueMapping:{full:"f",rdp:"r",npa:"n",adluce:"a","adluce-socrates":"s"}},{name:"PURR_DataProcessingPreferenceUI",valueMapping:{hide:"h","allow-opt-out":"o","allow-opt-in":"i","allow-opt-in-or-out":"a"}},{name:"PURR_DataSaleOptOutUI_v2",valueMapping:{hide:"h",show:"s","show-opted-out":"o"}},{name:"PURR_CaliforniaNoticesUI",valueMapping:{hide:"h",show:"s"}},{name:"PURR_EmailMarketingOptInUI",valueMapping:{checked:"c",unchecked:"u"}},{name:"PURR_DeleteIPAddress",valueMapping:{delete:"d",keep:"k"}},{name:"PURR_AdConfiguration_v3",valueMapping:{full:"f",rdp:"r",npa:"n",ltd:"l","adluce-socrates":"s"}},{name:"PURR_LimitSensitivePI",valueMapping:{hide:"h",show:"s"}},{name:"PURR_EmailMarketingOptInUI_v2",valueMapping:{checked:"c",unchecked:"u","do-not-display":"d"}},{name:"PURR_AdConfiguration_v4",valueMapping:{full:"f",rdp:"r",npa:"n",ltd:"l","adluce-socrates":"s","no-ads":"a"}}],i=function(e){return-1!==document.cookie.indexOf(e)},o=function(e){var t,i,o={PURR_AcceptableTrackers:0,PURR_AdConfiguration:5,PURR_DataSaleOptOutUI:2,PURR_DataProcessingConsentUI:3,PURR_AcceptableTrackers_v2:4,PURR_AdConfiguration_v2:5,PURR_DataProcessingPreferenceUI:6,PURR_DataSaleOptOutUI_v2:7,PURR_CaliforniaNoticesUI:8,PURR_EmailMarketingOptInUI:9,PURR_DeleteIPAddress:10,PURR_AdConfiguration_v3:11,PURR_LimitSensitivePI:12,PURR_EmailMarketingOptInUI_v2:13,PURR_AdConfiguration_v4:14},r=(t=e,2===(i="; ".concat(document.cookie).split("; ".concat(t,"="))).length?i.pop().split(";").shift():null),a={};return Object.keys(o).forEach((function(e){var t,n,i;a[e]=(t=r,n=new RegExp("^.{".concat(o[e],"}(.)")),(null==(i=t.match(n))?void 0:i[1])||"")})),n.forEach((function(e){Object.keys(e.valueMapping).forEach((function(t){e.valueMapping[t]===a[e.name]&&(a[e.name]=t)}))})),a},r={PURR_DataSaleOptOutUI:"hide",PURR_DataSaleOptOutUI_v2:"hide",PURR_CaliforniaNoticesUI:"hide",PURR_DataProcessingConsentUI:"hide",PURR_DataProcessingPreferenceUI:"hide",PURR_AcceptableTrackers_v2:"controllers",PURR_AcceptableTrackers:"controllers",PURR_AdConfiguration_v2:"full",PURR_AdConfiguration:"full",PURR_EmailMarketingOptInUI:"unchecked",PURR_DeleteIPAddress:"delete",PURR_AdConfiguration_v3:"full",PURR_LimitSensitivePI:"hide",PURR_EmailMarketingOptInUI_v2:"unchecked",PURR_AdConfiguration_v4:"full"},a=function(){var e;try{return function(){if("undefined"!=typeof window){var e=window.navigator.userAgent||window.navigator.vendor,t=-1!==e.indexOf("nyt_android"),n=-1!==e.indexOf("nytios"),i=-1!==e.indexOf("nyt_xwords_ios"),o=-1!==e.indexOf("Crosswords");return t||n||i||o}return!1}()?(null===(e=null===window||void 0===window?void 0:window.config)||void 0===e?void 0:e.PurrDirectives)?window.config.PurrDirectives:i("override-purr")?o("override-purr"):t({},r):i("nyt-purr")?o("nyt-purr"):t({},r)}catch(e){return console.warn("can’t get directives from cookie or config",e),t({},r)}},d=function(){var e={};return"undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document&&window.document.createElement&&(e=a().PURR_AdConfiguration_v3||a().PURR_AdConfiguration_v2),e};var c=function(){return"full"===d()};function s(e,t,n){var i=document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0],o=document.createElement("script");t&&(o.onload=t),n&&(o.onerror=n),o.src=e,o.async=!0,i.appendChild(o)}var u={32074718:!0,4792640386:!0,21966278:!0,4558311760:!0,4552626466:!0,4400775978:!0,39318518:!0,4874174581:!0,33597638:!0,38636678:!0,38637278:!0,33597998:!0,33613118:!0,30252878:!0,33597758:!0,5154427359:!0},l="script_loader_error",p=function(){e().cmd.push((function(){var t="".concat("GeoEdge"," failed to load");e().events.publish({name:l,value:{message:t}})}))},m=function(){return!window.grumi&&(s("//rumcdn.geoedge.be/b3960cc6-bfd2-4adc-910c-6e917e8a6a0e/grumi-ip.js",null,p),window.grumi={key:"b3960cc6-bfd2-4adc-910c-6e917e8a6a0e",cfg:{advs:u}},!0)},f="A9",v=[[300,50],[320,50],[300,250],[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]],g=function(){if(!window.apstag){var e="".concat(f," not loading properly");console.warn(e)}},w="BidderError",b=function(){e().cmd.push((function(){var t="".concat(f," failed to load");e().events.publish({name:w,value:{type:f,message:t}})}))},_=function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:window;return e.googletag=e.googletag||{},e.googletag.cmd=e.googletag.cmd||[],e.googletag},h=function(e){return!(!window.apstag||!window.apstag.fetchBids)&&(window.apstag.fetchBids({slots:e},void(window.apstag&&window.apstag.setDisplayBids&&_().cmd.push(window.apstag.setDisplayBids()))),!0)},R="AdEmpty",P="AdBlockOn",y="AdDefined",U="AdRefreshed";var I=function(e,t){var n=[].concat(function(e,t){return[].concat(e).slice().sort((function(e,t){return t[0]-e[0]})).find((function(e){return!Number.isNaN(e[0])&&e[0]<t}))}(e,t)).pop();return n&&n.length?n:null},A=function(e,t,n){return function(){var i=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},o=i.sizes,r=void 0===o?[]:o,a=i.truePosition,d=i.id;if(t&&n.fastFetchSlots.map((function(e){return e.id})).includes(d))return!1;var c,s=I(r,window.innerWidth),u=(c=s,Array.isArray(c)?v.filter((function(e){return c.some((function(t){return t[0]===e[0]&&t[1]===e[1]}))})):(console.warn("filterSizes() did not receive an array"),[]));if(u.length>0){var l=(null==n?void 0:n.pageName)||e,p=[{slotID:a||d,slotName:"".concat(a||d,"_").concat(l,"_web"),sizes:u}];return h(p),!0}return!1}},O=function(t,n,i){e().cmd.push((function(){t&&h(function(e,t,n){var i=(null==n?void 0:n.pageName)||t;return n.fastFetchSlots.map((function(e){var t=e.id,n=e.sizes;return{slotID:t,slotName:"".concat(t,"_").concat(i,"_web"),sizes:n}}))}(window.innerWidth,n,i)),e().events.subscribe({name:y,scope:"all",callback:A(n,t,i)})}))},k=function(e,t,n,i){var o=function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"apstag",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:window;if(!t[e]){var n=function(n,i){return t[e]._Q.push([n,i])};t[e]={_Q:[],init:function(){n("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){n("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]}}}return t[e]}("apstag",window);o.init({pubID:"3030",deals:!0,adServer:"googletag",params:{si_section:t}}),O(e,n,i)};function x(e,t,n){return(t=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||!e)return e;var n=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==n){var i=n.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof i)return i;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:t+""}(t))in e?Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:n,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):e[t]=n,e}function D(e,t){var n=Object.keys(e);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var i=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);t&&(i=i.filter((function(t){return Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,t).enumerable}))),n.push.apply(n,i)}return n}function S(e){for(var t=1;t<arguments.length;t++){var n=null!=arguments[t]?arguments[t]:{};t%2?D(Object(n),!0).forEach((function(t){x(e,t,n[t])})):Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors?Object.defineProperties(e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(n)):D(Object(n)).forEach((function(t){Object.defineProperty(e,t,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n,t))}))}return e}var j={art:{id:["mobile_top","top","story-ad-1","story-ad-2","story-ad-3","story-ad-4","story-ad-5","story-ad-6","bottom"],pos:["mobile_top","top","mid1","mid2","mid3","mid4","mid5","mid6","bottom"]},int:{id:["top","mid1","mid2","bottom"],pos:["top","mid1","mid2","bottom"]},hp:{id:["dfp-ad-top","dfp-ad-mid1","dfp-ad-mid2","dfp-ad-mid3","dfp-ad-bottom"],pos:["top","mid1","mid2","mid3","bottom"]},ss:{id:["right-0","right-1","right-2","right-3"],pos:["mid1","mid1","mid1","mid1"],size:{small:[[300,250]],medium:[[300,250]],large:[[300,250]]}},sf:{id:["top","mid1","mid2"],pos:["top","mid1","mid2"],size:{small:[[300,250]],medium:[[300,250]],large:[[300,250]]}},games:{id:["ad-top","ad-mid1","ad-bottom","intsl"],pos:["top","mid1","bottom","intsl"]},default:{id:["top","mid1","mid2"],pos:["top","mid1","mid2"],size:{small:[[300,250]],medium:[[728,90]],large:[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]]}}},C={top:2088370,mid:2088372,bottom:2088374,intsl:3614988,default:2088376},E={top:544112060,mid:544112063,bottom:544112062,intsl:561454180,default:544112065},M={top:684296214,mid:190706820,bottom:932254072,intsl:868466422,default:153468583},T={top:"NYTimes_728x90_970_top_PB",mid:"NYTimes_728x90_970_mid_PB",bottom:"NYTimes_728x90_970_bot_PB",intsl:"NYT_mobile_Interstitial_Prebid",default:"NYTimes_728x90_970_mid_PB"},z={top:"nytimes_top",mid:"nytimes_mid",bottom:"nytimes_bottom",intsl:"6401830",default:"nytimes_catchall"},N={top:"995821",mid:"995822",bottom:"995823",intsl:"11499610",default:"995824"},B={TOP:"top",MID:"mid",BOTTOM:"bottom",INTSL:"intsl"},Y={buckets:[{max:3,increment:.05},{max:10,increment:.01},{max:20,increment:.1},{max:50,increment:.5},{max:101,increment:1}]},F=function(e,t){return e[Object.values(B).reduce((function(e,n){return t.includes(n)?n:e}),t)]||e.default},Q=function(e,t){var n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:[],i=[{bidder:"appnexus",params:{member:3661,invCode:"nyt_".concat(e,"_").concat(t)}},{bidder:"criteo",params:{pubid:"B7HPLK",networkId:10470}},{bidder:"medianet",params:{cid:"8CU4WQK98",crid:F(M,t)}},{bidder:"rubicon",params:{accountId:12330,siteId:"crosswords"==e?571306:378266,inventory:{invCode:["nyt_".concat(e,"_").concat(t)]},zoneId:F(C,t),position:"top"===t?"atf":"btf"}},{bidder:"openx",params:{unit:F(E,t),delDomain:"nytimes-d.openx.net",customParams:{invCode:"nyt_".concat(e,"_").concat(t)}}},{bidder:"triplelift",params:{inventoryCode:F(T,t)}},{bidder:"pubmatic",params:{publisherId:"163427",adSlot:F(z,t)}},{bidder:"ix",params:{siteId:F(N,t)}}],o=i.filter((function(e){return!["pubmatic","ix"].includes(e.bidder)}));return n.length?i.filter((function(e){return n.includes(e.bidder)})):o},L=function(e){var t;switch(e){case"livebl":t="hp";break;case"coll":t="sf";break;default:t=e}return t in j||(t="default"),t};function V(e,t,n){var i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{},o=i.sizeConfig,r=i.activeBidders,a=i.positionsToFilter,d=void 0===a?[]:a,c=L(t),s=j[c].size?c:"default";return j[c].pos.reduce((function(t,i,a){var u;if(d.includes(i))return t;var l=j[c].id[a],p=S(S({},j[s].size),null==o||null===(u=o[l])||void 0===u?void 0:u.size),m=function(e,t){if(!t||""===t)return{};var n="".concat(t,"/").concat(e);return{ortb2Imp:S(S({},"intsl"===e&&{instl:1}),{},{ext:{gpid:n,data:{pbadslot:n}}})}}(l,n),f=S(S({code:l},m),{},{mediaTypes:{banner:{sizeConfig:[{minViewPort:[970,0],sizes:p.large},{minViewPort:[728,0],sizes:p.medium},{minViewPort:[0,0],sizes:p.small}]}},bids:Q(e,i,r)});return t.push(f),t}),[])}var H="PreBid",K={userSync:{userIds:[{name:"identityLink",params:{pid:"14158",notUse3P:!0},storage:{type:"html5",name:"idl_env",expires:15,refreshInSeconds:1800}},{name:"pairId",params:{liveramp:{storageKey:"_lr_pairId"}}},{name:"uid2",params:{serverPublicKey:"UID2-X-P-MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEb2nFEsnJ0npRQbsCE7O7IINIMdgu4J29kiA1Hm7GYqfTQAsmqgAQD1YfVkuBR319JpxJYrJzO6Vp73++LTlIwA==",subscriptionId:"jCQUsadB4p"}}],syncDelay:3e3}};var q=function(t){window.pbjs=window.pbjs||{},window.pbjs.initAdserverSet||(window.pbjs.initAdserverSet=!0,e().cmd.push((function(){e().events.subscribe({name:y,scope:"all",callback:function(e){_().cmd.push((function(){var n=function(e){var t=L(e);return j[t].id}(t);n.includes(e.id)&&window.pbjs.setTargetingForGPTAsync([e.id])}))}})})))},G=function(t,n,i){var o=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{},r=function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:window;return e.pbjs=e.pbjs||{},e.pbjs.que=e.pbjs.que||[],e.pbjs}(),a=o.priceGranularity;r.setConfig(S({priceGranularity:a||Y},K)),function(t,n,i,o,r){var a=function(e,n){window.pbjs.initAdserverSet=!1,t.requestBids({bidsBackHandler:function(){q(e)},timeout:n})};e().cmd.push((function(){t.que.push((function(){t.addAdUnits(V(n,i,o,r)),a(i,1e4),e().events.subscribe({name:U,scope:"all",callback:function(){a(i,800)}})}))}))}(r,t,n,i,o)},J=function(){e().cmd.push((function(){var t="".concat(H," failed to load");e().events.publish({name:w,value:{type:H,message:t}})}))},Z=function(e,t,n,i){if(!window.pbjs){return s("https://www.nytimes.com/ads/prebid9.26.0.js",function(e,t,n,i){return function(){window.pbjs||console.log("prebid did not load"),G(e,t,n,i)}}(e,t,n,i),J),!0}return!1},W=function(){try{var e=((i=document.createElement("div")).innerHTML=" ",i.className="ad adsbox pub_300x250 pub_300x250m pub_728x90 text-ad textAd text_ad ad-server",i.style="width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important; position: absolute !important; left: -10000px !important; top: -1000px !important;",document.body.prepend(i),document.getElementsByClassName("ad adsbox")[0]),t=!(!(n=e)||0!==n.offsetHeight&&0!==n.clientHeight)||function(e){if(void 0!==window.getComputedStyle){var t=window.getComputedStyle(e,null);if(t&&("none"===t.getPropertyValue("display")||"hidden"===t.getPropertyValue("visibility")))return!0}return!1}(e);return function(e){document.body.removeChild(e)}(e),t}catch(e){console.error("ad class check failed",e)}var n,i;return!1},X=function(){return!(window&&window.AdSlot&&window.AdSlot.AdSlotReady)||(!(window&&window.googletag&&window.googletag.apiReady)||W())},$=function(){var e=window&&window.nyt_et&&window.nyt_et.get_host&&window.nyt_et.get_host();return e?fetch("".concat(e,"/.status"),{credentials:"include",headers:{accept:"*/*","content-type":"text/plain;charset=UTF-8"},mode:"no-cors"}).then((function(){return{success:!0}})).catch((function(e){return console.error("et track blocked",e),{success:!1}})):Promise.resolve({success:!1})};var ee,te,ne=function(e,t,n){var i=function(e){if(!document||!document.cookie||!document.cookie.match)return"";var t=document.cookie.match(new RegExp("".concat(e,"=([^;]+)")));return t?t[1]:""}("nyt-a")||null,o=!!(window&&window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(max-width: 739px)").matches);return"".concat("https://a-reporting.nytimes.com/report.jpg","?mobile=").concat(o,"&block=").concat(n,"&aid=").concat(i,"&pvid=").concat(e,"&et=").concat(t)},ie=function(e,t,n){return!!(window&&window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.Abra&&"1_network_detection"===window.NYTD.Abra("DFP_blockDetect_0221"))&&((new Image).src=ne(e,t,n),!0)},oe=function(t,n){n&&e().cmd.push((function(){var t=e();t.events&&t.events.publish({name:R,value:{type:P}})}));var i=!1;return $().then((function(){i=(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{success:!1}).success})).catch((function(){})).finally((function(){ie(t,i,n)}))},re=function(e){window.addEventListener("load",function(e){return function(){oe(e,X())}}(e))},ae=function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(ee)return!1;var t,n,i=e.loadAmazon,o=void 0===i||i,r=e.loadPrebid,a=void 0===r||r,d=e.setFastFetch,u=void 0!==d&&d,l=e.loadGeoEdge,p=void 0===l||l,f=e.section,v=void 0===f?"none":f,w=e.adUnitPath,_=void 0===w?"":w,h=e.pageViewId,R=void 0===h?"":h,P=e.pageType,y=void 0===P?"":P,U=e.prebidOverrides,I=void 0===U?{}:U,A=e.amazonOverrides,O=void 0===A?{}:A;if(t=document.referrer||"",(n=/([a-zA-Z0-9_\-.]+)(@|%40)([a-zA-Z0-9_\-.]+).([a-zA-Z]{2,5})/).test(t)||n.test(window.location.href))return!1;if(c()){var x=new RegExp(/art/).test(y)?"art":y;p&&m(),o&&function(e,t,n,i){!window.apstag&&(s("//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js",g,b),k(e,t,n,i))}(u,v,x,O),a&&Z(v,x,_,I)}return re(R),ee=!0,!0};return(te=e()).loadScripts=te.loadScripts||ae,window.AdSlot4=te,te}(); (function () { var _f=function(e={}){const i=window&&window.AdSlot4,t=!!window.adClientUtils.getAbraVar("DFP_Prebid_Web_Toggle_0924"),n=!!window.adClientUtils.getAbraVar("DFP_Amzn_Web_Toggle_0924"),o=!!window.adClientUtils.getAbraVar("DFP_MediaNet_Web_Toggle_0125"),a=window.adClientUtils.getAbraVar("DFP_Prebid_0624"),d=window.vi&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment||{},r=d&&"IOS"===d.deviceType&&d.isInWebview;function w(){const e=window.matchMedia("(max-width: 739px)");return e&&e.matches}try{const{adToggleMap:d,pageType:s,prebidOverrides:c,adSizesMapping:l,section:p,adUnitPath:g,isSectionThirdPartyEligible:u,setFastFetch:b,headerBidding:m={}}=e,h=function(e,i){const t=window.matchMedia("(min-width: 741px)").matches?"large":window.matchMedia("(min-width: 601px)").matches?"medium":"small";return{pageName:e,fastFetchSlots:function(e,i){return"art"!==i&&"hp"!==i?["top"]:"art"===i?"small"===e?["mobile_top"]:["top"]:"small"===e?[]:["dfp-ad-top"]}(t,e).map(e=>({id:e,sizes:i[e][t]}))}}(s,l),{useAmazon:_,usePrebid:A,useMediaNet:P}=m,y=Object.keys(d).reduce((e,i)=>{const t=d[i]||"";return e[i]=function(e){return!!(window&&window.adClientUtils&&window.adClientUtils.hasActiveToggle)&&window.adClientUtils.hasActiveToggle(e)}(t),e},{}),{amazon:S,geoedge:T}=y,v=c&&c.positionsToFilter||[],x=w()?v.concat(["top"]):v,f=["appnexus","medianet","rubicon","openx","triplelift","ix","pubmatic"];if(a&&window.adClientUtils.reportExposure("DFP_Prebid_0624"),"1_Criteo"===a&&f.push("criteo"),"function"==typeof i.loadScripts&&i.loadScripts({loadAmazon:_&&S&&u&&!n,loadPrebid:A&&u&&!t&&!r,loadMediaNet:P&&u&&!o,setFastFetch:"art"===s?b:!w()&&b,section:p,adUnitPath:g,prebidOverrides:{...c,positionsToFilter:x,activeBidders:f},amazonOverrides:h,pageType:s,pageViewId:window&&window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.PageViewId&&window.NYTD.PageViewId.current?window.NYTD.PageViewId.current:"",loadGeoEdge:T}),t&&window.Sentry&&window.Sentry.captureException){const e=new Error("Ads are disabled via Abra toggle - Prebid");window.Sentry.captureException(e)}if(n&&window.Sentry&&window.Sentry.captureException){const e=new Error("Ads are disabled via Abra toggle - Amazon");window.Sentry.captureException(e)}if(o&&window.Sentry&&window.Sentry.captureException){const e=new Error("Ads are disabled via Abra toggle - MediaNet");window.Sentry.captureException(e)}}catch(e){console.error(e)}};;_f.apply(null, [{"adToggleMap":{"amazon":"amazon_story_toggle","medianet":"medianet_story_toggle","dfp":"dfp_story_toggle","geoedge":"geoedge_toggle"},"pageType":"art","section":"us","adUnitPath":"/29390238/nyt/us","isSectionThirdPartyEligible":true,"setFastFetch":true,"prebidOverrides":{"positionsToFilter":["mobile_top"]},"adSizesMapping":{"mobile_top":{"medium":[[300,50],[320,50]],"small":[[300,50],[320,50]]},"top":{"large":[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]],"medium":[[728,90],[300,250]],"small":[[300,250]]},"dfp-ad-top":{"large":[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]],"medium":[[728,90],[300,250]],"small":[[300,250]]}},"headerBidding":{"useAmazon":true,"usePrebid":true,"useMediaNet":false}}]); })(); (function () { var _f=function(t={},e={},n=""){window.AdSlot4=window.AdSlot4||{},window.AdSlot4.cmd=window.AdSlot4.cmd||[],window.AdSlot4.clientRequirements={mergeObjects:function(t,...e){return e.reduce(function(t,e){return Object.entries(e).reduce(function(t,[e,n]){return t[e]&&null==n?t:Object.assign({},t,{[e]:n})},t)},t)},isFunction:function(t){return"[object Function]"===Object.prototype.toString.call(t)},getWebviewEnv:function(){return window.vi&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment||{}},getAbraVariant:function(t){if(!(window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.Abra&&window.NYTD.Abra.getAbraSync&&this.isFunction(window.NYTD.Abra.getAbraSync)))return void console.warn("Abra does not exist or is not a function");const e=window.NYTD.Abra.getAbraSync(t);return e&&e.variant},shouldHaltDFP:function(t){return"1_block"===this.getAbraVariant(t)},isAdsDisabled:function(t={}){const{adTargeting:{section:e}={},adsDisabled:n,adUnitPath:i=""}=t,o=i&&i.toLowerCase&&i.toLowerCase().includes("tragedy"),r=!!this.getAbraVariant("DFP_GPT_Web_Toggle_0924");if(r&&window.Sentry&&window.Sentry.captureException){const t=new Error("Ads are disabled via Abra toggle");window.Sentry.captureException(t)}return n||"learning"===e||o||r},getSov:function(t={}){return t.sov=t.sov||(Math.floor(4*Math.random())+1).toString(),{sov:t.sov}},getPageViewId:function(t){return{page_view_id:t&&t.current}},getUserData:function(t="{}"){try{const e=JSON.parse(t).data;return e&&e.user}catch(t){console.warn("userinfo data unavailable")}},getEm:function(t){return t&&t.length?{em:t.toString().toLowerCase()}:{}},getWat:function(t){return t?{wat:t.toLowerCase()}:{}},getDemographics:function(t){return this.mergeObjects(this.getEm(t&&t.emailSubscriptions),this.getWat(t&&t.wat))},isValidDfpTest:function(t){return t.toLowerCase().indexOf("dfp")>-1},joinArgumentsForVariant:function(){if(arguments.length)return[].slice.call(arguments).join("_").toLowerCase()},reduceAbraConfigKeysToDfpVariants:function(t=[],e=""){const n=this.getAbraVariant(e),i=this.joinArgumentsForVariant(e,n);return n&&i?t.concat(i):t},reduceFastlyAbraToDfpVariants:function(t=[],[e,n]=[]){const i=this.isValidDfpTest(e)&&n&&this.joinArgumentsForVariant(e,n);return i?t.concat(i):t},getDFPTestNames:function(t={}){if(!t)return[];const e=this.isValidDfpTest;return Object.keys(t).filter(function(t){return e(t)})},getAbraDfpVariants:function(t={},e={}){let n=[],i=[];if(Object.keys(e).length&&(i=Object.entries(e).reduce(this.reduceFastlyAbraToDfpVariants,[])),t.config&&t.getAbraSync){n=this.getDFPTestNames(t.config).reduce(this.reduceAbraConfigKeysToDfpVariants,[])}return{abra_dfp:[...n,...i]}},isMobile:function(t){const e=t.matchMedia("(max-width: 739px)");return e&&e.matches},isManualRefresh:function(t={}){return!(!t.navigation||1!==t.navigation.type)},getAltLangFromPathname:function(t=""){return 0===t.indexOf("/es/")?"es":""},getAdTargetingProperty:function(t=!1,e=""){let n=t?"m":"";return{prop:(n+=e)+"nyt"}},getAdTargetingPlatform:function(t=!1){return{plat:(t?"m":"")+"web"}},getAdTargetingEdition:function(t=""){return t.length?{edn:t}:{}},getAdTargetingVersion:function(t=!1){return{ver:(t?"m":"")+"vi"}},getNYTA:function(){var t=window.document.cookie.split(";").find(t=>t.includes("nyt-a"))||null;return t&&t.split("=").pop()||null},getHash53:function(t,e){let n=3735928559^e,i=1103547991^e;for(let e,o=0;o<t.length;o++)e=t.charCodeAt(o),n=Math.imul(n^e,2654435761),i=Math.imul(i^e,1597334677);return n=Math.imul(n^n>>>16,2246822507),n^=Math.imul(i^i>>>13,3266489909),i=Math.imul(i^i>>>16,2246822507),4294967296*(2097151&(i^=Math.imul(n^n>>>13,3266489909)))+(n>>>0)},getHashNYTA:function(){var t=this.getNYTA();if(!t)return;let e=this.getHash53(t,64).toString();return e.length<22&&(e=parseInt(e).toString(36)+this.getHash53(t,32).toString(36)+this.getHash53(t,16).toString(36)),e},getPublisherProvidedID:function(){return window.config&&window.config.userInfo&&window.config.userInfo.publisherProvidedID?window.config.userInfo.publisherProvidedID:this.getHashNYTA()},getLazyLoadOffset:function(t){let e=400;if(this.getWebviewEnv().isPreloaded){const n=window.screen&&window.screen.height,i=window.innerHeight,o="hp"===t?8:2;(n||i)&&(e=(n||i)*o)}return e},getAdTargetingHome:function(t,e,n){let i={},o={};return"hp"===t&&(i=e?{topRef:e}:{},o=n?{refresh:"manual"}:{}),this.mergeObjects(i,o)},getHybridConfigAdTargeting:function(t){let e={};return t&&t.config&&t.config.AdRequirements&&this.getWebviewEnv().isPreloaded&&(e=t.config.AdRequirements,"hp"===t.config.AdRequirements.typ&&(delete e.artlen,delete e.ledemedsz)),e},updateAdTargeting:function(t){if(!t)return;let e=t;if("string"==typeof e)try{e=JSON.parse(e)}catch(t){return void console.error("[updateAdTargeting - error parsing ad targeting]",t)}window.AdSlot4&&window.AdSlot4.updateAdReq&&window.AdSlot4.updateAdReq(e)},getAdTargeting:function(t={},n={}){const i=window&&window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.Abra?window.NYTD.Abra:{},o=this.isMobile(window),r=this.getAltLangFromPathname(window.location.pathname),a=this.isManualRefresh(performance);return this.mergeObjects(t,this.getDemographics(n),this.getAdTargetingProperty(o,r),this.getAdTargetingPlatform(o),this.getAdTargetingEdition(r),this.getAdTargetingVersion(o),this.getAdTargetingHome(t.typ,document.referrer,a),this.getAbraDfpVariants(i,e),this.getSov(window),this.getHybridConfigAdTargeting(window),this.getPageViewId(window.NYTD.PageViewId))},testReadyForAds:function(){const t="complete"===document.readyState,e=window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.PageViewId&&window.NYTD.PageViewId.current;return!(!t||!e)},whenReadyForAds:function(t){this.isFunction(t)?this.testReadyForAds()?t():window.addEventListener("readyForAds",t):console.warn("whenReadyForAds expects function")},signalIfReadyForAds:function(){this.testReadyForAds()&&window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("readyForAds",{}))},init:function(t){window.AdSlot4.init&&this.isFunction(window.AdSlot4.init)?window.AdSlot4.init&&window.AdSlot4.init(t):console.warn("AdSlot4.init does not exist or is not a function")},generateConfig:function(t={},e={},n={}){const i=n&&n.userInfo&&n.userInfo.demographics;return this.mergeObjects(t,e,{offset:this.getLazyLoadOffset(e.adTargeting&&e.adTargeting.typ),adTargeting:this.getAdTargeting(e.adTargeting,i),haltDFP:this.shouldHaltDFP(e.dfpToggleName||t.dfpToggleName),adsDisabled:this.isAdsDisabled(e),enablePPID:AdSlot4.clientRequirements.getPublisherProvidedID()})}};for(let t in window.AdSlot4.clientRequirements)window.AdSlot4.clientRequirements[t]=window.AdSlot4.clientRequirements[t].bind(window.AdSlot4.clientRequirements);const i={adUnitPath:"/29390238/nyt/thisIsNotAPath",hideTopAd:AdSlot4.clientRequirements.isMobile(window),lockdownAds:!1,sizeMapping:{top:[[970,["fluid",[728,90],[970,90],[970,250],[1605,300]]],[728,["fluid",[728,90],[1605,300]]],[0,[]]],fp1:[[0,[[195,250],[215,270]]]],fp2:[[0,[[195,250],[215,270]]]],fp3:[[0,[[195,250],[215,270]]]],feat1:[[0,["fluid"]]],feat2:[[0,["fluid"]]],feat3:[[0,["fluid"]]],feat4:[[0,["fluid"]]],mktg:[[1020,[300,250]],[0,[]]],pencil:[[728,[[336,46]],[0,[]]]],pp_edpick:[[0,["fluid"]]],pp_morein:[[0,["fluid"],[210,218]]],ribbon:[[0,["fluid"]]],sponsor:[[765,[150,50]],[0,[320,25]]],supplemental:[[1020,[[300,250],[300,600]]],[0,[]]],chat:[[0,[[300,250],[300,420]]]],column:[[0,[[300,250],[300,420]]]],ressint:[[600,["fluid"]],[0,[[300,250]]]],mobile_top:[[0,[[300,50],[320,50]]]],default:[[970,["fluid",[728,90],[970,90],[970,250],[1605,300]]],[728,["fluid",[728,90],[300,250],[1605,300]]],[0,["fluid",[300,250],[300,420]]]]},adTargeting:{},haltDFP:!1,dfpToggleName:t.dfpToggleName,lazyApi:t.lazyApi||{},adsDisabled:!1};window.AdSlot4.cmd.push(function(){const e=window.AdSlot4.clientRequirements,o=e.getUserData(window&&window.userXhrObject&&window.userXhrObject.responseText);if(e.getWebviewEnv().isPreloaded){if(window.updateAdTargeting=e.updateAdTargeting,window.addEventListener("load",e.signalIfReadyForAds),n){window.googletag=window.googletag||{},window.googletag.cmd=window.googletag.cmd||[];const t="https://www.nytimes.com"+n;window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){window.googletag.pubads().set("page_url",t)})}e.whenReadyForAds(function(){const n=e.generateConfig(i,t,o);e.init(n)})}else{const n=e.generateConfig(i,t,o);e.init(n)}})};;_f.apply(null, [{"adTargeting":{"edn":"us","test":"projectvi","ver":"vi","template":"article","hasVideo":"false","vp":"small","is_viral_on_social":"false","id":"100000007467956","gscat":"neg_citi_aa,neg_ibmtest,neg_mastercard,neg_ibm,neg_bofa,neg_mtb,neg_capitalone,gs_health,gv_death_injury,neg_chanel,neg_fcli,neg_bp,neg_cathay,neg_mktg_safe_q4_2019,neg_orep,neg_hearts,gs_health_misc,neg_google,gs_society_charity,gs_society,gs_entertain,gs_entertain_celeb,gs_t","org":"alsassn","spon":"icebucketchallenge","artlen":"medium","slug":"quinn","si_section":"us","brandsensitive":"false","typ":"art","section":"us","abs":"51002642,51005695,51006314,51000094","auth":"concepcindelen","des":"amyotrophiclateralsclerosis,deathsobituaries,research,philanthropy","ledemedsz":"none","pt":"nt1,nt10,nt11,nt16,nt19,nt2,nt20,nt3,nt4,nt5,nt7,nt9","tt":"104,79","prop":"mnyt","bsc":"80023001,84211001,84192003,84191001,84212006,84011001,80122022,84081001,80022004,80222022,84082001","plat":"mweb","per":"fratespete,quinnpatrickryan19832020","coll":"science,obituaries,usnews,health","typ_materials":"#biography,biography#","als_test":"1739851208553"},"adUnitPath":"/29390238/nyt/us","dfpToggleName":"dfp_story_toggle","adsDisabled":false},{".ver":"23373.000","AMS_FrictionCircumventionDesktop_cwv":"2_low-mid-truncation","AMS_FrictionCircumventionMobile_cwv":"2_low-mid-truncation","DFP_MediaNet_0123":"","DFP_TopAd_Anon_0124":"0_Control","HOME_cwv_chartbeat":"1_Headlines"},"/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html"]); })(); })(); </script><script data-rh="true" id="live-ramp">(function () { var _f=function(){var e=function(e){var t=document.cookie.match(new RegExp(e+"=([^;]+)"));if(t)return t[1]}("nyt-purr"),t=e&&e.substring(14,15)||"",a=window.navigator.userAgent.match(/(nyt)[_wd-]*(ios)/i),n="atsd",o="_lr_atsDirect";if(!(e&&"r"===t||e&&"l"===t||a)){!function(){if(document||document.head){var e=document.createElement("link");e.href="https://launchpad.privacymanager.io/latest/launchpad.bundle.js",e.as="script",document.head.appendChild(e);var t=document.createElement("script");t.async=!1,t.defer=!0,t.src="https://launchpad-wrapper.privacymanager.io/9fab0bf6-df63-42ca-acc5-caf4de668f40/launchpad-liveramp.js",document.head.appendChild(t)}}();var c=function(){var e,t=[];if(-1!==document.cookie.indexOf(o))try{e=(e=(e=document.cookie.split(";")).filter(e=>e.includes(o)))[0].split("=")[1],e=atob(decodeURIComponent(e)),t=JSON.parse(e).envelope}catch(e){console.warn("Error parsing targeting from cookie.",e)}return t}();c.length>0&&function(e){window.googletag=window.googletag||{cmd:[]},googletag.cmd.push(()=>{googletag.pubads().setTargeting(n,e)})}(c)}};;_f.apply(null, []); })();</script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { /** CONFIGURATION START **/ var _sf_async_config = window._sf_async_config = (window._sf_async_config || {}); _sf_async_config.uid = 16698; _sf_async_config.domain = 'nytimes.com'; _sf_async_config.flickerControl = false; _sf_async_config.useCanonical = true; _sf_async_config.ignoreQueryParamsEHT = true; window._cbm = (window._cbm || []); window._cbm.push(['readyForTesting', false]); /** CONFIGURATION END **/ })(); </script> <script async="true" src="//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat_mab.js"></script> </head> <body> <div id="app"><div><div><div class="vi-gateway-container" data-testid="vi-gateway-container"><div><div data-agent-experiment="loading" data-regi-experiment="loading" data-feature-gate="loading" data-dynamic-config="loading" data-layer="loading" data-testid="masthead-container" class="NYTAppHideMasthead css-1d02gzt e1m0pzr40"><header class="css-1bymuyk e1m0pzr41"><section class="css-10xu8a0 e1m0pzr42"><div class="css-1ch6mhx ea180rp0"><a class="css-wsvg60" href="#site-content">Skip to content</a><a class="css-wsvg60" href="#site-index">Skip to site index</a></div><div id="masthead-section-label" class="css-1wr3we4 ek6sfxi0"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/us" class="css-nuvmzp">U.S.</a></div><div class="css-10698na ell52qj0"><a data-testid="masthead-mobile-logo" aria-label="New York Times homepage" class="css-ijmohz ell52qj1" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 184 25" fill="#000000" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M14.57,2.57C14.57,.55,12.65-.06,11.04,.01V.19c.96,.07,1.7,.46,1.7,1.11,0,.45-.32,1.01-1.28,1.01-.76,0-2.02-.45-3.2-.84-1.3-.45-2.54-.87-3.57-.87-2.02,0-3.55,1.5-3.55,3.36,0,1.5,1.16,2.02,1.63,2.21l.03-.07c-.3-.2-.49-.42-.49-1.06,0-.54,.39-1.26,1.43-1.26,.94,0,2.17,.42,3.8,.88,1.4,.39,2.91,.76,3.75,.87v3.28l-1.58,1.3,1.58,1.36v4.49c-.81,.46-1.75,.61-2.56,.61-1.5,0-2.88-.42-4.02-1.68l4.26-2.07V5.73l-5.2,2.32c.54-1.38,1.55-2.41,2.66-3.08l-.03-.08C3.31,5.73,.5,8.56,.5,12.06c0,4.19,3.35,7.3,7.22,7.3,4.19,0,6.65-3.28,6.61-6.75h-.08c-.61,1.33-1.63,2.59-2.78,3.25v-4.38l1.65-1.33-1.65-1.33v-3.28c1.53,0,3.11-1.01,3.11-2.96M5.8,14.13l-1.21,.61c-.74-.96-1.23-2.32-1.23-4.07,0-.72,.08-1.7,.32-2.39l2.14-.96-.03,6.8h0Zm19.47-5.76l-.81,.64-2.47-2.2-2.86,2.21V.48l-3.89,2.69c.45,.15,.99,.39,.99,1.43v11.81l-1.33,1.01,.12,.12,.67-.46,2.32,2.12,3.11-2.07-.1-.15-.79,.52-1.08-1.08v-7.12l.74-.54,1.7,1.48v6.19c0,3.92-.87,4.73-2.63,5.37v.1c2.93,.12,5.57-.87,5.57-5.89v-6.75l.88-.72-.12-.15h0Zm5.22,10.8l4.51-3.62-.12-.17-2.36,1.87-2.71-2.14v-1.33l4.68-3.3-2.36-3.67-5.2,2.86v6.8l-1.01,.79,.12,.15,.96-.76,3.5,2.54h-.01Zm-.69-5.67v-5.15l2.27,3.55-2.27,1.6ZM53.65,1.61c0-.32-.08-.59-.2-.96h-.07c-.32,.87-.67,1.33-1.68,1.33-.88,0-1.58-.54-1.95-.94,0,.03-2.96,3.42-2.96,3.42l.15,.12,.84-.96c.64,.49,1.21,1.06,2.63,1.08V13.34l-6.06-10.5c-.47-.79-1.28-1.97-2.66-1.97-1.63,0-2.86,1.4-2.66,3.77h.1c.12-.59,.47-1.33,1.18-1.33,.57,0,1.03,.54,1.3,1.03v3.38c-1.87,0-2.93,.87-2.93,2.34,0,.61,.45,1.94,1.72,2.17v-.07c-.17-.17-.34-.32-.34-.67,0-.57,.42-.88,1.18-.88,.12,0,.3,.03,.37,.05v4.38c-2.2,.03-3.89,1.23-3.89,3.31s1.7,2.88,3.47,2.78v-.07c-1.11-.12-1.68-.69-1.68-1.5,0-.88,.64-1.36,1.45-1.36s1.43,.52,1.95,1.11l2.96-3.33-.12-.12-.76,.87c-1.14-1.01-1.87-1.48-3.18-1.68V4.67l8.36,14.57h.45V4.72c1.6-.1,3.03-1.3,3.03-3.11m2.81,17.54l4.51-3.62-.12-.17-2.36,1.87-2.71-2.14v-1.33l4.68-3.3-2.36-3.67-5.2,2.86v6.8l-1.01,.79,.12,.15,.96-.76,3.5,2.54h0Zm-.69-5.67v-5.15l2.27,3.55-2.27,1.6Zm21.22-5.52l-.69,.52-1.97-1.68-2.29,2.07,.94,.88v7.72l-2.34-1.6v-6.26l.81-.57-2.41-2.24-2.24,2.07,.94,.88v7.46l-.15,.1-2.2-1.6v-6.13c0-1.43-.72-1.85-1.63-2.41-.76-.47-1.16-.91-1.16-1.63,0-.79,.69-1.11,.91-1.23-.79-.03-2.98,.76-3.03,2.76-.03,1.03,.47,1.48,.99,1.97,.52,.49,1.01,.96,1.01,1.83v6.01l-1.06,.84,.12,.12,1.01-.79,2.63,2.14,2.51-1.75,2.76,1.75,5.42-3.2v-6.95l1.21-.94-.1-.15h0Zm18.15-5.84l-1.03,.94-2.32-2.02-3.13,2.51V1.19h-.19V18.12c-.34-.05-1.06-.25-1.85-.37V3.58c0-1.03-.74-2.47-2.59-2.47s-3.01,1.56-3.01,2.91h.08c.1-.61,.52-1.16,1.13-1.16s1.18,.39,1.18,1.78v4.04c-1.75,.07-2.81,1.16-2.81,2.34,0,.67,.42,1.92,1.75,1.97v-.1c-.45-.19-.54-.42-.54-.67,0-.59,.57-.79,1.36-.79h.19v6.51c-1.5,.52-2.2,1.53-2.2,2.78,0,1.72,1.38,3.05,3.4,3.05,1.43,0,2.44-.25,3.75-.54,1.06-.22,2.21-.47,2.83-.47,.79,0,1.14,.35,1.14,.91,0,.72-.27,1.08-.69,1.21v.1c1.7-.32,2.69-1.3,2.69-2.83s-1.5-2.54-3.18-2.54c-.87,0-2.44,.27-3.72,.57-1.43,.32-2.66,.47-3.11,.47-.72,0-1.6-.32-1.6-1.28,0-.87,.72-1.56,2.49-1.56,.96,0,1.9,.15,3.08,.42,1.26,.27,2.12,.64,3.2,.64,1.5,0,2.71-.54,2.71-2.74V3.29l1.11-1.01-.12-.15h0Zm-4.24,6.78c-.27,.3-.59,.54-1.11,.54-.57,0-.87-.3-1.14-.54V3.81l.74-.59,1.5,1.28v4.41h0Zm0,2.41c-.25-.25-.57-.47-1.11-.47s-.91,.27-1.14,.47v-2.17c.22,.19,.59,.49,1.14,.49s.87-.25,1.11-.49v2.17Zm0,5.1c0,.84-.42,1.78-1.5,1.78-.17,0-.57-.03-.74-.05v-6.58c.25-.22,.57-.52,1.14-.52,.52,0,.81,.25,1.11,.52v4.86h0Zm8.78,2.74l5.03-3.13v-6.85l-3.25-2.39-5.03,2.88v6.78l-.99,.79,.1,.15,.81-.67,3.33,2.44h0Zm-.37-3.55v-7.3l2.51,1.87v7.3l-2.51-1.87Zm15.01-8.65c-.39,.27-.74,.42-1.11,.42-.39,0-.88-.25-1.14-.57,0,.03-1.87,2.02-1.87,2.02l-1.87-2.02-3.05,2.12,.1,.17,.81-.54,1.11,1.21v6.63l-1.33,1.01,.12,.12,.67-.46,2.49,2.12,3.15-2.09-.1-.15-.81,.49-1.28-1.16v-7.28c.52,.57,1.11,1.06,1.82,1.06,1.28,0,2.14-1.53,2.29-3.11m11.88,9.81l-.94,.59-5.2-7.76,.27-.37c.57,.34,1.08,.81,2.17,.81s2.47-1.14,2.59-3.23c-.27,.37-.81,.81-1.7,.81-.64,0-1.28-.42-1.67-.81l-3.55,5.22,4.71,7.17,3.42-2.27-.1-.17h0Zm-6.31,.19l-.79,.52-1.08-1.08V.48l-3.89,2.69c.45,.15,.99,.39,.99,1.43v11.81l-1.33,1.01,.12,.12,.67-.46,2.32,2.12,3.11-2.07-.1-.15h0Zm22.89-14.39c0-2.02-1.92-2.63-3.53-2.56V.19c.96,.07,1.7,.46,1.7,1.11,0,.45-.32,1.01-1.28,1.01-.76,0-2.02-.45-3.2-.84-1.3-.45-2.54-.87-3.57-.87-2.02,0-3.55,1.5-3.55,3.35,0,1.5,1.16,2.02,1.63,2.21l.03-.07c-.3-.2-.49-.42-.49-1.06,0-.54,.39-1.26,1.43-1.26,.94,0,2.17,.42,3.8,.88,1.4,.39,2.91,.76,3.75,.87v3.28l-1.58,1.3,1.58,1.36v4.49c-.81,.46-1.75,.61-2.56,.61-1.5,0-2.89-.42-4.02-1.68l4.26-2.07V5.73l-5.2,2.32c.54-1.38,1.55-2.41,2.66-3.08l-.03-.08c-3.08,.84-5.89,3.67-5.89,7.17,0,4.19,3.35,7.3,7.22,7.3,4.19,0,6.65-3.28,6.61-6.75h-.07c-.61,1.33-1.63,2.59-2.78,3.25v-4.38l1.65-1.33-1.65-1.33v-3.28c1.53,0,3.11-1.01,3.11-2.96m-8.78,11.56l-1.21,.61c-.74-.96-1.23-2.32-1.23-4.07,0-.72,.07-1.7,.32-2.39l2.14-.96-.03,6.8h0Zm11.93-12.31l-2.17,1.82,1.85,2.09,2.17-1.82-1.85-2.09Zm3.3,15.15l-.79,.52-1.08-1.08v-7.17l.91-.72-.12-.15-.76,.59-1.8-2.14-2.96,2.07,.1,.17,.74-.49,.99,1.23v6.61l-1.33,1.01,.12,.12,.67-.46,2.32,2.12,3.11-2.07-.1-.15h0Zm16.63-.1l-.74,.49-1.16-1.11v-7.03l.94-.72-.12-.15-.84,.64-2.47-2.2-2.78,2.17-2.44-2.17-2.74,2.14-1.85-2.14-2.96,2.07,.1,.17,.74-.49,1.06,1.21v6.61l-.81,.81,2.36,2,2.29-2.07-.94-.88v-7.04l.61-.45,1.7,1.48v6.16l-.79,.81,2.39,2,2.24-2.07-.94-.88v-7.04l.59-.47,1.72,1.5v6.06l-.69,.72,2.41,2.2,3.18-2.17-.1-.15h.02Zm8.6-1.5l-2.36,1.87-2.71-2.14v-1.33l4.68-3.3-2.36-3.67-5.2,2.86v6.93l3.57,2.59,4.51-3.62-.12-.17h0Zm-5.08-1.88v-5.15l2.27,3.55-2.27,1.6Zm14.12-.97l-2-1.53c1.33-1.16,1.8-2.63,1.8-3.69,0-.15-.03-.42-.05-.67h-.08c-.19,.54-.72,1.01-1.53,1.01s-1.26-.45-1.75-.99l-4.58,2.54v3.72l1.75,1.38c-1.75,1.55-2.09,2.51-2.09,3.4s.52,1.67,1.41,2.02l.07-.12c-.22-.19-.42-.32-.42-.79,0-.34,.35-.88,1.14-.88,1.01,0,1.63,.69,1.95,1.06,0-.03,4.38-2.69,4.38-2.69v-3.77h0Zm-1.03-3.05c-.69,1.23-2.21,2.44-3.11,3.13l-1.11-.94v-3.62c.45,.99,1.36,1.82,2.54,1.82,.69,0,1.14-.12,1.67-.39m-1.9,8.13c-.52-1.16-1.63-2-2.86-2-.3,0-1.21-.03-2,.46,.47-.79,1.87-2.21,3.65-3.28l1.21,1.01v3.8Z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="css-1npft71 e1j3jvdr1"></div></section><section id="masthead-bar-one" class="hasLinks css-c5j6tx e1pjtsj62"><div><div class="css-vfkorq e1pjtsj60"><span> </span></div><div class="css-1bvtpon e1pjtsj61"><a class="css-j184jz" href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper">Today’s Paper</a></div></div><div class="css-qebcue"></div></section></header></div></div><div><main id="site-content"><div><div class="css-ec8ke8" style="opacity:0.000000001;z-index:-1;visibility:hidden" id="in-story-masthead"><div class="css-1hqnpie"><div class="css-10habuo"><span class="css-1u4hfeb"><a href="/section/us">U.S.</a></span><span class="css-1po1uvd">|</span><span class="css-rnl02l">Pat Quinn, Who Promoted A.L.S. Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 37</span></div><div class="css-k008qs"><div class="css-b4nnp0"><a href="/" class="css-93zicp" aria-label="New York Times homepage"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 22"><path d="M15.863 13.08c-.687 1.818-1.923 3.147-3.64 3.916v-3.917l2.129-1.958-2.129-1.889V6.505c1.923-.14 3.228-1.609 3.228-3.358C15.45.84 13.32 0 12.086 0c-.275 0-.55 0-.962.14v.14h.481c.824 0 1.51.42 1.51 1.189 0 .63-.48 1.189-1.304 1.189-2.129 0-4.6-1.749-7.279-1.749C2.13.91.481 2.728.481 4.546c0 1.819 1.03 2.448 2.128 2.798v-.14c-.343-.21-.618-.63-.618-1.189 0-.84.756-1.469 1.648-1.469 2.267 0 5.906 1.959 8.172 1.959h.206v2.727l-2.129 1.889 2.13 1.958v3.987c-.894.35-1.786.49-2.748.49-3.502 0-5.768-2.169-5.768-5.806 0-.839.137-1.678.344-2.518l1.785-.769v7.973l3.57-1.608V6.575L3.984 8.953c.55-1.61 1.648-2.728 2.953-3.358v-.07C3.433 6.295 0 9.023 0 13.08c0 4.686 3.914 7.974 8.446 7.974 4.807 0 7.485-3.288 7.554-7.974h-.137z" fill="#000000"></path></svg></a><span class="css-18z7m18"><a href="/" data-testid="masthead-logo" aria-label="New York Times homepage"><svg class="css-12fr9lp" viewBox="0 0 184 25" fill="#000000" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M14.57,2.57C14.57,.55,12.65-.06,11.04,.01V.19c.96,.07,1.7,.46,1.7,1.11,0,.45-.32,1.01-1.28,1.01-.76,0-2.02-.45-3.2-.84-1.3-.45-2.54-.87-3.57-.87-2.02,0-3.55,1.5-3.55,3.36,0,1.5,1.16,2.02,1.63,2.21l.03-.07c-.3-.2-.49-.42-.49-1.06,0-.54,.39-1.26,1.43-1.26,.94,0,2.17,.42,3.8,.88,1.4,.39,2.91,.76,3.75,.87v3.28l-1.58,1.3,1.58,1.36v4.49c-.81,.46-1.75,.61-2.56,.61-1.5,0-2.88-.42-4.02-1.68l4.26-2.07V5.73l-5.2,2.32c.54-1.38,1.55-2.41,2.66-3.08l-.03-.08C3.31,5.73,.5,8.56,.5,12.06c0,4.19,3.35,7.3,7.22,7.3,4.19,0,6.65-3.28,6.61-6.75h-.08c-.61,1.33-1.63,2.59-2.78,3.25v-4.38l1.65-1.33-1.65-1.33v-3.28c1.53,0,3.11-1.01,3.11-2.96M5.8,14.13l-1.21,.61c-.74-.96-1.23-2.32-1.23-4.07,0-.72,.08-1.7,.32-2.39l2.14-.96-.03,6.8h0Zm19.47-5.76l-.81,.64-2.47-2.2-2.86,2.21V.48l-3.89,2.69c.45,.15,.99,.39,.99,1.43v11.81l-1.33,1.01,.12,.12,.67-.46,2.32,2.12,3.11-2.07-.1-.15-.79,.52-1.08-1.08v-7.12l.74-.54,1.7,1.48v6.19c0,3.92-.87,4.73-2.63,5.37v.1c2.93,.12,5.57-.87,5.57-5.89v-6.75l.88-.72-.12-.15h0Zm5.22,10.8l4.51-3.62-.12-.17-2.36,1.87-2.71-2.14v-1.33l4.68-3.3-2.36-3.67-5.2,2.86v6.8l-1.01,.79,.12,.15,.96-.76,3.5,2.54h-.01Zm-.69-5.67v-5.15l2.27,3.55-2.27,1.6ZM53.65,1.61c0-.32-.08-.59-.2-.96h-.07c-.32,.87-.67,1.33-1.68,1.33-.88,0-1.58-.54-1.95-.94,0,.03-2.96,3.42-2.96,3.42l.15,.12,.84-.96c.64,.49,1.21,1.06,2.63,1.08V13.34l-6.06-10.5c-.47-.79-1.28-1.97-2.66-1.97-1.63,0-2.86,1.4-2.66,3.77h.1c.12-.59,.47-1.33,1.18-1.33,.57,0,1.03,.54,1.3,1.03v3.38c-1.87,0-2.93,.87-2.93,2.34,0,.61,.45,1.94,1.72,2.17v-.07c-.17-.17-.34-.32-.34-.67,0-.57,.42-.88,1.18-.88,.12,0,.3,.03,.37,.05v4.38c-2.2,.03-3.89,1.23-3.89,3.31s1.7,2.88,3.47,2.78v-.07c-1.11-.12-1.68-.69-1.68-1.5,0-.88,.64-1.36,1.45-1.36s1.43,.52,1.95,1.11l2.96-3.33-.12-.12-.76,.87c-1.14-1.01-1.87-1.48-3.18-1.68V4.67l8.36,14.57h.45V4.72c1.6-.1,3.03-1.3,3.03-3.11m2.81,17.54l4.51-3.62-.12-.17-2.36,1.87-2.71-2.14v-1.33l4.68-3.3-2.36-3.67-5.2,2.86v6.8l-1.01,.79,.12,.15,.96-.76,3.5,2.54h0Zm-.69-5.67v-5.15l2.27,3.55-2.27,1.6Zm21.22-5.52l-.69,.52-1.97-1.68-2.29,2.07,.94,.88v7.72l-2.34-1.6v-6.26l.81-.57-2.41-2.24-2.24,2.07,.94,.88v7.46l-.15,.1-2.2-1.6v-6.13c0-1.43-.72-1.85-1.63-2.41-.76-.47-1.16-.91-1.16-1.63,0-.79,.69-1.11,.91-1.23-.79-.03-2.98,.76-3.03,2.76-.03,1.03,.47,1.48,.99,1.97,.52,.49,1.01,.96,1.01,1.83v6.01l-1.06,.84,.12,.12,1.01-.79,2.63,2.14,2.51-1.75,2.76,1.75,5.42-3.2v-6.95l1.21-.94-.1-.15h0Zm18.15-5.84l-1.03,.94-2.32-2.02-3.13,2.51V1.19h-.19V18.12c-.34-.05-1.06-.25-1.85-.37V3.58c0-1.03-.74-2.47-2.59-2.47s-3.01,1.56-3.01,2.91h.08c.1-.61,.52-1.16,1.13-1.16s1.18,.39,1.18,1.78v4.04c-1.75,.07-2.81,1.16-2.81,2.34,0,.67,.42,1.92,1.75,1.97v-.1c-.45-.19-.54-.42-.54-.67,0-.59,.57-.79,1.36-.79h.19v6.51c-1.5,.52-2.2,1.53-2.2,2.78,0,1.72,1.38,3.05,3.4,3.05,1.43,0,2.44-.25,3.75-.54,1.06-.22,2.21-.47,2.83-.47,.79,0,1.14,.35,1.14,.91,0,.72-.27,1.08-.69,1.21v.1c1.7-.32,2.69-1.3,2.69-2.83s-1.5-2.54-3.18-2.54c-.87,0-2.44,.27-3.72,.57-1.43,.32-2.66,.47-3.11,.47-.72,0-1.6-.32-1.6-1.28,0-.87,.72-1.56,2.49-1.56,.96,0,1.9,.15,3.08,.42,1.26,.27,2.12,.64,3.2,.64,1.5,0,2.71-.54,2.71-2.74V3.29l1.11-1.01-.12-.15h0Zm-4.24,6.78c-.27,.3-.59,.54-1.11,.54-.57,0-.87-.3-1.14-.54V3.81l.74-.59,1.5,1.28v4.41h0Zm0,2.41c-.25-.25-.57-.47-1.11-.47s-.91,.27-1.14,.47v-2.17c.22,.19,.59,.49,1.14,.49s.87-.25,1.11-.49v2.17Zm0,5.1c0,.84-.42,1.78-1.5,1.78-.17,0-.57-.03-.74-.05v-6.58c.25-.22,.57-.52,1.14-.52,.52,0,.81,.25,1.11,.52v4.86h0Zm8.78,2.74l5.03-3.13v-6.85l-3.25-2.39-5.03,2.88v6.78l-.99,.79,.1,.15,.81-.67,3.33,2.44h0Zm-.37-3.55v-7.3l2.51,1.87v7.3l-2.51-1.87Zm15.01-8.65c-.39,.27-.74,.42-1.11,.42-.39,0-.88-.25-1.14-.57,0,.03-1.87,2.02-1.87,2.02l-1.87-2.02-3.05,2.12,.1,.17,.81-.54,1.11,1.21v6.63l-1.33,1.01,.12,.12,.67-.46,2.49,2.12,3.15-2.09-.1-.15-.81,.49-1.28-1.16v-7.28c.52,.57,1.11,1.06,1.82,1.06,1.28,0,2.14-1.53,2.29-3.11m11.88,9.81l-.94,.59-5.2-7.76,.27-.37c.57,.34,1.08,.81,2.17,.81s2.47-1.14,2.59-3.23c-.27,.37-.81,.81-1.7,.81-.64,0-1.28-.42-1.67-.81l-3.55,5.22,4.71,7.17,3.42-2.27-.1-.17h0Zm-6.31,.19l-.79,.52-1.08-1.08V.48l-3.89,2.69c.45,.15,.99,.39,.99,1.43v11.81l-1.33,1.01,.12,.12,.67-.46,2.32,2.12,3.11-2.07-.1-.15h0Zm22.89-14.39c0-2.02-1.92-2.63-3.53-2.56V.19c.96,.07,1.7,.46,1.7,1.11,0,.45-.32,1.01-1.28,1.01-.76,0-2.02-.45-3.2-.84-1.3-.45-2.54-.87-3.57-.87-2.02,0-3.55,1.5-3.55,3.35,0,1.5,1.16,2.02,1.63,2.21l.03-.07c-.3-.2-.49-.42-.49-1.06,0-.54,.39-1.26,1.43-1.26,.94,0,2.17,.42,3.8,.88,1.4,.39,2.91,.76,3.75,.87v3.28l-1.58,1.3,1.58,1.36v4.49c-.81,.46-1.75,.61-2.56,.61-1.5,0-2.89-.42-4.02-1.68l4.26-2.07V5.73l-5.2,2.32c.54-1.38,1.55-2.41,2.66-3.08l-.03-.08c-3.08,.84-5.89,3.67-5.89,7.17,0,4.19,3.35,7.3,7.22,7.3,4.19,0,6.65-3.28,6.61-6.75h-.07c-.61,1.33-1.63,2.59-2.78,3.25v-4.38l1.65-1.33-1.65-1.33v-3.28c1.53,0,3.11-1.01,3.11-2.96m-8.78,11.56l-1.21,.61c-.74-.96-1.23-2.32-1.23-4.07,0-.72,.07-1.7,.32-2.39l2.14-.96-.03,6.8h0Zm11.93-12.31l-2.17,1.82,1.85,2.09,2.17-1.82-1.85-2.09Zm3.3,15.15l-.79,.52-1.08-1.08v-7.17l.91-.72-.12-.15-.76,.59-1.8-2.14-2.96,2.07,.1,.17,.74-.49,.99,1.23v6.61l-1.33,1.01,.12,.12,.67-.46,2.32,2.12,3.11-2.07-.1-.15h0Zm16.63-.1l-.74,.49-1.16-1.11v-7.03l.94-.72-.12-.15-.84,.64-2.47-2.2-2.78,2.17-2.44-2.17-2.74,2.14-1.85-2.14-2.96,2.07,.1,.17,.74-.49,1.06,1.21v6.61l-.81,.81,2.36,2,2.29-2.07-.94-.88v-7.04l.61-.45,1.7,1.48v6.16l-.79,.81,2.39,2,2.24-2.07-.94-.88v-7.04l.59-.47,1.72,1.5v6.06l-.69,.72,2.41,2.2,3.18-2.17-.1-.15h.02Zm8.6-1.5l-2.36,1.87-2.71-2.14v-1.33l4.68-3.3-2.36-3.67-5.2,2.86v6.93l3.57,2.59,4.51-3.62-.12-.17h0Zm-5.08-1.88v-5.15l2.27,3.55-2.27,1.6Zm14.12-.97l-2-1.53c1.33-1.16,1.8-2.63,1.8-3.69,0-.15-.03-.42-.05-.67h-.08c-.19,.54-.72,1.01-1.53,1.01s-1.26-.45-1.75-.99l-4.58,2.54v3.72l1.75,1.38c-1.75,1.55-2.09,2.51-2.09,3.4s.52,1.67,1.41,2.02l.07-.12c-.22-.19-.42-.32-.42-.79,0-.34,.35-.88,1.14-.88,1.01,0,1.63,.69,1.95,1.06,0-.03,4.38-2.69,4.38-2.69v-3.77h0Zm-1.03-3.05c-.69,1.23-2.21,2.44-3.11,3.13l-1.11-.94v-3.62c.45,.99,1.36,1.82,2.54,1.82,.69,0,1.14-.12,1.67-.39m-1.9,8.13c-.52-1.16-1.63-2-2.86-2-.3,0-1.21-.03-2,.46,.47-.79,1.87-2.21,3.65-3.28l1.21,1.01v3.8Z"></path></svg></a></span></div><span class="css-bgaqcm">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/22/us/pat-quinn-dead.html</span><div class="css-tvohiw"><div role="toolbar" data-testid="share-tools" aria-label="Social Media Share buttons, Save button, and Comments Panel with current comment count" class="css-yomkvi"><div></div><div data-testid="share-tools-menu" class="css-ui2i83"><ul data-testid="share-tools-list"><li class="css-atthsv"><div class="css-vxcmzt"><div class="css-79elbk"><button type="button" aria-label="" aria-expanded="false" class="css-1eeh360 actionbar-button" data-testid="gift-article-button"><span class="css-10d8k1f"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="19" height="19" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path d="M18.04 5.293h-2.725c.286-.34.493-.74.606-1.17a2.875 2.875 0 0 0-.333-2.322A2.906 2.906 0 0 0 13.64.48a3.31 3.31 0 0 0-2.372.464 3.775 3.775 0 0 0-1.534 2.483l-.141.797-.142-.847A3.745 3.745 0 0 0 7.927.923 3.31 3.31 0 0 0 5.555.459 2.907 2.907 0 0 0 3.607 1.78a2.877 2.877 0 0 0-.333 2.321c.117.429.324.828.606 1.171H1.155a.767.767 0 0 0-.757.757v3.674a.767.767 0 0 0 .757.757h.424v7.53A1.01 1.01 0 0 0 2.588 19h14.13a1.01 1.01 0 0 0 1.01-.959v-7.56h.424a.758.758 0 0 0 .757-.757V6.05a.759.759 0 0 0-.868-.757Zm-7.196-1.625a2.665 2.665 0 0 1 1.01-1.736 2.24 2.24 0 0 1 1.574-.313 1.817 1.817 0 0 1 1.211.818 1.857 1.857 0 0 1 .202 1.453 2.2 2.2 0 0 1-.838 1.191h-3.431l.272-1.413ZM4.576 2.386a1.837 1.837 0 0 1 1.221-.817 2.23 2.23 0 0 1 1.565.313 2.624 2.624 0 0 1 1.01 1.736l.242 1.453H5.182a2.2 2.2 0 0 1-.838-1.19 1.857 1.857 0 0 1 .202-1.495h.03ZM1.548 6.424h7.54V9.39h-7.58l.04-2.967Zm1.181 4.128h6.359v7.287H2.729v-7.287Zm13.777 7.287h-6.348v-7.307h6.348v7.307Zm1.181-8.468h-7.53V6.404h7.53V9.37Z" fill="#121212" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></svg>Share full article</span></button></div></div></li><li class="css-68l2z5"><div class="css-vxcmzt"><div class="css-79elbk"><button type="button" aria-label="More sharing options ..." aria-expanded="false" class="css-1nurhyi actionbar-button"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="23" height="18" viewBox="0 0 23 18" class="css-zd9juy"><path d="M1.357 17.192a.663.663 0 0 1-.642-.81c1.82-7.955 6.197-12.068 12.331-11.68V1.127a.779.779 0 0 1 .42-.653.726.726 0 0 1 .78.106l8.195 6.986a.81.81 0 0 1 .253.557.82.82 0 0 1-.263.547l-8.196 6.955a.83.83 0 0 1-.779.105.747.747 0 0 1-.42-.663V11.29c-8.418-.905-10.974 5.177-11.08 5.45a.662.662 0 0 1-.6.453Zm10.048-7.26a16.37 16.37 0 0 1 2.314.158.81.81 0 0 1 .642.726v3.02l6.702-5.682-6.702-5.692v2.883a.767.767 0 0 1-.242.536.747.747 0 0 1-.547.18c-4.808-.537-8.364 1.85-10.448 6.922a11.679 11.679 0 0 1 8.28-3.093v.042Z" fill="#000000" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></svg></button></div></div></li><li class="css-68l2z5 save-button"><button type="button" role="switch" class="css-1yhvmgx actionbar-button" data-testid="save-article-button" aria-label="Save article for reading later..." aria-checked="false" disabled="" aria-busy="false" aria-live="polite"><svg width="12" height="18" viewBox="0 0 12 18" class="css-eap6fy"><g fill-rule="nonzero"><path class="saved-fill" d="M1.157 1.268v14.288l4.96-3.813 4.753 3.843V1.268z"></path><path class="saved-stroke" d="m12 18-5.9-4.756L0 17.98V1.014C0 .745.095.487.265.297.435.107.664 0 .904 0h10.192c.24 0 .47.107.64.297.169.19.264.448.264.717V18ZM1.157 1.268v14.288l4.96-3.813 4.753 3.843V1.268H1.158Z"></path></g></svg></button></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><article id="story" class="css-1vxca1d e1lmdhsb0"><div class="css-wqhysl"></div><div id="top-wrapper" class="css-1aeqhal"><div id="top-slug" class="css-15owey8"><p>Advertisement</p></div><a href="#after-top" class="css-777zgl">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT</a><div class="ad top-wrapper css-rfqw0c" style="min-height:90px"><div id="top" class="place-ad" data-position="top" data-size-key="top" data-lazy-load="true"></div></div><div id="after-top"></div></div><div aria-live="polite"><div class="css-1dv1kvn">You have a preview view of this article while we are checking your access. When we have confirmed access, the full article content will load.</div></div><header class="css-7lo2tm euiyums1"><div id="sponsor-wrapper" class="css-1hyfx7x"><div id="sponsor-slug" class="css-twqvxd"><p>Supported by</p></div><a href="#after-sponsor" class="css-777zgl">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT</a><div class="ad sponsor-wrapper css-rfqw0c" id="sponsor"></div><div id="after-sponsor"></div></div><div class="css-hme5ai euiyums0"></div><div class="css-1vkm6nb ehdk2mb0"><h1 id="link-4a209790" class="css-88wicj e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline">Pat Quinn, Who Promoted A.L.S. Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 37</h1></div><p id="article-summary" class="css-79rysd e1wiw3jv0">Mr. Quinn, who learned he had A.L.S. after turning 30, was credited with helping to make the ice-bucket videos a viral sensation that raised $220 million.</p><div class="css-10cldcv"><div role="toolbar" data-testid="share-tools" aria-label="Social Media Share buttons, Save button, and Comments Panel with current comment count" class="css-yomkvi"><div></div><div data-testid="share-tools-menu" class="css-148f1u0"><ul data-testid="share-tools-list" class="css-1atjma0"><li class="css-atthsv"><div class="css-vxcmzt"><div class="css-79elbk"><button type="button" aria-label="" aria-expanded="false" class="css-1eeh360 actionbar-button" data-testid="gift-article-button"><span class="css-10d8k1f"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="19" height="19" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path d="M18.04 5.293h-2.725c.286-.34.493-.74.606-1.17a2.875 2.875 0 0 0-.333-2.322A2.906 2.906 0 0 0 13.64.48a3.31 3.31 0 0 0-2.372.464 3.775 3.775 0 0 0-1.534 2.483l-.141.797-.142-.847A3.745 3.745 0 0 0 7.927.923 3.31 3.31 0 0 0 5.555.459 2.907 2.907 0 0 0 3.607 1.78a2.877 2.877 0 0 0-.333 2.321c.117.429.324.828.606 1.171H1.155a.767.767 0 0 0-.757.757v3.674a.767.767 0 0 0 .757.757h.424v7.53A1.01 1.01 0 0 0 2.588 19h14.13a1.01 1.01 0 0 0 1.01-.959v-7.56h.424a.758.758 0 0 0 .757-.757V6.05a.759.759 0 0 0-.868-.757Zm-7.196-1.625a2.665 2.665 0 0 1 1.01-1.736 2.24 2.24 0 0 1 1.574-.313 1.817 1.817 0 0 1 1.211.818 1.857 1.857 0 0 1 .202 1.453 2.2 2.2 0 0 1-.838 1.191h-3.431l.272-1.413ZM4.576 2.386a1.837 1.837 0 0 1 1.221-.817 2.23 2.23 0 0 1 1.565.313 2.624 2.624 0 0 1 1.01 1.736l.242 1.453H5.182a2.2 2.2 0 0 1-.838-1.19 1.857 1.857 0 0 1 .202-1.495h.03ZM1.548 6.424h7.54V9.39h-7.58l.04-2.967Zm1.181 4.128h6.359v7.287H2.729v-7.287Zm13.777 7.287h-6.348v-7.307h6.348v7.307Zm1.181-8.468h-7.53V6.404h7.53V9.37Z" fill="#121212" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></svg>Share full article</span></button></div></div></li><li class="css-68l2z5"><div class="css-vxcmzt"><div class="css-79elbk"><button type="button" aria-label="More sharing options ..." aria-expanded="false" class="css-1nurhyi actionbar-button"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="23" height="18" viewBox="0 0 23 18" class="css-zd9juy"><path d="M1.357 17.192a.663.663 0 0 1-.642-.81c1.82-7.955 6.197-12.068 12.331-11.68V1.127a.779.779 0 0 1 .42-.653.726.726 0 0 1 .78.106l8.195 6.986a.81.81 0 0 1 .253.557.82.82 0 0 1-.263.547l-8.196 6.955a.83.83 0 0 1-.779.105.747.747 0 0 1-.42-.663V11.29c-8.418-.905-10.974 5.177-11.08 5.45a.662.662 0 0 1-.6.453Zm10.048-7.26a16.37 16.37 0 0 1 2.314.158.81.81 0 0 1 .642.726v3.02l6.702-5.682-6.702-5.692v2.883a.767.767 0 0 1-.242.536.747.747 0 0 1-.547.18c-4.808-.537-8.364 1.85-10.448 6.922a11.679 11.679 0 0 1 8.28-3.093v.042Z" fill="#000000" fill-rule="nonzero"></path></svg></button></div></div></li><li class="css-68l2z5 save-button"><button type="button" role="switch" class="css-1yhvmgx actionbar-button" data-testid="save-article-button" aria-label="Save article for reading later..." aria-checked="false" disabled="" aria-busy="false" aria-live="polite"><svg width="12" height="18" viewBox="0 0 12 18" class="css-eap6fy"><g fill-rule="nonzero"><path class="saved-fill" d="M1.157 1.268v14.288l4.96-3.813 4.753 3.843V1.268z"></path><path class="saved-stroke" d="m12 18-5.9-4.756L0 17.98V1.014C0 .745.095.487.265.297.435.107.664 0 .904 0h10.192c.24 0 .47.107.64.297.169.19.264.448.264.717V18ZM1.157 1.268v14.288l4.96-3.813 4.753 3.843V1.268H1.158Z"></path></g></svg></button></li></ul></div></div></div><div data-testid="imageblock-wrapper"><figure class="sizeMedium layoutHorizontal css-nlqgyf" aria-label="media" role="group"><div class="css-1xb94ky" data-testid="imageContainer-children-Image"><picture><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1800"/><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1200"/><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=600"/><img alt="" class="css-rq4mmj" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2020/11/25/multimedia/22xp-quinn-photo/22xp-quinn-photo-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 2000w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw" decoding="async" width="600" height="476"/></picture></div><figcaption data-testid="photoviewer-children-ImageCaption" class="css-ktho12 e3rygrp0"><span class="css-jevhma e13ogyst0">Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research.</span><span class="css-14fe1uy e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit...</span><span><span aria-hidden="false">Nancy Lane/MediaNews Group, via Boston Herald, via Getty Images</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div><div class="css-p6m5rf"><div class="byline-container css-1u5onbp epjyd6m2"><div class="css-165eim7 ey68jwv0" aria-hidden="true"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/concepcion-de-leon" class="css-uwwqev"><img alt="Concepción de León" title="Concepción de León" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/07/16/multimedia/author-concepcion-de-leon/author-concepcion-de-leon-thumbLarge.png" class="css-dc6zx6 ey68jwv2"/></a></div><div class="css-233int epjyd6m1"><p class="css-4anu6l e1jsehar1"><span class="byline-prefix">By </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/concepcion-de-leon" class="last-byline css-ojhyzr e1jsehar0" itemProp="name">Concepción de León</a></p><div class="css-gqryk5 epjyd6m0"></div></div></div></div><div class="css-1c72mta"><time dateTime="2020-11-22T22:10:03-05:00" class="css-1ubbotv e16638kd2"><span class="css-1sbuyqj e16638kd3">Nov. 22, 2020</span></time></div></header><section name="articleBody" class="meteredContent css-1r7ky0e"><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-0"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">Pat Quinn, who helped raise $220 million to fight amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or A.L.S., by promoting the Ice Bucket Challenge in 2014, died on Sunday in Yonkers, N.Y., seven years after he learned he had the disease. He was 37.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">His death, at St. John’s Riverside Hospital, was confirmed by the A.L.S. Association and in <a class="css-yywogo" href="https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1731218253722302&id=227426390768170" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">a post on his official Facebook page</a>.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">Mr. Quinn did not create the challenge, in which people dumped buckets of ice water on their heads while pledging to donate money to fight A.L.S. But he and his friend Pete Frates, who also had A.L.S., are credited with amplifying it and helping to make it a sensation in the summer and fall of 2014, raising tens of millions of dollars for research and, perhaps nearly as important, wider awareness of the disease.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">“Pat changed the trajectory of the fight against A.L.S. forever,” Calaneet Balas, the president and chief executive of the A.L.S. Association, said in a statement on Sunday. “He inspired millions to get involved and care about people who are living with A.L.S.”</p></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div><div data-testid="Dropzone-1"></div><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-1"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">A.L.S., also called Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that attacks the nerve cells that control voluntary muscle movements and leads to full paralysis. People with the disease typically live three to five years from the time of diagnosis, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">Shortly after Mr. Quinn learned he had A.L.S. in 2013, he created Quinn for the Win, a Facebook group, to raise awareness of the disease and to raise money to fight for a cure. Mr. Frates created his own page, <a class="css-yywogo" href="https://www.facebook.com/TeamFratetrain/" title="" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Team Frate Train</a>, with the same goal.</p><div class="css-1336jj"><div class="css-121kum4"><div class="css-171quhb"></div><div class="css-asuuk5"><noscript><div class="css-7axq9l" data-testid="optimistic-truncator-noscript"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="css-1b5b8u1"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 1 1 19 0 9.5 9.5 0 0 1-19 0Zm8.5 1.75v-7.5h2v7.5h-2Zm0 2v2h2v-2h-2Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div data-testid="optimistic-truncator-noscript-message" class="css-6yo1no"><p class="css-3kpklk">We are having trouble retrieving the article content.</p><p class="css-3kpklk">Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.</p></div></div></noscript><div class="css-1dv1kvn" id="optimistic-truncator-a11y" tabindex="-1"><hr/><p>Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and <a href="https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?response_type=cookie&client_id=vi&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F22%2Fus%2Fpat-quinn-dead.html&asset=opttrunc">log into</a> your Times account, or <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscription?campaignId=89WYR&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F22%2Fus%2Fpat-quinn-dead.html">subscribe</a> for all of The Times.</p><hr/></div><div class="css-1g71tqy"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" class="css-63woee" data-testid="optimistic-truncator-spinner"><g fill="currentColor"><path d="M11.28 22.8a.72.72 0 1 0 1.44 0v-6.72a.72.72 0 1 0-1.44 0v6.72Z" opacity=".37"></path><path d="M17.766 21.16a.72.72 0 1 0 1.165-.846l-3.95-5.436a.72.72 0 1 0-1.165.846l3.95 5.437Z" opacity=".26"></path><path d="M1.506 14.653a.72.72 0 0 0 .445 1.37l6.391-2.078a.72.72 0 1 0-.445-1.369l-6.39 2.077Z" opacity=".61"></path><path d="M5.07 20.314a.72.72 0 0 0 1.164.847l3.95-5.437a.72.72 0 1 0-1.165-.846l-3.95 5.436Z" opacity=".48"></path><path d="M22.049 16.022a.72.72 0 0 0 .445-1.37l-6.391-2.076a.72.72 0 1 0-.445 1.37l6.39 2.076Z" opacity=".17"></path><path d="M22.494 9.347a.72.72 0 1 0-.445-1.37l-6.391 2.078a.72.72 0 1 0 .445 1.369l6.39-2.077Z" opacity=".09"></path><path d="M6.234 2.84a.72.72 0 0 0-1.165.846l3.95 5.436a.72.72 0 0 0 1.165-.846l-3.95-5.437Z" opacity=".87"></path><path d="M1.951 7.978a.72.72 0 1 0-.445 1.37l6.391 2.076a.72.72 0 1 0 .445-1.37l-6.39-2.076Z" opacity=".74"></path><path d="M18.93 3.686a.72.72 0 0 0-1.164-.847l-3.95 5.437a.72.72 0 0 0 1.165.846l3.95-5.436Z" opacity=".02"></path><path d="M12.72 1.2a.72.72 0 1 0-1.44 0v6.72a.72.72 0 0 0 1.44 0V1.2Z"></path></g></svg><div data-testid="optimistic-truncator-message" class="css-6yo1no"><p class="css-3kpklk">Thank you for your patience while we verify access.</p><p class="css-3kpklk">Already a subscriber? <a data-testid="log-in-link" class="css-z5ryv4" href="https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/login?response_type=cookie&client_id=vi&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F22%2Fus%2Fpat-quinn-dead.html&asset=opttrunc">Log in</a>.</p><p class="css-3kpklk">Want all of The Times? <a data-testid="subscribe-link" class="css-z5ryv4" href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscription?campaignId=89WYR&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F11%2F22%2Fus%2Fpat-quinn-dead.html">Subscribe</a>.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div></section><div data-testid="lazy-loader"></div><div data-testid="lazy-loader"></div><div id="bottom-sheet-sensor"><div data-testid="lazy-loader"></div></div><div><div id="bottom-wrapper" class="css-sxwst7"><div id="bottom-slug" class="css-15owey8"><p>Advertisement</p></div><a href="#after-bottom" class="css-777zgl">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT</a><div class="ad bottom-wrapper css-rfqw0c" id="bottom" style="min-height:90px"></div><div id="after-bottom"></div></div></div></article></div></main><nav class="css-1jmk4jh" id="site-index" aria-labelledby="site-index-label" data-testid="site-index"><h2 class="css-1dv1kvn" id="site-index-label">Site Index</h2><div class="css-uc4bdz"></div></nav><footer class="css-1e1s8k7" role="contentinfo"><nav data-testid="footer" class="css-1qa4qp6"><h2 class="css-1dv1kvn">Site Information Navigation</h2><ul class="css-1ho5u4o edvi3so0"><li data-testid="copyright"><a class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014792127-Copyright-notice">© <span>2025</span> <span>The New York Times Company</span></a></li></ul><ul class="css-t8x4fj edvi3so1"><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://www.nytco.com/">NYTCo</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115015385887-Contact-Us">Contact Us</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115015727108-Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://www.nytco.com/careers/">Work with us</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://advertising.nytimes.com/">Advertise</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://www.tbrandstudio.com/">T Brand Studio</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://www.nytimes.com/privacy/cookie-policy#how-do-i-manage-trackers">Your Ad Choices</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://www.nytimes.com/privacy/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014893428-Terms-of-service">Terms of Service</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014893968-Terms-of-sale">Terms of Sale</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="/sitemap/">Site Map</a></li><li class="mobileOnly css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://www.nytimes.com/ca/">Canada</a></li><li class="mobileOnly css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://www.nytimes.com/international/">International</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us">Help</a></li><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="footer-link" rel="nofollow" class="css-13mf4b4" href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscription?campaignId=37WXW">Subscriptions</a></li></ul><ul class="css-t8x4fj edvi3so1"><li class="css-a7htku edvi3so2"><a data-testid="privacy-preferences-link" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank" class="css-13mf4b4" href="/privacy/manage-settings">Manage Privacy Preferences</a></li></ul></nav></footer></div></div></div></div></div> <script>window.__preloadedData = {"initialData":{"data":{"article":{"__typename":"Article","adTargetingParams":[{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"is_viral_on_social","value":"false"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"id","value":"100000007467956"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"at","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"is_viral","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"mt","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"gscat","value":"neg_citi_aa,neg_ibmtest,neg_mastercard,neg_ibm,neg_bofa,neg_mtb,neg_capitalone,gs_health,gv_death_injury,neg_chanel,neg_fcli,neg_bp,neg_cathay,neg_mktg_safe_q4_2019,neg_orep,neg_hearts,gs_health_misc,neg_google,gs_society_charity,gs_society,gs_entertain,gs_entertain_celeb,gs_t"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"org","value":"alsassn"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"spon","value":"icebucketchallenge"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"artlen","value":"medium"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"gui","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"slug","value":"quinn"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"geo","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"trend","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"si_section","value":"us"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"brandsensitive","value":"false"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"col","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"typ","value":"art"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"section","value":"us"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"abs","value":"51002642,51005695,51006314,51000094"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"auth","value":"concepcindelen"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"edn","value":"us"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"des","value":"amyotrophiclateralsclerosis,deathsobituaries,research,philanthropy"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"ledemedsz","value":"none"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"template","value":"article"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"pt","value":"nt1,nt10,nt11,nt16,nt19,nt2,nt20,nt3,nt4,nt5,nt7,nt9"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"tt","value":"104,79"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"prop","value":"nyt"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"bsc","value":"80023001,84211001,84192003,84191001,84212006,84011001,80122022,84081001,80022004,80222022,84082001"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"plat","value":"web"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"per","value":"fratespete,quinnpatrickryan19832020"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"coll","value":"science,obituaries,usnews,health"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"typ_materials","value":"#biography,biography#"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"als_test","value":"1739851208553"}],"addendums":[],"advertisingProperties":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkAdvertisingProperties","sensitivity":"SHOW_ADS"},"archiveProperties":{"__typename":"ArticleArchiveProperties","lede":"","thumbnails":[],"timesMachineUrl":""},"associatedAssets":[],"associatedNewsletter":null,"bylines":[{"__typename":"Byline","creatorSnapshots":[{"__typename":"PersonSnapshot","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fperson\u002F9870b9aa-422f-55d3-959b-23ca435c5978"}],"creators":[{"__typename":"Person","bioUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fby\u002Fconcepcion-de-leon","contactDetails":{"__typename":"ContactDetails","socialMedia":[{"__typename":"ContactDetailsSocialMedia","account":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fby\u002Fconcepcion-de-leon","type":"url"}]},"displayName":"Concepción de León","id":"UGVyc29uOm55dDovL3BlcnNvbi85ODcwYjlhYS00MjJmLTU1ZDMtOTU5Yi0yM2NhNDM1YzU5Nzg=","legacyData":{"__typename":"PersonLegacyData","htmlShortBiography":"\u003Cp\u003EConcepción de León is a staff writer covering news and culture for the Books section.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"url":""}],"renderedRepresentation":"By Concepción de León"}],"collections":[{"__typename":"LegacyCollection","active":true,"collectionType":"SECTION","firstPublished":"2015-06-02T17:51:09.000Z","header":"","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":""},"id":"TGVnYWN5Q29sbGVjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9sZWdhY3ljb2xsZWN0aW9uL2UzNjMwZTg4LTc4MDEtNTdiZS1hOWM1LTEyOGVmYWQ5MWRmMQ==","lastModified":"2025-02-15T13:08:01.164Z","mobileHeader":"","name":"Science","promotionalImage":null,"slug":"science","tagline":"","type":"legacycollection","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Flegacycollection\u002Fe3630e88-7801-57be-a9c5-128efad91df1","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fsection\u002Fscience"},{"__typename":"LegacyCollection","active":true,"collectionType":"SECTION","firstPublished":"2015-08-24T18:48:13.000Z","header":"","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":""},"id":"TGVnYWN5Q29sbGVjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9sZWdhY3ljb2xsZWN0aW9uL2Y0ZGVhZTRlLThlZmMtNWQxNy1iNGNiLTE2NzIxMTI4Y2ZkMA==","lastModified":"2025-02-17T22:40:09.761Z","mobileHeader":"","name":"Obituaries","promotionalImage":null,"slug":"obituaries","tagline":"","type":"legacycollection","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Flegacycollection\u002Ff4deae4e-8efc-5d17-b4cb-16721128cfd0","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fsection\u002Fobituaries"},{"__typename":"LegacyCollection","active":true,"collectionType":"SECTION","firstPublished":"2015-12-09T18:50:13.000Z","header":"","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":""},"id":"TGVnYWN5Q29sbGVjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9sZWdhY3ljb2xsZWN0aW9uLzExZjcyYWI0LTdjZDAtNTQwYS05M2NjLWYzNWIzMmNkMDEzZA==","lastModified":"2024-06-27T18:23:45.891Z","mobileHeader":"","name":"U.S. News","promotionalImage":null,"slug":"us","tagline":"","type":"legacycollection","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Flegacycollection\u002F11f72ab4-7cd0-540a-93cc-f35b32cd013d","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fsection\u002Fus"},{"__typename":"LegacyCollection","active":true,"collectionType":"SECTION","firstPublished":"2015-12-10T15:48:25.000Z","header":"","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":""},"id":"TGVnYWN5Q29sbGVjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9sZWdhY3ljb2xsZWN0aW9uLzQxZGYzYzA0LWI0ZjEtNWQ4Ni1hYTU1LWE3MDAwNDZiYmI4Ng==","lastModified":"2025-02-15T13:57:18.712Z","mobileHeader":"","name":"Health","promotionalImage":null,"slug":"health","tagline":"","type":"legacycollection","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Flegacycollection\u002F41df3c04-b4f1-5d86-aa55-a700046bbb86","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fsection\u002Fhealth"}],"column":null,"commentProperties":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkCommentProperties","approvedCommentsCount":null,"prompt":"","status":"NO_COMMENTS"},"compatibility":{"__typename":"CompatibilityFeatures","hasInlineEmbeddedInteractives":false,"hasOakConversionError":false,"hasVideo":false,"isArtReview":false,"isBookReview":false,"isDiningReview":false,"isMovieReview":false,"isOak":true,"isTheaterReview":false},"curatedAssetComments":null,"desk":"Express","dfpTaxonomyException":null,"displayProperties":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkDisplayProperties","fullBleedDisplayStyle":"","serveAsNyt4":false},"episodeProperties":{"__typename":"ArticleEpisodeProperties","episodeLabel":"","links":[],"linksLeadIn":""},"eventId":"pubp:\u002F\u002Fevent\u002F3b43522425254ef5881f2d86b58b80f5","featuredAudio":null,"firstPublished":"2020-11-23T03:10:03.000Z","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":"Pat Quinn, Who Promoted A.L.S. Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 37","seo":""},"id":"QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzY5OTFkYzlhLTAxMzYtNTNkZS04ZWNhLTA1ZGRlNmZkY2I3MQ==","kicker":"","language":{"__typename":"Language","code":"en","name":"English"},"lastMajorModification":"2020-11-23T22:28:48.000Z","lastModified":"2020-11-25T06:02:17.899Z","legacy":{"__typename":"ArticleLegacyData","htmlExtendedAuthorOrArticleInformation":"","htmlInfoBox":"","reviewInformation":""},"newsStatus":"DEFAULT","originalDesk":"Express","printInformation":{"__typename":"PrintInformation","edition":"NewYork","headline":"Pat Quinn, 37, Who Inspired Millions To Fight A.L.S. via Ice Bucket Challenge","page":"12","publicationDate":"2020-11-25T05:00:00.000Z","section":"B"},"promotionalImage":{"__typename":"PromotionalImage","image":{"__typename":"Image","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","text":"Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research."},"credit":"Nancy Lane\u002FMediaNews Group, via Boston Herald, via Getty Images","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"MEDIUM_SQUARE","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":640,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-square640.jpg","width":640}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"THREE_BY_TWO","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1333,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-threeByTwoLargeAt2X.jpg","width":2000}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvZjczZWZhM2UtOTBlOC01ZmQxLWIxMDItZTJiYzgwMDZhMzFi"},"socialMediaRendition":{"__typename":"SignableImageRendition","parentPublishDate":"2020-11-23T03:10:03.000Z","parentPublishYear":2020,"rendition":{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":549,"name":"facebookJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-facebookJumbo.jpg","width":1050},"signature":{"__typename":"ImageSignature","keyId":"ZQJBKqZ0VN","value":"a883e48c310ef600501beea7cfc6c03cb703bfd440748c3c8dbd5695cd151d99"}},"twitterRendition":{"__typename":"SignableImageRendition","parentPublishDate":"2020-11-23T03:10:03.000Z","parentPublishYear":2020,"rendition":{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":900,"name":"videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg","width":1600},"signature":{"__typename":"ImageSignature","keyId":"ZQJBKqZ0VN","value":"5023e2345fae530e8b5d83f359aea8a0aabfc79d3c7cac1de51fe41956871462"}}},"promotionalMedia":{"__typename":"Image","assetCrops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"MASTER","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":476,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1586,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-superJumbo.jpg","width":2000}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"SMALL_SQUARE","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":75,"name":"thumbStandard","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-thumbStandard.jpg","width":75},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"MEDIUM_SQUARE","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1586,"name":"mediumSquareAt3X","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-mediumSquareAt3X.jpg","width":1586}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"SIXTEEN_BY_NINE","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":900,"name":"videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg","width":1600}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"FACEBOOK","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":549,"name":"facebookJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-facebookJumbo.jpg","width":1050}]}],"caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","text":"Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research."},"credit":"Nancy Lane\u002FMediaNews Group, via Boston Herald, via Getty Images","id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvZjczZWZhM2UtOTBlOC01ZmQxLWIxMDItZTJiYzgwMDZhMzFi"},"requestToCommentEnabled":false,"reviewItems":[],"reviewSummary":"","section":{"__typename":"Section","displayName":"U.S.","id":"U2VjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9zZWN0aW9uL2EzNGQzZDZjLWM3N2YtNTkzMS1iOTUxLTI0MWI0ZTI4NjgxYw==","name":"us","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fsection\u002Fa34d3d6c-c77f-5931-b951-241b4e28681c","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fsection\u002Fus"},"slug":"22xp-quinn","source":{"__typename":"Organization","displayName":"New York Times","id":"T3JnYW5pemF0aW9uOm55dDovL29yZ2FuaXphdGlvbi9jMjc5MTM4OC02YjE2LTVmZmQtYTExOS05NmVhY2IxOTg5YzE="},"sourceId":"100000007467956","sourcePublisher":"scoop","sprinkled":{"__typename":"SprinkledContent","configs":[{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"mobile","stride":4,"threshold":3},{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"desktop","stride":7,"threshold":3},{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"mobileHoldout","stride":4,"threshold":2},{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"desktopHoldout","stride":5,"threshold":3},{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"hybrid","stride":4,"threshold":3}]},"sprinkledBody":{"__typename":"DocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"HeaderBasicBlock","byline":{"__typename":"BylineBlock","bylines":[{"__typename":"Byline","creators":[{"__typename":"Person","bioUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fby\u002Fconcepcion-de-leon","displayName":"Concepción de León","id":"UGVyc29uOm55dDovL3BlcnNvbi85ODcwYjlhYS00MjJmLTU1ZDMtOTU5Yi0yM2NhNDM1YzU5Nzg=","promotionalMedia":{"__typename":"Image","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2018\u002F07\u002F16\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fauthor-concepcion-de-leon\u002Fauthor-concepcion-de-leon-thumbLarge.png"}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvZmZlMzVjNDMtOGIyMi01ODI0LTlhMGEtZjdhMjg4YTdmMDhh"}}],"prefix":"By","renderedRepresentation":null}],"hideHeadshots":false,"role":[],"textAlign":"LEFT"},"headline":{"__typename":"Heading1Block","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Pat Quinn, Who Promoted A.L.S. Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 37"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},"label":null,"ledeMedia":{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research."}]}],"text":"Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research."},"credit":"Nancy Lane\u002FMediaNews Group, via Boston Herald, via Getty Images","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":476,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":500,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-popup.jpg","width":631},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":812,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1586,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-superJumbo.jpg","width":2000}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":151,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1427,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F25\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo\u002F22xp-quinn-photo-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvZjczZWZhM2UtOTBlOC01ZmQxLWIxMDItZTJiYzgwMDZhMzFi","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"Pat Quinn in 2019. Lady Gaga, LeBron James and other celebrities took the Ice Bucket Challenge after Mr. Quinn promoted it, helping to raise tens of millions of dollars for A.L.S. research.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002Ff73efa3e-90e8-5fd1-b102-e2bc8006a31b","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F22\u002Fmultimedia\u002F22xp-quinn-photo.html"},"size":"MEDIUM"},"summary":{"__typename":"SummaryBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mr. Quinn, who learned he had A.L.S. after turning 30, was credited with helping to make the ice-bucket videos a viral sensation that raised $220 million."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},"timestampBlock":{"__typename":"TimestampBlock","align":"LEFT","showUpdatedTimestamp":null,"timestamp":"2020-11-23T03:10:03.000Z"}},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Pat Quinn, who helped raise $220 million to fight amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or A.L.S., by promoting the Ice Bucket Challenge in 2014, died on Sunday in Yonkers, N.Y., seven years after he learned he had the disease. He was 37."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":0},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"His death, at St. John’s Riverside Hospital, was confirmed by the A.L.S. Association and in "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fpermalink.php?story_fbid=1731218253722302&id=227426390768170"}],"text":"a post on his official Facebook page"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":1},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mr. Quinn did not create the challenge, in which people dumped buckets of ice water on their heads while pledging to donate money to fight A.L.S. But he and his friend Pete Frates, who also had A.L.S., are credited with amplifying it and helping to make it a sensation in the summer and fall of 2014, raising tens of millions of dollars for research and, perhaps nearly as important, wider awareness of the disease."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":2},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“Pat changed the trajectory of the fight against A.L.S. forever,” Calaneet Balas, the president and chief executive of the A.L.S. Association, said in a statement on Sunday. “He inspired millions to get involved and care about people who are living with A.L.S.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":3},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"A.L.S., also called Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that attacks the nerve cells that control voluntary muscle movements and leads to full paralysis. People with the disease typically live three to five years from the time of diagnosis, according to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":4},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Shortly after Mr. Quinn learned he had A.L.S. in 2013, he created Quinn for the Win, a Facebook group, to raise awareness of the disease and to raise money to fight for a cure. Mr. Frates created his own page, "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FTeamFratetrain\u002F"}],"text":"Team Frate Train"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", with the same goal."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":5},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"In July 2014, Mr. Quinn and Mr. Frates saw another A.L.S. patient, Anthony Senerchia, do the Ice Bucket Challenge online. They created their own ice-bucket videos and shared the challenge with their followers. ("},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F09\u002Fus\u002Fpete-frates-dead.html"}],"text":"Mr. Frates died last year at 34"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":".)"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":6},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"From there, the campaign spread wildly, with "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=oQR1Xrvy7Cs"}],"text":"Lady Gaga"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=N80f_jOh13Y"}],"text":"Oprah Winfrey"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=SAV3sEoby1A"}],"text":"LeBron James"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" and scores of other celebrities participating and donating to the cause. The challenge raised $115 million for the A.L.S. Association and $220 million around the world for A.L.S. research in the span of just six weeks, the A.L.S. Association said."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":7},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mr. Quinn’s efforts “dramatically accelerated the effort to end A.L.S., leading to new research discoveries, expanded care for people living with A.L.S., and greater investment by the government in A.L.S. research,” Ms. Balas said."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":8},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"In a 2015 interview for "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=DFhB0V3O7xs"}],"text":"Talks at Google in Manhattan"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", Mr. Quinn was asked if he had a favorite celebrity Ice Bucket Challenge video. He noted that Mr. James, "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=XS6ysDFTbLU"}],"text":"Bill Gates"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" and "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=VwCgCrkdZAo"}],"text":"Leonardo DiCaprio"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" had each done one, but declined to single one out."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":9},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“It’s not worth getting picky,” he said, “because every challenge, no matter how big or small, was doing what we originally set out to do, which was create awareness, and the money coming in was just completely unexpected.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":10},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Patrick Ryan Quinn was born on Feb. 10, 1983, in Yonkers to Rosemary Quinn and Patrick Quinn Sr. He attended Iona College in New Rochelle, N.Y., "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Ficgaels.com\u002Fnews\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F22\u002Finspirational-als-advocate-pat-quinn-06-passes-away.aspx"}],"text":"where he was on the rugby team"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":11},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"He received his A.L.S. diagnosis in March 2013, a month after his 30th birthday, according to the A.L.S. Association."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":12},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"He is survived by his parents; a brother, Dan; and a half brother, Scott, according to the association. His marriage to Jennifer Flynn ended in divorce."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":13},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"After the challenge, Mr. Quinn continued to speak out about the fight for a cure and conducted the challenge every August in his hometown in an event called “Every August Until a Cure.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":14},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mr. Quinn lost his voice in 2017. The next year, a company called Project Revoice used the interviews and speeches he had given to promote the Ice Bucket Challenge to create a “voice bank” of his recorded speech. The innovation allowed him to communicate with "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=Dcg0rKG5WlU&t=205s"}],"text":"a digital approximation of his own voice"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" using existing eye-gaze technology."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":15},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Speaking to an audience in Boston last year for the fifth anniversary of the challenge, Mr. Quinn said the campaign “connected with a sweet left hook to the jaw of A.L.S. and shook the disease up, but by no means is this fight over.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":16},{"__typename":"RelatedLinksBlock","description":[],"displayStyle":"STANDARD","related":[{"__typename":"Article","bylines":[{"__typename":"Byline","creators":[{"__typename":"Person","displayName":"Jonah Engel Bromwich","id":"UGVyc29uOm55dDovL3BlcnNvbi80MWRhMGYyMC1kMDEwLTVkMDYtOTA2Ny05MGVlOTUzNGIyYTI="}]}],"collections":[],"firstPublished":"2019-12-09T19:59:00.000Z","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":"Pete Frates, Who Promoted the Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 34","seo":""},"id":"QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzdjYjRkYmM0LWRmYjYtNTJiMC04ZGY5LWYxMTIyNGE2N2E3Yw==","promotionalHeadline":"Pete Frates, Who Promoted the Ice Bucket Challenge, Dies at 34","promotionalMedia":{"__typename":"Image","credit":"Elise Amendola\u002FAssociated Press","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fobituaries\u002F00xp-frates\u002F00xp-frates-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"square640","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fobituaries\u002F00xp-frates\u002F00xp-frates-square640.jpg","width":640}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"videoLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fobituaries\u002F00xp-frates\u002F00xp-frates-videoLarge.jpg","width":768},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"mediumThreeByTwo440","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F10\u002Fobituaries\u002F00xp-frates\u002F00xp-frates-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg","width":440}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvYTVjZGI0YmItMTRkNS01MjA3LTg2ZDAtZGU4YWFlOTAzZTIw"},"promotionalSummary":"The former college baseball player’s involvement in the viral trend helped raise more than $100 million toward fighting A.L.S.","section":{"__typename":"Section","displayName":"U.S.","id":"U2VjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9zZWN0aW9uL2EzNGQzZDZjLWM3N2YtNTkzMS1iOTUxLTI0MWI0ZTI4NjgxYw=="},"summary":"The former college baseball player’s involvement in the viral trend helped raise more than $100 million toward fighting A.L.S.","typeOfMaterials":["Obituary (Obit)","Biography"],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2019\u002F12\u002F09\u002Fus\u002Fpete-frates-dead.html"},{"__typename":"Article","bylines":[{"__typename":"Byline","creators":[{"__typename":"Person","displayName":"Emily Steel","id":"UGVyc29uOm55dDovL3BlcnNvbi80ZTE0Nzk1Zi1jMDliLTU4MzUtYmU5Mi1iMDc4OWJkNjk1YjE="}]}],"collections":[],"firstPublished":"2014-08-18T00:01:43.000Z","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":"‘Ice Bucket Challenge’ Has Raised Millions for ALS Association","seo":""},"id":"QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2VjNDRjNjZmLWZiY2ItNTI4Ny04MWJiLWZhNTcwZDU5YjZlNQ==","promotionalHeadline":"‘Ice Bucket Challenge’ Has Raised Millions for ALS Association","promotionalMedia":{"__typename":"Image","credit":"Douglas Gorenstein\u002FNBC","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"videoLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2014\u002F08\u002F18\u002Fbusiness\u002F18Bucket\u002F18Bucket-videoLarge.jpg","width":768}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"square640","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2014\u002F08\u002F18\u002Fbusiness\u002F18Bucket\u002F18Bucket-square640.jpg","width":640}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2014\u002F08\u002F18\u002Fbusiness\u002F18Bucket\u002F18Bucket-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvZjlhMmRlZjktMzBlMC01OGE0LTg2YmUtMGU3OWNjMWNiZmI1"},"promotionalSummary":"The “Ice Bucket Challenge,” a campaign to raise money to fight Lou Gehrig’s disease, has caught fire on social media, with celebrities drenching themselves in ice water.","section":{"__typename":"Section","displayName":"Business","id":"U2VjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9zZWN0aW9uLzA0MTViMmIwLTUxM2EtNWU3OC04MGRhLTIxYWI3NzBjYjc1Mw=="},"summary":"The “Ice Bucket Challenge,” a campaign to raise money to fight Lou Gehrig’s disease, has caught fire on social media, with celebrities drenching themselves in ice water.","typeOfMaterials":["News"],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2014\u002F08\u002F18\u002Fbusiness\u002Fice-bucket-challenge-has-raised-millions-for-als-association.html"},{"__typename":"Article","bylines":[{"__typename":"Byline","creators":[{"__typename":"Person","displayName":"Katie Rogers","id":"UGVyc29uOm55dDovL3BlcnNvbi8yODM2Nzg0Ni05MTdhLTVhMTMtOGQ5Yy02ZDk3MzA4OTBmMGU="}]}],"collections":[],"firstPublished":"2016-07-27T19:21:46.000Z","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":"The ‘Ice Bucket Challenge’ Helped Scientists Discover a New Gene Tied to A.L.S.","seo":""},"id":"QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzk0MjhkZTJmLTM5OGItNTVhNy1iNmI4LTQ4MDJjYTViODVjYg==","promotionalHeadline":"The ‘Ice Bucket Challenge’ Helped Scientists Discover a New Gene Tied to A.L.S.","promotionalMedia":{"__typename":"Image","credit":"Chang W. Lee\u002FThe New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2016\u002F07\u002F27\u002Fus\u002F28xp-ice\u002F28xp-ice-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"videoLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2016\u002F07\u002F27\u002Fus\u002F28xp-ice\u002F28xp-ice-videoLarge.jpg","width":768},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"mediumThreeByTwo440","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2016\u002F07\u002F27\u002Fus\u002F28xp-ice\u002F28xp-ice-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg","width":440}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"square640","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2016\u002F07\u002F27\u002Fus\u002F28xp-ice\u002F28xp-ice-square640.jpg","width":640}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvZjVlZTg5N2EtMmVkNS01MzRkLWJhM2EtN2Q2OTY3YWIwNTg0"},"promotionalSummary":"A social media campaign disparaged by some as “slacktivism” raised $115 million and encouraged research.","section":{"__typename":"Section","displayName":"Health","id":"U2VjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9zZWN0aW9uLzlmOTQzMDE1LWE4OTktNTUwNS04NzMwLTZkMzBlZDg2MTUyMA=="},"summary":"A social media campaign disparaged by some as “slacktivism” raised $115 million and encouraged research.","typeOfMaterials":["News"],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2016\u002F07\u002F28\u002Fhealth\u002Fthe-ice-bucket-challenge-helped-scientists-discover-a-new-gene-tied-to-als.html"},{"__typename":"Article","bylines":[{"__typename":"Byline","creators":[{"__typename":"Person","displayName":"Pam Belluck","id":"UGVyc29uOm55dDovL3BlcnNvbi8wNGNjNTYwMy0zOWNhLTVhMGYtYTQxYS04NGY2NmYwNGY4NzM="}]}],"collections":[],"firstPublished":"2020-09-02T21:00:13.000Z","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":"2 College Students Dreamed Up an A.L.S. Treatment. The Results Are In.","seo":"New Treatment for Lou Gehrig's Disease Shows Promise"},"id":"QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlLzNlYWE4MDAyLWEzOTItNWM2OC05ODVhLTliMGIzZDU2ODNlMA==","promotionalHeadline":"2 College Students Dreamed Up an A.L.S. Treatment. The Results Are In.","promotionalMedia":{"__typename":"Image","credit":"Aileen Perilla for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F09\u002F08\u002Fscience\u002F02ALS1\u002Fmerlin_176266437_3cc8b3fd-fdbd-4abd-bfed-b7904b1055bf-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"square640","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F09\u002F08\u002Fscience\u002F02ALS1\u002Fmerlin_176266437_3cc8b3fd-fdbd-4abd-bfed-b7904b1055bf-square640.jpg","width":640}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"videoLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F09\u002F08\u002Fscience\u002F02ALS1\u002Fmerlin_176266437_3cc8b3fd-fdbd-4abd-bfed-b7904b1055bf-videoLarge.jpg","width":768},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"mediumThreeByTwo440","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F09\u002F08\u002Fscience\u002F02ALS1\u002Fmerlin_176266437_3cc8b3fd-fdbd-4abd-bfed-b7904b1055bf-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg","width":440},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"threeByTwoSmallAt2X","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2020\u002F09\u002F08\u002Fscience\u002F02ALS1\u002Fmerlin_176266437_3cc8b3fd-fdbd-4abd-bfed-b7904b1055bf-threeByTwoSmallAt2X.jpg","width":600}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvZTczNDIxZDYtYzRlMS01YTUyLTlkZDEtZWZkZTVjZmE4ZGM4"},"promotionalSummary":"A study of their therapy and clinical trials of other experimental treatments are offering glimmers of hope that paralysis from the disorder can be slowed.","section":{"__typename":"Section","displayName":"Health","id":"U2VjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9zZWN0aW9uLzlmOTQzMDE1LWE4OTktNTUwNS04NzMwLTZkMzBlZDg2MTUyMA=="},"summary":"A study of their therapy and clinical trials of other experimental treatments are offering glimmers of hope that paralysis from the disorder can be slowed.","typeOfMaterials":["News"],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F09\u002F02\u002Fhealth\u002Fals-icebucket-treatment.html"}],"title":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"A.L.S. and the Ice Bucket Challenge"}]}]},"storyFormat":null,"storylines":[],"subsection":null,"summary":"Mr. Quinn, who learned he had A.L.S. after turning 30, was credited with helping to make the ice-bucket videos a viral sensation that raised $220 million.","timesTags":[{"__typename":"Subject","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fsubject\u002F5c11ccfc-01f0-560c-8f66-b05689d538e3","vernacular":"ALS;Lou Gehrig's disease"},{"__typename":"Subject","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Deaths (Obituaries)","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fsubject\u002F2cb27a4a-ba21-58f6-931b-b56b88bce208","vernacular":"Obituary"},{"__typename":"Keyword","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Ice Bucket Challenge","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fkeyword\u002Ff2ab0052-d852-575e-87b6-e2f98eb980f7","vernacular":""},{"__typename":"Organization","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"ALS Assn","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Forganization\u002F02779954-b1f3-5ed0-aa5b-88081ce570a1","vernacular":"ALS Association"},{"__typename":"Subject","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Research","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fsubject\u002Fd88ded1c-7e45-5b0d-bffc-3c36a51c6754","vernacular":"Research"},{"__typename":"Person","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Frates, Pete","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fperson\u002Fc4ec2bfd-f3ce-5e73-976d-68b7f70de84f","vernacular":"Pete Frates"},{"__typename":"Subject","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Philanthropy","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fsubject\u002Fd98e93bb-5a33-51f2-9094-d4621d223557","vernacular":"Philanthropy"},{"__typename":"Person","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Quinn, Patrick Ryan (1983-2020)","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fperson\u002F32164883-42f5-56a6-a3a5-b7a95244c8ae","vernacular":"Pat Quinn"}],"tone":"NEWS","translations":[],"type":"article","typeOfMaterials":["Biography","Biography"],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F6991dc9a-0136-53de-8eca-05dde6fdcb71","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F22\u002Fus\u002Fpat-quinn-dead.html","wordCount":680}}},"initialState":{},"config":{"gqlUrlClient":"https:\u002F\u002Fsamizdat-graphql.nytimes.com\u002Fgraphql\u002Fv2","gqlRequestHeaders":{"nyt-app-type":"project-vi","nyt-app-version":"0.0.5","nyt-token":"MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAs+\u002FoUCTBmD\u002FcLdmcecrnBMHiU\u002FpxQCn2DDyaPKUOXxi4p0uUSZQzsuq1pJ1m5z1i0YGPd1U1OeGHAChWtqoxC7bFMCXcwnE1oyui9G1uobgpm1GdhtwkR7ta7akVTcsF8zxiXx7DNXIPd2nIJFH83rmkZueKrC4JVaNzjvD+Z03piLn5bHWU6+w+rA+kyJtGgZNTXKyPh6EC6o5N+rknNMG5+CdTq35p8f99WjFawSvYgP9V64kgckbTbtdJ6YhVP58TnuYgr12urtwnIqWP9KSJ1e5vmgf3tunMqWNm6+AnsqNj8mCLdCuc5cEB74CwUeQcP2HQQmbCddBy2y0mEwIDAQAB","x-nyt-internal-meter-override":undefined,"x-nyt-targeting-dimensions-map":"newsTenure=anon_user"},"gqlFetchTimeout":1500,"disablePersistedQueries":false,"initialDeviceType":"desktop","fastlyAbraConfig":{".ver":"23373.000","AMS_FrictionCircumventionDesktop_cwv":"2_low-mid-truncation","AMS_FrictionCircumventionMobile_cwv":"2_low-mid-truncation","DFP_MediaNet_0123":"","DFP_TopAd_Anon_0124":"0_Control","HOME_cwv_chartbeat":"1_Headlines"},"fastlyEntitlements":[],"platform":undefined,"internalPreviewConfig":{"meter":undefined,"swg":undefined},"webviewEnvironment":{"isInWebview":false,"isPreloaded":false},"isOptimisticallyTruncated":true,"optimisticTruncationDropzone":6,"requestPath":"\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F22\u002Fus\u002Fpat-quinn-dead.html","isProvisionallyLoggedIn":false,"routeName":"vi-story","serviceWorkerFile":"service-worker-test-1739545190723.js","preloadedServiceWorkerFile":"\u002Fvi-assets\u002Fstatic-assets\u002Fpreloaded-service-worker-1739545351728.js"},"ssrQuery":{},"initialLocation":{"pathname":"\u002F2020\u002F11\u002F22\u002Fus\u002Fpat-quinn-dead.html","search":""}};</script> <script>!function(){try{var e="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:{},a=(new Error).stack;a&&(e._sentryDebugIds=e._sentryDebugIds||{},e._sentryDebugIds[a]="4b72e4ed-569f-4297-8b0a-271676ec00c8",e._sentryDebugIdIdentifier="sentry-dbid-4b72e4ed-569f-4297-8b0a-271676ec00c8")}catch(e){}}();var _global="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:{};_global.SENTRY_RELEASE={id:"c281f8f394087ce6f27fbc1190bdb31cd5b91daa"},function(e){function a(a){for(var c,o,b=a[0],t=a[1],r=a[2],i=0,l=[];i<b.length;i++)o=b[i],Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,o)&&n[o]&&l.push(n[o][0]),n[o]=0;for(c in t)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,c)&&(e[c]=t[c]);for(s&&s(a);l.length;)l.shift()();return f.push.apply(f,r||[]),d()}function d(){for(var e,a=0;a<f.length;a++){for(var d=f[a],c=!0,b=1;b<d.length;b++){var t=d[b];0!==n[t]&&(c=!1)}c&&(f.splice(a--,1),e=o(o.s=d[0]))}return e}var c={},n={156:0},f=[];function o(a){if(c[a])return c[a].exports;var d=c[a]={i:a,l:!1,exports:{}};return e[a].call(d.exports,d,d.exports,o),d.l=!0,d.exports}o.e=function(e){var a=[],d=n[e];if(0!==d)if(d)a.push(d[2]);else{var c=new Promise((function(a,c){d=n[e]=[a,c]}));a.push(d[2]=c);var f,b=document.createElement("script");b.charset="utf-8",b.timeout=120,o.nc&&b.setAttribute("nonce",o.nc),b.src=function(e){return o.p+""+({0:"vendor",1:"vendors~accessCodeLPAllAccess~accessCodeLPAudio~accessCodeLPCooking~accessCodeLPGames~accessCodeLPHy~ae19e677",2:"vendors~account~byline~capsule~clientSideCapsule~collections~explainer~getstarted~liveAsset~livePane~32214921",4:"vendors~audio~bestsellers~card~collections~explainer~home~liveAsset~markets~paidpost~reviews~search~~b0abd9a2",5:"vendors~audio~byline~capsule~card~cardpanel~clientSideCapsule~collections~explainer~liveAsset~livePa~5a3d4357",6:"vendors~activateAudioLoginPage~allAccessLandingPage~audioLandingPage~brandLandingPage~cookingLanding~bc806fce",7:"vendors~activateAudioLoginPage~allAccessLandingPage~brandLandingPage~gamesGiftLandingPage~gamesLandi~0c9d5e15",8:"vendors~audio~byline~capsule~carddeck~cardpanel~clientSideCapsule~home~livePanel~paidpost~trending~video",9:"vendors~accessCodeLPAllAccess~accessCodeLPAudio~accessCodeLPCooking~accessCodeLPGames~accessCodeLPHy~8802538a",10:"vendors~accessCodeLPAllAccess~accessCodeLPAudio~accessCodeLPCooking~accessCodeLPGames~accessCodeLPHy~bb6edae8",11:"vendors~accessCodeLPAllAccess~accessCodeLPAudio~accessCodeLPCooking~accessCodeLPGames~accessCodeLPHy~ed77dc00",12:"vendors~athleticGiftLandingPage~athleticLandingPage~audioLandingPage~cookingLandingPage~gamesGiftLan~6e1a4ab4",13:"vendors~getstarted~newsletter~newsletters~newsletterssubscriberonly~recirculation~welcomesubscriber~~a6f3c374",14:"bestsellers~markets~reviews~search~trending~your-list",15:"vendors~athleticGiftLandingPage~athleticLandingPage~audioLandingPage~cookingLandingPage~homeDelivery~183795ad",16:"account~activateaccess~newslettersmanage~newslettersoptout~newslettersreengagement",17:"markets~reviews~timeswire~trending",18:"newsletter~newsletters~newsletterssubscriberonly~your-places-global-update",19:"vendors~CardDeck~carddeck~cardpanel~home",20:"giftArticles~subRecircBottomSheet~timeswire",21:"vendors~bestsellers~card~slideshow",22:"vendors~giftArticles~timeswire~your-list",25:"caHamburgerNestedNavData~nestedNav",26:"emailsignup~your-space",27:"internationalHamburgerNestedNavData",28:"nestedNav~usHamburgerNestedNavData",29:"vendors~account~newslettersoptout",30:"vendors~athleticGiftLandingPage~athleticLandingPage",31:"vendors~brandLandingPage~newsAppLandingPage",32:"vendors~gamesOnboardingOfferLandingPage~newsOnboardingOfferLandingPage",33:"vendors~getstarted~welcomesubscriber",34:"vendors~groupsHigherEdLandingPage~groupsLandingPage",39:"CardDeck",40:"ChineseHanLogo",41:"DealbookLogo",42:"InsiderLogo",43:"NYTCommunitiesFundHeader",44:"Rio2016",45:"SportsFromTheAthleticLogo",46:"TMagazineLogo",47:"UpshotLogo",48:"WorldCupLogo2018",49:"accessCodeLPAllAccess",50:"accessCodeLPAudio",51:"accessCodeLPCooking",52:"accessCodeLPGames",53:"accessCodeLPHyundaicard",54:"accessCodeLPNews",55:"accessCodeLPNexo",56:"accessCodeLPTheAthletic",57:"accessCodeLPWirecutter",58:"account",59:"activateAudioLoginPage",60:"activateaccess",61:"additionalPlaylists",63:"allAccessLandingPage",64:"ask",65:"athleticGiftLandingPage",66:"athleticLandingPage",67:"audio",68:"audioApp",69:"audioLandingPage",70:"audioblock",71:"autoSave",72:"bestsellers",73:"blank",74:"book-review",75:"brandLandingPage",76:"byline",77:"caHamburgerNestedNavData",78:"canadaSiteIndexData",79:"canonicalUrlOverride",80:"capsule",81:"card",82:"carddeck",83:"carddeckadslot",84:"cardpanel",85:"clientSideCapsule",86:"collectionnewsletterform",87:"collections",88:"commentsForm",89:"commentsV2",90:"cookingAppDownloadLandingPage",91:"cookingLandingPage",92:"datasubjectrequest",93:"datasubjectrequestverification",94:"dealbook",95:"defaultSiteIndexData",96:"desktopLogoNav",97:"emailsignup",98:"episodefooter",99:"esHamburgerNestedNavData",100:"explainer",101:"explainerPostHeader",102:"explainerRecirculation",103:"fabActual",104:"featuredproperties",105:"foo",106:"gamesGiftLandingPage",107:"gamesLandingPage",108:"gamesOnboardingOfferLandingPage",109:"gatewayLandingPage",110:"getstarted",111:"giftArticles",112:"giftLandingPage",113:"groupsHigherEdLandingPage",114:"groupsLandingPage",115:"hamburgerDrawer",116:"headerfullbleedhorizontal",117:"headerfullbleedvertical",118:"headerlivebriefingvi",119:"home",120:"homeDeliveryLandingPage",121:"hyundaiCardLandingPage",122:"instacartLandingPage",124:"internationalSiteIndexData",125:"leMondeLandingPage",126:"lens",127:"liveAsset",128:"livePanel",129:"livePostHeader",130:"lottieJSON",132:"markets",133:"mortgagecalculator",134:"nestedNav",135:"newsAppLandingPage",136:"newsOnboardingOfferLandingPage",137:"newsletter",138:"newsletterRecirculation",139:"newsletters",140:"newslettersmanage",141:"newslettersoptout",142:"newslettersreengagement",143:"newsletterssubscriberonly",144:"onsiteMessagingExampleLP",145:"opinion",146:"paidpost",147:"privacy",148:"producernotes",149:"query-and-select",150:"recirculation",151:"related-coverage-chunk",152:"reviewheader",153:"reviews",157:"search",158:"siteIndexContent",159:"sitemap",160:"slideshow",161:"slideshowinline",162:"stickyfilljs",163:"story",164:"subRecircBottomSheet",165:"submittedComment",166:"subscribeWithGoogleLP",167:"surveywithdrawconsent",168:"tabActual",169:"the-athletic",170:"timeswire",171:"trending",172:"upshot",173:"usHamburgerNestedNavData",174:"vanity",176:"vendors~audioblock",177:"vendors~carddeck",178:"vendors~commentsForm",179:"vendors~cookingAppDownloadLandingPage",180:"vendors~emailsignup",181:"vendors~episodefooter",182:"vendors~explainerRecirculation",183:"vendors~giftArticles",184:"vendors~headerfullbleedhorizontal",185:"vendors~headerfullbleedvertical",186:"vendors~headerlivebriefingvi",187:"vendors~homeDeliveryLandingPage",188:"vendors~instacartLandingPage",189:"vendors~mortgagecalculator",190:"vendors~producernotes",191:"vendors~recirculation",192:"vendors~reviewheader",193:"vendors~search",194:"vendors~slideshowinline",195:"vendors~subscribeWithGoogleLP",196:"vendors~viToolbar",197:"vendors~videoblock",198:"vendors~wellContent",199:"viToolbar",200:"video",201:"videoblock",202:"welcomeBannerGames",203:"welcomesubscriber",204:"wellContent",205:"wirecutterLandingPage",206:"world-cup-2019",207:"xpnMobileCooking",208:"xpnMobileWirecutter",209:"your-list",210:"your-places-global-update",211:"your-space"}[e]||e)+"-"+{0:"d219039692ab55462dfb",1:"47822365b65b4f1d8d05",2:"5dcb734a7d903abdc2c5",3:"fe0e45e07f2b6d8f62b3",4:"a46b15b690850d4c4bec",5:"b545d4fc76bdc1d9468c",6:"87cd2ceefbc5bdce5c9d",7:"8e847d9a7941f8475d41",8:"a0c6dd032d669c9f2564",9:"4e7e4469218011b49504",10:"27ed8d477e86da0a8fa0",11:"2cd45a448a749cf5f2fa",12:"114286cc6090fc3f8b39",13:"02a9f64efc1b35a3cc63",14:"3545f97dc25220d7705c",15:"08638851d8a017855dcf",16:"efff196d91465d2383db",17:"52acae3119bedc707ec1",18:"e38fcc4ab37d6cbe7993",19:"39329deda21dcdfa3da2",20:"87d1f8de177d0e81e082",21:"2e77a91dd6bd8c4458e4",22:"86f04164d4a4a7a99db4",23:"775b6f79c1f4a1d2b893",24:"e422d27331df45ab1b7a",25:"4a1a47cdf34e143a870c",26:"bfa439d8b4d0ca561199",27:"e6774c370cdaf5e898bc",28:"22c35505e76b54011fa8",29:"5776546a844c24616ade",30:"577e04ff302a8bcd3046",31:"6b734e2b2e0d8fdb0842",32:"f89eae0082f6bf05bcaf",33:"319a5e6a269bd9c43458",34:"9255a46ce13834284d22",35:"7607955dd9ff55b6befe",36:"4f685eebfbb63f6aeb7b",37:"c9f7c210b823b6bef840",38:"22f0e7436a72aa2ae2e2",39:"b5648c8b2f8da17ea97d",40:"a152505736b4d3b5b85a",41:"70dfaba16bcaa6ccbeff",42:"b4960b085454f84041b8",43:"11f644ca0cfee24994b6",44:"dec4455c4ceef51a50e0",45:"afd8ff38444e212f5ddf",46:"ed9ab8d97adee6583695",47:"8673e0cf75876c8706ae",48:"260f2c476592a2946c3a",49:"1a031c6fa1d6669c0c2b",50:"ab84337d9aa37280147b",51:"d3ebe06430429011964a",52:"8ff21489f2b22df21843",53:"8090cb1dacd88803c33d",54:"5f5f5287eb94254bdbe6",55:"536f8e33ef6dffbe17bd",56:"7112f15c5032e49bc65f",57:"7936009133492f01a8c5",58:"e1f2b98561bd9f2b034e",59:"5f1760e6162f6939b42e",60:"474ba41c38d9bca4be62",61:"c82a60f29a81b20180ff",63:"bb1a788e70486c94b94f",64:"a3a4ffcecc7e31fd1f4e",65:"9749a26b58e2c32b5462",66:"3409bfc6b6946a7770c3",67:"6b2679e969611c265ec8",68:"827b007a12c99f1a7bbe",69:"fb4bbf46615527a4e6a8",70:"61762b439ec23168d1b7",71:"d0fb86fe003dc44cbff5",72:"586bc8c11c6fbaea2497",73:"8cf35d00bcaca1179d1a",74:"50f882f7bc112c50e517",75:"bea0f2c5d4a836259974",76:"809c1c579c205391d6cc",77:"a286fbbff58fa9ce17c8",78:"e6c5111965ce34911389",79:"e50bc3aa30cdd931ff3a",80:"db12eff4c753b151adee",81:"87d1a2a279b7d9434163",82:"6bb3324939050c0815b2",83:"6ae05f177db5761e2557",84:"99c488c609fac3a240c0",85:"7ca24b24ba18370ac695",86:"1cf4be3682f07a81ce08",87:"83c08e5a84babb286fcf",88:"d55baf7b6e978ddcb742",89:"2f81f67c657846c3eaeb",90:"ac7a56cea8a2aaca2316",91:"1b91371ca38f91321e62",92:"6f2de7ce33e09eda94fa",93:"2d8f0438099ceae4b293",94:"2f8e5ac46833f54a643d",95:"29533c81f7cda40294c0",96:"b921b7739dc8c0bdbd8f",97:"6abee464c238e797f026",98:"f89393c936826bd29758",99:"a2b5d3d1e733c8e08b77",100:"b726f6b8650ba7828a56",101:"60928cde978d38683103",102:"9b64a156dc99e498b58f",103:"0eed35d7f2bac1439109",104:"5e754174415f1b78f2dc",105:"8fc4aade34920a4aada4",106:"edfb242b35f498018a03",107:"60f6ddccb7ff46180fd9",108:"a75887e393ec2e3e12f2",109:"ad6b5503f9b7d6614088",110:"ab9280058b3e5395c8ce",111:"cb1e781b0e7712dcc612",112:"50997b38e58cbe1bdf55",113:"240d7897dd8c036e5df6",114:"70f72342d5146b87d2f3",115:"8e03ceae280706dca587",116:"14a594a93fa72ade78e4",117:"41c895ecad2aff17936f",118:"b8c7949472ef53216a84",119:"46a180c89880f356a4b3",120:"86cf9d515ee1ac2c87c7",121:"7f5ddc44ebb9dcfd40d7",122:"a5cff675f739dd9ef63d",124:"95b891cd64fd2e4aaeed",125:"562b2a4d1beeeb85f058",126:"df06a3311e5d673f3d5c",127:"3c3ef64d9f7454d0e8b1",128:"4607587eea23e7c21265",129:"08b56fa44e197a9f466b",130:"f611e8570c19f44024b8",132:"6eeb3b4b9d7e941e10d3",133:"7c0920ef4dd03b0aa362",134:"d0254bf0deb85e5bf3c6",135:"56810fe8352e6515dba8",136:"56dd48a875fec8b694c5",137:"cd79da40c7e6827c3f0d",138:"f90667f2f611438ac3ba",139:"1cd1cbb33c7a040f9bd1",140:"e2f76261bbb69e82b289",141:"7b620f2d1de64166bc93",142:"417aa6fa0bf8ed0d6ad3",143:"05493c340f56b4068d9d",144:"e888fd329e361b6f43f8",145:"674197f940196ff7f0ed",146:"b0b11baee914ee1847a3",147:"132536e3212c5f79158e",148:"aac0a25ab2999e9a2526",149:"7208a82f7241ab972c97",150:"635b9bf3830979a1a931",151:"4ac2967fcf1c03a128c7",152:"6f5bb1d733a044e0235f",153:"0d8780d700edba91599d",157:"3df4b036a5d8463bf655",158:"288daf325e9980d40bf1",159:"1952f23acfeaf50cf995",160:"d35035e6235fc34c9945",161:"6e21c74dc623d326a642",162:"b4be78f783f857834a69",163:"83a51be3f06cf71ff44d",164:"76279cd840de76304779",165:"91bd4c381f1f4a693d74",166:"be30a7ee4611cbf6ac16",167:"a63a66835e68675d93c0",168:"2672ac97bf453f75a426",169:"126db5a0997035df993f",170:"b13b1ba8e681dafa6507",171:"f9b31b926c80ff59700e",172:"909e41a59d93e0db19b9",173:"5d2c071d7f02c47ac37b",174:"ae49b87c2640be69429f",176:"ddf175adda7f4e8b5b19",177:"be59b100e17d24c78977",178:"fa417926a5ef457fcf8d",179:"2180b5187c539767c687",180:"982bd4e4409342585a08",181:"c6a1c8c57d3a4a8ae0b1",182:"11a96286e5aae646a899",183:"d24d1bde12ad3fda2cdd",184:"38a5d3e3eb903916d426",185:"22bf1e55bd82966fd620",186:"fec98879d6c28179ca25",187:"b9c7c145a1bb920c622e",188:"4de8ab90436849a5da73",189:"adb8a15ee815752bef1f",190:"976a26f765ff955a01cd",191:"a434050aed54bb3d65bc",192:"9c69ec380b7da357585e",193:"509fea39efd78c8e1959",194:"0f3e2a7011fa886f09b5",195:"7a2bd510c6d82d41717e",196:"449f19286ba3c07245e8",197:"705e0fc173efcd103a1d",198:"cac2adf18ed92438f703",199:"4650ff4313d1403fb380",200:"6ad8dd9dd5de3fedc31a",201:"3edaa2cddf551ac97442",202:"be4851309bf9a51e7067",203:"3455879594b975dd30c4",204:"84b1d3e66ef696928928",205:"4604e8f708e10073336e",206:"a1482ba0e4515436e426",207:"e87e385330af579fb085",208:"b48ed9717177f2d980e2",209:"d9d76b2910c8ed4240bf",210:"27efef1f6046b32eaee4",211:"6e807821b8deeb9756e1",212:"1376f2425506358537f1",213:"e0bf5922df67190bcdc1",214:"fb90e6c398319e62ef32",215:"74dac360c101437bb0d2",216:"ac297fab1d55ce43741e",217:"32f8b248ddfaf12b6601",218:"697d712db28e1dd580fa",219:"46ffd1c6be4004f7a85d",220:"b381cc19a9339e829343",221:"68d8fee45131036ce5d4",222:"b337e5b386b36f2298ea",223:"06291f35475377a81b40",224:"24e5209d1c0ce55c36e7",225:"c6ed806f83fddd7bd248",226:"bef81c0cecabbb950620",227:"bd55e5b1f46a0c84a9b1",228:"c24c73466f9d2ad8a11b",229:"6fca9abbe800ce79f20e",230:"c8557f9d1a736f677e4d"}[e]+".js"}(e);var t=new Error;f=function(a){b.onerror=b.onload=null,clearTimeout(r);var d=n[e];if(0!==d){if(d){var c=a&&("load"===a.type?"missing":a.type),f=a&&a.target&&a.target.src;t.message="Loading chunk "+e+" failed.\n("+c+": "+f+")",t.name="ChunkLoadError",t.type=c,t.request=f,d[1](t)}n[e]=void 0}};var r=setTimeout((function(){f({type:"timeout",target:b})}),12e4);b.onerror=b.onload=f,document.head.appendChild(b)}return Promise.all(a)},o.m=e,o.c=c,o.d=function(e,a,d){o.o(e,a)||Object.defineProperty(e,a,{enumerable:!0,get:d})},o.r=function(e){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},o.t=function(e,a){if(1&a&&(e=o(e)),8&a)return e;if(4&a&&"object"==typeof e&&e&&e.__esModule)return e;var d=Object.create(null);if(o.r(d),Object.defineProperty(d,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e}),2&a&&"string"!=typeof e)for(var c in e)o.d(d,c,function(a){return e[a]}.bind(null,c));return d},o.n=function(e){var a=e&&e.__esModule?function(){return e.default}:function(){return e};return o.d(a,"a",a),a},o.o=function(e,a){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,a)},o.p="/vi-assets/static-assets/",o.oe=function(e){throw console.error(e),e};var b=window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[],t=b.push.bind(b);b.push=a,b=b.slice();for(var r=0;r<b.length;r++)a(b[r]);var s=t;d()}([]); //# sourceMappingURL=runtime~main-93a29791bf0b32a1bad9.js.map</script> <script defer src="/vi-assets/static-assets/vendor-d219039692ab55462dfb.js"></script> <script defer src="/vi-assets/static-assets/story-83a51be3f06cf71ff44d.js"></script> <script defer src="/vi-assets/static-assets/main-82b5ef5cedbf5f46c6da.js"></script> <script>(function () { var _f=function(){try{var e=["first-paint","first-contentful-paint","userBtnRender","appRenderTime"];new window.PerformanceObserver(function(r){for(var n=r.getEntries(),a=0;a<n.length;a+=1){var t=n[a];if(e.indexOf(t.name)>-1){var i={};i[t.name]=Math.round(t.duration||t.startTime),(window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[]).push({event:"performance",pageview:{performance:i}})}}}).observe({entryTypes:["mark","measure","paint"]})}catch(e){}};;_f.apply(null, []); })();(function () { var _f=function(){!function(){if(1===Math.floor(20*Math.random())&&(!window.BOOMR||!window.BOOMR.version&&!window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted)){window.BOOMR=window.BOOMR||{},window.BOOMR.snippetStart=(new Date).getTime(),window.BOOMR.snippetExecuted=!0,window.BOOMR.snippetVersion=14,window.BOOMR.url="https://s.go-mpulse.net/boomerang/ATH8A-MAMN8-XPXCH-N5KAX-8D239";var e=(document.currentScript||document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]).parentNode,n=!1,t=document.createElement("link");t.relList&&"function"==typeof t.relList.supports&&t.relList.supports("preload")&&"as"in t?(window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="p",t.href=window.BOOMR.url,t.rel="preload",t.as="script",t.addEventListener("load",function(){if(!n){var t=document.createElement("script");t.id="boomr-scr-as",t.src=window.BOOMR.url,t.async=!0,e.appendChild(t),n=!0}}),t.addEventListener("error",function(){o(!0)}),setTimeout(function(){n||o(!0)},3e3),BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),e.appendChild(t)):o(!1),window.addEventListener?window.addEventListener("load",i,!1):window.attachEvent&&window.attachEvent("onload",i)}function o(t){n=!0;var o,i,d,a,r=document,s=window;if(window.BOOMR.snippetMethod=t?"if":"i",i=function(e,n){var t=r.createElement("script");t.id=n||"boomr-if-as",t.src=window.BOOMR.url,BOOMR_lstart=(new Date).getTime(),(e=e||r.body).appendChild(t)},!window.addEventListener&&window.attachEvent&&navigator.userAgent.match(/MSIE [67]./))return window.BOOMR.snippetMethod="s",void i(e,"boomr-async");(d=document.createElement("IFRAME")).src="about:blank",d.title="",d.role="presentation",d.loading="eager",(a=(d.frameElement||d).style).width=0,a.height=0,a.border=0,a.display="none",e.appendChild(d);try{s=d.contentWindow,r=s.document.open()}catch(e){o=document.domain,d.src="javascript:var d=document.open();d.domain='"+o+"';void 0;",s=d.contentWindow,r=s.document.open()}o?(r._boomrl=function(){this.domain=o,i()},r.write("<body onload='document._boomrl();'>")):(s._boomrl=function(){i()},s.addEventListener?s.addEventListener("load",s._boomrl,!1):s.attachEvent&&s.attachEvent("onload",s._boomrl)),r.close()}function i(e){window.BOOMR_onload=e&&e.timeStamp||(new Date).getTime()}}()};;_f.apply(null, []); })();</script> <script> (function(){ if (document.cookie.indexOf('NYT-S') === -1) { var iframe = document.createElement('iframe'); iframe.height = 0; iframe.width = 0; iframe.style.display = 'none'; iframe.style.visibility = 'hidden'; iframe.src = 'https://myaccount.nytimes.com/auth/prefetch-assets'; document.body.appendChild(iframe); } })(); </script> <script> (function(w, l) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); })(window, 'dataLayer'); </script> <script defer src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-P528B3>m_auth=tfAzqo1rYDLgYhmTnSjPqw>m_preview=env-130>m_cookies_win=x"></script> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P528B3>m_auth=tfAzqo1rYDLgYhmTnSjPqw>m_preview=env-130>m_cookies_win=x" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- RELEASE c281f8f394087ce6f27fbc1190bdb31cd5b91daa --> </body> </html>