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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Dorsal raphe nucleus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Drn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Drn.png/250px-Drn.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Drn.png/375px-Drn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Drn.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="499" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Outline of the dorsal raphe nucleus: <b>DRif</b> interfascicular subnucleus, <b>DRv</b> ventral subnucleus, <b>DRvl</b> ventrolateral subnucleus, <b>DRd</b> dorsal subnucleus, <b>mlf</b> <a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">medial longitudinal fasciculus</a>, <b>Aq</b> <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">cerebral aqueduct</a>, <b>IVn</b> <a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">trochlear nucleus</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>nucleus raphes posterior, nucleus raphes dorsalis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D065847">D065847</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=512">512</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_982">birnlex_982</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.05.604%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.05.604</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5957">5957</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma68462">68462</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5298804" class="extiw" title="d:Q5298804">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>dorsal raphe nucleus</b> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">raphe nuclei</a>. It is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> at the midline. It has rostral and caudal subdivisions: </p> <ul><li>The rostral aspect of the <i>dorsal</i> raphe is further divided into interfascicular, ventral, ventrolateral and dorsal subnuclei.</li> <li>The projections of the <i>dorsal</i> raphe have been found to vary topographically, and thus the subnuclei differ in their projections.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efferents">Efferents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Efferents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DRN issues serotonergic efferents to the hippocampal formation, limbic lobe, and amygdala (these efferents are involved in regulation of memory processing).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neurophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serotonergic_neurotransmission">Serotonergic neurotransmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Serotonergic neurotransmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dorsal raphe is the largest serotonergic nucleus and provides a substantial proportion of the serotonin innervation to the forebrain. </p><p>Serotonergic neurons are found throughout the dorsal raphe nucleus and tend to be larger than other cells. A substantial population of cells synthesizing <a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">substance P</a> are found in the rostral aspects, many of these co-express serotonin and substance P. There is also a population of catecholamine synthesizing neurons in the rostral dorsal raphe, and these cells appear to be relatively large.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dorsal raphe nucleus is rich in <a href="/wiki/Pre-synaptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-synaptic">pre-synaptic</a> serotonin <a href="/wiki/5-HT1A" class="mw-redirect" title="5-HT1A">5-HT<sub>1A</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Autoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoreceptors">autoreceptors</a>, and it's believed that the action of the <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> (SSRIs) in this region is responsible for the latency of their antidepressant effect.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naloxone-induced_morphine_withdrawal">Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dorsal raphe nucleus has also been implicated in naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal. It is known that endogenous <a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid receptors">opioid receptors</a> exist in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and that it is a focal point as an ascending and descending regulator. Pourshanazari et al. showed in their 2000 paper that electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus can partially alleviate <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> withdrawal symptoms via electrical stimulation of the raphe nucleus in question.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These are fascinating results; however no control was provided for the spread of electrical charge to other parts of the brain stem. It is quite possible that the charge spread to the nucleus raphes magnus and induced <a href="/wiki/Analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesia">analgesia</a> upon the rats. Knowing that the spread of charge across such a short area is very plausible, as is an alternate connection to the raphe magnus, these results could be called into question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Narcolepsy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wu M.F. <i>et al.</i> studied the dorsal raphe nucleus as it pertained to <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a>. This is logical, as the raphe nuclei have been known to play a role in the sleep/wake cycle. <a href="/wiki/Cataplexy" title="Cataplexy">Cataplexy</a> is the symptom of narcolepsy when full awareness of the environment is maintained, but all muscle tone is lost. This has thought to be a dissociation of what normally happens during <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">REM</a> sleep, when all muscle tone is lost except for the eyes. The dorsal raphe nucleus has been known to project to the lateral <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Locus_coeruleus" title="Locus coeruleus">locus coeruleus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tuberomammillary_nucleus" title="Tuberomammillary nucleus">tuberomammillary nucleus</a>. The neurotransmitters of these three aforementioned nuclei, which project to the lateral hypothalamus, are <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> respectively. These neurotransmitters are fully active during waking hours, partially active during non-REM sleep, and have almost ceased during REM sleep. In cats with <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pontine</a> lesions, their normal <a href="/wiki/Atonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonia">atonia</a> is not present, the dorsal raphe nucleus is fully active, as opposed to the cessation of action under normal conditions. A muscle relaxant, known as <a href="/wiki/Mephenesin" title="Mephenesin">Mephenesin</a>, reduces activity of the dorsal nucleus, as well as microinjections of <a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">carbachol</a> (which induces atonia while awake).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression_and_suicide">Depression and suicide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Depression and suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rostral raphe nuclei, both the <a href="/wiki/Median_raphe_nucleus" title="Median raphe nucleus">median raphe nucleus</a> and particularly the dorsal raphe nucleus have long been implicated in depression. Some studies have suggested that the dorsal raphe may be decreased in size in people with depression and, paradoxically, an increased cell density in those who die by suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An increased number of cells in the lateral aspects of the dorsal raphe is characteristic of primates (including humans).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rat">Rat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_2">Research</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ten percent of the axons from the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat have been shown to project to the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while only medium cells seem to project to the caudate and putamen and olfactory bulb.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorsal_raphe_nucleus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'HearnMolliver1984" class="citation journal cs1">O'Hearn E, Molliver ME (December 1984). "Organization of raphe-cortical projections in rat: a quantitative retrograde study". <i>Brain Res. Bull</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 709–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0361-9230%2884%2990232-6">10.1016/0361-9230(84)90232-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6099744">6099744</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4761755">4761755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Res.+Bull.&rft.atitle=Organization+of+raphe-cortical+projections+in+rat%3A+a+quantitative+retrograde+study&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=709-26&rft.date=1984-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4761755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6099744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0361-9230%2884%2990232-6&rft.aulast=O%27Hearn&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Molliver%2C+ME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADorsal+raphe+nucleus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatestasGartner2016" class="citation book cs1">Patestas, Maria A.; Gartner, Leslie P. 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesencephalon" title="Template:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mesencephalon" title="Template talk:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mesencephalon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_midbrain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Tectum</a><br />(Dorsal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corpora_quadrigemina" title="Corpora quadrigemina">Corpora quadrigemina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior colliculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus#Input_and_output_connections_of_IC" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior brachium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">Superior colliculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus#Structure" title="Superior colliculus">Superior brachium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pretectal_area" title="Pretectal area">Pretectal area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory / ascending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinotectal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinotectal tract">Spinotectal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor / descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">Cerebral aqueduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle" title="Cerebral peduncle">Peduncle</a><br />(Ventral)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tegmentum" title="Midbrain tegmentum">Tegmentum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory / ascending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lemnisci <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Ascending MLF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_trigeminal_tract" title="Ventral trigeminal tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor / descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">Rubrospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Descending MLF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Mesencephalic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">Oculomotor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">Trochlear nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinger%E2%80%93Westphal_nucleus" title="Edinger–Westphal nucleus">Edinger–Westphal nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">Ventral tegmental area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus" title="Rostromedial tegmental nucleus">Rostromedial tegmental nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">Periaqueductal gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostral_interstitial_nucleus_of_medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus">Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrachial area">Parabrachial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpeduncular_nucleus" title="Interpeduncular nucleus">Interpeduncular nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_reticular_formation" title="Midbrain reticular formation">Midbrain reticular formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_tegmental_nucleus" title="Dorsal tegmental nucleus">Dorsal tegmental nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">dorsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulotegmental_nucleus" title="Reticulotegmental nucleus">Reticulotegmental nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_crus" title="Cerebral crus">Cerebral crus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Pyramidal tracts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticospinal_tract" title="Corticospinal tract">Corticospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontopontine_fibers" title="Frontopontine fibers">Frontopontine fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporopontine_fibers" title="Temporopontine fibers">Temporopontine fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">Substantia nigra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pars_compacta" title="Pars compacta">Pars compacta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_reticulata" title="Pars reticulata">Pars reticulata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">Superior cerebellar peduncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decussation_of_superior_cerebellar_peduncles" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles">Decussation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpeduncular_fossa" title="Interpeduncular fossa">Interpeduncular fossa</a></li></ul> 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