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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Aksara+Jawa" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Aksara+Jawa" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Penggunaan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penggunaan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penggunaan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kemunduran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemunduran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Kemunduran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemunduran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_kontemporer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_kontemporer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Penggunaan kontemporer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_kontemporer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bentuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bentuk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bentuk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Bentuk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bentuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aksara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aksara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Aksara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aksara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wyanjana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wyanjana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span><i>Wyanjana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wyanjana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span><i>Swara</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rékan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rékan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span><i>Rékan</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rékan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diakritik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diakritik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Diakritik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diakritik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swara_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swara_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span><i>Swara</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swara_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panyigeging_wanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panyigeging_wanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span><i>Panyigeging wanda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panyigeging_wanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wyanjana_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wyanjana_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span><i>Wyanjana</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wyanjana_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pasangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pasangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pasangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pasangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Angka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanda_baca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanda_baca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Tanda baca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanda_baca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pepadan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pepadan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span><i>Pepadan</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pepadan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengurutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengurutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pengurutan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengurutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contoh_teks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contoh_teks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Contoh teks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contoh_teks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perbandingan_dengan_aksara_Bali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perbandingan_dengan_aksara_Bali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Perbandingan dengan aksara Bali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perbandingan_dengan_aksara_Bali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_bahasa_Madura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_dalam_bahasa_Madura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Penggunaan dalam bahasa Madura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_bahasa_Madura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penggunaan dalam bahasa Madura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_bahasa_Madura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perbandingan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perbandingan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Perbandingan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perbandingan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contoh_penggunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contoh_penggunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Contoh penggunaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contoh_penggunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_bahasa_Sunda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_dalam_bahasa_Sunda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Penggunaan dalam bahasa Sunda</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_bahasa_Sunda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Penggunaan dalam bahasa Sunda</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_dalam_bahasa_Sunda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perbandingan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perbandingan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Perbandingan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perbandingan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contoh_penggunaan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contoh_penggunaan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Contoh penggunaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contoh_penggunaan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blok_Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blok_Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Blok Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blok_Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Galeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daftar_pustaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daftar_pustaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Daftar pustaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daftar_pustaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pedoman_penulisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedoman_penulisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1.1</span> <span>Pedoman penulisan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pedoman_penulisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Pranala luar</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Koleksi_digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koleksi_digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Koleksi digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koleksi_digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naskah_digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naskah_digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Naskah digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naskah_digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lainnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lainnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Lainnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lainnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aksara Jawa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 32 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="जावाई लिपि – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जावाई लिपि" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كتابة جاوية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتابة جاوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_javan%C3%A8s" title="Alfabet javanès – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet javanès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanische_Schrift" title="Javanische Schrift – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Javanische Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Javanese script" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_alfabeto" title="Java alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Java alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_javan%C3%A9s" title="Alfabeto javanés – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto javanés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="الفبای جاوه‌ای – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای جاوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaavalainen_kirjaimisto" title="Jaavalainen kirjaimisto – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaavalainen kirjaimisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89criture_javanaise" title="Écriture javanaise – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écriture javanaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="जावाई लिपि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जावाई लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto_giavanese" title="Alfabeto giavanese – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto giavanese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AF%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="ジャワ文字 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャワ文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Carakan" title="Aksara Carakan – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara Carakan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="იავური დამწერლობა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იავური დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Jawa" title="Aksara Jawa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aksara Jawa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%80_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="자와 문자 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자와 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Carakan_Madhur%C3%A2" title="Aksara Carakan Madhurâ – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Aksara Carakan Madhurâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_Jawa" title="Aksara Jawa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Aksara Jawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Јаванско писмо – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаванско писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulisan_Jawa" title="Tulisan Jawa – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tulisan Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanesisk_skrift" title="Javanesisk skrift – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Javanesisk skrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_jawajskie" title="Pismo jawajskie – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pismo jawajskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="جاوی لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاوی لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="جاوايي ليکدود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاوايي ليکدود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Яванское письмо – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яванское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanesisk_skrift" title="Javanesisk skrift – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Javanesisk skrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="อักษรชวา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรชวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Javanese script" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Яванське письмо – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яванське письмо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Java" title="Chữ Java – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chữ Java" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="爪哇字母 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爪哇字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q879704#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Jawa" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Aksara_Jawa" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> 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Anda hanya dapat melihat sumbernya. [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Jawa&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Jawa"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Jawa&action=edit"><span>Lihat sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Jawa&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Aksara_Jawa" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Aksara_Jawa" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Jawa&oldid=26488416" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Jawa&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Aksara_Jawa&id=26488416&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAksara_Jawa"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAksara_Jawa"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Aksara+Jawa"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aksara_Jawa&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Jawa&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Javanese_script" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q879704" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button 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background:navajowhite; color:black;;"><span style="opacity:85%">Aksara Jawa<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦗꦮ</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aksara_Jawa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aksara_Jawa.svg/230px-Aksara_Jawa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aksara_Jawa.svg/345px-Aksara_Jawa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Aksara_Jawa.svg/460px-Aksara_Jawa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Jenis aksara</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Bahasa</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Jawa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sunda" title="Bahasa Sunda">Sunda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Madura" title="Bahasa Madura">Madura</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sasak" title="Bahasa Sasak">Sasak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">Melayu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kawi">Kawi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sanskerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskerta">Sanskerta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Periode</div></th><td class="infobox-data">abad ke-15 hingga sekarang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Arah penulisan</th><td class="infobox-data">Kiri ke kanan</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="padding:0.25em;opacity:85%; background:navajowhite; color:black;;">Aksara terkait</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Silsilah</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><div style="line-height:100%;">Menurut hipotesis hubungan antara abjad Aramea dengan Brahmi, maka silsilahnya sebagai berikut:<br /><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px; padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Proto-Sinai" title="Abjad Proto-Sinai">Abjad Proto-Sinai</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px; padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Fenisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Fenisia">Abjad Fenisia</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px; padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Aramea" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Aramea">Abjad Aramea</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px; padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Brahmi" title="Aksara Brahmi">Aksara Brahmi</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px; padding-left:0"><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div> Dari aksara Brahmi diturunkanlah:<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Pallawa" title="Aksara Pallawa">Aksara Pallawa</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kawi" title="Aksara Kawi">Aksara Kawi</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Aksara Jawa</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Aksara kerabat</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Bali" title="Aksara Bali">Bali</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Surat_Batak" title="Surat Batak">Batak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Baybayin" title="Aksara Baybayin">Baybayin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Lontara" title="Aksara Lontara">Bugis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Incung" title="Aksara Incung">Incung</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Surat_Lampung" title="Surat Lampung">Lampung</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Makassar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Makassar">Makassar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Rejang" title="Aksara Rejang">Rejang</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Sunda" title="Aksara Sunda">Sunda</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="padding:0.25em;opacity:85%; background:navajowhite; color:black;;">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">Java</span>, <span style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">361 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q879704?uselang=id#P2620" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></span>, Jawa</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="padding:0.25em;opacity:85%; background:navajowhite; color:black;;">Pengkodean Unicode</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Nama Unicode</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Javanese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rentang_Unicode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rentang Unicode (halaman belum tersedia)">Rentang Unicode</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA980.pdf"><code>U+A980</code>–<code>U+A9DF</code></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asal-usul Semitik dari aksara-aksara Brahmik tidak disetujui secara universal.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:87%;"> Artikel ini mengandung <b><a href="/wiki/Transkripsi_fonetik" title="Transkripsi fonetik">transkripsi fonetik</a></b> dalam <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetik_Internasional" title="Alfabet Fonetik Internasional">Alfabet Fonetik Internasional</a> <b>(IPA)</b>. Untuk bantuan dalam membaca simbol IPA, lihat <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA">Bantuan:IPA</a>. Untuk penjelasan perbedaan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> dan <span class="Unicode">⟨</span> <span class="Unicode">⟩</span>, Lihat <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetik_Internasional#Tanda_kurung_dan_delimitasi_transkripsi" title="Alfabet Fonetik Internasional">IPA § Tanda kurung dan delimitasi transkripsi</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24044134">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref" style="width: 22em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/40px-Nglegena_ha.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/60px-Nglegena_ha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/80px-Nglegena_ha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;"><b>Artikel ini mengandung huruf dari <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bentuk">Aksara Jawa</a>.</b> Tanpa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bantuan:Multilingual_support&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bantuan:Multilingual support (halaman belum tersedia)">dukungan perenderan</a> yang baik, Anda mungkin akan melihat <a href="/wiki/Specials_(blok_Unicode)" title="Specials (blok Unicode)">tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain</a>, bukan karakter aksara Jawa.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Aksara Jawa</b>, juga dikenal sebagai <b>Hanacaraka</b>, <i><b>Carakan</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta1939627_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta1939627-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau <i><b>Dentawyanjana</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta193968_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta193968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah salah satu <a href="/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara">aksara</a> tradisional Indonesia yang berkembang di pulau <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Jawa">Jawa</a>. Aksara ini terutama digunakan untuk menulis bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Jawa</a>, tetapi dalam perkembangannya juga digunakan untuk menulis beberapa bahasa daerah lainnya seperti bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sunda" title="Bahasa Sunda">Sunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Madura" title="Bahasa Madura">Madura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sasak" title="Bahasa Sasak">Sasak</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu" title="Bahasa Melayu">Melayu</a>, serta bahasa historis seperti <a href="/wiki/Sanskerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskerta">Sanskerta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kawi">Kawi</a>. Aksara Jawa merupakan turunan dari <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Brahmi" title="Aksara Brahmi">aksara Brahmi</a> India melalui perantara <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kawi" title="Aksara Kawi">aksara Kawi</a> dan berkerabat dekat dengan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Bali" title="Aksara Bali">aksara Bali</a>. Aksara Jawa aktif digunakan dalam sastra maupun tulisan sehari-hari masyarakat Jawa sejak pertengahan abad ke-15 hingga pertengahan abad ke-20 sebelum fungsinya berangsur-angsur tergantikan dengan huruf Latin. Aksara ini masih diajarkan di <a href="/wiki/DI_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="DI Yogyakarta">DI Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur" title="Jawa Timur">Jawa Timur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Kota_Cirebon" title="Kota Cirebon">Cirebon</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Kabupaten_Indramayu" title="Kabupaten Indramayu">Indramayu</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sebagai bagian dari muatan lokal, tetapi dengan penerapan yang terbatas dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Aksara_Jawa_Nyk_Ngayogyan_Jejeg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aksara_Jawa_Nyk_Ngayogyan_Jejeg.svg/220px-Aksara_Jawa_Nyk_Ngayogyan_Jejeg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aksara_Jawa_Nyk_Ngayogyan_Jejeg.svg/330px-Aksara_Jawa_Nyk_Ngayogyan_Jejeg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aksara_Jawa_Nyk_Ngayogyan_Jejeg.svg/440px-Aksara_Jawa_Nyk_Ngayogyan_Jejeg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="34" /></a><figcaption>Tulisan Aksara Jawa menggunakan font <a href="/wiki/Nyk_Ngayogyan_Jejeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyk Ngayogyan Jejeg">Nyk Ngayogyan Jejeg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Aksara Jawa adalah sistem tulisan <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a> yang terdiri dari sekitar 20 hingga 33 aksara dasar, tergantung dari penggunaan bahasa yang bersangkutan. Seperti aksara <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Brahmi" title="Aksara Brahmi">Brahmi</a> lainnya, setiap konsonan merepresentasikan satu suku kata dengan vokal inheren /a/ atau /ɔ/ yang dapat diubah dengan pemberian diakritik tertentu. Arah penulisan aksara Jawa adalah kiri ke kanan. Secara tradisional aksara ini ditulis tanpa spasi antarkata (<i><a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">scriptio continua</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namun umum diselingi dengan sekelompok <a href="/wiki/Tanda_baca" title="Tanda baca">tanda baca</a> yang bersifat dekoratif. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2></div> <p>Aksara Jawa merupakan salah satu aksara turunan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Brahmi" title="Aksara Brahmi">Brahmi</a> di Indonesia yang sejarahnya dapat ditelusuri dengan runut karena banyaknya peninggalan-peninggalan yang memungkinkan penelitian <a href="/wiki/Epigrafi" title="Epigrafi">epigrafis</a> secara mendetail. Akar paling tua dari aksara Jawa adalah aksara Brahmi di India yang berkembang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Pallawa" title="Aksara Pallawa">aksara Pallawa</a> di Asia Selatan dan Tenggara antara abad ke-6 hingga 8. Aksara Pallawa kemudian berkembang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kawi" title="Aksara Kawi">aksara Kawi</a> yang digunakan sepanjang periode Hindu-Buddha Indonesia antara abad ke-8 hingga 15. Di berbagai daerah Nusantara, aksara Kawi kemudian berkembang menjadi aksara-aksara tradisional Indonesia yang salah satunya adalah aksara Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-holle_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holle-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aksara Jawa modern sebagaimana yang kini dikenal berangsur-angsur muncul dari <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kawi" title="Aksara Kawi">aksara Kawi</a> pada peralihan abad ke-14 hingga 15 ketika ranah Jawa mulai menerima pengaruh Islam yang signifikan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-162_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-162-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selama kurang lebih 500 tahun antara abad ke-15 hingga awal abad ke-20, aksara Jawa aktif digunakan sebagai tulisan sehari-hari maupun sastra Jawa dengan cakupan yang luas dan beragam. Pada silang waktu tersebut, banyak daerah Jawa yang saling terpencil dan sulit berkomunikasi antara satu sama lainnya, sehingga aksara Jawa berkembang dengan berbagai macam variasi dan gaya penulisan yang digunakan silih-bergantian sepanjang sejarah penggunaannya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996162_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996162-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradisi tulis aksara Jawa terutama terpupuk di lingkungan keraton pada pusat-pusat budaya Jawa seperti <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, tetapi naskah beraksara Jawa dibuat dan dipakai dalam berbagai lapisan masyarakat dengan intensitas penggunaan yang bervariasi antardaerah. Di daerah <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Barat" title="Jawa Barat">Jawa Barat</a>, semisal, aksara Jawa terutama digunakan oleh kaum ningrat Sunda (<i><a href="/wiki/Menak_Sunda" title="Menak Sunda">ménak</a></i>) akibat pengaruh politik <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinasti Mataram">dinasti Mataram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996166_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996166-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun begitu, kebanyakan masyarakat Sunda pada periode waktu yang sama lebih umum menggunakan abjad <a href="/wiki/Pegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegon">Pegon</a> yang diadaptasi dari <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab">abjad Arab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996167_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996167-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebagian besar tulisan sastra Jawa tradisional dirancang untuk <a href="/wiki/Macapat" title="Macapat">dilantunkan</a> dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Tembang" title="Tembang">tembang</a>, sehingga teks sastra tidak hanya dinilai dari isi dan susunannya, tetapi juga dari pelantunan dan pembawaan sang pembaca.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996167-169_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996167-169-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradisi tulis Jawa juga mengandalkan penyalinan dan penyusunan ulang secara berkala karena media tulis yang rentan terhadap iklim tropis; akibatnya, kebanyakan naskah fisik yang kini tersisa merupakan salinan abad ke-18 atau 19 meski isinya sering kali dapat ditelusuri hingga purwarupa yang beberapa abad lebih tua.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-162_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-162-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg/375px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Verhaal_van_Yusup_in_het_Javaans_op_lontarblad_TMnr_499-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Serat Yusuf</i> dalam naskah lontar, koleksi Tropenmuseum</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Serat_yusuf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Serat_yusuf.jpg/250px-Serat_yusuf.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Serat_yusuf.jpg/375px-Serat_yusuf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Serat_yusuf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Serat Yusuf</i> dalam naskah kertas, koleksi <a href="/wiki/Museum_Sonobudoyo" title="Museum Sonobudoyo">Museum Sonobudoyo</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Sepanjang sejarahnya, aksara Jawa ditulis dengan sejumlah media yang berganti-ganti seiring waktu. <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kawi" title="Aksara Kawi">Aksara Kawi</a> yang menjadi nenek moyang aksara Jawa umum ditemukan dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Prasasti" title="Prasasti">prasasti</a> batu dan lempeng logam. Tulisan Kawi sehari-hari dituliskan menggunakan media <a href="/wiki/Lontar" title="Lontar">lontar</a>, yakni daun <a href="/wiki/Siwalan" title="Siwalan">palem tal</a> (<i>Borassus flabellifer</i>, disebut juga palem siwalan) yang telah diolah sedemikian rupa hingga dapat ditulisi. Lembar lontar memiliki bentuk persegi panjang dengan lebar sekitar 2,8 hingga 4 cm dan panjang yang bervariasi antara 20 hingga 80 cm. Tiap lembar lontar hanya dapat memuat beberapa baris tulisan, umumnya sekitar empat baris, yang digurat dalam posisi horizontal dengan pisau kecil kemudian dihitamkan dengan jelaga untuk meningkatkan keterbacaan. Media ini memiliki rekam jejak penggunaan yang panjang di seantero Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada abad ke-13, <a href="/wiki/Kertas" title="Kertas">kertas</a> mulai diperkenalkan di Nusantara, hal ini berkaitan dengan penyebaran agama <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> yang tradisi tulisnya didukung oleh penggunaan kertas dan format buku <a href="/wiki/Kodeks" title="Kodeks">kodeks</a>. Ketika Jawa mulai menerima pengaruh Islam yang signifikan pada abad ke-15, bersamaan ketika aksara Kawi mulai bertransisi menjadi aksara Jawa modern, kertas menjadi lebih lumrah digunakan di Jawa dan penggunaan lontar hanya bertahan di beberapa tempat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165-167_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165-167-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat dua jenis kertas yang umum ditemukan dalam naskah beraksara Jawa: kertas produksi lokal yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Daluang" title="Daluang">daluang</a>, dan kertas impor. Daluang (bahasa Jawa: <i>dluwang</i>) adalah kertas yang terbuat dari tumbukan kulit pohon <a href="/wiki/Daluang" title="Daluang">saéh</a> (<i>Broussonetia papyrifera</i>, disebut juga pohon glugu). Secara tampak, daluang cukup mudah dibedakan dengan kertas biasa dari warna cokelatnya yang khas dan tampilannya yang berserat-serat. Daluang yang dibuat dengan telaten akan memiliki permukaan yang mulus dan tahan lama dari macam-macam bentuk degradasi (terutama serangga), sementara daluang yang tidak bagus memiliki permukaan yang tidak rata dan mudah rusak. Daluang umum digunakan dalam naskah yang ditulis di <a href="/wiki/Keraton" title="Keraton">keraton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">pesantren</a> Jawa antara abad ke-16 dan 17.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165-167_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165-167-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tey_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar kertas impor yang digunakan di naskah-naskah Nusantara didatangkan dari <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>. Pada awalnya, kertas Eropa hanya digunakan oleh sebagian kecil juru tulis Jawa karena harganya yang mahal–kertas yang dibuat dengan teknik Eropa pada masa itu hanya bisa diimpor dalam jumlah terbatas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam administrasi kolonial sehari-hari, penggunaan kertas Eropa perlu disuplementasikan dengan kertas daluang Jawa serta kertas impor Tiongkok setidaknya hingga abad ke-19.<sup id="cite_ref-tey_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seiring meningkatnya jumlah kertas impor dan pengiriman yang lebih berkala, juru tulis di keraton dan permukiman urban makin memilih kertas Eropa sebagai media tulis utama sementara daluang kian diasosiasikan dengan naskah yang dibuat di pesantren dan desa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165-167_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165-167-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bersamaan dengan meningkatnya impor kertas Eropa, teknologi cetak aksara Jawa juga mulai dirintis oleh sejumlah tokoh Eropa dan mulai digunakan secara luas pada tahun 1825. Dengan adanya teknologi cetak, materi beraksara Jawa dapat diperbanyak secara massal dan menjadi lumrah digunakan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan masyarakat Jawa pra-kemerdekaan, seperti surat-surat, buku, koran, majalah, hingga pamflet, iklan, dan uang kertas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154-158_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154-158-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggunaan">Penggunaan</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3D3; font-size: 100%;"><b>Penggunaan Aksara Jawa</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center;" colspan="2"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 264.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 262.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Serat_jatipustaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halaman pembuka Serat Jatipustaka yang disalin pada tahun 1830, koleksi Museum Denver"><img alt="Halaman pembuka Serat Jatipustaka yang disalin pada tahun 1830, koleksi Museum Denver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Serat_jatipustaka.jpg/394px-Serat_jatipustaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="263" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Serat_jatipustaka.jpg/591px-Serat_jatipustaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Serat_jatipustaka.jpg/787px-Serat_jatipustaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Halaman pembuka <i>Serat Jatipustaka</i> yang disalin pada tahun 1830, koleksi Museum Denver</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halaman pembuka Babad Tanah Jawi yang disalin pada tahun 1862, koleksi Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika"><img alt="Halaman pembuka Babad Tanah Jawi yang disalin pada tahun 1862, koleksi Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg/196px-Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg/294px-Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg/392px-Babad-tanah-jawi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="979" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Halaman pembuka <i><a href="/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi" title="Babad Tanah Jawi">Babad Tanah Jawi</a></i> yang disalin pada tahun 1862, koleksi Perpustakaan Kongres Amerika</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contoh aksara Jawa cetak dalam katalog pabrik huruf "Amsterdam" tahun 1910"><img alt="Contoh aksara Jawa cetak dalam katalog pabrik huruf "Amsterdam" tahun 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg/210px-Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg/315px-Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg/421px-Groot_Javaansch_No.2_cursief_-_Lettergieterij_Amsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Contoh aksara Jawa cetak dalam katalog <a href="/wiki/Pabrik_huruf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabrik huruf">pabrik huruf</a> <a href="/wiki/Lettergieterij_Amsterdam" title="Lettergieterij Amsterdam">"Amsterdam"</a> tahun 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sampul majalah Kajawèn edisi 65, tanggal 16 Agustus 1933"><img alt="Sampul majalah Kajawèn edisi 65, tanggal 16 Agustus 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg/217px-Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg/325px-Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg/434px-Kajawen_1933-08-16-1_sampul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="3244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sampul majalah <i><a href="/wiki/Majalah_Kajawen" class="mw-redirect" title="Majalah Kajawen">Kajawèn</a></i> edisi 65, tanggal 16 Agustus 1933</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf" class="mw-file-description" title="Dokumen kekancingan yang dikeluarkan Keraton Yogyakarta pada tahun 1935, koleksi Museum Dewantara Kirti Griya"><img alt="Dokumen kekancingan yang dikeluarkan Keraton Yogyakarta pada tahun 1935, koleksi Museum Dewantara Kirti Griya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf/page1-189px-TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf/page1-283px-TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf/page1-377px-TDKGM_01.147_Koleksi_dari_Perpustakaan_Museum_Tamansiswa_Dewantara_Kirti_Griya.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="2070" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dokumen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serat_kekancingan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serat kekancingan (halaman belum tersedia)"><i>kekancingan</i></a> yang dikeluarkan Keraton Yogyakarta pada tahun 1935, koleksi Museum Dewantara Kirti Griya</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Serat_Selarasa_(1804)_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_(page_128_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg/400px-Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg/600px-Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg/800px-Serat_Selarasa_%281804%29_-_BL_MSS_Jav_28_%28page_128_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15486" data-file-height="8807" /></a><figcaption>Detail salah satu halaman dalam <i>Serat Selarasa</i> yang disalin pada tahun 1804 di <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>. Dua figur di paling kiri terlihat sedang <a href="/wiki/Macapat" title="Macapat">melantunkan</a> bacaan beraksara Jawa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Selama kurang lebih 500 tahun antara abad ke-15 hingga pertengahan abad ke-20, aksara Jawa aktif digunakan dalam berbagai lapisan masyarakat Jawa sebagai tulisan sehari-hari maupun sastra dengan cakupan yang luas dan beragam. Karena pengaruh tradisi lisan yang kuat, teks <a href="/wiki/Sastra_Jawa" title="Sastra Jawa">sastra tradisional Jawa</a> hampir selalu disusun dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Tembang" title="Tembang">tembang</a> yang dirancang untuk <a href="/wiki/Macapat" title="Macapat">dilantukan</a>, sehingga teks Jawa tidak hanya dinilai dari isi dan susunannya, tetapi juga dari <a href="/wiki/Irama" class="mw-redirect" title="Irama">irama</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nada" title="Nada">nada</a> pelantunan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996167-169_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996167-169-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pujangga sastra Jawa umumnya tidak dituntut untuk menciptakan cerita dan karakter baru, peran pujangga adalah untuk menulis dan menyusun ulang cerita-cerita yang telah ada ke dalam gubahan yang sesuai dengan selera lokal dan perkembangan zaman. Akibatnya, karya sastra Jawa seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Cerita_Panji" title="Cerita Panji">Cerita Panji</a></i> bukanlah sebuah teks dengan edisi otoriter yang menjadi rujukan teks lainnya, melainkan kumpulan variasi cerita dengan benang merah tokoh Panji.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genre sastra dengan akar paling kuno adalah <a href="/wiki/Wiracarita" title="Wiracarita">wiracarita</a> atau epos Sanskerta seperti <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> yang telah disadur sejak periode Hindu-Buddha dan memperkenalkan tokoh-tokoh pewayangan seperti <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srikandi" title="Srikandi">Srikandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gatotkaca" title="Gatotkaca">Gatotkaca</a>, dan puluhan karakter lainnya yang kini akrab dalam masyarakat Jawa. Sejak masuknya Islam di Jawa, tokoh-tokoh dari sumber Timur Tengah seperti <a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Amir_Hamzah" title="Hikayat Amir Hamzah">Amir Hamzah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Yusuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabi Yusuf">Nabi Yusuf</a> juga menjadi salah satu subjek yang sering dituliskan. Terdapat pula tokoh-tokoh lokal yang sering kali mengambil latar semi legendaris di Jawa masa lampau, misal <a href="/wiki/Cerita_Panji" title="Cerita Panji">Pangeran Panji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damar_Wulan" title="Damar Wulan">Damar Wulan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Calon_Arang" title="Calon Arang">Calon Arang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172-175_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172-175-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ketika kajian mendalam mengenai bahasa dan sastra Jawa mulai menarik perhatian kalangan Eropa pada abad ke-19, timbullah keinginan untuk menciptakan aksara Jawa cetak agar materi sastra Jawa dapat mudah diperbanyak dan disebarluaskan. Upaya paling awal untuk menghasilkan aksara Jawa cetak dirintis oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_van_Vlissingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul van Vlissingen (halaman belum tersedia)">Paul van Vlissingen</a> yang aksara Jawa cetaknya pertama kali digunakan dalam surat kabar <i>Bataviasch Courant</i> edisi bulan Oktober 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000137_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000137-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski diakui sebagai suatu pencapaian teknis yang patut dipuji pada masa itu, aksara Jawa cetak Vlissingen dinilai memiliki gubahan bentuk yang canggung, sehingga upaya awal ini kemudian diteruskan oleh berbagai pihak seiring dengan berkembanganya kajian sastra Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000136-140_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000136-140-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1838, <a href="/wiki/Taco_Roorda" title="Taco Roorda">Taco Roorda</a> menyelesaikan <a href="/wiki/Tuladha_Jejeg" title="Tuladha Jejeg">fon</a> cetak untuk aksara Jawa yang ia gubah berdasarkan langgam penulisan <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan sedikit campuran elemen <a href="/wiki/Tipografi" title="Tipografi">tipografi</a> Eropa. Rancangan Roorda disambut dengan baik dan dengan cepat menjadi pilihan utama untuk mencetak segala tulisan yang beraksara Jawa. Sejak itu, bacaan beraksara Jawa, dengan <a href="/wiki/Fon_(tipografi)" title="Fon (tipografi)">fon</a> Jawa yang digubah Roorda, menjadi lumrah beredar di khalayak umum dan diterapkan pula dalam berbagai materi selain sastra. Hadirnya teknologi cetak menumbuhkan industri percetakan yang selama seabad ke depan menghasilkan berbagai macam bacaan sehari-hari dalam aksara Jawa, dari surat administratif, buku pelajaran, hingga media massa populer seperti majalah <a href="/wiki/Majalah_Kajawen" class="mw-redirect" title="Majalah Kajawen"><i>Kajawèn</i></a> yang seluruh kolom dan artikelnya dicetak dengan aksara Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154-158_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154-158-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astuti_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astuti-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tingkat pemerintahan, salah satu bentuk penerapan aksara Jawa adalah penggunaannya sebagai salah satu teks legal multi-bahasa dalam <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IND-78b-De_Javasche_Bank-5_Gulden_(1937).jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:IND-78b-De Javasche Bank-5 Gulden (1937).jpg">uang kertas</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulden_Hindia_Belanda" title="Gulden Hindia Belanda">Gulden</a> yang disirkulasikan <a href="/wiki/De_Javasche_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="De Javasche Bank">De Javasche Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kemunduran">Kemunduran</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock.jpg/240px-Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock.jpg/360px-Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock.jpg/480px-Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Mesin tik beraksara Jawa yang pernah dipakai oleh <a href="/wiki/Keraton_Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton Surakarta">Keraton Surakarta</a> dari tahun 1917–1960 untuk surat-menyurat, membuat surat keputusan, dan pengumuman.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Seiring dengan meningkatnya permintaan bacaan masyarakat pada awal abad ke-20, penerbit Jawa mengurangi produksi materi beraksara Jawa karena alasan ekonomis: mencetak materi apa pun dengan aksara Jawa pada waktu itu memerlukan hingga dua kali lebih banyak bidang kertas dibanding mencetak materi yang sama dengan alih aksara Latin, sehingga produksi bacaan beraksara Jawa memakan lebih banyak waktu dan biaya.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam rangka menekan biaya dan menjaga agar harga buku tetap terjangkau bagi masyarakat, berbagai penerbit seperti <a href="/wiki/Balai_Pustaka" title="Balai Pustaka">Balai Pustaka</a> kian mengutamakan penerbitan materi berhuruf Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson201125_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson201125-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun begitu, masyarakat Jawa di awal abad ke-20 cenderung tetap menggunakan aksara Jawa dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan. Dalam kegiatan surat-menyurat, misal, penggunaan aksara Jawa dianggap lebih halus dan sopan daripada penggunaan huruf Latin, terutama dalam surat untuk orang yang lebih tua. Berbagai penerbit, termasuk Balai Pustaka sendiri, tetap mencetak buku, koran, dan majalah dalam aksara Jawa karena adanya minat pembaca yang memadai meski perlahan-lahan menurun. Penggunaan aksara Jawa baru mengalami kemunduran yang signifikan ketika Jepang <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Nusantara_(1942%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Nusantara (1942–1945)">menduduki Indonesia</a> pada tahun 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa penulis melaporkan adanya aturan Jepang yang melarang penggunaan aksara Jawa dalam ranah publik.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun tidak dipungkiri bahwa penggunaan aksara Jawa memang mengalami kemunduran yang signifikan pada zaman pendudukan Jepang. Program-program pendidikan pemerintahan yang baru didirikan setelah Indonesia merdeka berfokus pada pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia dan pemberantasan buta huruf Latin, sehingga penggunaan aksara tidak kembali sebagaimana semula pada periode pasca-kemerdekaan.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson201127-28_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson201127-28-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penggunaan_kontemporer">Penggunaan kontemporer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:transparent">Perbandingan gaya aksara Jawa untuk papan nama instansi pemerintahan</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Papan_nama_Kantor_Ketahanan_Pangan_Surakarta_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Papan_nama_Kantor_Ketahanan_Pangan_Surakarta_%282%29.jpg/200px-Papan_nama_Kantor_Ketahanan_Pangan_Surakarta_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Papan_nama_Kantor_Ketahanan_Pangan_Surakarta_%282%29.jpg/300px-Papan_nama_Kantor_Ketahanan_Pangan_Surakarta_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Papan_nama_Kantor_Ketahanan_Pangan_Surakarta_%282%29.jpg/400px-Papan_nama_Kantor_Ketahanan_Pangan_Surakarta_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tuladha_Jejeg" title="Tuladha Jejeg">Gagrag Surakarta</a>. Aksara Jawa diletakkan di atas huruf Latin (Perwal Solo No. 3/2008).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Javanese_script_use_in_government_organization_in_Yogyakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Javanese_script_use_in_government_organization_in_Yogyakarta.jpg/200px-Javanese_script_use_in_government_organization_in_Yogyakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Javanese_script_use_in_government_organization_in_Yogyakarta.jpg/300px-Javanese_script_use_in_government_organization_in_Yogyakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Javanese_script_use_in_government_organization_in_Yogyakarta.jpg/400px-Javanese_script_use_in_government_organization_in_Yogyakarta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nyk_Ngayogyan" title="Nyk Ngayogyan">Gagrag Yogyakarta</a>. Huruf Latin diletakkan di atas aksara Jawa (Pergub DIY No. 70/2019).</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Dalam ranah kontemporer, aksara Jawa hingga kini masih menjadi bagian dari pengajaran muatan lokal di <a href="/wiki/DI_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="DI Yogyakarta">DI Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Tengah" title="Jawa Tengah">Jawa Tengah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur" title="Jawa Timur">Jawa Timur</a>, dan sebagian kecil <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Barat" title="Jawa Barat">Jawa Barat</a>. Beberapa surat kabar dan majalah lokal memiliki kolom yang menggunakan aksara Jawa, dan aksara Jawa dapat ditemukan pada papan nama tempat-tempat umum tertentu. Akan tetapi, banyak upaya kontemporer untuk menerapkan aksara Jawa hanya bersifat simbolik dan tidak fungsional; tidak ada lagi, sebagai contoh, publikasi berkala seperti majalah <i>Kajawèn</i> yang isi substansialnya menggunakan aksara Jawa. Kebanyakan masyarakat Jawa hanya sadar akan keberadaan aksara Jawa dan mengenal beberapa huruf, tetapi jarang ada yang mampu membaca atau menulisnya secara substansial,<sup id="cite_ref-wahab_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wahab-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sehingga sampai tahun 2019 tidak jarang ditemukan papan nama di tempat umum yang penulisan aksara Jawa-nya memiliki banyak kesalahan dasar.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa kendala dalam upaya revitalisasi penggunaan aksara Jawa termasuk perangkat elektronik yang sering kali mengalami kendala teknis untuk menampilkan aksara Jawa tanpa galat, sedikitnya instansi dengan kompetensi memadai yang dapat dikonsultasikan, dan kurangnya eksplorasi tipografi yang menarik bagi masyarakat.<sup id="cite_ref-wahab_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wahab-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-radar_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun begitu, upaya revitalisasi terus digeluti oleh sejumlah komunitas dan tokoh masyarakat yang aktif memperkenalkan kembali aksara Jawa dalam penggunaan sehari-hari, terutama dalam sarana digital.<sup id="cite_ref-radar_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bentuk">Bentuk</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aksara">Aksara</h3></div> <p><i>Aksara</i> adalah huruf dasar yang merepresentasikan satu suku kata. Aksara Jawa memiliki sekitar 45 aksara dasar, tetapi tidak semuanya digunakan dengan setara. Dalam perkembangannya, terdapat aksara yang tidak lagi digunakan sementara beberapa lainnya hanya digunakan pada konteks tertentu sehingga huruf-huruf dalam aksara Jawa dikelompokkan ke dalam beberapa jenis berdasarkan fungsi dan penggunaannya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wyanjana"><i>Wyanjana</i></h4></div> <p><i>Aksara wyanjana</i> (ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦮꦾꦚ꧀ꦗꦤ) adalah aksara konsonan dengan vokal inheren /a/ atau /ɔ/. Sebagai salah satu aksara turunan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Brahmi" title="Aksara Brahmi">Brahmi</a>, aksara Jawa pada awalnya memiliki 33 aksara <i>wyanjana</i> untuk menuliskan 33 bunyi konsonan yang digunakan dalam bahasa <a href="/wiki/Sanskerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskerta">Sanskerta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kawi">Kawi</a>. Bentuknya dapat dilihat sebagaimana berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mardikawi_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mardikawi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"> <caption style="text-align:center;"><i>Aksara Wyanjana</i> (deret kuno) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Tempat pelafalan </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengucapan#Penyuaraan" title="Bantuan:Pengucapan">Nirsuara</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengucapan#Penyuaraan" title="Bantuan:Pengucapan">Bersuara</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan nasal">Sengau</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivokal" title="Semivokal">Semivokal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sibilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilan">Sibilan</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_celah_suara" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan celah suara">Celah</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Tidak <a href="/wiki/Aspirasi_(linguistik)" title="Aspirasi (linguistik)">Teraspirasi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirasi_(linguistik)" title="Aspirasi (linguistik)">Teraspirasi</a> </th> <th>Tidak <a href="/wiki/Aspirasi_(linguistik)" title="Aspirasi (linguistik)">Teraspirasi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirasi_(linguistik)" title="Aspirasi (linguistik)">Teraspirasi</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_langit-langit_belakang" title="Konsonan langit-langit belakang">Velar</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/30px-Nglegena_ka.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/45px-Nglegena_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/60px-Nglegena_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦏ<hr />ka </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦑ<hr />kha </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nglegena_ga.png/30px-Nglegena_ga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nglegena_ga.png/45px-Nglegena_ga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nglegena_ga.png/60px-Nglegena_ga.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦒ<hr />ga </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦓ<hr />gha </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_nga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nglegena_nga.png/30px-Nglegena_nga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nglegena_nga.png/45px-Nglegena_nga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nglegena_nga.png/60px-Nglegena_nga.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦔ<hr />ṅa<sup class="reference" id="ref_nga"><a href="#endnote_nga">[1]</a></sup> </td> <th> </th> <th> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/30px-Nglegena_ha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/45px-Nglegena_ha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/60px-Nglegena_ha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦲ<hr />ha/a<sup class="reference" id="ref_ha"><a href="#endnote_ha">[5]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_langit-langit" title="Konsonan langit-langit">Palatal</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nglegena_ca.png/30px-Nglegena_ca.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nglegena_ca.png/45px-Nglegena_ca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nglegena_ca.png/60px-Nglegena_ca.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦕ<hr />ca </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦖ<hr />cha </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nglegena_ja.png/30px-Nglegena_ja.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nglegena_ja.png/45px-Nglegena_ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nglegena_ja.png/60px-Nglegena_ja.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦗ<hr />ja </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mahaprana_ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahaprana_ja.png/30px-Mahaprana_ja.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahaprana_ja.png/45px-Mahaprana_ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahaprana_ja.png/60px-Mahaprana_ja.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span><br />ꦙ<hr />jha </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_nya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nglegena_nya.png/30px-Nglegena_nya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nglegena_nya.png/45px-Nglegena_nya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nglegena_nya.png/60px-Nglegena_nya.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦚ<hr />ña<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_nya"><a href="#endnote_nya">2</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nglegena_ya.png/30px-Nglegena_ya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nglegena_ya.png/45px-Nglegena_ya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nglegena_ya.png/60px-Nglegena_ya.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦪ<hr />ya </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦯ<hr />śa<sup class="reference" id="ref_sya"><a href="#endnote_sya">[6]</a></sup> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_tarik-belakang" title="Konsonan tarik-belakang">Retrofleks</a> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_tha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/30px-Nglegena_tha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/45px-Nglegena_tha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/60px-Nglegena_tha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦛ<hr />ṭa<sup class="reference" id="ref_tha"><a href="#endnote_tha">[3]</a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png/30px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png/45px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png/60px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦜ<hr />ṭha </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_da.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Uniform_height_Murda_da.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_da.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Uniform_height_Murda_da.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_da.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Uniform_height_Murda_da.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_da.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦝ<hr />ḍa<sup class="reference" id="ref_dha"><a href="#endnote_dha">[4]</a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png/30px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png/45px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png/60px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦞ<hr />ḍha </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Uniform_height_Murda_na.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_na.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Uniform_height_Murda_na.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Uniform_height_Murda_na.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_na.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦟ<hr />ṇa </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/30px-Nglegena_ra.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/45px-Nglegena_ra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/60px-Nglegena_ra.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦫ<hr />ra </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png/30px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png/45px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png/60px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦰ<hr />ṣa </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gigi" title="Konsonan gigi">Dental</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nglegena_ta.png/30px-Nglegena_ta.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nglegena_ta.png/45px-Nglegena_ta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nglegena_ta.png/60px-Nglegena_ta.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦠ<hr />ta </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦡ<hr />tha </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_da.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nglegena_da.png/30px-Nglegena_da.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nglegena_da.png/45px-Nglegena_da.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nglegena_da.png/60px-Nglegena_da.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦢ<hr />da </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_dha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nglegena_dha.png/30px-Nglegena_dha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nglegena_dha.png/45px-Nglegena_dha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nglegena_dha.png/60px-Nglegena_dha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦣ<hr />dha </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/30px-Nglegena_na.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/45px-Nglegena_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/60px-Nglegena_na.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦤ<hr />na </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_la.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nglegena_la.png/30px-Nglegena_la.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nglegena_la.png/45px-Nglegena_la.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nglegena_la.png/60px-Nglegena_la.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦭ<hr />la </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/30px-Nglegena_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/45px-Nglegena_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/60px-Nglegena_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦱ<hr />sa </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_bibir" title="Konsonan bibir">Labial</a> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_pa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nglegena_pa.png/30px-Nglegena_pa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nglegena_pa.png/45px-Nglegena_pa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nglegena_pa.png/60px-Nglegena_pa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦥ<hr />pa </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦦ<hr />pha </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nglegena_ba.png/30px-Nglegena_ba.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nglegena_ba.png/45px-Nglegena_ba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nglegena_ba.png/60px-Nglegena_ba.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦧ<hr />ba </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦨ<hr />bha </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nglegena_ma.png/30px-Nglegena_ma.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nglegena_ma.png/45px-Nglegena_ma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nglegena_ma.png/60px-Nglegena_ma.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦩ<hr />ma </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_wa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nglegena_wa.png/30px-Nglegena_wa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nglegena_wa.png/45px-Nglegena_wa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nglegena_wa.png/60px-Nglegena_wa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦮ<hr />wa </td> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left">Catatan <p><small> </small></p><small> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_nga"><b><a href="#ref_nga">^1</a></b></span> /ŋa/ sebagaimana nga dalam kata "mengalah"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_nya"><b><a href="#ref_nya">^2</a></b></span> /ɲa/ sebagaimana nya dalam kata "menyanyi"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_nya"><b><a href="#ref_nya">^3</a></b></span> /ʈa/ sebagaimana tha dalam kata bahasa Jawa "kathah"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_nya"><b><a href="#ref_nya">^4</a></b></span> /ɖa/ sebagaimana dha dalam kata bahasa Jawa "padha"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ha"><b><a href="#ref_ha">^5</a></b></span> berperan ganda sebagai fonem /ha/ dan /a/ dalam bahasa Kawi</dd></dl> <p>Pelafalan berikut tidak digunakan dalam bahasa Jawa modern: </p> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_sya"><b><a href="#ref_sya">^6</a></b></span> /ɕa/ mendekati pengucapan sya dalam kata "syarat"</dd></dl> </small><p><small></small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Dalam perkembangannya, bahasa Jawa modern tidak lagi menggunakan keseluruhan aksara <i>wyanjana</i> dalam deret Sanskerta-Kawi. Aksara Jawa modern hanya menggunakan 20 bunyi konsonan dan 20 aksara dasar yang kemudian disebut sebagai <i>aksara nglegena</i> (ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦔ꧀ꦭꦼꦒꦼꦤ). Sebagian aksara yang tersisa kemudian dialihfungsikan sebagai <i>aksara murda</i> (ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦩꦸꦂꦢ) untuk menuliskan gelar dan <a href="/wiki/Nama_diri" title="Nama diri">nama</a> yang dihormati, baik nama tokoh legenda (misal <a href="/wiki/Bima_(Mahabharata)" title="Bima (Mahabharata)">Bima</a> ditulis ꦨꦶꦩ) maupun nyata (misal <a href="/wiki/Pakubuwana" title="Pakubuwana">Pakubuwana</a> ditulis ꦦꦑꦸꦨꦸꦮꦟ).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211-13_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211-13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari 20 aksara <i>nglegena</i>, hanya 9 aksara yang mempunyai bentuk <i>murda</i>, oleh karena itu penggunaan <i>murda</i> tidak identik dengan penggunaan huruf kapital di dalam ejaan Latin;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211-13_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211-13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apabila suku kata pertama suatu nama tidak memiliki bentuk <i>murda,</i> maka suku kata kedua yang menggunakan <i>murda</i>. Apabila suku kata kedua juga tidak memiliki bentuk <i>murda</i>, maka suku kata ketiga yang menggunakan <i>murda</i>, begitu seterusnya. Nama yang sangat dihormati dapat ditulis seluruhnya dengan <i>murda</i> apabila memungkinkan. Dalam penulisan tradisional, penerapan <i>murda</i> tidaklah selalu konsisten dan pada dasarnya bersifat pilihan, sehingga nama seperti <i>Gani</i> dapat dieja ꦒꦤꦶ (tanpa <i>murda</i>), ꦓꦤꦶ (dengan <i>murda</i> di awal), atau ꦓꦟꦶ (seluruhnya menggunakan <i>murda</i>) tergantung dari latar belakang dan konteks penulisan yang bersangkutan. Sisa aksara yang tidak termasuk <i>nglegena</i> maupun <i>murda</i> adalah <i>aksara mahaprana</i>. Aksara <i>mahaprana</i> tidak memiliki fungsi dalam penulisan Jawa modern dan hanya digunakan dalam penulisan bahasa Sanskerta-Kawi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Aksara Wyanjana</i> (deret modern) </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th> </th> <th>ha/a<sup class="reference" id="ref_ha"><a href="#endnote_ha">[1]</a></sup> </th> <th>na </th> <th>ca </th> <th>ra </th> <th>ka </th> <th>da </th> <th>ta </th> <th>sa </th> <th>wa </th> <th>la </th> <th>pa </th> <th>dha </th> <th>ja </th> <th>ya </th> <th>nya </th> <th>ma </th> <th>ga </th> <th>ba </th> <th>tha </th> <th>nga </th></tr> <tr style="length:20%; height: 4em;"> <th style="width:10%; text-align:center;"><i>Nglegena</i> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/30px-Nglegena_ha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/45px-Nglegena_ha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/60px-Nglegena_ha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦲ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/30px-Nglegena_na.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/45px-Nglegena_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/60px-Nglegena_na.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦤ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nglegena_ca.png/30px-Nglegena_ca.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nglegena_ca.png/45px-Nglegena_ca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nglegena_ca.png/60px-Nglegena_ca.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦕ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/30px-Nglegena_ra.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/45px-Nglegena_ra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/60px-Nglegena_ra.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦫ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/30px-Nglegena_ka.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/45px-Nglegena_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/60px-Nglegena_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦏ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_da.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nglegena_da.png/30px-Nglegena_da.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nglegena_da.png/45px-Nglegena_da.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nglegena_da.png/60px-Nglegena_da.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦢ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nglegena_ta.png/30px-Nglegena_ta.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nglegena_ta.png/45px-Nglegena_ta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nglegena_ta.png/60px-Nglegena_ta.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦠ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/30px-Nglegena_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/45px-Nglegena_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/60px-Nglegena_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦱ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_wa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nglegena_wa.png/30px-Nglegena_wa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nglegena_wa.png/45px-Nglegena_wa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nglegena_wa.png/60px-Nglegena_wa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦮ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_la.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nglegena_la.png/30px-Nglegena_la.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nglegena_la.png/45px-Nglegena_la.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nglegena_la.png/60px-Nglegena_la.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦭ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_pa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nglegena_pa.png/30px-Nglegena_pa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nglegena_pa.png/45px-Nglegena_pa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nglegena_pa.png/60px-Nglegena_pa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦥ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_da.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Uniform_height_Murda_da.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_da.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Uniform_height_Murda_da.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_da.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Uniform_height_Murda_da.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_da.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦝ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nglegena_ja.png/30px-Nglegena_ja.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nglegena_ja.png/45px-Nglegena_ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nglegena_ja.png/60px-Nglegena_ja.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦗ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nglegena_ya.png/30px-Nglegena_ya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nglegena_ya.png/45px-Nglegena_ya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nglegena_ya.png/60px-Nglegena_ya.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦪ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_nya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nglegena_nya.png/30px-Nglegena_nya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nglegena_nya.png/45px-Nglegena_nya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nglegena_nya.png/60px-Nglegena_nya.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦚ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nglegena_ma.png/30px-Nglegena_ma.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nglegena_ma.png/45px-Nglegena_ma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nglegena_ma.png/60px-Nglegena_ma.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦩ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nglegena_ga.png/30px-Nglegena_ga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nglegena_ga.png/45px-Nglegena_ga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nglegena_ga.png/60px-Nglegena_ga.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦒ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nglegena_ba.png/30px-Nglegena_ba.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nglegena_ba.png/45px-Nglegena_ba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nglegena_ba.png/60px-Nglegena_ba.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦧ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_tha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/30px-Nglegena_tha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/45px-Nglegena_tha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/60px-Nglegena_tha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦛ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_nga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nglegena_nga.png/30px-Nglegena_nga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nglegena_nga.png/45px-Nglegena_nga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nglegena_nga.png/60px-Nglegena_nga.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦔ </td></tr> <tr style="length:20%; height: 4em;"> <th style="width:10%; text-align:center;"><i>Murda</i> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Uniform_height_Murda_na.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_na.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Uniform_height_Murda_na.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Uniform_height_Murda_na.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_na.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦟ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦖ<sup class="reference" id="ref_camur"><a href="#endnote_camur">[2]</a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_ra_agung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Uniform_height_ra_agung.png/30px-Uniform_height_ra_agung.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Uniform_height_ra_agung.png/45px-Uniform_height_ra_agung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Uniform_height_ra_agung.png/60px-Uniform_height_ra_agung.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦬ<sup class="reference" id="ref_ragung"><a href="#endnote_ragung">[3]</a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦑ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦡ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦯ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦦ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Murda_nya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Murda_nya.png/30px-Murda_nya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Murda_nya.png/45px-Murda_nya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Murda_nya.png/60px-Murda_nya.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="148" /></a></span><br />ꦘ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦓ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦨ </td> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr style="length:20%; height: 4em;"> <th style="width:10%; text-align:center;"><i>Mahaprana</i> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_dha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nglegena_dha.png/30px-Nglegena_dha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nglegena_dha.png/45px-Nglegena_dha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nglegena_dha.png/60px-Nglegena_dha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦣ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png/30px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png/45px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png/60px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦰ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png/30px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png/45px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png/60px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦞ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mahaprana_ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahaprana_ja.png/30px-Mahaprana_ja.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahaprana_ja.png/45px-Mahaprana_ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahaprana_ja.png/60px-Mahaprana_ja.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span><br />ꦙ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png/30px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png/45px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png/60px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦜ </td> <th align="center"> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="23" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Catatan</b> <p><small> </small></p><small> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ha"><b><a href="#ref_ha">^1</a></b></span> berperan ganda sebagai fonem /ha/ dan /a/ tergantung kata yang bersangkutan</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_camur"><b><a href="#ref_camur">^2</a></b></span> ca murda hanya teratestasi dalam bentuk <a href="#Pasangan">pasangan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bentuk aksara dasarnya merupakan rekonstruksi kontemporer</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ragung"><b><a href="#ref_ragung">^3</a></b></span> ra agung, memiliki fungsi yang serupa dengan aksara <i>murda</i> lainnya namun tidak dikenal secara luas karena penggunaannya yang terbatas di lingkungan kraton<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-2_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </small><p><small></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swara"><i>Swara</i></h4></div> <p><i>Aksara swara</i> (ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦱ꧀ꦮꦫ) adalah aksara yang digunakan untuk menulis suku kata yang tidak memiliki konsonan di awal, atau dalam kata lain suku kata yang hanya terdiri vokal. Pada awalnya, aksara Jawa memiliki 14 aksara vokal yang diwarisi dari tradisi tulis Sanskerta. Bentuknya dapat dilihat sebagaimana berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-mardikawi_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mardikawi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"> <caption style="text-align:center;"><i>Aksara Swara</i> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Tempat pelafalan </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_langit-langit_belakang" title="Konsonan langit-langit belakang">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_langit-langit" title="Konsonan langit-langit">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_bibir" title="Konsonan bibir">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_tarik-belakang" title="Konsonan tarik-belakang">Retrofleks</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gigi" title="Konsonan gigi">Dental</a> </th> <th>Velar-Palatal </th> <th>Velar-Labial </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;">Pendek </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vowel_akara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vowel_akara.png/25px-Vowel_akara.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vowel_akara.png/38px-Vowel_akara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vowel_akara.png/50px-Vowel_akara.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦄ<hr />a </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vowel_i_kawi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vowel_i_kawi.png/25px-Vowel_i_kawi.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vowel_i_kawi.png/38px-Vowel_i_kawi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vowel_i_kawi.png/50px-Vowel_i_kawi.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦅ<hr />i </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vowel_ukara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vowel_ukara.png/25px-Vowel_ukara.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vowel_ukara.png/38px-Vowel_ukara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vowel_ukara.png/50px-Vowel_ukara.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦈ<hr />u </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ganten_pa_cerek2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ganten_pa_cerek2.png/25px-Ganten_pa_cerek2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ganten_pa_cerek2.png/38px-Ganten_pa_cerek2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ganten_pa_cerek2.png/50px-Ganten_pa_cerek2.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦉ<hr />ṛ/re<sup class="reference" id="ref_re"><a href="#endnote_re">[1]</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ganten_nga_lelet2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ganten_nga_lelet2.png/25px-Ganten_nga_lelet2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ganten_nga_lelet2.png/38px-Ganten_nga_lelet2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ganten_nga_lelet2.png/50px-Ganten_nga_lelet2.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦊ<hr />ḷ/le<sup class="reference" id="ref_le"><a href="#endnote_le">[2]</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vowel_ekara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vowel_ekara.png/25px-Vowel_ekara.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vowel_ekara.png/38px-Vowel_ekara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Vowel_ekara.png/50px-Vowel_ekara.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦌ<hr />é<sup class="reference" id="ref_e"><a href="#endnote_e">[3]</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vowel_okara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Vowel_okara.png/25px-Vowel_okara.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Vowel_okara.png/38px-Vowel_okara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Vowel_okara.png/50px-Vowel_okara.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦎ<hr />o </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;">Panjang </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vowel_aakara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vowel_aakara.png/30px-Vowel_aakara.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vowel_aakara.png/45px-Vowel_aakara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Vowel_aakara.png/60px-Vowel_aakara.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦄꦴ<hr />ā </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vowel_ikara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vowel_ikara.png/25px-Vowel_ikara.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vowel_ikara.png/38px-Vowel_ikara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Vowel_ikara.png/50px-Vowel_ikara.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦆ<hr />ī </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vowel_uukara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vowel_uukara.png/25px-Vowel_uukara.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vowel_uukara.png/38px-Vowel_uukara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vowel_uukara.png/50px-Vowel_uukara.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦈꦴ<hr />ū </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ganten_pa_cerek_dirgha2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ganten_pa_cerek_dirgha2.png/25px-Ganten_pa_cerek_dirgha2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ganten_pa_cerek_dirgha2.png/38px-Ganten_pa_cerek_dirgha2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ganten_pa_cerek_dirgha2.png/50px-Ganten_pa_cerek_dirgha2.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦉꦴ<hr />ṝ/reu<sup class="reference" id="ref_reu"><a href="#endnote_reu">[4]</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ganten_nga_lelet_raswadi2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ganten_nga_lelet_raswadi2.png/25px-Ganten_nga_lelet_raswadi2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ganten_nga_lelet_raswadi2.png/38px-Ganten_nga_lelet_raswadi2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ganten_nga_lelet_raswadi2.png/50px-Ganten_nga_lelet_raswadi2.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦋ<hr />ḹ/leu<sup class="reference" id="ref_leu"><a href="#endnote_leu">[5]</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vowel_aikara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vowel_aikara.png/25px-Vowel_aikara.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vowel_aikara.png/38px-Vowel_aikara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vowel_aikara.png/50px-Vowel_aikara.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦍ<hr />ai<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_ai"><a href="#endnote_ai">6</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Vowel_aukara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vowel_aukara.png/25px-Vowel_aukara.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vowel_aukara.png/38px-Vowel_aukara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vowel_aukara.png/50px-Vowel_aukara.png 2x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꦎꦴ<hr />au<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_au"><a href="#endnote_au">7</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Catatan</b> <p><small> </small></p><small> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_re"><b><a href="#ref_re">^1</a></b></span> pa cerek, /rə/ sebagaimana re dalam kata "remah"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_le"><b><a href="#ref_le">^2</a></b></span> nga lelet, /lə/ sebagaimana le dalam kata "lemah"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_e"><b><a href="#ref_e">^3</a></b></span> /e/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "enak"</dd></dl> <p>Pelafalan berikut tidak digunakan dalam bahasa Jawa modern: </p> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_reu"><b><a href="#ref_reu">^4</a></b></span> pa cerek dirgha, dalam bahasa Sanskerta sebenarnya hanya digunakan sebagai pelengkap sistem fonologi Pāṇini<sup id="cite_ref-woodard_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodard-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_leu"><b><a href="#ref_leu">^5</a></b></span> nga lelet raswadi, dalam bahasa Sanskerta sebenarnya hanya digunakan sebagai pelengkap sistem fonologi Pāṇini<sup id="cite_ref-woodard_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodard-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ai"><b><a href="#ref_ai">^6</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a> /aj/ sebagaimana ai dalam kata "sungai"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_au"><b><a href="#ref_au">^7</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a> /aw/ sebagaimana au kata "pantau"</dd></dl> </small><p><small></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sebagaimana aksara <i>wyanjana</i>, bahasa Jawa modern tidak lagi menggunakan keseluruhan aksara <i>swara</i> dalam deret Sanskerta-Kawi, dan kini hanya aksara untuk vokal pendek yang umumnya diajarkan. Dalam penulisan modern, aksara <i>swara</i> digunakan untuk menggantikan aksara <i>wyanjana</i> ha ꦲ (yang pelafalannya bisa jadi ambigu karena berperan ganda sebagai fonem /ha/ dan /a/) pada nama atau istilah asing yang pelafalannya perlu diperjelas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200213-15_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200213-15-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Pa cerek</i> ꦉ, <i>pa cerek dirgha</i> ꦉꦴ, <i>nga lelet</i> ꦊ, dan <i>nga lelet raswadi</i> ꦋ adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllabic_consonant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syllabic consonant (halaman belum tersedia)">konsonan silabis</a> yang dalam bahasa Sanskerta-Kawi dianggap sebagai huruf vokal.<sup id="cite_ref-woodard_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodard-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta193011_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta193011-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketika digunakan untuk bahasa selain Sanskerta, pelafalan keempat aksara ini sering kali bervariasi. Dalam perkembangan bahasa Jawa modern, hanya <i>pa cerek</i> dan <i>nga lelet</i> yang digunakan; <i>pa cerek</i> dilafalkan /rə/ (sebagaimana re dalam kata "remah") sementara <i>nga lelet</i> dilafalkan /lə/ (sebagaimana le dalam kata "lemah"). Dalam pengajaran modern, aksara ini sering kali dipisahkan dari aksara <i>swara</i> menjadi kategori sendiri yang disebut <i>aksara gantèn</i>. Kedua aksara ini wajib digunakan untuk mengganti tiap kombinasi ra+<i>pepet</i> (ꦫꦼ → ꦉ) serta la+<i>pepet</i> (ꦭꦼ → ꦊ) tanpa terkecuali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200220_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200220-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rékan"><span id="R.C3.A9kan"></span><i>Rékan</i></h4></div> <p><i>Aksara rékan</i> (ꦲꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦫꦺꦏꦤ꧀) adalah aksara tambahan yang digunakan untuk menulis bunyi asing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200216-17_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200216-17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aksara ini pada awalnya dikembangkan untuk menuliskan kata serapan dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a>, kemudian diadaptasi untuk kata serapan dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda">bahasa Belanda</a>, dan dalam penggunaan kontemporer juga digunakan untuk menulis kata-kata <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">Inggris</a>. Sebagian besar aksara <i>rékan</i> dibentuk dengan menambahkan diakritik <i>cecak telu</i> pada aksara yang bunyinya dianggap paling mendekati dengan bunyi asing yang bersangkutan. Sebagai contoh, aksara <i>rékan</i> fa ꦥ꦳ dibentuk dengan menambahkan <i>cecak telu</i> pada aksara <i>wyanjana</i> pa ꦥ. Kombinasi <i>wyanjana</i> dan ekuivalen bunyi asing tiap <i>rékan</i> bisa jadi berbeda antarpenulis karena ketiadaan persetujuan bersama dan lembaga bahasa yang mengatur. </p><p>Terdapat lima aksara rekan menurut Padmasusastra<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Dwijasewaya:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kha, dza, fa, za, dan gha, tetapi menurut Hollander, terdapat sembilan:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Aksara Rékan</i> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th> </th> <th style="width: 55px;">ḥa </th> <th style="width: 55px;">kha </th> <th style="width: 55px;">qa </th> <th style="width: 55px;">dza </th> <th style="width: 55px;">sya </th> <th style="width: 55px;">fa/va </th> <th style="width: 55px;">za </th> <th style="width: 55px;">gha </th> <th style="width: 55px;">'a </th></tr> <tr> <th>Aksara Jawa </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rekan_ha2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rekan_ha2.png/25px-Rekan_ha2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rekan_ha2.png/38px-Rekan_ha2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rekan_ha2.png/50px-Rekan_ha2.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><br />ꦲ꦳ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rekan_kha2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rekan_kha2.png/25px-Rekan_kha2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rekan_kha2.png/38px-Rekan_kha2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rekan_kha2.png/50px-Rekan_kha2.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><br />ꦏ꦳ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rekan_qa2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rekan_qa2.png/25px-Rekan_qa2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rekan_qa2.png/38px-Rekan_qa2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rekan_qa2.png/50px-Rekan_qa2.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><br />ꦐ<sup class="reference" id="ref_kasak"><a href="#endnote_kasak">[1]</a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rekan_dza2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rekan_dza2.png/25px-Rekan_dza2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rekan_dza2.png/38px-Rekan_dza2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rekan_dza2.png/50px-Rekan_dza2.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><br />ꦢ꦳ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rekan_sya2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rekan_sya2.png/25px-Rekan_sya2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rekan_sya2.png/38px-Rekan_sya2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rekan_sya2.png/50px-Rekan_sya2.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><br />ꦱ꦳ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rekan_fa2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rekan_fa2.png/25px-Rekan_fa2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rekan_fa2.png/38px-Rekan_fa2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rekan_fa2.png/50px-Rekan_fa2.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><br />ꦥ꦳ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rekan_za2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rekan_za2.png/25px-Rekan_za2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rekan_za2.png/38px-Rekan_za2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rekan_za2.png/50px-Rekan_za2.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><br />ꦗ꦳ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rekan_gha2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rekan_gha2.png/25px-Rekan_gha2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rekan_gha2.png/38px-Rekan_gha2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Rekan_gha2.png/50px-Rekan_gha2.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><br />ꦒ꦳ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rekan_%27a2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rekan_%27a2.png/25px-Rekan_%27a2.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rekan_%27a2.png/38px-Rekan_%27a2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rekan_%27a2.png/50px-Rekan_%27a2.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><br />ꦔ꦳ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Abjad Arab </th> <td align="center"><span lang="ar">ح</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="ar">خ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="ar">ق</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="ar">ذ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="ar">ش</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="ar">ف</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="ar">ز</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="ar">غ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="ar">ع</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="23" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Catatan</b> <p><small> </small></p><small> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_kasak"><b><a href="#ref_kasak">^1</a></b></span> aksara "ka Sasak", aslinya hanya digunakan dalam penulisan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sasak" title="Bahasa Sasak">bahasa Sasak</a></dd></dl> </small><p><small></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diakritik">Diakritik</h3></div> <p>Diakritik (<i>sandhangan</i> ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦔꦤ꧀) adalah tanda yang melekat pada aksara untuk mengubah vokal inheren aksara yang bersangkutan. Sebagaimana aksara, diakritik Jawa juga dapat dibagi ke dalam beberapa kelompok tergantung dari fungsi dan penggunaannya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swara_2"><i>Swara</i></h4></div> <p><i>Sandhangan swara</i> (ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦮꦫ) adalah <i>sandhangan</i> yang digunakan untuk mengubah vokal inheren /a/ menjadi vokal lainnya, sebagaimana berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200219-24_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200219-24-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Sandhangan Swara</i> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center"> <th colspan="6">Pendek </th> <th colspan="6">Panjang </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th style="width: 80px;">-a </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-i </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-u </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-é<sup class="reference" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup> </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-o </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-e<sup class="reference" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup> </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-ā </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-ī </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-ū </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-ai<sup class="reference" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup> </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-au<sup class="reference" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup> </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-eu<sup class="reference" id="ref_5"><a href="#endnote_5">[5]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td>- </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_wulu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sandangan_wulu.png/30px-Sandangan_wulu.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sandangan_wulu.png/45px-Sandangan_wulu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sandangan_wulu.png/60px-Sandangan_wulu.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦶ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_suku.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sandangan_suku.png/30px-Sandangan_suku.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sandangan_suku.png/45px-Sandangan_suku.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Sandangan_suku.png/60px-Sandangan_suku.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦸ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_taling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sandangan_taling.png/30px-Sandangan_taling.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sandangan_taling.png/45px-Sandangan_taling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sandangan_taling.png/60px-Sandangan_taling.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦺ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_taling-tarung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sandangan_taling-tarung.png/30px-Sandangan_taling-tarung.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sandangan_taling-tarung.png/45px-Sandangan_taling-tarung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Sandangan_taling-tarung.png/60px-Sandangan_taling-tarung.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦺꦴ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_pepet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sandangan_pepet.png/30px-Sandangan_pepet.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sandangan_pepet.png/45px-Sandangan_pepet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Sandangan_pepet.png/60px-Sandangan_pepet.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦼ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_tarung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sandangan_tarung.png/30px-Sandangan_tarung.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sandangan_tarung.png/45px-Sandangan_tarung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sandangan_tarung.png/60px-Sandangan_tarung.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦴ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_wulu_melik.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sandangan_wulu_melik.png/30px-Sandangan_wulu_melik.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sandangan_wulu_melik.png/45px-Sandangan_wulu_melik.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sandangan_wulu_melik.png/60px-Sandangan_wulu_melik.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦷ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_suku_mendut.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sandangan_suku_mendut.png/30px-Sandangan_suku_mendut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sandangan_suku_mendut.png/45px-Sandangan_suku_mendut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sandangan_suku_mendut.png/60px-Sandangan_suku_mendut.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦹ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_dirga_mure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sandangan_dirga_mure.png/30px-Sandangan_dirga_mure.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sandangan_dirga_mure.png/45px-Sandangan_dirga_mure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sandangan_dirga_mure.png/60px-Sandangan_dirga_mure.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦻ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_dirga_mure-tarung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sandangan_dirga_mure-tarung.png/30px-Sandangan_dirga_mure-tarung.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sandangan_dirga_mure-tarung.png/45px-Sandangan_dirga_mure-tarung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sandangan_dirga_mure-tarung.png/60px-Sandangan_dirga_mure-tarung.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦻꦴ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_pepet-tarung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sandangan_pepet-tarung.png/30px-Sandangan_pepet-tarung.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sandangan_pepet-tarung.png/45px-Sandangan_pepet-tarung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sandangan_pepet-tarung.png/60px-Sandangan_pepet-tarung.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦼꦴ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">- </td> <td style="text-align: center">wulu </td> <td style="text-align: center">suku </td> <td style="text-align: center">taling </td> <td style="text-align: center">taling-tarung </td> <td style="text-align: center">pepet </td> <td style="text-align: center">tarung </td> <td style="text-align: center">wulu melik </td> <td style="text-align: center">suku mendut </td> <td style="text-align: center">dirga muré </td> <td style="text-align: center">dirga muré-tarung </td> <td style="text-align: center">pepet-tarung </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>ka </th> <th>ki </th> <th>ku </th> <th>ké </th> <th>ko </th> <th>ke </th> <th>kā </th> <th>kī </th> <th>kū </th> <th>kai </th> <th>kau </th> <th>keu </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td>ꦏ </td> <td>ꦏꦶ </td> <td>ꦏꦸ </td> <td>ꦏꦺ </td> <td>ꦏꦺꦴ </td> <td>ꦏꦼ </td> <td>ꦏꦴ </td> <td>ꦏꦷ </td> <td>ꦏꦹ </td> <td>ꦏꦻ </td> <td>ꦭꦻꦴ </td> <td>ꦏꦼꦴ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Catatan</b> <p><small> </small></p><small> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^1</a></b></span> /e/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "enak"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><b><a href="#ref_2">^2</a></b></span> /ə/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "empat", bunyi bahasa Kawi yang tidak berasal dari Sanskerta</dd></dl> <p>Pelafalan berikut tidak digunakan dalam bahasa Jawa modern: </p> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><b><a href="#ref_3">^3</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a> /aj/ sebagaimana ai dalam kata "sungai"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><b><a href="#ref_4">^4</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a> /aw/ sebagaimana au dalam kata "pantau"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><b><a href="#ref_5">^5</a></b></span> bunyi bahasa Kawi yang tidak berasal dari Sanskerta, dalam kajian Kawi umum diromanisasi menjadi ö</dd></dl> </small><p><small></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sebagaimana aksara <i>swara</i>, hanya <i>sandhangan </i>vokal pendek yang umumnya diajarkan dan digunakan dalam bahasa Jawa kontemporer, sementara <i>sandhangan</i> vokal panjang digunakan dalam penulisan bahasa Sanskerta dan Kawi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panyigeging_wanda"><i>Panyigeging wanda</i></h4></div> <p><i>Sandhangan panyigeging wanda</i> (ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦥꦚꦶꦒꦼꦒꦶꦁꦮꦤ꧀ꦢ) digunakan untuk menutup suatu suku kata dengan konsonan, sebagaimana berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200224-28_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200224-28-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:40%;"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Sandhangan Panyigeging Wanda</i> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center"> <th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/Nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal">nasal</a><sup class="reference" id="ref_panyangga"><a href="#endnote_panyangga">[1]</a></sup> </th> <th style="width:80px;">-ng </th> <th style="width:80px;">-r </th> <th style="width:80px;">-h </th> <th style="width:80px;">pemati<sup class="reference" id="ref_pangkon"><a href="#endnote_pangkon">[2]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_panyangga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sandangan_panyangga.png/30px-Sandangan_panyangga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sandangan_panyangga.png/45px-Sandangan_panyangga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sandangan_panyangga.png/60px-Sandangan_panyangga.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦀ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_cecak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sandangan_cecak.png/30px-Sandangan_cecak.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sandangan_cecak.png/45px-Sandangan_cecak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sandangan_cecak.png/60px-Sandangan_cecak.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦁ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_layar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sandangan_layar.png/30px-Sandangan_layar.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sandangan_layar.png/45px-Sandangan_layar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sandangan_layar.png/60px-Sandangan_layar.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦂ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_wignyan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sandangan_wignyan.png/30px-Sandangan_wignyan.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sandangan_wignyan.png/45px-Sandangan_wignyan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sandangan_wignyan.png/60px-Sandangan_wignyan.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦃ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_pangkon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sandangan_pangkon.png/30px-Sandangan_pangkon.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sandangan_pangkon.png/45px-Sandangan_pangkon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sandangan_pangkon.png/60px-Sandangan_pangkon.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">panyangga </td> <td style="text-align: center">cecak </td> <td style="text-align: center">layar </td> <td style="text-align: center">wignyan </td> <td style="text-align: center">pangkon </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>kam </th> <th>kang </th> <th>kar </th> <th>kah </th> <th>k </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td>ꦏꦀ </td> <td>ꦏꦁ </td> <td>ꦏꦂ </td> <td>ꦏꦃ </td> <td>ꦏ꧀ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Catatan</b> <p><small> </small></p><small> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_panyangga"><b><a href="#ref_panyangga">^1</a></b></span> umumnya hanya ditemukan dalam salinan lontar Bali untuk menuliskan kata keramat seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">ong</a></i> ꦎꦀ</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_pangkon"><b><a href="#ref_pangkon">^2</a></b></span> tidak digunakan untuk suku kata tertutup yang terjadi di tengah kata atau kalimat (lihat <a href="#Pasangan">pasangan</a>)</dd></dl> </small></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wyanjana_2"><i>Wyanjana</i></h4></div> <p><i>Sandhangan wyanjana</i> (ꦱꦤ꧀ꦝꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦮꦾꦚ꧀ꦗꦤ) digunakan untuk menuliskan gugus konsonan dengan <a href="/wiki/Semivokal" title="Semivokal">semivokal</a> dalam satu suku kata, sebagaimana berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200229-32_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200229-32-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:40%;"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Sandhangan Wyanjana</i> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center"> <th style="width:80px;">-re </th> <th style="width:80px;">-y- </th> <th style="width:80px;">-r- </th> <th style="width:80px;">-l- </th> <th style="width:80px;">-w- </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_keret.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sandangan_keret.png/30px-Sandangan_keret.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sandangan_keret.png/45px-Sandangan_keret.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sandangan_keret.png/60px-Sandangan_keret.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦽ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_pengkal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sandangan_pengkal.png/30px-Sandangan_pengkal.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sandangan_pengkal.png/45px-Sandangan_pengkal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sandangan_pengkal.png/60px-Sandangan_pengkal.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦾ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_cakra2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sandangan_cakra2.png/30px-Sandangan_cakra2.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sandangan_cakra2.png/45px-Sandangan_cakra2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sandangan_cakra2.png/60px-Sandangan_cakra2.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꦿ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_panjingan_la.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sandangan_panjingan_la.png/30px-Sandangan_panjingan_la.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sandangan_panjingan_la.png/45px-Sandangan_panjingan_la.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sandangan_panjingan_la.png/60px-Sandangan_panjingan_la.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦭ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_gembung_wa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sandangan_gembung_wa.png/30px-Sandangan_gembung_wa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sandangan_gembung_wa.png/45px-Sandangan_gembung_wa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sandangan_gembung_wa.png/60px-Sandangan_gembung_wa.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦮ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><i>keret</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>pengkal</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>cakra</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>panjingan la</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>gembung</i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>kre </th> <th>kya </th> <th>kra </th> <th>kla </th> <th>kwa </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td>ꦏꦽ </td> <td>ꦏꦾ </td> <td>ꦏꦿ </td> <td>ꦏ꧀ꦭ </td> <td>ꦏ꧀ꦮ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pasangan">Pasangan</h3></div> <p>Vokal inheren dari tiap aksara dasar dapat dimatikan dengan penggunaan diaktrik <i>pangkon</i>. Akan tetapi, <i>pangkon</i> normalnya tidak digunakan di tengah kata atau kalimat, sehingga untuk menuliskan suku kata tertutup di tengah kata dan kalimat, digunakanlah bentuk <i>pasangan</i> (ꦥꦱꦔꦤ꧀). Berbeda dengan <i>pangkon</i>, <i>pasangan</i> tidak hanya mematikan konsonan yang diiringinya tetapi juga menunjukkan konsonan selanjutnya. Sebagai contoh, aksara <i>ma</i> (ꦩ) yang diiringi bentuk <i>pasangan</i> dari <i>pa</i> (꧀ꦥ) menjadi <i>mpa</i> (ꦩ꧀ꦥ). Bentuk <i>pasangan</i> setiap aksara ada di tabel berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20082_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20082-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Aksara</i> dan <i>Pasangan</i> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>ha/a </th> <th>na </th> <th>ca </th> <th>ra </th> <th>ka </th> <th>da </th> <th>ta </th> <th>sa </th> <th>wa </th> <th>la </th> <th>pa </th> <th>dha </th> <th>ja </th> <th>ya </th> <th>nya </th> <th>ma </th> <th>ga </th> <th>ba </th> <th>tha </th> <th>nga </th></tr> <tr style="length:20%; height: 4em;"> <th rowspan="2" style="width:10%; text-align:center;">Nglegena </th> <th align="center">Aksara </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/30px-Nglegena_ha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/45px-Nglegena_ha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/60px-Nglegena_ha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦲ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/30px-Nglegena_na.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/45px-Nglegena_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/60px-Nglegena_na.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦤ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nglegena_ca.png/30px-Nglegena_ca.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nglegena_ca.png/45px-Nglegena_ca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nglegena_ca.png/60px-Nglegena_ca.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦕ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/30px-Nglegena_ra.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/45px-Nglegena_ra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/60px-Nglegena_ra.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦫ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/30px-Nglegena_ka.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/45px-Nglegena_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/60px-Nglegena_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦏ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_da.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nglegena_da.png/30px-Nglegena_da.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nglegena_da.png/45px-Nglegena_da.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nglegena_da.png/60px-Nglegena_da.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦢ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nglegena_ta.png/30px-Nglegena_ta.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nglegena_ta.png/45px-Nglegena_ta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nglegena_ta.png/60px-Nglegena_ta.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦠ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/30px-Nglegena_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/45px-Nglegena_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/60px-Nglegena_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦱ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_wa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nglegena_wa.png/30px-Nglegena_wa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nglegena_wa.png/45px-Nglegena_wa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Nglegena_wa.png/60px-Nglegena_wa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦮ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_la.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nglegena_la.png/30px-Nglegena_la.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nglegena_la.png/45px-Nglegena_la.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nglegena_la.png/60px-Nglegena_la.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦭ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_pa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nglegena_pa.png/30px-Nglegena_pa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nglegena_pa.png/45px-Nglegena_pa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Nglegena_pa.png/60px-Nglegena_pa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦥ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_da.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Uniform_height_Murda_da.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_da.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Uniform_height_Murda_da.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_da.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Uniform_height_Murda_da.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_da.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦝ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nglegena_ja.png/30px-Nglegena_ja.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nglegena_ja.png/45px-Nglegena_ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nglegena_ja.png/60px-Nglegena_ja.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦗ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nglegena_ya.png/30px-Nglegena_ya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nglegena_ya.png/45px-Nglegena_ya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nglegena_ya.png/60px-Nglegena_ya.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦪ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_nya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nglegena_nya.png/30px-Nglegena_nya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nglegena_nya.png/45px-Nglegena_nya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nglegena_nya.png/60px-Nglegena_nya.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦚ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nglegena_ma.png/30px-Nglegena_ma.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nglegena_ma.png/45px-Nglegena_ma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Nglegena_ma.png/60px-Nglegena_ma.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦩ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nglegena_ga.png/30px-Nglegena_ga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nglegena_ga.png/45px-Nglegena_ga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Nglegena_ga.png/60px-Nglegena_ga.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦒ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nglegena_ba.png/30px-Nglegena_ba.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nglegena_ba.png/45px-Nglegena_ba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nglegena_ba.png/60px-Nglegena_ba.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦧ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_tha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/30px-Nglegena_tha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/45px-Nglegena_tha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/60px-Nglegena_tha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦛ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_nga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nglegena_nga.png/30px-Nglegena_nga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nglegena_nga.png/45px-Nglegena_nga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nglegena_nga.png/60px-Nglegena_nga.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦔ </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">Pasangan </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_ha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pasangan_nglegena_ha.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_ha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pasangan_nglegena_ha.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_ha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pasangan_nglegena_ha.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_ha.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦲ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pasangan_nglegena_na.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_na.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pasangan_nglegena_na.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pasangan_nglegena_na.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_na.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦤ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_ca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pasangan_nglegena_ca.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_ca.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pasangan_nglegena_ca.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_ca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pasangan_nglegena_ca.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_ca.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦕ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_ra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pasangan_nglegena_ra.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_ra.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pasangan_nglegena_ra.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_ra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pasangan_nglegena_ra.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_ra.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦫ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pasangan_nglegena_ka.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_ka.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pasangan_nglegena_ka.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pasangan_nglegena_ka.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦏ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_da.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pasangan_nglegena_da.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_da.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pasangan_nglegena_da.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_da.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pasangan_nglegena_da.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_da.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦢ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_ta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pasangan_nglegena_ta.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_ta.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pasangan_nglegena_ta.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_ta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pasangan_nglegena_ta.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_ta.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦠ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pasangan_nglegena_sa.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pasangan_nglegena_sa.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pasangan_nglegena_sa.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦱ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_wa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pasangan_nglegena_wa.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_wa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pasangan_nglegena_wa.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_wa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pasangan_nglegena_wa.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_wa.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦮ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_la.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pasangan_nglegena_la.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_la.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pasangan_nglegena_la.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_la.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pasangan_nglegena_la.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_la.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦭ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_pa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pasangan_nglegena_pa.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_pa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pasangan_nglegena_pa.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_pa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pasangan_nglegena_pa.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_pa.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦥ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_dha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pasangan_nglegena_dha.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_dha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pasangan_nglegena_dha.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_dha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pasangan_nglegena_dha.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_dha.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦝ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pasangan_nglegena_ja.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_ja.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pasangan_nglegena_ja.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pasangan_nglegena_ja.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_ja.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦗ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_ya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pasangan_nglegena_ya.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_ya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pasangan_nglegena_ya.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_ya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pasangan_nglegena_ya.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_ya.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦪ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_nya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pasangan_nglegena_nya.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_nya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pasangan_nglegena_nya.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_nya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pasangan_nglegena_nya.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_nya.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦚ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_ma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pasangan_nglegena_ma.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_ma.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pasangan_nglegena_ma.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_ma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pasangan_nglegena_ma.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_ma.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦩ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_ga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pasangan_nglegena_ga.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_ga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pasangan_nglegena_ga.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_ga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pasangan_nglegena_ga.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_ga.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦒ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_ba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pasangan_nglegena_ba.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_ba.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pasangan_nglegena_ba.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_ba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pasangan_nglegena_ba.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_ba.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦧ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_tha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pasangan_nglegena_tha.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_tha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pasangan_nglegena_tha.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_tha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pasangan_nglegena_tha.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_tha.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦛ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_nglegena_nga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pasangan_nglegena_nga.png/30px-Pasangan_nglegena_nga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pasangan_nglegena_nga.png/45px-Pasangan_nglegena_nga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pasangan_nglegena_nga.png/60px-Pasangan_nglegena_nga.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦔ </td></tr> <tr style="length:20%; height: 4em;"> <th rowspan="2" style="width:10%; text-align:center;">Murda </th> <th align="center">Aksara </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Uniform_height_Murda_na.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_na.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Uniform_height_Murda_na.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Uniform_height_Murda_na.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_na.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦟ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ca.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦖ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_ra_agung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Uniform_height_ra_agung.png/30px-Uniform_height_ra_agung.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Uniform_height_ra_agung.png/45px-Uniform_height_ra_agung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Uniform_height_ra_agung.png/60px-Uniform_height_ra_agung.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦬ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦑ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ta.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦡ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦯ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_pa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦦ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Murda_nya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Murda_nya.png/30px-Murda_nya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Murda_nya.png/45px-Murda_nya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Murda_nya.png/60px-Murda_nya.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="148" /></a></span><br />ꦘ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ga.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦒ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png/30px-Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png/45px-Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png/60px-Uniform_height_Murda_ba.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦨ </td> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">Pasangan </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_murda_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pasangan_murda_na.png/30px-Pasangan_murda_na.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pasangan_murda_na.png/45px-Pasangan_murda_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pasangan_murda_na.png/60px-Pasangan_murda_na.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br />ꦟ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_murda_ca.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pasangan_murda_ca.png/30px-Pasangan_murda_ca.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pasangan_murda_ca.png/45px-Pasangan_murda_ca.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pasangan_murda_ca.png/60px-Pasangan_murda_ca.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦖ<sup class="reference" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_lain-lain_ra_agung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pasangan_lain-lain_ra_agung.png/30px-Pasangan_lain-lain_ra_agung.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pasangan_lain-lain_ra_agung.png/45px-Pasangan_lain-lain_ra_agung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pasangan_lain-lain_ra_agung.png/60px-Pasangan_lain-lain_ra_agung.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦬ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_murda_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pasangan_murda_ka.png/30px-Pasangan_murda_ka.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pasangan_murda_ka.png/45px-Pasangan_murda_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pasangan_murda_ka.png/60px-Pasangan_murda_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦑ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_murda_ta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pasangan_murda_ta.png/30px-Pasangan_murda_ta.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pasangan_murda_ta.png/45px-Pasangan_murda_ta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pasangan_murda_ta.png/60px-Pasangan_murda_ta.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦡ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_murda_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pasangan_murda_sa.png/30px-Pasangan_murda_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pasangan_murda_sa.png/45px-Pasangan_murda_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pasangan_murda_sa.png/60px-Pasangan_murda_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦯ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_murda_pa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pasangan_murda_pa.png/30px-Pasangan_murda_pa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pasangan_murda_pa.png/45px-Pasangan_murda_pa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pasangan_murda_pa.png/60px-Pasangan_murda_pa.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦦ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_murda_nya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pasangan_murda_nya.png/30px-Pasangan_murda_nya.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pasangan_murda_nya.png/45px-Pasangan_murda_nya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pasangan_murda_nya.png/60px-Pasangan_murda_nya.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦘ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_murda_ga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pasangan_murda_ga.png/30px-Pasangan_murda_ga.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pasangan_murda_ga.png/45px-Pasangan_murda_ga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pasangan_murda_ga.png/60px-Pasangan_murda_ga.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦓ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_murda_ba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pasangan_murda_ba.png/30px-Pasangan_murda_ba.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pasangan_murda_ba.png/45px-Pasangan_murda_ba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pasangan_murda_ba.png/60px-Pasangan_murda_ba.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦨ </td> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr style="length:20%; height: 4em;"> <th rowspan="2" style="width:10%; text-align:center;">Mahaprana </th> <th align="center">Aksara </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_dha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nglegena_dha.png/30px-Nglegena_dha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nglegena_dha.png/45px-Nglegena_dha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nglegena_dha.png/60px-Nglegena_dha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦣ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png/30px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png/45px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png/60px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦰ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png/30px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png/45px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png/60px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_dha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br />ꦞ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mahaprana_ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahaprana_ja.png/30px-Mahaprana_ja.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahaprana_ja.png/45px-Mahaprana_ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mahaprana_ja.png/60px-Mahaprana_ja.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span><br />ꦙ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png/30px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png/45px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png/60px-Uniform_height_Mahaprana_tha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span><br /> ꦜ </td> <th align="center"> </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">Pasangan </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_murda_da.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pasangan_murda_da.png/30px-Pasangan_murda_da.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pasangan_murda_da.png/45px-Pasangan_murda_da.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pasangan_murda_da.png/60px-Pasangan_murda_da.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦣ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_mahaprana_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pasangan_mahaprana_sa.png/30px-Pasangan_mahaprana_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pasangan_mahaprana_sa.png/45px-Pasangan_mahaprana_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pasangan_mahaprana_sa.png/60px-Pasangan_mahaprana_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦰ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_mahaprana_dha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pasangan_mahaprana_dha.png/30px-Pasangan_mahaprana_dha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pasangan_mahaprana_dha.png/45px-Pasangan_mahaprana_dha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pasangan_mahaprana_dha.png/60px-Pasangan_mahaprana_dha.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦞ </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_mahaprana_ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pasangan_mahaprana_ja.png/30px-Pasangan_mahaprana_ja.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pasangan_mahaprana_ja.png/45px-Pasangan_mahaprana_ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pasangan_mahaprana_ja.png/60px-Pasangan_mahaprana_ja.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br /> ꧀ꦙ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pasangan_mahaprana_tha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pasangan_mahaprana_tha.png/30px-Pasangan_mahaprana_tha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pasangan_mahaprana_tha.png/45px-Pasangan_mahaprana_tha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pasangan_mahaprana_tha.png/60px-Pasangan_mahaprana_tha.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="213" /></a></span><br />꧀ꦜ </td> <th align="center"> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="23" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Catatan</b> <p><small> </small></p><small> <dl><dd>     tanda bulat (◌) pada karakter bukanlah bagian dari <i>pasangan</i>, tetapi mengindikasikan posisi aksara yang diiringinya</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^1</a></b></span> kerap digunakan sebagai bagian dari <a href="#Pepadan"><i>pepadan</i></a> yang tidak memiliki fungsi fonetis</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><b><a href="#ref_2">^2</a></b></span> pasangan dalam tabel ini merupakan bentuk yang digunakan dalam penulisan Jawa modern. Beberapa aksara memiliki bentuk pasangan yang berbeda dalam penulisan Sanskerta-Kawi</dd></dl> </small><p><small></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Contoh pemakaian pasangan dapat dilihat sebagaimana berikut: </p> <table class="wikitable" summary="reordering"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" scope="col">komponen </th> <th scope="col">penulisan </th> <th align="center">keterangan </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/30px-Nglegena_ha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/45px-Nglegena_ha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nglegena_ha.png/60px-Nglegena_ha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaaaaa hidden;border-right:#aaaaaa hidden;">+ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/30px-Nglegena_ka.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/45px-Nglegena_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/60px-Nglegena_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaaaaa hidden;border-right:#aaaaaa hidden;">+ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_pangkon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sandangan_pangkon.png/30px-Sandangan_pangkon.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sandangan_pangkon.png/45px-Sandangan_pangkon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sandangan_pangkon.png/60px-Sandangan_pangkon.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaaaaa hidden;border-right:#aaaaaa hidden;">+ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_sa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/30px-Nglegena_sa.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/45px-Nglegena_sa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nglegena_sa.png/60px-Nglegena_sa.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaaaaa hidden;border-right:#aaaaaa hidden;">+ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/30px-Nglegena_ra.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/45px-Nglegena_ra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Nglegena_ra.png/60px-Nglegena_ra.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaaaaa hidden;">= </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="aksara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kata_aksara.png/80px-Kata_aksara.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kata_aksara.png/120px-Kata_aksara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kata_aksara.png/160px-Kata_aksara.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="47" /></span></span> </td> <td align="left">a + (ka + (pangkon + sa)) + ra → a + (ka + (pasangan sa)) + ra = a(ksa)ra </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_ka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/30px-Nglegena_ka.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/45px-Nglegena_ka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nglegena_ka.png/60px-Nglegena_ka.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaaaaa hidden;border-right:#aaaaaa hidden;">+ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/30px-Nglegena_na.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/45px-Nglegena_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nglegena_na.png/60px-Nglegena_na.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaaaaa hidden;border-right:#aaaaaa hidden;">+ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_pangkon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sandangan_pangkon.png/30px-Sandangan_pangkon.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sandangan_pangkon.png/45px-Sandangan_pangkon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sandangan_pangkon.png/60px-Sandangan_pangkon.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaaaaa hidden;border-right:#aaaaaa hidden;">+ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nglegena_tha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/30px-Nglegena_tha.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/45px-Nglegena_tha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Nglegena_tha.png/60px-Nglegena_tha.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="99" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaaaaa hidden;border-right:#aaaaaa hidden;">+ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sandangan_wulu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sandangan_wulu.png/30px-Sandangan_wulu.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sandangan_wulu.png/45px-Sandangan_wulu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sandangan_wulu.png/60px-Sandangan_wulu.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border-left:#aaaaaa hidden;">= </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="aksara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kata_kanthi.png/40px-Kata_kanthi.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kata_kanthi.png/60px-Kata_kanthi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kata_kanthi.png/80px-Kata_kanthi.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="193" /></span></span> </td> <td align="left">ka + (na + (pangkon + tha) + -i) → ka + (na + (pasangan tha) + -i) = ka(nthi) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angka">Angka</h3></div> <p>Aksara Jawa memiliki lambang bilangannya sendiri yang berlaku selayaknya <a href="/wiki/Angka_Arab" title="Angka Arab">angka Arab</a>, tetapi sebagian bentuknya memiliki rupa yang persis sama dengan beberapa aksara Jawa, semisal angka 1 ꧑ dengan aksara <i>wyanjana</i> ga ꦒ, atau angka 8 ꧘ dengan aksara <i>murda</i> pa ꦦ. Karena persamaan bentuk ini, angka yang digunakan di tengah kalimat perlu diapit dengan tanda baca <i>pada pangkat</i> atau <i>pada lingsa</i> untuk memperjelas fungsinya sebagai lambang bilangan. Semisal, "tanggal 17 Juni" ditulis ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀꧇꧑꧗꧇ꦗꦸꦤꦶ atau ꦠꦁꦒꦭ꧀꧈꧑꧗꧈ꦗꦸꦤꦶ. Pengapit ini dapat diabaikan apabila fungsi lambang bilangan sudah jelas dari konteks, misal nomor halaman di pojok kertas. Bentuknya dapat dilihat sebagaimana berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200244-45_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200244-45-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:40%;"> <caption style="text-align: center;">Angka </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center"> <th>0 </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>7 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>9 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angka_0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Angka_0.png/30px-Angka_0.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Angka_0.png/45px-Angka_0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Angka_0.png/60px-Angka_0.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><br />꧐ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angka_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Angka_1.png/30px-Angka_1.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Angka_1.png/45px-Angka_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Angka_1.png/60px-Angka_1.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><br />꧑ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angka_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Angka_2.png/30px-Angka_2.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Angka_2.png/45px-Angka_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Angka_2.png/60px-Angka_2.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><br />꧒ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angka_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Angka_3.png/30px-Angka_3.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Angka_3.png/45px-Angka_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Angka_3.png/60px-Angka_3.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><br />꧓ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angka_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Angka_4.png/30px-Angka_4.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Angka_4.png/45px-Angka_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Angka_4.png/60px-Angka_4.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><br />꧔ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angka_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Angka_5.png/30px-Angka_5.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Angka_5.png/45px-Angka_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Angka_5.png/60px-Angka_5.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><br />꧕ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angka_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Angka_6.png/30px-Angka_6.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Angka_6.png/45px-Angka_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Angka_6.png/60px-Angka_6.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><br />꧖ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angka_7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Angka_7.png/30px-Angka_7.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Angka_7.png/45px-Angka_7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Angka_7.png/60px-Angka_7.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><br />꧗ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angka_8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Angka_8.png/30px-Angka_8.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Angka_8.png/45px-Angka_8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Angka_8.png/60px-Angka_8.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><br />꧘ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Angka_9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Angka_9.png/30px-Angka_9.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Angka_9.png/45px-Angka_9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Angka_9.png/60px-Angka_9.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="173" /></a></span><br />꧙ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanda_baca">Tanda baca</h3></div> <p>Teks tradisional Jawa ditulis tanpa spasi antarkata (<i><a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">scriptio continua</a></i>) dan memiliki sejumlah tanda baca yang disebut <i>pada</i> (ꦥꦢ). </p><p>Sebagai pemisah antar kalimat, aksara Jawa menggunakan pada lungsi (꧉) apabila suku kata terakhir terbuka (tidak ada pangkon), tetapi menggunakan pada lingsa (꧈) apabila suku kata terakhir tertutup (menggunakan pangkon). Sebaliknya, sebagai pemisah antar anak kalimat, aksara Jawa menggunakan pada lingsa (꧈) apabila suku kata terakhir tertutup, tetapi menggunakan pemisah spasi apabila suku kata terakhir terbuka. Peraturan penulisan ini berbeda dengan penggunaan titik dan koma pada penulisan Latin, dan tidak jarang tidak dipahami dengan baik oleh pengguna aksara Jawa. </p><p>Selain itu, dalam aksara Jawa tidak memiliki padanan untuk tanda baca <a href="/wiki/Tanda_tanya" title="Tanda tanya">tanda tanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanda_seru" title="Tanda seru">tanda seru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanda_hubung" title="Tanda hubung">tanda hubung</a>, simbol-simbol matematika (termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_miring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis miring (halaman belum tersedia)">garis miring</a>), dan <a href="/wiki/Titik_koma" class="mw-redirect" title="Titik koma">titik koma</a>. Oleh karena itu, suatu kalimat yang ditulis dalam aksara Jawa dapat diketahui sebagai kalimat interogatif (tanya) atau imperatif (perintah) dari konteksnya saja. </p><p>Berbagai bentuk pada sebagaimana berikut: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:80%;"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Pada</i> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center"> <th rowspan="2"><i>lingsa</i> </th> <th rowspan="2"><i>lungsi</i> </th> <th rowspan="2"><i>adeg</i> </th> <th rowspan="2"><i>adeg-adeg</i> </th> <th rowspan="2"><i>pisèlèh</i> </th> <th rowspan="2"><i>rerenggan</i> </th> <th rowspan="2"><i>pangkat</i> </th> <th rowspan="2"><i>rangkap</i> </th> <th colspan="5">surat </th> <th colspan="2">koreksi </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>andhap</i> </th> <th><i>madya</i> </th> <th><i>luhur</i> </th> <th><i>guru</i> </th> <th><i>pancak</i> </th> <th><i>tirta tumètès</i> </th> <th><i>isèn-isèn</i> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_lingsa1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pada_lingsa1.png/15px-Pada_lingsa1.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pada_lingsa1.png/23px-Pada_lingsa1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pada_lingsa1.png/30px-Pada_lingsa1.png 2x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧈ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_lungsi1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pada_lungsi1.png/15px-Pada_lungsi1.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pada_lungsi1.png/23px-Pada_lungsi1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pada_lungsi1.png/30px-Pada_lungsi1.png 2x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧉ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_adeg2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pada_adeg2.png/15px-Pada_adeg2.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pada_adeg2.png/23px-Pada_adeg2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pada_adeg2.png/30px-Pada_adeg2.png 2x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧊ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_adeg-adeg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pada_adeg-adeg.png/15px-Pada_adeg-adeg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pada_adeg-adeg.png/23px-Pada_adeg-adeg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pada_adeg-adeg.png/30px-Pada_adeg-adeg.png 2x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧋ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_piseleh_kiri_kanan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pada_piseleh_kiri_kanan.png/30px-Pada_piseleh_kiri_kanan.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pada_piseleh_kiri_kanan.png/45px-Pada_piseleh_kiri_kanan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pada_piseleh_kiri_kanan.png/60px-Pada_piseleh_kiri_kanan.png 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧌...꧍ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_rerenggan_kiri_kanan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pada_rerenggan_kiri_kanan.png/55px-Pada_rerenggan_kiri_kanan.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pada_rerenggan_kiri_kanan.png/83px-Pada_rerenggan_kiri_kanan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pada_rerenggan_kiri_kanan.png/110px-Pada_rerenggan_kiri_kanan.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧁...꧂ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_pangkat1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pada_pangkat1.png/12px-Pada_pangkat1.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pada_pangkat1.png/18px-Pada_pangkat1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pada_pangkat1.png/24px-Pada_pangkat1.png 2x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧇ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_rangkep.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pada_rangkep.png/15px-Pada_rangkep.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pada_rangkep.png/23px-Pada_rangkep.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pada_rangkep.png/30px-Pada_rangkep.png 2x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />ꧏ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_surat_andhap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pada_surat_andhap.png/40px-Pada_surat_andhap.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pada_surat_andhap.png/60px-Pada_surat_andhap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pada_surat_andhap.png/80px-Pada_surat_andhap.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧃ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_surat_madya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pada_surat_madya.png/40px-Pada_surat_madya.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pada_surat_madya.png/60px-Pada_surat_madya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pada_surat_madya.png/80px-Pada_surat_madya.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧄ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_surat_luhur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pada_surat_luhur.png/40px-Pada_surat_luhur.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pada_surat_luhur.png/60px-Pada_surat_luhur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pada_surat_luhur.png/80px-Pada_surat_luhur.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧅ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_guru1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pada_guru1.png/32px-Pada_guru1.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pada_guru1.png/48px-Pada_guru1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pada_guru1.png/64px-Pada_guru1.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧋꧆꧋ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_pancak1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pada_pancak1.png/32px-Pada_pancak1.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pada_pancak1.png/48px-Pada_pancak1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pada_pancak1.png/64px-Pada_pancak1.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧉꧆꧉ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_tirta_tumetes_tiga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pada_tirta_tumetes_tiga.png/35px-Pada_tirta_tumetes_tiga.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pada_tirta_tumetes_tiga.png/53px-Pada_tirta_tumetes_tiga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pada_tirta_tumetes_tiga.png/70px-Pada_tirta_tumetes_tiga.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧞꧞꧞ </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_tirta_isen-isen_tiga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pada_tirta_isen-isen_tiga.png/35px-Pada_tirta_isen-isen_tiga.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pada_tirta_isen-isen_tiga.png/53px-Pada_tirta_isen-isen_tiga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pada_tirta_isen-isen_tiga.png/70px-Pada_tirta_isen-isen_tiga.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧟꧟꧟ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dalam pengajaran modern, tanda baca yang paling sering digunakan adalah <i>pada adeg-adeg</i>, <i>pada lingsa</i>, dan <i>pada lungsi</i>, yang masing-masing berfungsi untuk membuka paragraf (sebagaimana <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pillcrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pillcrow (halaman belum tersedia)">pillcrow</a></i>), memisahkan kalimat (sebagaimana <a href="/wiki/Koma_(tanda_baca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koma (tanda baca)">koma</a>), dan mengakhiri kalimat (sebagaimana <a href="/wiki/Tanda_titik" title="Tanda titik">titik</a>). <i>Pada adeg</i> dan <i>pada pisèlèh</i> umumnya digunakan untuk mengapit sisipan di tengah teks seperti <a href="/wiki/Tanda_kurung" title="Tanda kurung">kurung</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Tanda_petik" title="Tanda petik">petik</a>, sementara <i>pada pangkat</i> berfungsi seperti <a href="/wiki/Titik_dua" class="mw-redirect" title="Titik dua">titik dua</a>. <i>Pada rangkap</i> kadang digunakan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iteration_mark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iteration mark (halaman belum tersedia)">tanda pengulangan kata</a> yang dalam bahasa Indonesia informal setara dengan penggunaan angka 2 untuk kata <a href="/wiki/Reduplikasi" title="Reduplikasi">berulang</a> (misal <i>kata-kata</i> ꦏꦠꦏꦠ → <i>kata2</i> ꦏꦠꧏ).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-5_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa tanda baca tidak memiliki ekivalen dalam ejaan latin dan sering kali bersifat dekoratif, karena itu bentuk dan penggunaannya cenderung bervariasi antarpenulis, semisal <i>rerenggan</i> yang kadang digunakan untuk mengapit judul. Dalam surat-menyurat, seperangkat tanda baca digunakan di awal surat sebagai tanda pembuka dan kadang digunakan pula sebagai penanda status sosial dari sang pengirim surat; dari <i>pada andhap</i> yang rendah, <i>pada madya</i> yang menengah, hingga <i>pada luhur</i> yang tinggi. <i>Pada guru</i> kadang digunakan sebagai pilihan netral yang tidak memiliki konotasi sosial, sementara <i>pada pancak</i> digunakan untuk mengakhiri surat. Namun perlu diperhatikan bahwa bentuk dan fungsi ini merupakan kaidah yang digeneralisasi. Sebagaimana <i>rerenggan</i>, tanda baca pemulai dan pengakhir surat dalam prakteknya bersifat dekoratif dan opsional, dengan beragam susunan bentuk yang bervariasi antara daerah dan juru tulis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-5_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ketika terjadi kesalahan dalam penulisan naskah, beberapa juru tulis keraton menggunakan tanda koreksi khusus alih-alih mencoret bagian yang salah: <i>tirta tumétès</i> yang ditemukan di naskah-naskah Yogyakarta, dan <i>isèn-isèn</i> yang ditemukan di naskah Surakarta. Tanda koreksi ini langsung dibubuhkan mengikuti bagian yang salah sebelum penulis melanjutkan dengan penulisan yang benar. Semisal seorang juru tulis ingin menulis <i>pada luhur</i> ꦥꦢꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ namun terlanjur menulis <i>pada hu</i> ꦥꦢꦲꦸ sebelum ia sadar kesalahannya, maka kata ini dapat dikoreksi menjadi <i>pada hu···luhur</i> ꦥꦢꦲꦸ꧞꧞꧞ꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ atau ꦥꦢꦲꦸ꧟꧟꧟ꦭꦸꦲꦸꦂ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20085_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20085-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pepadan"><i>Pepadan</i></h4></div> <p>Selain tanda baca biasa, salah satu ciri khas penulis aksara Jawa adalah <i>pepadan</i> (ꦥꦼꦥꦢꦤ꧀), yakni seperangkat tanda baca penanda sajak yang bentuk dan pengerjaannya sering kali memiliki nilai artisik tinggi. Beberapa bentuknya dapat dilihat sebagaimana berikut: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Pepadan</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center">pada kecil </th> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center">pada besar </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg/210px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg/315px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg/420px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_9r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="714" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg/210px-Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg/315px-Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg/420px-Pepadan_from_babad_mataram_10r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="714" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg/210px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg/315px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg/420px-Pepadan_from_serat_jayalengkara_24r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="714" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg/210px-Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg/315px-Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg/420px-Pepadan_from_serat_selarasa_44r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="714" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg/210px-Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg/315px-Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg/420px-Pepadan_from_jatikusuma_50v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="714" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_surat_luhur.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pada_surat_luhur.png/40px-Pada_surat_luhur.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pada_surat_luhur.png/60px-Pada_surat_luhur.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pada_surat_luhur.png/80px-Pada_surat_luhur.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧅ </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pada_tembang_purwa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pada_tembang_purwa.png/120px-Pada_tembang_purwa.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pada_tembang_purwa.png/180px-Pada_tembang_purwa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pada_tembang_purwa.png/240px-Pada_tembang_purwa.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="269" /></a></span><br />꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Perangkat tanda baca <i>pepadan</i> dapat dikenal dengan berbagai nama dalam teks-teks tradisional. Behrend (1996) membagi <i>pepadan</i> ke dalam dua kelompok umum: <i>pada kecil</i> yang merupakan tanda baca tunggal, serta <i>pada besar</i> yang sering kali disusun berderet dari beberapa tanda baca. <i>Pada kecil</i> digunakan untuk menandakan pergantian <a href="/wiki/Bait_(sastra)" title="Bait (sastra)">bait</a> yang biasanya muncul setiap 32 hingga 48 suku kata tergantung <a href="/wiki/Metrum" title="Metrum">metrum</a> yang digunakan. <i>Pada besar</i> digunakan untuk menandakan pergantian <a href="/wiki/Tembang" title="Tembang">tembang</a> (diikuti pula oleh metrum, <a href="/wiki/Irama" class="mw-redirect" title="Irama">irama</a>, dan citra pelantunan) yang biasanya muncul tiap 5 hingga 10 halaman, meski hal ini sangat tergantung dari susunan naskah yang bersangkutan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996188_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996188-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedoman penulisan aksara Jawa sering kali membagi pada besar menjadi tiga jenis pada, <i>purwa pada</i> ꧅ ꦧ꧀ꦖ ꧅ yang digunakan di awal tembang pertama, <i>madya pada</i> ꧅ ꦟ꧀ꦢꦿ ꧅ yang digunakan di pergantian tembang, dan <i>wasana pada</i> ꧅ ꦆ ꧅ yang digunakan di penutup tembang terakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-5_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namun karena bentuknya yang sangat bervariasi antarnaskah, tiga tanda baca ini sering kali melebur dan dianggap satu dalam praktek penulisan sebagian besar naskah Jawa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Pepadan</i> adalah elemen aksara yang paling menonjol dalam naskah Jawa dan hampir selalu ditulis dengan kemampuan artisik tinggi yang meliputi kaligrafi, pewarnaan, hingga <a href="/wiki/Penyepuhan" title="Penyepuhan">penyepuhan</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Kertas_emas" title="Kertas emas">kertas emas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996189-190_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996189-190-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam sejumlah naskah mewah, bentuk <i>pepadan</i> bahkan bisa menjadi petunjuk untuk tembang yang digunakan; <i>pepadan</i> dengan elemen sayap atau figur burung yang menyerupai gagak (<i>dhandhang</i> dalam bahasa Jawa) merujuk pada tembang <i>dhandhanggula</i>, sementara <i>pepadan</i> dengan elemen ikan mas merujuk pada tembang <i>maskumambang</i> (secara harfiah berarti "emas mengambang di air"). Salah satu pusat penulisan naskah dengan gubahan <i>pepadan</i> yang paling indah adalah <a href="/wiki/Skriptorium" title="Skriptorium">skriptorium</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadipaten_Pakualaman" title="Kadipaten Pakualaman">Kadipaten Pakualaman</a> di Yogyakarta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengurutan">Pengurutan</h2></div> <p>Aksara Jawa modern umum diurutkan menggunakan deret Hanacaraka yang dinamakan berdasarkan lima aksara pertama dalam deret tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam urutan tersebut, ke-20 aksara dasar yang digunakan dalam bahasa Jawa modern membentuk sebuah <a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">pangram</a> yang sering kali dikaitkan dengan legenda <a href="/wiki/Aji_Saka" title="Aji Saka">Aji Saka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson201113-14_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson201113-14-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo19968-11_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo19968-11-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asal-usul deret ini tidak diketahui dengan pasti, tetapi deret Hanacaraka diperkirakan telah digunakan oleh masyarakat Jawa setidaknya sejak abad ke-15 ketika ranah Jawa mulai menerima pengaruh Islam yang signifikan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20085-6_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20085-6-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terdapat berbagai macam tafsiran mengenai makna filosofis dan esoteris yang konon terkandung dalam urutan hanacaraka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199635-41_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199635-41-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199651-58_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199651-58-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:80%;"> <caption><i>Deret Hanacaraka</i> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hanacaraka_legend_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hanacaraka_legend_1.png/200px-Hanacaraka_legend_1.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hanacaraka_legend_1.png/300px-Hanacaraka_legend_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hanacaraka_legend_1.png/400px-Hanacaraka_legend_1.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="690" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hanacaraka_legend_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hanacaraka_legend_2.png/200px-Hanacaraka_legend_2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hanacaraka_legend_2.png/300px-Hanacaraka_legend_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hanacaraka_legend_2.png/400px-Hanacaraka_legend_2.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="714" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hanacaraka_legend_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hanacaraka_legend_3.png/200px-Hanacaraka_legend_3.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hanacaraka_legend_3.png/300px-Hanacaraka_legend_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hanacaraka_legend_3.png/400px-Hanacaraka_legend_3.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="682" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hanacaraka_legend_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hanacaraka_legend_4.png/200px-Hanacaraka_legend_4.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hanacaraka_legend_4.png/300px-Hanacaraka_legend_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hanacaraka_legend_4.png/400px-Hanacaraka_legend_4.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="690" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦲꦤꦕꦫꦏ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦢꦠꦱꦮꦭ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦥꦝꦗꦪꦚ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦩꦒꦧꦛꦔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>(h)ana caraka</i><br />ada dua utusan </td> <td align="center"><i>data sawala</i><br />yang berselisih pendapat </td> <td align="center"><i>padha jayanya</i><br />sama kuatnya </td> <td align="center"><i>maga bathanga</i><br />inilah mayat mereka </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Deret hanacaraka bukanlah satu-satunya cara untuk mengurutkan aksara Jawa. Untuk penulisan bahasa <a href="/wiki/Sanskerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskerta">Sanskerta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kawi">Kawi</a> yang memerlukan 33 aksara dasar, aksara Jawa dapat diurutkan berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi">tempat pelafalannya</a> (<i>warga</i>) menurut prinsip fonologi Sanskerta yang pertama kali dijabarkan oleh <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mardikawi_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mardikawi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20085-6_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20085-6-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deret ini, yang kadang disebut deret Kaganga berdasarkan tiga aksara pertamanya, merupakan deret standar dalam aksara-aksara turunan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Brahmi" title="Aksara Brahmi">Brahmi</a> yang masih bisa digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Sanskerta, seperti aksara <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari">Dewanagari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Tamil" title="Aksara Tamil">Tamil</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Khmer" title="Aksara Khmer">Khmer</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:80%;"> <caption><i>Deret Sanskerta (Kaganga)</i> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="5"><i>Pancawalimukha</i> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Semivokal" title="Semivokal"><i>Ardhasuara</i></a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sibilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilan"><i>Ūṣma</i></a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_celah_suara" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsonan celah suara"><i>Wisarga</i></a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_langit-langit_belakang" title="Konsonan langit-langit belakang"><i>Kaṇṭya</i></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_langit-langit" title="Konsonan langit-langit"><i>Tālawya</i></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_tarik-belakang" title="Konsonan tarik-belakang"><i>Mūrdhanya</i></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gigi" title="Konsonan gigi"><i>Dantya</i></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_bibir" title="Konsonan bibir"><i>Oṣṭya</i></a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Labiaal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Labiaal.svg/95px-Labiaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Labiaal.svg/143px-Labiaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Labiaal.svg/190px-Labiaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dentaal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dentaal.svg/95px-Dentaal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dentaal.svg/143px-Dentaal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Dentaal.svg/190px-Dentaal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Retroflex.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Retroflex.svg/95px-Retroflex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Retroflex.svg/143px-Retroflex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Retroflex.svg/190px-Retroflex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Palataal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Palataal.svg/95px-Palataal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Palataal.svg/143px-Palataal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Palataal.svg/190px-Palataal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Velaar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Velaar.svg/95px-Velaar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Velaar.svg/143px-Velaar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Velaar.svg/190px-Velaar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦏꦑꦒꦓꦔ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦕꦖꦗꦙꦚ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦛꦜꦝꦞꦟ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦠꦡꦢꦣꦤ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦥꦦꦧꦨꦩ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦪꦫꦭꦮ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦯꦰꦱ</span> </td> <td align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦲ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ka kha ga gha nga </td> <td align="center">ca cha ja jha nya </td> <td align="center">ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa </td> <td align="center">ta tha da dha na </td> <td align="center">pa pha ba bha ma </td> <td align="center">ya ra la wa </td> <td align="center">śa ṣa sa </td> <td align="center">ha </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contoh_teks">Contoh teks</h2></div> <p>Berikut adalah cuplikan <i><a href="/wiki/Serat_katuranggan_kucing" title="Serat katuranggan kucing">Serat Katuranggan Kucing</a></i> yang dicetak pada tahun 1871 dengan bahasa dan ejaan Jawa modern.<sup id="cite_ref-gb_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gb-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: center">Pada </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Bahasa Jawa </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: center">Bahasa Indonesia </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center">Aksara Jawa </th> <th style="text-align: center">Latin </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">7 </td> <td><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧅ꦭꦩꦸꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦫꦔꦶꦔꦸꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ꧈ ꦲꦮꦏ꧀ꦏꦺꦲꦶꦉꦁꦱꦢꦪ꧈ ꦭꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦁꦏꦶꦮꦠꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦁꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ꧈ ꦊꦏ꧀ꦱꦤꦤ꧀ꦤꦶꦫꦥꦿꦪꦺꦴꦒ꧈ ꦲꦫꦤ꧀ꦮꦸꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦿꦲꦶꦤꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦠꦶꦤꦼꦏꦤꦤ꧀ꦱꦱꦼꦢꦾꦤ꧀ꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦪꦺꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦟ꧀ꦝꦼꦭ꧀ꦭꦁꦏꦸꦁꦲꦸꦠꦩ꧈</span> </td> <td><i>Lamun sira ngingu kucing, awaké ireng sadaya, lambung kiwa tèmbong putih, leksanira prayoga, aran wulan krahinan, tinekanan sasedyanira ipun, yèn bundhel langkung utama</i> </td> <td>Kucing yang berwarna hitam semua tetapi perut sebelah kirinya terdapat tèmbong (bercak) putih disebut wulan krahinan. Kucing ini membawa kebaikan berupa tercapainya semua keinginan. Lebih baik jika ekornya buṇḍel (membulat). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">8 </td> <td><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧅ꦲꦗꦱꦶꦫꦔꦶꦔꦸꦏꦸꦕꦶꦁ꧈ ꦭꦸꦫꦶꦏ꧀ꦲꦶꦉꦁꦧꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦸꦠ꧀ꦥꦚ꧀ꦗꦁ꧈ ꦥꦸꦤꦶꦏꦲꦮꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦭꦩꦠ꧀ꦠꦺ꧈ ꦱꦼꦏꦼꦭꦤ꧀ꦱꦿꦶꦁꦠꦸꦏꦂꦫꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦲꦫꦤ꧀ꦝꦣꦁꦱꦸꦁꦏꦮ꧈ ꦥꦤ꧀ꦲꦢꦺꦴꦃꦫꦶꦗꦼꦏꦶꦤꦶꦥꦸꦤ꧀‍꧈ ꦪꦺꦤ꧀ꦧꦸꦟ꧀ꦝꦼꦭ꧀ꦤꦺꦴꦫꦔꦥꦲ꧈</span> </td> <td><i>Aja sira ngingu kucing, lurik ireng buntut panjang, punika awon lamaté, sekelan sring tukaran, aran dhadhang sungkawa, pan adoh rijeki nipun, yèn bundhel nora ngapa</i> </td> <td>Kucing dengan bulu lurik hitam berekor panjang jangan dipelihara. Kucing itu disebut dhadhang sungkawa. Kehidupanmu akan sering bertengkar dan jauh dari rizki. Apabila ekornya buṇḍel, maka tidak masalah. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Berikut adalah cuplikan dari <i><a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Ramayana" title="Kakawin Ramayana">Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa</a></i> yang dicetak pada tahun 1900 dengan bahasa dan ejaan Kawi.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: center">Pada </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Bahasa Jawa </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: center">Bahasa Indonesia </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center">Aksara Jawa </th> <th style="text-align: center">Latin </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">XVI<hr />31 </td> <td><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧅ꦗꦲ꧀ꦤꦷꦪꦴꦲ꧀ꦤꦶꦁꦠꦭꦒꦏꦢꦶꦭꦔꦶꦠ꧀꧈ ꦩꦩ꧀ꦧꦁꦠꦁꦥꦴꦱ꧀ꦮꦸꦭꦤꦸꦥꦩꦤꦶꦏꦴ꧈ ꦮꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦁꦠꦸꦭꦾꦁꦏꦸꦱꦸꦩꦪꦱꦸꦩꦮꦸꦫ꧀꧈ ꦭꦸꦩꦿꦴꦥ꧀ꦮꦺꦏꦁꦱꦫꦶꦏꦢꦶꦗꦭꦢ꧉</span> </td> <td><i>Jahnī yāhning talaga kadi langit, mambang tang pās wulan upamanikā, wintang tulya ng kusuma ya sumawur, lumrā pwekang sari kadi jalada.</i> </td> <td>Air jernih telaga bagaikan langit, seekor kura-kura mengambang di dalamnya bagai bulan, bintangnya adalah bunga-bunga yang bertebaran, menyebarkan sarinya bagaikan awan. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perbandingan_dengan_aksara_Bali">Perbandingan dengan aksara Bali</h2></div> <p>Kerabat paling dekat dari aksara Jawa adalah <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Bali" title="Aksara Bali">aksara Bali</a>. Sebagai keturunan langsung <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kawi" title="Aksara Kawi">aksara Kawi</a>, aksara Jawa dan Bali masih memiliki banyak kesamaan dari segi struktur dasar masing-masing huruf. Salah satu perbedaan mencolok antara aksara Jawa dan Bali adalah sistem tata tulis; Tata tulis Bali cenderung bersifat konservatif dan mempertahankan banyak aspek dari ejaan Kawi yang tidak lagi digunakan dalam aksara Jawa. Sebagai contoh, kata <i>desa</i> dalam aksara Jawa kini ditulis ꦢꦺꦱ. Dalam tata tulis Bali kontemporer, ejaan ini dianggap sebagai ejaan kasar atau kurang tepat, karena <i>desa</i> adalah kosakata serapan Sanskerta yang seharusnya dieja sesuai pengucapan Sanskerta aslinya: <i>deśa</i> ꦢꦺꦯ, menggunakan aksara sa <i>murda</i> alih-alih aksara sa <i>nglegena</i>. Seperti bahasa Jawa, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bali" title="Bahasa Bali">bahasa Bali</a> juga tidak lagi membedakan pelafalan seluruh aksara dalam deret Sanskerta-Kawi, termasuk antara sa <i>nglegena</i> dan sa <i>murda</i>, tetapi ejaan asli selalu dipertahankan kapan pun memungkinkan. Salah satu alasannya agar sejumlah kata serapan dari bahasa Sanskerta-Kawi <a href="/wiki/Homofon" title="Homofon">yang bunyinya sama</a> dalam bahasa Bali dapat tetap dibedakan dalam tulisan, misal antara kata <i>pada</i> (ꦥꦢ, tanah/bumi), <i>pāda</i> (ꦥꦴꦢ, kaki), dan <i>padha</i> (ꦥꦣ, sama), serta antara kata <i>asta</i> (ꦲꦱ꧀ꦠ, adalah), <i>astha</i> (ꦲꦱ꧀ꦡ, tulang), dan <i>aṣṭa</i> (ꦄꦰ꧀ꦛ, delapan).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perbandingan bentuk kedua aksara tersebut dapat dilihat sebagaimana berikut: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;">Aksara Dasar (konsonan) </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th> </th> <th>ka </th> <th>kha </th> <th>ga </th> <th>gha </th> <th>nga </th> <th>ca </th> <th>cha </th> <th>ja </th> <th>jha </th> <th>nya </th> <th>ṭa </th> <th>ṭha </th> <th>ḍa </th> <th>ḍha </th> <th>ṇa </th> <th>ta </th> <th>tha </th> <th>da </th> <th>dha </th> <th>na </th> <th>pa </th> <th>pha </th> <th>ba </th> <th>bha </th> <th>ma </th> <th>ya </th> <th>ra </th> <th>la </th> <th>wa </th> <th>śa </th> <th>ṣa </th> <th>sa </th> <th>ha/a </th></tr> <tr> <th>Jawa </th> <td align="center">ꦏ </td> <td align="center">ꦑ </td> <td align="center">ꦒ </td> <td align="center">ꦓ </td> <td align="center">ꦔ </td> <td align="center">ꦕ </td> <td align="center">ꦖ </td> <td align="center">ꦗ </td> <td align="center">ꦙ </td> <td align="center">ꦚ </td> <td align="center">ꦛ </td> <td align="center">ꦜ </td> <td align="center">ꦝ </td> <td align="center">ꦞ </td> <td align="center">ꦟ </td> <td align="center">ꦠ </td> <td align="center">ꦡ </td> <td align="center">ꦢ </td> <td align="center">ꦣ </td> <td align="center">ꦤ </td> <td align="center">ꦥ </td> <td align="center">ꦦ </td> <td align="center">ꦧ </td> <td align="center">ꦨ </td> <td align="center">ꦩ </td> <td align="center">ꦪ </td> <td align="center">ꦫ </td> <td align="center">ꦭ </td> <td align="center">ꦮ </td> <td align="center">ꦯ </td> <td align="center">ꦰ </td> <td align="center">ꦱ </td> <td align="center">ꦲ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bali </th> <td align="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26403193">.mw-parser-output .script-bali{font-family:"Noto Serif Balinese","Noto Sans Balinese","Tantular Bali","Vimala","Aksara Bali"}</style><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬔ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬕ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬖ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬗ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬘ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬙ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬚ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬛ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬜ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬝ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬞ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬟ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬠ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬡ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬢ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬣ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬤ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬥ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬦ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬧ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬨ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬩ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬪ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬫ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬬ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬭ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬮ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬯ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬰ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬱ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬲ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬳ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;">Aksara Dasar (vokal) </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th> </th> <th>a </th> <th>ā </th> <th>i </th> <th>ī </th> <th>u </th> <th>ū </th> <th>ṛ </th> <th>ṝ </th> <th>ḷ </th> <th>ḹ </th> <th>é<sup class="reference" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup> </th> <th>ai<sup class="reference" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup> </th> <th>o </th> <th>au<sup class="reference" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Jawa </th> <td align="center">ꦄ </td> <td align="center">ꦄꦴ </td> <td align="center">ꦅ </td> <td align="center">ꦆ </td> <td align="center">ꦈ </td> <td align="center">ꦈꦴ </td> <td align="center">ꦉ </td> <td align="center">ꦉꦴ </td> <td align="center">ꦊ </td> <td align="center">ꦋ </td> <td align="center">ꦌ </td> <td align="center">ꦍ </td> <td align="center">ꦎ </td> <td align="center">ꦎꦴ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bali </th> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬅ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬆ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬇ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬈ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬉ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬊ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬋ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬌ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬍ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬎ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬏ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬐ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬑ</span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬒ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="34" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Catatan</b> <p><small> </small></p><small> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^1</a></b></span>/e/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "enak"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><b><a href="#ref_2">^2</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a> /aj/ sebagaimana ai dalam kata "sungai"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><b><a href="#ref_3">^3</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a> /aw/ sebagaimana au dalam kata "pantau"</dd></dl> </small><p><small></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;">Diakritik </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center"> <th> </th> <th>-a </th> <th>-ā </th> <th>-i </th> <th>-ī </th> <th>-u </th> <th>-ū </th> <th>-ṛ </th> <th>-ṝ </th> <th>-é<sup class="reference" id="ref_1"><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></sup> </th> <th>-ai<sup class="reference" id="ref_2"><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></sup> </th> <th>-o </th> <th>-au<sup class="reference" id="ref_3"><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></sup> </th> <th>-e<sup class="reference" id="ref_4"><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></sup> </th> <th>-eu<sup class="reference" id="ref_5"><a href="#endnote_5">[5]</a></sup> </th> <th>-m </th> <th>-ng </th> <th>-r </th> <th>-h </th> <th>pemati </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Jawa </th> <td>- </td> <td>ꦴ </td> <td>ꦶ </td> <td>ꦷ </td> <td>ꦸ </td> <td>ꦹ </td> <td>ꦽ </td> <td>ꦽꦴ </td> <td>ꦺ </td> <td>ꦻ </td> <td>ꦺꦴ </td> <td>ꦻꦴ </td> <td>ꦼ </td> <td>ꦼꦴ </td> <td>ꦀ </td> <td>ꦁ </td> <td>ꦂ </td> <td>ꦃ </td> <td>꧀ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Bali </th> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬵ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬶ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬷ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬸ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬹ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬺ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬻ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬾ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬿ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᭀ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᭁ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᭂ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᭃ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬁ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬂ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬃ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᬄ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;"> ᭄</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th> </th> <th>ka </th> <th>kā </th> <th>ki </th> <th>kī </th> <th>ku </th> <th>kū </th> <th>kṛ </th> <th>kṝ </th> <th>ké </th> <th>kai </th> <th>ko </th> <th>kau </th> <th>ke </th> <th>keu </th> <th>kam </th> <th>kang </th> <th>kar </th> <th>kah </th> <th>k </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Jawa </th> <td>ꦏ </td> <td>ꦏꦴ </td> <td>ꦏꦶ </td> <td>ꦏꦷ </td> <td>ꦏꦸ </td> <td>ꦏꦹ </td> <td>ꦏꦽ </td> <td>ꦏꦽꦴ </td> <td>ꦏꦺ </td> <td>ꦏꦻ </td> <td>ꦏꦺꦴ </td> <td>ꦭꦻꦴ </td> <td>ꦏꦼ </td> <td>ꦏꦼꦴ </td> <td>ꦏꦀ </td> <td>ꦏꦁ </td> <td>ꦏꦂ </td> <td>ꦏꦃ </td> <td>ꦏ꧀ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Bali </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬵ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬶ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬷ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬸ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬹ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬺ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬻ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬾ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬿ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᭀ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᭁ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᭂ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᭃ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬁ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬂ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬃ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓᬄ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">ᬓ᭄</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Catatan</b> <p><small> </small></p><small> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><b><a href="#ref_1">^1</a></b></span> /e/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "enak"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><b><a href="#ref_2">^2</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a> /aj/ sebagaimana ai dalam kata "sungai"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_3"><b><a href="#ref_3">^3</a></b></span> <a href="/wiki/Diftong" title="Diftong">diftong</a> /aw/ sebagaimana au dalam kata "pantau"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_4"><b><a href="#ref_4">^4</a></b></span> /ə/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "empat"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_5"><b><a href="#ref_5">^5</a></b></span> /ɨ/ sebagaimana eu dalam kata bahasa Sunda "peyeum". Dalam alih aksara bahasa Kawi, diromanisasi menjadi ö<sup id="cite_ref-mardikawi_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mardikawi-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </small><p><small></small> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:40%;"> <caption style="text-align: center;">Angka </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center"> <th> </th> <th>0 </th> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th> <th>7 </th> <th>8 </th> <th>9 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Jawa </th> <td>꧐ </td> <td>꧑ </td> <td>꧒ </td> <td>꧓ </td> <td>꧔ </td> <td>꧕ </td> <td>꧖ </td> <td>꧗ </td> <td>꧘ </td> <td>꧙ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Bali </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭐</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭑</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭒</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭓</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭔</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭕</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭖</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭗</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭘</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭙</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;">Tanda Baca </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: center">Jawa </th> <th><i>pada lingsa</i> </th> <th><i>pada lungsi</i> </th> <th><i>pada pangkat</i> </th> <th><i>pada adeg-adeg</i> </th> <th><i>pada luhur</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">꧈ </td> <td style="text-align: center">꧉ </td> <td style="text-align: center">꧇ </td> <td style="text-align: center">꧋ </td> <td style="text-align: center">꧅ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: center">Bali </th> <th><i>carik siki</i> </th> <th><i>carik parérén</i> </th> <th><i>carik pamungkah</i> </th> <th><i>panti</i> </th> <th><i>pamada</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭞</span> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭟</span> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭝</span> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭚</span> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭛</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;">Contoh Kalimat (bahasa Kawi) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align: center">Jawa </th> <td><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧅ꦗꦲ꧀ꦤꦷꦪꦴꦲ꧀ꦤꦶꦁꦠꦭꦒꦏꦢꦶꦭꦔꦶꦠ꧀꧈ ꦩꦩ꧀ꦧꦁꦠꦁꦥꦴꦱ꧀ꦮꦸꦭꦤꦸꦥꦩꦤꦶꦏꦴ꧈ ꦮꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦁꦠꦸꦭꦾꦁꦏꦸꦱꦸꦩꦪꦱꦸꦩꦮꦸꦫ꧀꧈ ꦭꦸꦩꦿꦴꦥ꧀ꦮꦺꦏꦁꦱꦫꦶꦏꦢꦶꦗꦭꦢ꧉</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center">Bali </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26403193"><span lang="ban" class="script-bali" style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.5em; word-wrap: break-word;">᭛ᬚᬳ᭄ᬦᬷᬬᬵᬳ᭄ᬦᬶᬂᬢᬮᬕᬓᬤᬶᬮᬗᬶᬢ᭄᭞ ᬫᬫ᭄ᬩᬂᬢᬂᬧᬵᬲ᭄ᬯᬸᬮᬦᬸᬧᬫᬦᬶᬓᬵ᭞ ᬯᬶᬦ᭄ᬢᬂᬢᬸᬮ᭄ᬬᬂᬓᬸᬲᬸᬫᬬᬲᬸᬫᬯᬳᬸᬭ᭄᭞ ᬮᬸᬫ᭄ᬭᬧ᭄ᬯᬾᬓᬂᬲᬭᬶᬓᬤᬶᬚᬮᬤ᭟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: center"> </th> <td><i>Jahnī yāhning talaga kadi langit, mambang tang pās wulan upamanikā, wintang tulya ng kusuma ya sumawur, lumrā pwékang sari kadi jalada.</i><br />(Kakawin Rāmāyaṇa XVI.31) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggunaan_dalam_bahasa_Madura">Penggunaan dalam bahasa Madura</h2></div> <p>Aksara Jawa di dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Madura" title="Bahasa Madura">bahasa Madura</a> disebut <i>Carakan Madhurâ</i> atau <i>Carakan Jhâbân</i> (aksara yang berasal dari Jawa). Apabila dalam penggunaan bahasa Jawa tiap aksara dapat merepresentasikan suara /a/ atau /ɔ/, maka dalam bahasa Madura mewakili suara /a/ atau /ɤ/. Bentuk <i>carakan Madhurâ</i> sendiri terdiri dari <i>aksara ghâjâng</i> (<i>aksara nglegena</i>), <i>aksara rajâ</i> atau <i>murdâ</i> (<i>aksara murda</i>), <i>aksara sowara</i> atau <i>swara</i> (<i>aksara swara</i>), dan <i>aksara rèka'an</i> (<i>aksara rékan</i>). Terdapat pula <i>pangangghuy</i> (<i>sandhangan</i>) yang terdiri dari <i>pangangguy aksara</i> (<i>sandhangan swara</i>), <i>pangangghuy panyèghek</i> (<i>sandhangan panyigeging wanda</i>), dan <i>pangangghuy panambâ</i> (<i>sandhangan wyanjana</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-sekkaranomi_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sekkaranomi-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiliaan189789_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiliaan189789-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perbandingan">Perbandingan</h3></div> <p>Secara garis besar, tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dengan bahasa Jawa. Meski demikian, dalam bahasa Madura tidak terdapat perbedaan penggunaan konsonan aspirat dan tanaspirat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiliaan1897_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiliaan1897-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Aksara Ghâjâng</i> (<i>Aksara Nglegena</i>) </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <th> </th> <th>ha </th> <th>na </th> <th>ca </th> <th>ra </th> <th>ka </th> <th>da </th> <th>dha </th> <th>ta </th> <th>sa </th> <th>wa </th> <th>la </th> <th>pa </th> <th>ḍa </th> <th>ḍha </th> <th>ja </th> <th>jha </th> <th>ya </th> <th>nya </th> <th>ma </th> <th>ga </th> <th>gha </th> <th>ba </th> <th>bha </th> <th>tha </th> <th>nga </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Jawa </th> <td>ꦲ </td> <td>ꦤ </td> <td>ꦕ </td> <td>ꦫ </td> <td>ꦏ </td> <td>ꦢ </td> <td>ꦣ </td> <td>ꦠ </td> <td>ꦱ </td> <td>ꦮ </td> <td>ꦭ </td> <td>ꦥ </td> <td>ꦝ </td> <td>ꦞ </td> <td>ꦗ </td> <td>ꦙ </td> <td>ꦪ </td> <td>ꦚ </td> <td>ꦩ </td> <td>ꦒ </td> <td>ꦓ </td> <td>ꦧ </td> <td>ꦨ </td> <td>ꦛ </td> <td>ꦔ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th> </th> <th>ha </th> <th>na </th> <th>ca </th> <th>ra </th> <th>ka </th> <th>da/dha </th> <th> </th> <th>ta </th> <th>sa </th> <th>wa </th> <th>la </th> <th>pa </th> <th>ḍa/ḍha </th> <th> </th> <th>ja/jha </th> <th> </th> <th>ya </th> <th>nya </th> <th>ma </th> <th>ga/gha </th> <th> </th> <th>ba/bha </th> <th> </th> <th>tha </th> <th>nga </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Madura </th> <td>ꦲ </td> <td>ꦤ </td> <td>ꦕ </td> <td>ꦫ </td> <td>ꦏ </td> <td>ꦢ </td> <th> </th> <td>ꦠ </td> <td>ꦱ </td> <td>ꦮ </td> <td>ꦛ </td> <td>ꦥ </td> <td>ꦝ </td> <th> </th> <td>ꦗ </td> <th> </th> <td>ꦪ </td> <td>ꦚ </td> <td>ꦩ </td> <td>ꦒ </td> <th> </th> <td>ꦧ </td> <th> </th> <td>ꦛ </td> <td>ꦔ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Aksara rèka'an</i> dalam bahasa Madura yang diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah hanya ada lima buah, sedangkan dalam <i>Madoereesche Spraakkunst</i> dan <i>Sorat tjarakan Madurah</i> berturut-turut terdapat tujuh dan sembilan buah:<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiliaan189797_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiliaan189797-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Aksara Rèka'an</i> (<i>Aksara Rékan</i>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>ha </th> <th>kha </th> <th>dza </th> <th>fa/va </th> <th>za </th> <th>gha </th> <th>'a </th> <th>ta </th> <th>sya </th> <th>la </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Aksara Jawa </th> <td>ꦲ꦳ </td> <td>ꦏ꦳ </td> <td>ꦢ꦳ </td> <td>ꦥ꦳ </td> <td>ꦗ꦳ </td> <td>ꦒ꦳ </td> <td>ꦔ꦳ </td> <td>ꦠ꦳ </td> <td>ꦯ꦳ </td> <td>ꦭ꦳ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Abjad Arab </th> <td>ح </td> <td>خ </td> <td>ذ </td> <td>ف </td> <td>ز </td> <td>غ </td> <td>ع </td> <td>ط </td> <td>ش </td> <td>ل </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Bahasa Belanda </th> <td><i>h</i> </td> <td><i>ch</i> </td> <th> </th> <td><i>f/v</i> </td> <th> </th> <td><i>g</i> </td> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Contoh </th> <td>ꦲ꦳ꦺꦴꦏꦺꦴꦩ꧀ </td> <td>ꦲꦏ꦳ꦺꦫꦠ꧀ </td> <td>ꦢ꦳ꦶꦏ꧀ꦏꦺꦂ </td> <td>ꦭꦥ꦳ꦭ꧀ </td> <td>ꦗ꦳ꦏꦠ꧀ </td> <td>ꦒ꦳ꦲꦶꦧ꧀ </td> <td>ꦔ꦳ꦏꦺꦫꦠ꧀ </td> <td>ꦠ꦳ꦫꦺꦏ꧀ </td> <td>ꦯ꦳ꦫꦠ꧀ </td> <td>ꦭ꦳ꦲꦶꦧ꧀ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>Transliterasi </th> <td><i>hokom</i> </td> <td><i>akhèrat</i> </td> <td><i>dzikkèr</i> </td> <td><i>lafal</i> </td> <td><i>zâkat</i> </td> <td><i>ghaib</i> </td> <td><i><span class="nowrap">'</span>akèrat</i> </td> <td><i>tarèk</i> </td> <td><i>syarat</i> </td> <td><i>laib</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Perbedaan lainnya yaitu penggunaan <i>wignyan</i> yang dalam bahasa Jawa berfungsi sebagai akhiran <i>-h</i>, sedangkan dalam bahasa Madura menjadi akhiran <i>-<span class="nowrap">'</span></i> seperti pada tabel berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-sekkaranomi_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sekkaranomi-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Pangangghuy</i> (<i>Sandhangan</i>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><i>Pangangghuy aksara</i> </th> <th colspan="4"><i>Pangangghuy panyèghek</i> </th> <th colspan="5"><i>Pangangghuy panambâ</i> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>i </th> <th>è </th> <th>o </th> <th>u </th> <th>e </th> <th>-ng </th> <th>-r </th> <th>-' </th> <th>pemati </th> <th>-r- </th> <th>-re </th> <th>-y- </th> <th>-l- </th> <th>-w- </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td>ꦶ </td> <td>ꦺ </td> <td>ꦺꦴ </td> <td>ꦸ </td> <td>ꦼ </td> <td>ꦁ </td> <td>ꦂ </td> <td>ꦃ </td> <td>꧀ </td> <td>ꦿ </td> <td>ꦽ </td> <td>ꦾ </td> <td>꧀ꦭ </td> <td>꧀ꦮ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td><i>cèthak</i> </td> <td><i>lèngè</i> </td> <td><i>lèngè-longo</i> </td> <td><i>soko</i> </td> <td><i>petpet</i> </td> <td><i>cekcek</i> </td> <td><i>lajâr</i> </td> <td><i>bisat</i> </td> <td><i>papatèn</i> </td> <td><i>pèḍer</i> </td> <td><i>perper</i> </td> <td><i>sokomaljâ</i> </td> <td><i>la rangkep</i> </td> <td><i>wa rangkep</i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>pi </th> <th>pè </th> <th>po </th> <th>pu </th> <th>pe </th> <th>pang </th> <th>par </th> <th>pa' </th> <th>p </th> <th>pra </th> <th>pre </th> <th>pya </th> <th>pla </th> <th>pwa </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td>ꦥꦶ </td> <td>ꦥꦺ </td> <td>ꦥꦺꦴ </td> <td>ꦥꦸ </td> <td>ꦥꦼ </td> <td>ꦥꦁ </td> <td>ꦥꦂ </td> <td>ꦥꦃ </td> <td>ꦥ꧀ </td> <td>ꦥꦿ </td> <td>ꦥꦿ </td> <td>ꦥꦾ </td> <td>ꦥ꧀ꦭ </td> <td>ꦥ꧀ꦮ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contoh_penggunaan">Contoh penggunaan</h3></div> <p>Berikut penggunaan <i>carakan</i> dalam <i>Bab oreng megha djhoeko e'tana Djhaba sareng Madhoera</i> (Bab orang menangkap ikan di Tanah Jawa dan Madura) disertai dengan ejaan bahasa Madura modern.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Bahasa Madura </th> <th rowspan="2">Bahasa Indonesia </th></tr> <tr> <th>Aksara Jawa </th> <th>Latin </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦥꦫꦲꦺꦴꦥꦩꦺꦒꦃꦲꦤ꧀ꦤꦺꦥꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦗꦸꦏꦺꦴꦃꦏꦺꦔꦺꦁꦧꦶꦢꦃꦲꦒꦶꦢꦢ꧀ꦢꦶꦝꦸꦧꦂꦤ꧇</span> </td> <td><i>Parao pamèghâ'ânnèpon jhuko' kèngèng bhidhâ'aghi dhâddhi ḍu bârna:</i> </td> <td>Perahu penangkap ikan dapat dibedakan menjadi dua macam: </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧑꧇ ꦥꦫꦲꦺꦴ꧈ ꦱꦺꦲꦺꦧꦝꦶꦝꦫꦶꦏꦗꦸꦧꦸꦁꦏꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦱꦺꦲꦺꦭꦺꦴꦧꦔꦺ꧉ ꦧꦝꦱꦺꦲꦺꦱꦺꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦏꦗꦸꦥꦺꦴꦭꦺꦲꦺꦥꦺꦁꦒꦶꦂ꧈ ꦧꦝꦱꦺꦧꦸꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀꧈</span> </td> <td><i>1. Parao, sè èbhâḍhi ḍâri kaju bungkol sè èlobângè. Bâḍâ sè èsèmbu kaju polè è pèngghir, bâḍâ sè bhunten</i> </td> <td>1. Perahu, yang dibuat dari kayu bulat yang dilubangi. Ada yang ditambah kayu lagi di pinggir, ada yang tidak </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧒꧇ ꦥꦫꦲꦺꦴꦱꦺꦲꦺꦧꦝꦶꦝꦫꦶꦥꦥꦤ꧀ꦫꦧ꧀ꦠꦼꦤ꧀ꦧꦤ꧀ꦱꦢꦗ꧉</span> </td> <td><i>2. Parao sè èbhâḍhi papan rabten bân sadhâjâ.</i> </td> <td>2. Perahu yang dibuat dari papan dan seluruhnya. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penggunaan_dalam_bahasa_Sunda">Penggunaan dalam bahasa Sunda</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Page_21_of_Kitab_tjatjarakan_Soenda_make_aksara_Walanda.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Page_21_of_Kitab_tjatjarakan_Soenda_make_aksara_Walanda.png/260px-Page_21_of_Kitab_tjatjarakan_Soenda_make_aksara_Walanda.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Page_21_of_Kitab_tjatjarakan_Soenda_make_aksara_Walanda.png/390px-Page_21_of_Kitab_tjatjarakan_Soenda_make_aksara_Walanda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Page_21_of_Kitab_tjatjarakan_Soenda_make_aksara_Walanda.png/520px-Page_21_of_Kitab_tjatjarakan_Soenda_make_aksara_Walanda.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Aksara Cacarakan</figcaption></figure> <p>Aksara Jawa di dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sunda" title="Bahasa Sunda">bahasa Sunda</a> disebut <i>Aksara Sunda Cacarakan,</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosyadi199716_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosyadi199716-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Aksara Sunda Basisir Kalér,</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosyadi199751_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosyadi199751-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Aksara Sunda Jawa,</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolsma19857_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolsma19857-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau <i>Cacarakan</i> (aksara yang berasal dari Jawa) saja.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dari sudut pandang tata bahasa Sunda, istilah "<i>cacarakan</i>" tebentuk dari <a href="/wiki/Kata_dasar" title="Kata dasar">kata dasar</a> "<i>caraka</i>" yang mengalami proses <a href="/wiki/Reduplikasi" title="Reduplikasi">reduplikasi</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Dwipurwa" title="Dwipurwa">dwipurwa</a> yang ditambah <a href="/wiki/Akhiran" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhiran">akhiran</a> <i>-an</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkadjati1999_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkadjati1999-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bentuk <i>cacarakan</i> sendiri terdiri dari <i>aksara ngalagena</i> (<i>aksara nglegena</i>), <i>aksara gedé</i> (<i>aksara murda</i>), dan <i>aksara panambah</i> (<i>aksara swara</i>). Terdapat pula <i>sandangan</i> (<i>sandhangan</i>) dan <i>pada</i> (<i>pada</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolle1862_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolle1862-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penggunaan <i>Cacarakan</i> di masa kini telah digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Sunda" title="Aksara Sunda">Aksara Sunda Baku</a> yang merupakan hasil penyempurnaan dari <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Sunda_Kuno" title="Aksara Sunda Kuno">Aksara Sunda Kuno</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perbandingan_2">Perbandingan</h3></div> <p>Secara garis besar, tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dengan bahasa Jawa. Penggunaan <i>aksara murda</i> dan <i>aksara gedé</i> juga relatif sama. Meski demikian, dalam bahasa Sunda tidak terdapat <a href="/wiki/Da_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Da (aksara Jawa)">da dental</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tha" title="Tha">ta retrofleks</a>. Bentuk huruf <i>nya</i> juga berbeda (perhatikan tabel berwarna kuning).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolle1862_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolle1862-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Aksara Ngalagena (Aksara Nglegena)</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>ha </th> <th>na </th> <th>ca </th> <th>ra </th> <th>ka </th> <th>da </th> <th>ta </th> <th>sa </th> <th>wa </th> <th>la </th> <th>pa </th> <th>dha </th> <th>ja </th> <th>ya </th> <th>nya </th> <th>ma </th> <th>ga </th> <th>ba </th> <th>tha </th> <th>nga </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Jawa </th> <th><i>Nglegena</i> </th> <td align="center">ꦲ </td> <td align="center">ꦤ </td> <td align="center">ꦕ </td> <td align="center">ꦫ </td> <td align="center">ꦏ </td> <td align="center">ꦢ </td> <td align="center">ꦠ </td> <td align="center">ꦱ </td> <td align="center">ꦮ </td> <td align="center">ꦭ </td> <td align="center">ꦥ </td> <td align="center">ꦝ </td> <td align="center">ꦗ </td> <td align="center">ꦪ </td> <td align="center">ꦚ </td> <td align="center">ꦩ </td> <td align="center">ꦒ </td> <td align="center">ꦧ </td> <td align="center">ꦛ </td> <td align="center">ꦔ </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Pasangan</i> </th> <td>꧀ꦲ </td> <td>꧀ꦤ </td> <td>꧀ꦕ </td> <td>꧀ꦫ </td> <td>꧀ꦏ </td> <td>꧀ꦢ </td> <td>꧀ꦠ </td> <td>꧀ꦱ </td> <td>꧀ꦮ </td> <td>꧀ꦭ </td> <td>꧀ꦥ </td> <td>꧀ꦝ </td> <td>꧀ꦗ </td> <td>꧀ꦪ </td> <td>꧀ꦚ </td> <td>꧀ꦩ </td> <td>꧀ꦒ </td> <td>꧀ꦧ </td> <td>꧀ꦛ </td> <td>꧀ꦔ </td></tr> <tr style="length:20%; height: 4em;"> <th rowspan="4">Sunda </th> <th style="width:10%; text-align:center;"><i>Ngalagena</i> </th> <td align="center">ꦲ </td> <td align="center">ꦤ </td> <td align="center">ꦕ </td> <td align="center">ꦫ </td> <td align="center">ꦏ </td> <td style="background: yellow;" align="center">ꦣ </td> <td align="center">ꦠ </td> <td align="center">ꦱ </td> <td align="center">ꦮ </td> <td align="center">ꦭ </td> <td align="center">ꦥ </td> <th> </th> <td align="center">ꦗ </td> <td align="center">ꦪ </td> <td style="background: yellow;" align="center">ꦤ꧀ꦚ </td> <td align="center">ꦩ </td> <td align="center">ꦒ </td> <td align="center">ꦧ </td> <th> </th> <td align="center">ꦔ </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Pasangan</i> </th> <td align="center">꧀ꦲ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦤ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦕ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦫ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦏ </td> <td style="background: yellow;" align="center">꧀ꦝ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦠ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦱ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦮ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦭ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦥ </td> <th> </th> <td align="center">꧀ꦗ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦪ </td> <td style="background: yellow;" align="center">꧀ꦚ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦩ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦒ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦧ </td> <th> </th> <td align="center">꧀ꦔ </td></tr> <tr style="length:20%; height: 4em;"> <th style="width:10%; text-align:center;"><i>Gedé</i> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center">ꦟ </td> <td align="center">ꦖ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center">ꦑ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center">ꦡ </td> <td align="center">ꦯ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center">ꦦ </td> <th> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center">ꦘ </td> <th align="center"> </th> <td align="center">ꦓ </td> <td align="center">ꦨ </td> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Pasangan</i> </th> <th> </th> <td align="center">꧀ꦟ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦖ </td> <th> </th> <td align="center">꧀ꦑ </td> <th> </th> <td align="center">꧀ꦡ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦯ </td> <th> </th> <th> </th> <td align="center">꧀ꦦ </td> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <td align="center">꧀ꦘ </td> <th> </th> <td align="center">꧀ꦓ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦨ </td> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Aksara panambah</i> (ꦔ꦳ꦏ꧀ꦱꦫꦥꦤꦩ꧀ꦧꦃ) adalah aksara tambahan yang digunakan untuk menulis suku kata yang tidak memiliki konsonan di awal, atau dalam kata lain suku kata yang hanya terdiri vokal. Walau mirip dengan <i>aksara swara</i>, <i>cacarakan</i> hanya mengambil bentuk <i>aksara swara i</i> (ꦆ) dari aksara Jawa, sisanya diganti dengan <i>nga cecek tilu</i> (ꦔ꦳) + <i>sandangan</i>. Selengkapnya dapat dilihat sebagaimana berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolle1862_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolle1862-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"> <caption style="text-align:center;"><i>Aksara Panambah (Aksara Swara)</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_langit-langit_belakang" title="Konsonan langit-langit belakang">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_langit-langit" title="Konsonan langit-langit">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_bibir" title="Konsonan bibir">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_tarik-belakang" title="Konsonan tarik-belakang">Retrofleks</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Konsonan_gigi" title="Konsonan gigi">Dental</a> </th> <th>Velar-Palatal </th> <th>Velar-Labial </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Aksara</i> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">ꦔ꦳ <hr />a </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ꦆ <hr />i </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ꦔ꦳ꦸ <hr />u </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ꦉ <hr />ṛ/re<sup class="reference" id="ref_re"><a href="#endnote_re">[1]</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ꦊ <hr />ḷ/le<sup class="reference" id="ref_le"><a href="#endnote_le">[2]</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ꦔ꦳ꦺ <hr />é<sup class="reference" id="ref_é"><a href="#endnote_é">[3]</a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ꦔ꦳ꦴ <hr />o </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ꦔ꦳ꦼ <hr />e/eu<sup class="reference" id="ref_e"><a href="#endnote_e">[4]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i>Pasangan</i> </th> <td align="center">꧀ꦲ꦳ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦲ꦳ꦶ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦲ꦳ꦸ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦉ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦭꦼ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦲ꦳ꦺ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦲ꦳ꦴ </td> <td align="center">꧀ꦲ꦳ꦼ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"><b>Catatan</b> <small> <dl><dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_re"><b><a href="#ref_re">^1</a></b></span> pangreureu, /rə/ sebagaimana re dalam kata "rendah"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_le"><b><a href="#ref_le">^2</a></b></span> pangwilet, /lə/ sebagaimana le dalam kata "lemah"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_é"><b><a href="#ref_é">^3</a></b></span> /e/ sebagaimana e dalam kata "enak"</dd> <dd><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_e"><b><a href="#ref_e">^4</a></b></span> juga dibaca eu /ɨ/</dd></dl> </small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bahasa Sunda mengenal tujuh fonem vokal.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walau begitu, <i>cacarakan</i> tidak membedakan vokal <i>eu</i> [ɨ] dan <i>e</i> [ə].<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandangan dapat dilihat dalam tabel berikut:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolsma19856_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolsma19856-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolsma19857_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolsma19857-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolle1862_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolle1862-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"> <caption style="text-align: center;"><i>Sandangan</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 80px;">-a </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-i </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-u </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-é </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-o </th> <th style="width: 80px;">-e/-eu </th> <th style="width:80px;">-ng </th> <th style="width:80px;">-r </th> <th style="width:80px;">-h </th> <th style="width:80px;">-r- </th> <th style="width:80px;">-y- </th> <th style="width:80px;">pemati </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td>- </td> <td>ꦶ </td> <td>ꦸ </td> <td>ꦺ </td> <td>ꦴ </td> <td>ꦼ </td> <td>ꦁ </td> <td>ꦂ </td> <td>ꦃ </td> <td>ꦿ </td> <td>ꦾ </td> <td>꧀ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center">- </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>panghulu</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>panyuku</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>panéléng</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>panolong</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>pamepet</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>panyecek</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>panglayar</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>pangwisad</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>panyakra</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>pamingkal</i> </td> <td style="text-align: center"><i>pamaéh</i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <th>ka </th> <th>ki </th> <th>ku </th> <th>ké </th> <th>ko </th> <th>ke/keu </th> <th>kang </th> <th>kar </th> <th>kah </th> <th>kra </th> <th>kya </th> <th>k </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center"> <td>ꦏ </td> <td>ꦏꦶ </td> <td>ꦏꦸ </td> <td>ꦏꦺ </td> <td>ꦏꦴ </td> <td>ꦏꦼ </td> <td>ꦏꦁ </td> <td>ꦏꦂ </td> <td>ꦏꦃ </td> <td>ꦏꦿ </td> <td>ꦏꦾ </td> <td>ꦏ꧀ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contoh_penggunaan_2">Contoh penggunaan</h3></div> <p>Berikut penggunaan <i>cacarakan</i> dalam <i>Dongéng-dongéng Pieunteungeun</i> (Dongeng-dongeng Sebagai Cerminan) disertai dengan ejaan bahasa Sunda modern.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Bahasa Sunda </th> <th rowspan="2">Bahasa Indonesia </th></tr> <tr> <th>Aksara Jawa </th> <th>Latin </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧄ ꦠꦸꦮꦤ꧀ ꦮꦶꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦂꦗꦸꦫꦸꦧꦱ꧈ ꦗꦼꦤꦼꦁꦔꦤ꧀ꦤꦤꦤꦸꦔꦁꦒꦶꦠ꧀꧈ ꦩꦶꦤ꧀ꦝꦃꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦏꦧꦱꦗꦮ꧈</span> </td> <td><i>Tuwan Winter jurubasa, Jenenganana nu nganggit, Mindahkeun ka basa Jawa,</i> </td> <td>Tuwan Winter sang ahli bahasa, Beliau yang menulis, Yang menerjemahkan ke bahasa Jawa, </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦔ꦳ꦪꦼꦤꦝꦶꦱꦭꦶꦤ꧀ꦝꦼꦆ꧈ ꦝꦶꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦱꦏꦭꦶ꧈ ꦏꦸꦏꦮꦸꦭꦔ꦳ꦸꦫꦁꦒꦫꦸꦠ꧀꧈</span> </td> <td><i>Ayeuna disalin deui, Disundakeun sakali, Ku kawula urang Garut,</i> </td> <td>Sekarang disalin lagi, Diterjemahkan ke bahasa Sunda, Oleh saya orang Garut, </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦔ꦳ꦫꦶꦔ꦳ꦤꦸꦝꦶꦥꦭꦂ꧈ ꦔ꦳ꦸꦫꦁꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦝꦠꦩ꧀ꦧꦃꦫꦗꦶꦤ꧀꧈ ꦫꦺꦪꦕꦿꦶꦠꦧꦫꦶꦱ꧀ꦲ꦳ꦼꦤ꧀ꦠꦼꦁꦏꦭꦏꦸꦮꦤ꧀꧉</span> </td> <td><i>Ari anu dipalar, Urang Sunda tambah rajin, Réa crita baris eunteung kalakuan.</i> </td> <td>Harapannya, Orang Sunda tambah rajin, Banyak cerita sebagai cerminan perbuatan. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blok_Unicode">Blok Unicode</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Javanese_(blok_Unicode)" title="Javanese (blok Unicode)">Javanese (blok Unicode)</a></div> <p>Aksara Jawa resmi dimasukkan ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> sejak Oktober 2009 dengan dirilisnya Unicode versi 5.2. Blok Unicode aksara Jawa terletak pada kode U+A980–U+A9DF. Terdapat 91 kode yang mencakup 53 huruf, 19 tanda baca, 10 angka, dan 9 vokal. Sel abu-abu menunjukkan titik kode yang belum terpakai. </p> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:#FFFFFF;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Javanese_(blok_Unicode)" title="Javanese (blok Unicode)">Javanese</a></b><sup class="reference" id="ref_UA980_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_UA980_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="ref_UA980_grey"><a href="#endnote_UA980_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA980.pdf">Bagan kode resmi Unicode Consortium</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A98x </td> <td title="U+A980: JAVANESE SIGN PANYANGGA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦀ</span> </td> <td title="U+A981: JAVANESE SIGN CECAK"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦁ</span> </td> <td title="U+A982: JAVANESE SIGN LAYAR"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦂ</span> </td> <td title="U+A983: JAVANESE SIGN WIGNYAN"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦃ</span> </td> <td title="U+A984: JAVANESE LETTER A"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦄ</span> </td> <td title="U+A985: JAVANESE LETTER I KAWI"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦅ</span> </td> <td title="U+A986: JAVANESE LETTER I"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦆ</span> </td> <td title="U+A987: JAVANESE LETTER II"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦇ</span> </td> <td title="U+A988: JAVANESE LETTER U"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦈ</span> </td> <td title="U+A989: JAVANESE LETTER PA CEREK"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦉ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98A: JAVANESE LETTER NGA LELET"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦊ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98B: JAVANESE LETTER NGA LELET RASWADI"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦋ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98C: JAVANESE LETTER E"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦌ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98D: JAVANESE LETTER AI"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦍ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98E: JAVANESE LETTER O"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦎ</span> </td> <td title="U+A98F: JAVANESE LETTER KA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦏ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A99x </td> <td title="U+A990: JAVANESE LETTER KA SASAK"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦐ</span> </td> <td title="U+A991: JAVANESE LETTER KA MURDA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦑ</span> </td> <td title="U+A992: JAVANESE LETTER GA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦒ</span> </td> <td title="U+A993: JAVANESE LETTER GA MURDA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦓ</span> </td> <td title="U+A994: JAVANESE LETTER NGA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦔ</span> </td> <td title="U+A995: JAVANESE LETTER CA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦕ</span> </td> <td title="U+A996: JAVANESE LETTER CA MURDA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦖ</span> </td> <td title="U+A997: JAVANESE LETTER JA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦗ</span> </td> <td title="U+A998: JAVANESE LETTER NYA MURDA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦘ</span> </td> <td title="U+A999: JAVANESE LETTER JA MAHAPRANA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦙ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99A: JAVANESE LETTER NYA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦚ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99B: JAVANESE LETTER TTA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦛ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99C: JAVANESE LETTER TTA MAHAPRANA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦜ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99D: JAVANESE LETTER DDA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦝ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99E: JAVANESE LETTER DDA MAHAPRANA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦞ</span> </td> <td title="U+A99F: JAVANESE LETTER NA MURDA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦟ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A9Ax </td> <td title="U+A9A0: JAVANESE LETTER TA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦠ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A1: JAVANESE LETTER TA MURDA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦡ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A2: JAVANESE LETTER DA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦢ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A3: JAVANESE LETTER DA MAHAPRANA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦣ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A4: JAVANESE LETTER NA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦤ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A5: JAVANESE LETTER PA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦥ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A6: JAVANESE LETTER PA MURDA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦦ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A7: JAVANESE LETTER BA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦧ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A8: JAVANESE LETTER BA MURDA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦨ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9A9: JAVANESE LETTER MA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦩ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AA: JAVANESE LETTER YA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦪ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AB: JAVANESE LETTER RA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦫ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AC: JAVANESE LETTER RA AGUNG"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦬ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AD: JAVANESE LETTER LA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦭ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AE: JAVANESE LETTER WA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦮ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9AF: JAVANESE LETTER SA MURDA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦯ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A9Bx </td> <td title="U+A9B0: JAVANESE LETTER SA MAHAPRANA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦰ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B1: JAVANESE LETTER SA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦱ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B2: JAVANESE LETTER HA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦲ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B3: JAVANESE SIGN CECAK TELU"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꦳</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B4: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TARUNG"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦴ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B5: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TOLONG"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦵ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B6: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN WULU"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦶ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B7: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN WULU MELIK"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦷ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B8: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN SUKU"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦸ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9B9: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN SUKU MENDUT"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦹ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BA: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN TALING"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦺ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BB: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN DIRGA MURE"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦻ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BC: JAVANESE VOWEL SIGN PEPET"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦼ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BD: JAVANESE CONSONANT SIGN KERET"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦽ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BE: JAVANESE CONSONANT SIGN PENGKAL"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦾ</span> </td> <td title="U+A9BF: JAVANESE CONSONANT SIGN CAKRA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦿ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A9Cx </td> <td title="U+A9C0: JAVANESE PANGKON"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧀</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C1: JAVANESE LEFT RERENGGAN"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧁</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C2: JAVANESE RIGHT RERENGGAN"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧂</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C3: JAVANESE PADA ANDAP"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧃</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C4: JAVANESE PADA MADYA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧄</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C5: JAVANESE PADA LUHUR"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧅</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C6: JAVANESE PADA WINDU"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧆</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C7: JAVANESE PADA PANGKAT"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧇</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C8: JAVANESE PADA LINGSA"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧈</span> </td> <td title="U+A9C9: JAVANESE PADA LUNGSI"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧉</span> </td> <td title="U+A9CA: JAVANESE PADA ADEG"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧊</span> </td> <td title="U+A9CB: JAVANESE PADA ADEG ADEG"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧋</span> </td> <td title="U+A9CC: JAVANESE PADA PISELEH"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧌</span> </td> <td title="U+A9CD: JAVANESE TURNED PADA PISELEH"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧍</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="U+A9CF: JAVANESE PANGRANGKEP"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꧏ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;height:75px;">U+A9Dx </td> <td title="U+A9D0: JAVANESE DIGIT ZERO"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧐</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D1: JAVANESE DIGIT ONE"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧑</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D2: JAVANESE DIGIT TWO"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧒</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D3: JAVANESE DIGIT THREE"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧓</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D4: JAVANESE DIGIT FOUR"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧔</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D5: JAVANESE DIGIT FIVE"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧕</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D6: JAVANESE DIGIT SIX"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧖</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D7: JAVANESE DIGIT SEVEN"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧗</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D8: JAVANESE DIGIT EIGHT"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧘</span> </td> <td title="U+A9D9: JAVANESE DIGIT NINE"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧙</span> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:#CCCCCC;"> </td> <td title="U+A9DE: JAVANESE PADA TIRTA TUMETES"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧞</span> </td> <td title="U+A9DF: JAVANESE PADA ISEN-ISEN"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:#F8F8F8;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Catatan</b> <dl><dd>1.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UA980_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_UA980_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span>Per Unicode versi 14.0</dd> <dd>2.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_UA980_grey"><b><a href="#ref_UA980_grey">^</a></b></span>Abu-abu berarti titik kode kosong</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><i>Lihat pula <a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Unicode/Aksara_Jawa" class="extiw" title="jv:Wikipedia:Unicode/Aksara Jawa">Tabel alternatif Unicode aksara Jawa yang diurutkan berdasarkan hanacaraka</a></i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galeri">Galeri</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 389.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 387.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Facsimile_of_the_Ci%C3%A9la_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faksimil peta Kerajaan Timbanganten dari Desa Ciéla, Garut, mungkin dari 1500an ke atas."><img alt="Faksimil peta Kerajaan Timbanganten dari Desa Ciéla, Garut, mungkin dari 1500an ke atas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Facsimile_of_the_Ci%C3%A9la_Map.jpg/581px-Facsimile_of_the_Ci%C3%A9la_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Facsimile_of_the_Ci%C3%A9la_Map.jpg/872px-Facsimile_of_the_Ci%C3%A9la_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Facsimile_of_the_Ci%C3%A9la_Map.jpg/1162px-Facsimile_of_the_Ci%C3%A9la_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4527" data-file-height="2338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Faksimil peta Kerajaan Timbanganten dari <a href="/wiki/Ciela,_Bayongbong,_Garut" title="Ciela, Bayongbong, Garut">Desa Ciéla, Garut</a>, mungkin dari 1500an ke atas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 256px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 254px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mss_jav_28_f013v.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Salah satu halaman Serat Damar Wulan yang disalin pada tahun 1804, koleksi British Library"><img alt="Salah satu halaman Serat Damar Wulan yang disalin pada tahun 1804, koleksi British Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mss_jav_28_f013v.png/381px-Mss_jav_28_f013v.png" decoding="async" width="254" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mss_jav_28_f013v.png/571px-Mss_jav_28_f013v.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mss_jav_28_f013v.png/761px-Mss_jav_28_f013v.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="978" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Salah satu halaman <i>Serat Damar Wulan</i> yang disalin pada tahun 1804, koleksi British Library</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:IND-(NethEastInd)-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_(1846)_unsigned_remainder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lembar obligasi pemerintahan Hindia Belanda seharga 5 Gulden/Rupiah tahun 1846, dengan nominal yang dieja dengan huruf Latin, abjad Pégon, dan aksara Jawa"><img alt="Lembar obligasi pemerintahan Hindia Belanda seharga 5 Gulden/Rupiah tahun 1846, dengan nominal yang dieja dengan huruf Latin, abjad Pégon, dan aksara Jawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg/375px-IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg/562px-IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg/750px-IND-%28NethEastInd%29-Government_recepis-5_Gulden_%281846%29_unsigned_remainder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3642" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lembar obligasi pemerintahan Hindia Belanda seharga 5 Gulden/Rupiah tahun 1846, dengan nominal yang dieja dengan huruf Latin, abjad <a href="/wiki/Huruf_Pegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Huruf Pegon">Pégon</a>, dan aksara Jawa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bromartani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Koran Bromartani, koran pertama berbahasa dan beraksara Jawa yang pertama terbit pada tahun 1855."><img alt="Koran Bromartani, koran pertama berbahasa dan beraksara Jawa yang pertama terbit pada tahun 1855." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bromartani.jpg/193px-Bromartani.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bromartani.jpg/289px-Bromartani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bromartani.jpg/386px-Bromartani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="710" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Koran <i><a href="/wiki/Bromartani" title="Bromartani">Bromartani</a></i>, koran pertama berbahasa dan beraksara Jawa yang pertama terbit pada tahun 1855.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock_dilihat_dari_dekat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail tombol-tombol mesin tik aksara Jawa bermerek Royal Bar-Lock yang pernah dipakai oleh Keraton Surakarta dari tahun 1917 hingga 1960, koleksi Museum Penerangan"><img alt="Detail tombol-tombol mesin tik aksara Jawa bermerek Royal Bar-Lock yang pernah dipakai oleh Keraton Surakarta dari tahun 1917 hingga 1960, koleksi Museum Penerangan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock_dilihat_dari_dekat.jpg/450px-Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock_dilihat_dari_dekat.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock_dilihat_dari_dekat.jpg/675px-Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock_dilihat_dari_dekat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock_dilihat_dari_dekat.jpg/901px-Mesin_ketik_beraksara_Jawa_buatan_pabrik_Royal_Bar-Lock_dilihat_dari_dekat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3319" data-file-height="2212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail tombol-tombol mesin tik aksara Jawa bermerek Royal Bar-Lock yang pernah dipakai oleh <a href="/wiki/Keraton_Surakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton Surakarta">Keraton Surakarta</a> dari tahun 1917 hingga 1960, koleksi Museum Penerangan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 291.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 289.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mobil yang digunakan Dinas Kesehatan Rakyat (Dienst der Volks Gezondheid) sekitar tahun 1925"><img alt="Mobil yang digunakan Dinas Kesehatan Rakyat (Dienst der Volks Gezondheid) sekitar tahun 1925" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg/434px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg/651px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Demonstratieauto_van_de_Dienst_der_Volksgezondheid_ca._1925_TMnr_60012956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mobil yang digunakan Dinas Kesehatan Rakyat (<i>Dienst der Volks Gezondheid</i>) sekitar tahun 1925</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prasasti Pakubuwana X yang memperingati pembangunan sejumlah gapura di Surakarta pada tahun 1938"><img alt="Prasasti Pakubuwana X yang memperingati pembangunan sejumlah gapura di Surakarta pada tahun 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg/203px-Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg/304px-Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg/406px-Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Prasasti_Pakubuwana_X" title="Prasasti Pakubuwana X">Prasasti Pakubuwana X</a> yang memperingati pembangunan sejumlah gapura di Surakarta pada tahun 1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_(Road_sign_in_Surakarta).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penggunaan aksara Jawa pada papan nama jalan di Surakarta. Terdapat kesalahan penulisan pada kata brigjen yang seharusnya ditulis dengan diaktrik taling agar dibaca brigjèn. Papan nama di jalan yang sama namun ruas yang berbeda juga menunjukkan ketidakseragaman ejaan."><img alt="Penggunaan aksara Jawa pada papan nama jalan di Surakarta. Terdapat kesalahan penulisan pada kata brigjen yang seharusnya ditulis dengan diaktrik taling agar dibaca brigjèn. Papan nama di jalan yang sama namun ruas yang berbeda juga menunjukkan ketidakseragaman ejaan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg/400px-Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg/600px-Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg/800px-Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi_%28Road_sign_in_Surakarta%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Penggunaan aksara Jawa pada papan nama jalan di Surakarta. Terdapat kesalahan penulisan pada kata <i>brigjen</i> yang seharusnya ditulis dengan diaktrik <i>taling</i> agar dibaca <i>brigjèn</i>. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jalan_Slamet_Riyadi.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Jalan Slamet Riyadi.jpg">Papan nama di jalan yang sama namun ruas yang berbeda</a> juga menunjukkan ketidakseragaman ejaan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dekorasi kontemporer dengan elemen desain aksara Jawa"><img alt="Dekorasi kontemporer dengan elemen desain aksara Jawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg/225px-Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg/337px-Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg/450px-Javanese_script_in_modern_use.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dekorasi kontemporer dengan elemen desain aksara Jawa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambang Kesultanan Yogyakarta dengan stilisasi aksara Jawa di bidang tengahnya"><img alt="Lambang Kesultanan Yogyakarta dengan stilisasi aksara Jawa di bidang tengahnya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg/302px-Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="202" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg/453px-Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg/604px-Yogyakarta_Sultanate_Hamengkubhuwono_X_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lambang <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Yogyakarta">Kesultanan Yogyakarta</a> dengan stilisasi aksara Jawa di bidang tengahnya</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Bahasa Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sastra_Jawa" title="Sastra Jawa">Sastra Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongres_Aksara_Jawa" title="Kongres Aksara Jawa">Kongres Aksara Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Nusantara" title="Aksara Nusantara">Aksara Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawanisasi_(aksara)" title="Jawanisasi (aksara)">Jawanisasi (aksara)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mengenai ragam langgam aksara Jawa, T E Behrend menulis sebagaimana berikut:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26185123">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p><i><br /> Javanese script was used over the entire period of Modern Javanese literature, and throughout the island, at a time when there was no easy means of communication between remote areas and no impulse towards standardization. As a result, there is a huge variety in historical and local styles of Javanese writing throughout the ages. The ability of a person to read a bark-paper manuscript from the town of Demak, say, written around 1700, is no guarantee that that person would also be able to make sense of a palm-leaf manuscript written at the same time only 50 miles away on the slopes of mount Merapi. The great differences between regional styles almost makes it seem that "Javanese script" is in fact a family of script, and not just one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996162_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996162-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </i> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Aksara Jawa digunakan sepanjang periode sastra Jawa modern, dan digunakan di seantero pulau Jawa, di masa ketika komunikasi antarwilayah sering kali sulit dan tidak terdapat dorongan untuk menstandarisasi aksara Jawa. Akibatnya, aksara Jawa memiliki berbagai langgam historis dan kedaerahan yang digunakan silih-berganti seiring waktu. Kemampuan seseorang untuk membaca naskah dluwang dari Demak yang ditulis pada tahun 1700-an, semisal, tidak menjadi jaminan orang yang sama dapat memahami aksara pada naskah lontar dari kaki gunung Merapi (sekitar 80 km dari Demak) yang ditulis pada periode waktu yang sama. Perbedaan yang sangat besar antara langgam-langgam daerah memberikan kesan bahwa "aksara Jawa" adalah sekumpulan aksara, alih-alih sebuah aksara tunggal. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Behrend (1996:162) </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VOC berupaya untuk mendirikan pabrik kertasnya sendiri di Jawa yang beroperasi antara tahun 1665–1681. Namun pabrik tersebut tidak mampu memenuhi semua permintaan kertas di Jawa, sehingga suplai kertas terus mengandalkan pengiriman dari Eropa.<sup id="cite_ref-tey_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tey-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bagi kalangan Eropa abad ke-19, tulisan tangan Surakarta disetujui sebagai langgam aksara Jawa yang paling indah sehingga tokoh seperti <a href="/wiki/J.F.C._Gericke" title="J.F.C. Gericke">J.F.C. Gericke</a> menyarankan agar langgam Surakarta dijadikan panutan untuk membuat rancangan aksara Jawa yang layak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000149-154_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000149-154-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebagaimana dituturkan oleh direktur Balai Poestaka <a href="/wiki/D.A._Rinkes" title="D.A. Rinkes">D.A. Rinkes</a> pada tahun 1920 dalam kata sambutan katalog buku-buku Jawa koleksi <a href="/wiki/Koninklijk_Bataviaasch_Genootschap_van_Kunsten_en_Wetenschappen" title="Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen">Bataviaasch Genootschap</a>:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26185123"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="nl" class="poem"> <p><i><br /> Bovendien is voor den druk het Latijnsche lettertype gekozen, hetgeen de zaak voor Europeesche gebruikers aanzienlijk vergemakkelijkt, voor Inlandsche belangstellended geenszins een bezwaar oplevert, aangezien de Javaansche taal, evenals bereids voor het Maleisch en het Soendaneesch gebleken is, zeker niet minder duidelijk in Latijnsch type dan in het Javaansche schrift is weer te geven. Daarbij zijn de kosten daarmede ongeveer ⅓ van druk in Javaansch karakter, aangezien drukwerk in dat type, dat bovendien niet ruim voorhanden is, 1½ à 2 x kostbaarder (en tijdroovender) uitkomt dan in Latijnsch type, mede doordat het niet op de zetmachine kan worden gezet, en een pagina Javaansch type sleechts ongeveer de helft aan woorden bevat van een pagina van denzelfden tekst in Latijnsch karakter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen199383_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen199383-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </i> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Selain itu, huruf Latin dipilih untuk pencetakan [buku berbahasa Jawa], hal ini tidak hanya memudahkan bagi pembaca Eropa, tetapi juga tidak dikeluhkan oleh pembaca Pribumi, karena bahasa Jawa, sebagaimana bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Sunda, terbukti tetap dapat dipahami dengan baik ketika ditulis menggunakan huruf Latin dan tidak kalah jelas dibanding penulisan yang menggunakan aksara Jawa. Dengan begitu, biaya dapat ditekan hingga ⅓ dari biaya cetak aksara Jawa, mengingat bahwa mencetak dengan aksara Jawa, yang peralatannya tidak selalu tersedia, bisa jadi 1½ hingga 2 kali lipat memakan lebih banyak biaya (dan waktu) dibanding mencetak dengan huruf Latin, dan mengingat pula aksara Jawa tidak dapat dicetak menggunakan mesin <i>setting</i>, dan selembar teks beraksara Jawa hanya dapat memuat sekitar setengah jumlah kata dibanding lembar teks sama yang telah dialihaksarakan menjadi huruf Latin. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Poerwa Soewignja dan Wirawangsa (1920:4), disadur oleh Molen (1993:83) </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meski dokumentasi atau catatan perintah resmi dari larangan tersebut tidak diketahui. Sebagai perbandingan, pemerintahan Jepang yang <a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Jepang_di_Kamboja" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendudukan Jepang di Kamboja">menduduki Kamboja</a> pada periode waktu yang sama justru menghapus upaya penggunaan huruf Latin yang dimulai <a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Prancis" title="Kamboja Prancis">pemerintahan kolonial Kamboja Prancis</a> dan mengembalikan penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Khmer" title="Aksara Khmer">aksara Khmer</a> sebagai aksara resmi Kamboja.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandler_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandler-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contoh kata dengan aksara <i>mahaprana</i> yang digunakan dalam penulisan Kawi misal <i>aṣṭa</i> (ꦄꦰ꧀ꦛ, delapan)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <i>nirjhara</i> (ꦤꦶꦂꦙꦫ, air terjun).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Setara dengan kata "alfabet" yang berasal dari nama dua huruf pertama dalam <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Yunani" title="Alfabet Yunani">alfabet Yunani</a> (A-B, alfa-beta) serta kata "abjad" yang berasal dari empat huruf pertama dalam <a href="/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab">abjad Arab</a> (ا-ب-ج-د, alif-ba-jim-dal).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salah satu contohnya dapat dilihat dalam buku <i>Dongéng-dongéng Pieunteungeun</i> di mana kata <i>deui</i> ditulis sebagai ꦝꦼꦆ <i>de-i</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta1939627-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta1939627_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoerwadarminta1939">Poerwadarminta 1939</a>, hlm. 627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta193968-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta193968_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoerwadarminta1939">Poerwadarminta 1939</a>, hlm. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverson2008">Everson 2008</a>, hlm. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tarmid, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/48550229/SILABUS-BAHASA-INDRAMAYU">"Silabus bahasa Indramayu Sekolah Dasar"</a>. Indramayu: UPTD Pendidikan Kecamatan Kroya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005064207/https://www.scribd.com/doc/48550229/SILABUS-BAHASA-INDRAMAYU">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silabus+bahasa+Indramayu+Sekolah+Dasar&rft.place=Indramayu&rft.pub=UPTD+Pendidikan+Kecamatan+Kroya&rft.aulast=Tarmid&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F48550229%2FSILABUS-BAHASA-INDRAMAYU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Widiarti, Anastasia Rita; Pulungan, Reza (28 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020306721">"A method for solving scriptio continua in Javanese manuscript transliteration"</a>. <i>Heliyon</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>6</b> (4): e03827. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2020.e03827">10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03827</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2405-8440">2405-8440</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823222156/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020306721">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.atitle=A+method+for+solving+scriptio+continua+in+Javanese+manuscript+transliteration&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e03827&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2020.e03827&rft.issn=2405-8440&rft.aulast=Widiarti&rft.aufirst=Anastasia+Rita&rft.au=Pulungan%2C+Reza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2405844020306721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holle-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holle_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Holle, K F (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/590496015.pdf">"Tabel van oud-en nieuw-Indische alphabetten"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bijdrage tot de palaeographie van Nederlandsch-Indie</i>. Batavia: W. Bruining: xi, 9-35. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/220137657">220137657</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230519223932/http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/590496015.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdrage+tot+de+palaeographie+van+Nederlandsch-Indie&rft.atitle=Tabel+van+oud-en+nieuw-Indische+alphabetten&rft.pages=xi%2C+9-35&rft.date=1882&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220137657&rft.aulast=Holle&rft.aufirst=K+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2Fbooks%2FPDFs%2F590496015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Casparis, J G de (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Indonesian_Palaeography.html?id=cLUfAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to C. A.D. 1500</i></a>. <b>4</b>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9004041729" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9004041729">9004041729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Palaeography%3A+A+History+of+Writing+in+Indonesia+from+the+Beginnings+to+C.+A.D.+1500&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9004041729&rft.aulast=Casparis&rft.aufirst=J+G+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FIndonesian_Palaeography.html%3Fid%3DcLUfAAAAIAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-162-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-162_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996161-162_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 161-162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996162-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996162_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996162_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996166-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996166_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoriyama1996">Moriyama 1996</a>, hlm. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996167-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriyama1996167_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoriyama1996">Moriyama 1996</a>, hlm. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996167-169-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996167-169_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996167-169_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 167-169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hinzler, H I R (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41017543_Balinese_palm-leaf_manuscripts">"Balinese palm-leaf manuscripts"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>149</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003116">10.1163/22134379-90003116</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2294">0006-2294</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140706/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41017543_Balinese_palm-leaf_manuscripts">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Balinese+palm-leaf+manuscripts&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003116&rft.issn=0006-2294&rft.aulast=Hinzler&rft.aufirst=H+I+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F41017543_Balinese_palm-leaf_manuscripts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165-167-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165-167_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165-167_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996165-167_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 165-167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tey-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tey_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tey_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tey_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTeygeler2002" class="citation book">Teygeler, R (2002). "The Myth of Javanese Paper". Dalam R Seitzinger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35977126/The_myth_of_Javanese_paper"><i>Timeless Paper</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Rijswijk: Gentenaar & Torley Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9073803039" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9073803039">9073803039</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914035406/https://www.academia.edu/35977126/The_myth_of_Javanese_paper">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Javanese+Paper&rft.btitle=Timeless+Paper&rft.place=Rijswijk&rft.pub=Gentenaar+%26+Torley+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9073803039&rft.aulast=Teygeler&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35977126%2FThe_myth_of_Javanese_paper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154-158-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154-158_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000154-158_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolen2000">Molen 2000</a>, hlm. 154-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172-175-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996172-175_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 172-175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000137-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000137_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolen2000">Molen 2000</a>, hlm. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000136-140-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000136-140_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolen2000">Molen 2000</a>, hlm. 136-140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen2000149-154-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen2000149-154_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolen2000">Molen 2000</a>, hlm. 149-154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astuti-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-astuti_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Astuti, Kabul (Oktober 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5280381/Perkembangan_Majalah_Berbahasa_Jawa_dalam_Pelestarian_Sastra_Jawa"><i>Perkembangan Majalah Berbahasa Jawa dalam Pelestarian Sastra Jawa</i></a>. International Seminar On Austronesian - Non Austronesian Languages and Literature. Bali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417113704/https://www.academia.edu/5280381/Perkembangan_Majalah_Berbahasa_Jawa_dalam_Pelestarian_Sastra_Jawa">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Perkembangan+Majalah+Berbahasa+Jawa+dalam+Pelestarian+Sastra+Jawa&rft.place=Bali&rft.date=2013-10&rft.aulast=Astuti&rft.aufirst=Kabul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5280381%2FPerkembangan_Majalah_Berbahasa_Jawa_dalam_Pelestarian_Sastra_Jawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pick, Albert (1994). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_Catalog_of_World_Paper_Money&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard Catalog of World Paper Money (halaman belum tersedia)">Standard Catalog of World Paper Money</a>: General Issues</i>. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (edisi ke-7th). Krause Publications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87341-207-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87341-207-9">0-87341-207-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Catalog+of+World+Paper+Money%3A+General+Issues&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87341-207-9&rft.au=Pick%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muspen.kominfo.go.id/koleksi/single?id=228">"Mesin Ketik Huruf Jawa"</a>. <i>Museum Penerangan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625130959/https://muspen.kominfo.go.id/koleksi/single?id=228">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+Penerangan&rft.atitle=Mesin+Ketik+Huruf+Jawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuspen.kominfo.go.id%2Fkoleksi%2Fsingle%3Fid%3D228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolen199383-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolen199383_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMolen1993">Molen 1993</a>, hlm. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson201125-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson201125_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobson2011">Robson 2011</a>, hlm. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hadiwidjana, R. D. S. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=jQ0KAQAAIAAJ&hl=id&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=4"><i>Tata-sastra: ngewrat rembag 4 bab: titi-wara tuwin aksara, titi-tembung, titi-ukara, titi-basa</i></a>. U.P. Indonesia. hlm. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tata-sastra%3A+ngewrat+rembag+4+bab%3A+titi-wara+tuwin+aksara%2C+titi-tembung%2C+titi-ukara%2C+titi-basa&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=U.P.+Indonesia&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Hadiwidjana&rft.aufirst=R.+D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQ0KAQAAIAAJ%26hl%3Did%26source%3Dgbs_book_other_versions_r%26cad%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandler-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandler_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chandler, David P (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books/about/A_History_of_Cambodia.html?id=E8BRPgAACAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>A History of Cambodia</i></a>. Silkworm books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9747047098" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9747047098">9747047098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cambodia&rft.pub=Silkworm+books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9747047098&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FA_History_of_Cambodia.html%3Fid%3DE8BRPgAACAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lowenberg, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32963154_Writing_and_literacy_in_Indonesia">"Writing and Literacy in Indonesia"</a>. <i>Studies in the Linguistic Sciences</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 135–148. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005064205/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32963154_Writing_and_literacy_in_Indonesia">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Linguistic+Sciences&rft.atitle=Writing+and+Literacy+in+Indonesia&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-148&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lowenberg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F32963154_Writing_and_literacy_in_Indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson201127-28-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson201127-28_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobson2011">Robson 2011</a>, hlm. 27-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wahab-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wahab_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wahab_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Wahab, Abdul (Oktober 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3067/1/Kongres%20Bahasa%20Indonesia%20VIII%20Kelompok%20B%20Ruang%20Rote.pdf"><i>Masa Depan Bahasa, Sastra, dan Aksara Daerah</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Kongres Bahasa Indonesia VIII. Kelompok B, Ruang Rote. Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Indonesia. hlm. 8-9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417113704/https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/3067/1/Kongres%20Bahasa%20Indonesia%20VIII%20Kelompok%20B%20Ruang%20Rote.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Masa+Depan+Bahasa%2C+Sastra%2C+dan+Aksara+Daerah&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Pusat+Bahasa+Departemen+Pendidikan+Indonesia&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Wahab&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F3067%2F1%2FKongres%2520Bahasa%2520Indonesia%2520VIII%2520Kelompok%2520B%2520Ruang%2520Rote.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Florida, Nancy K (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JtXWqGzfzGgC&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=read+javanese+script&source=bl&ots=ovWJe5iN1N&sig=it-50wOMvy1H8EaNhTKxUbebNnM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Uep5U_6vAcHc8AXwnoC4Dw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=read%20javanese%20script&f=false"><i>Writing the Past, Inscribing the Future: History as Prophesy in Colonial Java</i></a>. Duke University Press. hlm. 37. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780822316220" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780822316220">9780822316220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Past%2C+Inscribing+the+Future%3A+History+as+Prophesy+in+Colonial+Java&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780822316220&rft.aulast=Florida&rft.aufirst=Nancy+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJtXWqGzfzGgC%26pg%3DPA37%26lpg%3DPA37%26dq%3Dread%2Bjavanese%2Bscript%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DovWJe5iN1N%26sig%3Dit-50wOMvy1H8EaNhTKxUbebNnM%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DUep5U_6vAcHc8AXwnoC4Dw%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dread%2520javanese%2520script%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mustika, I Ketut Sawitra (12 Oktober 2017). Atmasari, Nina, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612103203/https://m.solopos.com/alumni-sastra-jawa-ugm-bantu-koreksi-tulisan-jawa-pada-papan-nama-jalan-di-jogja-859202">"Alumni Sastra Jawa UGM Bantu Koreksi Tulisan Jawa pada Papan Nama Jalan di Jogja"</a>. Yogyakarta: Solo Pos. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.solopos.com/alumni-sastra-jawa-ugm-bantu-koreksi-tulisan-jawa-pada-papan-nama-jalan-di-jogja-859202">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alumni+Sastra+Jawa+UGM+Bantu+Koreksi+Tulisan+Jawa+pada+Papan+Nama+Jalan+di+Jogja&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=Solo+Pos&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.aulast=Mustika&rft.aufirst=I+Ketut+Sawitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.solopos.com%2Falumni-sastra-jawa-ugm-bantu-koreksi-tulisan-jawa-pada-papan-nama-jalan-di-jogja-859202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Eswe, Hana (13 Oktober 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suarabaru.id/2019/10/13/penunjuk-jalan-beraksara-jawa-salah-tulis-dikritik-penggiat-budaya/">"Penunjuk Jalan Beraksara Jawa Salah Tulis Dikritik Penggiat Budaya"</a>. Grobogan: Suara Baru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417113708/https://suarabaru.id/2019/10/13/penunjuk-jalan-beraksara-jawa-salah-tulis-dikritik-penggiat-budaya">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penunjuk+Jalan+Beraksara+Jawa+Salah+Tulis+Dikritik+Penggiat+Budaya&rft.place=Grobogan&rft.pub=Suara+Baru&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft.aulast=Eswe&rft.aufirst=Hana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuarabaru.id%2F2019%2F10%2F13%2Fpenunjuk-jalan-beraksara-jawa-salah-tulis-dikritik-penggiat-budaya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-radar-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-radar_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radar_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Siti Fatimah (27 Februari 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619201043/https://radarjogja.jawapos.com/2020/02/27/bangkitkan-kongres-bahasa-jawa-setelah-mati-suri/">"Bangkitkan Kongres Bahasa Jawa Setelah Mati Suri"</a>. Bantul: Radar Jogja. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radarjogja.jawapos.com/2020/02/27/bangkitkan-kongres-bahasa-jawa-setelah-mati-suri/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 Mei</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangkitkan+Kongres+Bahasa+Jawa+Setelah+Mati+Suri&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.au=Siti+Fatimah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradarjogja.jawapos.com%2F2020%2F02%2F27%2Fbangkitkan-kongres-bahasa-jawa-setelah-mati-suri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-2_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-2_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20081-2_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverson2008">Everson 2008</a>, hlm. 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mardikawi-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mardikawi_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mardikawi_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mardikawi_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mardikawi_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Poerwadarminta, W J S (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/20186831-166.%20Serat%20Mardi%20Kawi%20Jilid%20I.pdf"><i>Serat Mardi Kawi</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <b>1</b>. Solo: De Bliksem. hlm. 9-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416105659/https://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/20186831-166.%20Serat%20Mardi%20Kawi%20Jilid%20I.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serat+Mardi+Kawi&rft.place=Solo&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=De+Bliksem&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Poerwadarminta&rft.aufirst=W+J+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.ui.ac.id%2Ffile%3Ffile%3Ddigital%2F20186831-166.%2520Serat%2520Mardi%2520Kawi%2520Jilid%2520I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211-13-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211-13_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200211-13_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarusuprapta2002">Darusuprapta 2002</a>, hlm. 11-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus (1982). Robson, Stuart Owen, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/ojed/"><i>Old Javanese-English Dictionary</i></a>. Nijhoff. hlm. 143, entri 4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9024761786" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9024761786">9024761786</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601111918/http://sealang.net/ojed/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Javanese-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=143%2C+entri+4&rft.pub=Nijhoff&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9024761786&rft.aulast=Zoetmulder&rft.aufirst=Petrus+Josephus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fojed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus (1982). Robson, Stuart Owen, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/ojed/"><i>Old Javanese-English Dictionary</i></a>. Nijhoff. hlm. 1191, entri 11. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9024761786" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9024761786">9024761786</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601111918/http://sealang.net/ojed/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Javanese-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=1191%2C+entri+11&rft.pub=Nijhoff&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9024761786&rft.aulast=Zoetmulder&rft.aufirst=Petrus+Josephus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fojed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodard-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-woodard_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woodard_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-woodard_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Woodard, Roger D (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books/about/The_Ancient_Languages_of_Asia_and_the_Am.html?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC&redir_esc=y"><i>The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0521684943" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0521684943">0521684943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0521684943&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Ancient_Languages_of_Asia_and_the_Am.html%3Fid%3DUQpAuNIP4oIC%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200213-15-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200213-15_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarusuprapta2002">Darusuprapta 2002</a>, hlm. 13-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta193011-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoerwadarminta193011_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPoerwadarminta1930">Poerwadarminta 1930</a>, hlm. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200220-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200220_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarusuprapta2002">Darusuprapta 2002</a>, hlm. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200216-17-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200216-17_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarusuprapta2002">Darusuprapta 2002</a>, hlm. 16-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Padmasusastra (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sastra.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2677&catid=53"><i>Layang Carakan</i></a>. hlm. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914035409/https://www.sastra.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2677&catid=53">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layang+Carakan&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Padmasusastra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sastra.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D2677%26catid%3D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dwijasewaya (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sastra.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2156&catid=53"><i>Paramasastra Jawa</i></a>. hlm. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914035637/https://www.sastra.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2156&catid=53">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paramasastra+Jawa&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Dwijasewaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sastra.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D2156%26catid%3D53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hollander, J J de (1886). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Handleiding_bij_de_beoefening_der_Javaansche_Taal_1886.pdf&page=13"><i>Handleiding bij de beoefening der Javaansche Taal en Letterkunde</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. hlm. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220914035429/https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Handleiding_bij_de_beoefening_der_Javaansche_Taal_1886.pdf&page=13">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handleiding+bij+de+beoefening+der+Javaansche+Taal+en+Letterkunde&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=J+J+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFile%3AHandleiding_bij_de_beoefening_der_Javaansche_Taal_1886.pdf%26page%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200219-24-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200219-24_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarusuprapta2002">Darusuprapta 2002</a>, hlm. 19-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200224-28-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200224-28_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarusuprapta2002">Darusuprapta 2002</a>, hlm. 24-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200229-32-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200229-32_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarusuprapta2002">Darusuprapta 2002</a>, hlm. 29-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20082-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20082_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverson2008">Everson 2008</a>, hlm. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverson2008">Everson 2008</a>, hlm. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200244-45-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarusuprapta200244-45_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarusuprapta2002">Darusuprapta 2002</a>, hlm. 44-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-5-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-5_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-5_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20084-5_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverson2008">Everson 2008</a>, hlm. 4-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20085-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20085_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverson2008">Everson 2008</a>, hlm. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996188-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996188_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996190_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996189-190-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrend1996189-190_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrend1996">Behrend 1996</a>, hlm. 189-190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Saktimulya, Sri Ratna (2016). <i>Naskah-naskah Skriptorium Pakualaman</i>. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/602424228X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/602424228X">602424228X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naskah-naskah+Skriptorium+Pakualaman&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=602424228X&rft.aulast=Saktimulya&rft.aufirst=Sri+Ratna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson201113-14-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson201113-14_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobson2011">Robson 2011</a>, hlm. 13-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo19968-11-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo19968-11_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochkyatmo1996">Rochkyatmo 1996</a>, hlm. 8-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverson20085-6-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20085-6_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverson20085-6_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverson2008">Everson 2008</a>, hlm. 5-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ricci, Ronit (Desember 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41523387/Reading_a_History_of_Writing_heritage_religion_and_script_change_in_Java">"Reading a History of Writing: heritage, religion and script change in Java"</a>. <i>Itinerario</i>. Leiden. <b>39</b> (03): 424. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0165115315000868">10.1017/S0165115315000868</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928054116/https://www.academia.edu/41523387/Reading_a_History_of_Writing_heritage_religion_and_script_change_in_Java">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Itinerario&rft.atitle=Reading+a+History+of+Writing%3A+heritage%2C+religion+and+script+change+in+Java&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=03&rft.pages=424&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0165115315000868&rft.aulast=Ricci&rft.aufirst=Ronit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41523387%2FReading_a_History_of_Writing_heritage_religion_and_script_change_in_Java&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199635-41-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199635-41_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochkyatmo1996">Rochkyatmo 1996</a>, hlm. 35-41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199651-58-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochkyatmo199651-58_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochkyatmo1996">Rochkyatmo 1996</a>, hlm. 51-58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gb-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gb_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=BfRhOG2SfNoC&pg=PP7&hl=id&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Serat Katoerangganing ning Koetjing</i> (<span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦱꦼꦫꦠ꧀ꦏꦠꦸꦫꦁꦒꦤ꧀ꦤꦶꦁꦏꦸꦠ꧀ꦕꦶꦁ</span>)</a>, diterbitkan oleh Percetakan GCT Van Dorp & Co di Semarang, tahun 1871. 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Denpasar: Dinas Kebudayaan Pemerintah Daerah Tingkat I Bali. hlm. 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928054059/http://www.babadbali.com/aksarabali/books/tobacaan.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedoman+Pasang+Aksara+Bali&rft.place=Denpasar&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Dinas+Kebudayaan+Pemerintah+Daerah+Tingkat+I+Bali&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Medra&rft.aufirst=I+Nengah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.babadbali.com%2Faksarabali%2Fbooks%2Ftobacaan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sutjaja, I Gusti Made (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=fqRkAAAAMAAJ&dq=kamus+inggris+bali+indonesia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjUuJ3l66XpAhVIbSsKHYplDocQ6AEIKzAA"><i>Kamus Inggris, Bali, Indonesia</i></a>. Lotus Widya Suari bekerjasama dengan Penerbit Univ. Udayana. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9798286855" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9798286855">9798286855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamus+Inggris%2C+Bali%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=Lotus+Widya+Suari+bekerjasama+dengan+Penerbit+Univ.+Udayana&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9798286855&rft.aulast=Sutjaja&rft.aufirst=I+Gusti+Made&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqRkAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dkamus%2Binggris%2Bbali%2Bindonesia%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjUuJ3l66XpAhVIbSsKHYplDocQ6AEIKzAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sekkaranomi-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sekkaranomi_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sekkaranomi_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hamzah, Bambang Hartono; Sayunani, Isya; Gani, Abdul; Dradjid, H.M. (2014). Ghazali, A. Syukur; Poerno, Heru Asri, ed. <i>Sekkar Anom I</i> (dalam bahasa Madura). Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Timur. hlm. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sekkar+Anom+I&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Dinas+Pendidikan+Provinsi+Jawa+Timur&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hamzah&rft.aufirst=Bambang+Hartono&rft.au=Sayunani%2C+Isya&rft.au=Gani%2C+Abdul&rft.au=Dradjid%2C+H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first4=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last4=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first6=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last6=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sukardi, A. (2005). <i>Kasustraan Madura Kembang Sataman</i> (dalam bahasa Madura) (edisi ke-2). Jember: Dinas Pendidikan Kabupaten Jember.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kasustraan+Madura+Kembang+Sataman&rft.place=Jember&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Dinas+Pendidikan+Kabupaten+Jember&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Sukardi&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiliaan189789-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiliaan189789_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiliaan1897">Kiliaan 1897</a>, hlm. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wedhawati (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/16353/"><i>Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir</i></a>. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa. hlm. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9796851415" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9796851415">9796851415</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417083014/https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/16353/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tata+Bahasa+Jawa+Mutakhir&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Pusat+Bahasa&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9796851415&rft.au=Wedhawati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F16353%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Davies, William D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mflajowwD5oC&pg=PA53"><i>A Grammar of Madurese</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. hlm. 53. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9783110224443" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9783110224443">9783110224443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Madurese&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783110224443&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmflajowwD5oC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiliaan1897-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiliaan1897_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiliaan1897">Kiliaan 1897</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hamzah, Bambang Hartono; Sayunani, Isya; Gani, Abdul; Dradjid, H.M. (2015). <i>Sekkar Anom 2</i> (dalam bahasa Madura). Surabaya: Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Jawa Timur. hlm. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sekkar+Anom+2&rft.place=Surabaya&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Dinas+Pendidikan+Provinsi+Jawa+Timur&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hamzah&rft.aufirst=Bambang+Hartono&rft.au=Sayunani%2C+Isya&rft.au=Gani%2C+Abdul&rft.au=Dradjid%2C+H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first4=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last4=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|first5=</code> tanpa <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|last5=</code> di Authors list (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#first_missing_last" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiliaan189797-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiliaan189797_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiliaan1897">Kiliaan 1897</a>, hlm. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ashadi, Moh. Makhfud; al Farouk, Ghazi (1992). <i>Kosa Kata Basa Madura</i> (dalam bahasa Madura). Surabaya: Sarana Ilmu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosa+Kata+Basa+Madura&rft.place=Surabaya&rft.pub=Sarana+Ilmu&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ashadi&rft.aufirst=Moh.+Makhfud&rft.au=al+Farouk%2C+Ghazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Koesoemo, R. Sosro Danoe; M. Partosoegondo (1922). <i>Bab oreng megha djhoeko e'tana Djhaba sareng Madhoera</i> (dalam bahasa Madura). Balai Poestaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bab+oreng+megha+djhoeko+e%27tana+Djhaba+sareng+Madhoera&rft.pub=Balai+Poestaka&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Koesoemo&rft.aufirst=R.+Sosro+Danoe&rft.au=M.+Partosoegondo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosyadi199716-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosyadi199716_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosyadi1997">Rosyadi 1997</a>, hlm. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosyadi199751-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosyadi199751_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosyadi1997">Rosyadi 1997</a>, hlm. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolsma19857-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolsma19857_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolsma19857_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolsma1985">Coolsma 1985</a>, hlm. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ruhaliah, R. (2010). "Jejak penjajahan pada naskah Sunda: Studi kasus pada Surat Tanah". <i>Jumantara: Jurnal Manuskrip Nusantara</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 49–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jumantara%3A+Jurnal+Manuskrip+Nusantara&rft.atitle=Jejak+penjajahan+pada+naskah+Sunda%3A+Studi+kasus+pada+Surat+Tanah&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-60&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ruhaliah&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkadjati1999-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEkadjati1999_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEkadjati1999">Ekadjati 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolle1862-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolle1862_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolle1862_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolle1862_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolle1862_97-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolle1862">Holle 1862</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Müller-Gotama, Franz (2001). <i>Sundanese</i>. Languages of the World. Materials. <b>369</b>. Munich: LINCOM Europa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sundanese&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Languages+of+the+World.+Materials&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europa&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Gotama&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoolsma19856-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoolsma19856_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoolsma1985">Coolsma 1985</a>, hlm. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Moesa (.R.Hadji.), Moehamad (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0hm2yOwsEgkC"><i>Dongeng-dongeng pingĕntĕngĕn</i></a> (dalam bahasa Sunda). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230417194925/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0hm2yOwsEgkC">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dongeng-dongeng+ping%C4%95nt%C4%95ng%C4%95n&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Moesa+%28.R.Hadji.%29&rft.aufirst=Moehamad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0hm2yOwsEgkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daftar_pustaka">Daftar pustaka</h3></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFArps1999" class="citation journal">Arps, B (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/15216">"How a Javanese Gentleman put his Library in Order"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>155</b> (3): 416-469.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=How+a+Javanese+Gentleman+put+his+Library+in+Order&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-469&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Arps&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F15216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBehrend1993" class="citation journal">Behrend, T E (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41017542_Manuscript_production_in_nineteenth-century_Java_Codicology_and_the_writing_of_Javanese_literary_history">"Manuscript Production in Nineteenth Century Java. Codicology and the Writing of Javanese Literary History"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>149</b> (3): 407–437. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003115">10.1163/22134379-90003115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Manuscript+Production+in+Nineteenth+Century+Java.+Codicology+and+the+Writing+of+Javanese+Literary+History&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-437&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003115&rft.aulast=Behrend&rft.aufirst=T+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F41017542_Manuscript_production_in_nineteenth-century_Java_Codicology_and_the_writing_of_Javanese_literary_history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBehrend1996" class="citation book">Behrend, T E (1996). "Textual Gateways: the Javanese Manuscript Tradition". Dalam Ann Kumar; John H. McGlynn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illuminationswri0000kuma"><i>Illuminations: The Writing Traditions of Indonesia</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Jakarta: Lontar Foundation. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0834803496" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0834803496">0834803496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Textual+Gateways%3A+the+Javanese+Manuscript+Tradition&rft.btitle=Illuminations%3A+The+Writing+Traditions+of+Indonesia&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Lontar+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0834803496&rft.aulast=Behrend&rft.aufirst=T+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Filluminationswri0000kuma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCoolsma1985" class="citation book">Coolsma, Sierk (1985) [1904]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tata-bahasa-sunda/"><i>Tata Bahasa Sunda</i></a>. Diterjemahkan oleh Widjajakusumah, Rusyana, Husein, Yus. Jakarta: (Penerbit Asli) Fa. A.W. Sijthoff. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/13986971">13986971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tata+Bahasa+Sunda&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=%28Penerbit+Asli%29+Fa.+A.W.+Sijthoff&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13986971&rft.aulast=Coolsma&rft.aufirst=Sierk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftata-bahasa-sunda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEkadjati1999" class="citation book">Ekadjati, Edi S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?printsec=frontcover&vid=LCCN99503487&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Direktori Edisi Naskah Nusantara</i></a>. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia dan Masyarakat Pernaskahan Nusantara. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9794613347" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9794613347">9794613347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Direktori+Edisi+Naskah+Nusantara&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Yayasan+Obor+Indonesia+dan+Masyarakat+Pernaskahan+Nusantara&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9794613347&rft.aulast=Ekadjati&rft.aufirst=Edi+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fprintsec%3Dfrontcover%26vid%3DLCCN99503487%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEverson2008" class="citation journal">Everson, Michael (6 Maret 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3319.pdf">"Proposal for encoding the Javanese script in the UCS"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2</i>. Unicode (N3319R3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2&rft.atitle=Proposal+for+encoding+the+Javanese+script+in+the+UCS&rft.issue=N3319R3&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn3319.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMolen1993" class="citation book">Molen, Willem van der (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8FNTAAAACAAJ&dq=javaans+schrift&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi42vnx_J3pAhVWbn0KHRTPDeYQ6AEIKDAA"><i>Javaans Schrift</i></a>. <i>Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden</i> (dalam bahasa Belanda). Semaian 8. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/90_73084_09_1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/90 73084 09 1">90 73084 09 1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javaans+Schrift&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Rijksuniversiteit+te+Leiden&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9073084091&rft.aulast=Molen&rft.aufirst=Willem+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FNTAAAACAAJ%26dq%3Djavaans%2Bschrift%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwi42vnx_J3pAhVWbn0KHRTPDeYQ6AEIKDAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMolen2000" class="citation book">Molen, Willem van der (2000). "Hoe Heft Zulks Kunnen Geschieden? Het Begin van de Javaanse Typograﬁe". Dalam Willem van der Molen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Woord_en_schrift_in_de_Oost.html?id=TQjZAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>Woord en Schrift in de Oost. De betekenis van zending en missie voor de studie van taal en literatuur in Zuidoost-Azie</i></a> (dalam bahasa Belanda). Semaian 19. Leiden: Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden. hlm. 132-162. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9074956238" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9074956238">9074956238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hoe+Heft+Zulks+Kunnen+Geschieden%3F+Het+Begin+van+de+Javaanse+Typogra%EF%AC%81e&rft.btitle=Woord+en+Schrift+in+de+Oost.+De+betekenis+van+zending+en+missie+voor+de+studie+van+taal+en+literatuur+in+Zuidoost-Azie&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=132-162&rft.pub=Vakgroep+Talen+en+Culturen+van+Zuidoost-Azi%C3%AB+en+Oceani%C3%AB%2C+Rijksuniversiteit+te+Leiden&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9074956238&rft.aulast=Molen&rft.aufirst=Willem+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FWoord_en_schrift_in_de_Oost.html%3Fid%3DTQjZAAAAMAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMoriyama1996" class="citation journal">Moriyama, Mikihiro (Juni 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyoto-seas.org/pdf/34/1/340108.pdf">"Discovering the 'Language' and the 'Literature' of West Java: An Introduction to the Formation of Sundanese Writing in 19th Century West Java"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 151–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Discovering+the+%27Language%27+and+the+%27Literature%27+of+West+Java%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Formation+of+Sundanese+Writing+in+19th+Century+West+Java&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-183&rft.date=1996-06&rft.aulast=Moriyama&rft.aufirst=Mikihiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyoto-seas.org%2Fpdf%2F34%2F1%2F340108.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPoerwadarminta1939" class="citation book">Poerwadarminta, W.J.S (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sastra.org/katalog/judul?ti_id=75"><i>Baoesastra Djawa</i></a> (dalam bahasa Jawa). Batavia: J.B. Wolters. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0834803496" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0834803496">0834803496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baoesastra+Djawa&rft.place=Batavia&rft.pub=J.B.+Wolters&rft.date=1939&rft.isbn=0834803496&rft.aulast=Poerwadarminta&rft.aufirst=W.J.S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sastra.org%2Fkatalog%2Fjudul%3Fti_id%3D75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRobson2011" class="citation journal">Robson, Stuart Owen (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/javanese-script-as-cultural-artifact-historical-background">"Javanese script as cultural artifact: Historical background"</a>. <i>RIMA: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs</i>. <b>45</b> (1-2): 9-36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RIMA%3A+Review+of+Indonesian+and+Malaysian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Javanese+script+as+cultural+artifact%3A+Historical+background&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1-2&rft.pages=9-36&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.monash.edu%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fjavanese-script-as-cultural-artifact-historical-background&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRochkyatmo1996" class="citation book">Rochkyatmo, Amir (1 Januari 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/7638/1/PELESTARIAN%20DAN%20MODERNISASI%20AKSARA%20DAERAH.pdf"><i>Pelestarian dan Modernisasi Aksara Daerah: Perkembangan Metode dan Teknis Menulis Aksara Jawa</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelestarian+dan+Modernisasi+Aksara+Daerah%3A+Perkembangan+Metode+dan+Teknis+Menulis+Aksara+Jawa&rft.pub=Direktorat+Jenderal+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.aulast=Rochkyatmo&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F7638%2F1%2FPELESTARIAN%2520DAN%2520MODERNISASI%2520AKSARA%2520DAERAH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRosyadi1997" class="citation book">Rosyadi (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/14862/1/Pelestarian%20dan%20usaha%20pengembangan%20aksara%20daerah%20sunda.pdf"><i>Pelestarian Dan Usaha Pengembangan Aksara Daerah Sunda</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Jakarta: Proyek Pengkajian dan Pembinaan Nilai-Nilai Budaya Pusat Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelestarian+Dan+Usaha+Pengembangan+Aksara+Daerah+Sunda&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Proyek+Pengkajian+dan+Pembinaan+Nilai-Nilai+Budaya+Pusat+Direktorat+Sejarah+dan+Nilai+Tradisional+Direktorat+Jenderal+Kebudayaan&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Rosyadi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F14862%2F1%2FPelestarian%2520dan%2520usaha%2520pengembangan%2520aksara%2520daerah%2520sunda.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pedoman_penulisan">Pedoman penulisan</h4></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKoemisi_Kasoesastran_ing_Sriwedari,_Soerakarta1926" class="citation conference">Koemisi Kasoesastran ing Sriwedari, Soerakarta (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wewaton-sriwedari"><i>Wawaton Panjeratipoen Temboeng Djawi mawi Sastra Djawi dalasan Angka</i></a>. Kongres Sriwedari. Weltevreden: Landsdrukkerij.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Wawaton+Panjeratipoen+Temboeng+Djawi+mawi+Sastra+Djawi+dalasan+Angka&rft.place=Weltevreden&rft.pub=Landsdrukkerij&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Koemisi+Kasoesastran+ing+Sriwedari%2C+Soerakarta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwewaton-sriwedari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Dikenal juga sebagai <i>Wewaton Sriwedari</i> atau <i>Paugeran Sriwedari</i>. Terjemahan bahasa Indonesia dapat dibaca <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sastra.org/bahasa-dan-budaya/pengetahuan-bahasa/2520-sastra-sriwedari">di sini</a></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDarusuprapta2002" class="citation book">Darusuprapta (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pedoman-penulisan-aksara-jawa-2002"><i>Pedoman Penulisan Aksara Jawa</i></a>. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Nusantara bekerja sama dengan Pemerintahan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Daerah Tingkat I Jawa Tengah, dan Daerah Tingkat I Jawa Timur. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/979-8628-00-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/979-8628-00-4">979-8628-00-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pedoman+Penulisan+Aksara+Jawa&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=Yayasan+Pustaka+Nusantara+bekerja+sama+dengan+Pemerintahan+Provinsi+Daerah+Istimewa+Yogyakarta%2C+Daerah+Tingkat+I+Jawa+Tengah%2C+dan+Daerah+Tingkat+I+Jawa+Timur&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=979-8628-00-4&rft.au=Darusuprapta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpedoman-penulisan-aksara-jawa-2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p>Bahasa Sanskerta dan Kawi </p> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFPoerwadarminta1930" class="citation book">Poerwadarminta, W J S (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/serat-mardi-kawi/W.%20J.%20S.%20Poerwadarminta%20-%20Serat%20Mardi%20Kawi%2C%20Jilid%20I%20%281931%29"><i>Serat Mardi Kawi</i></a>. <b>1</b>. Solo: De Bliksem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serat+Mardi+Kawi&rft.place=Solo&rft.pub=De+Bliksem&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Poerwadarminta&rft.aufirst=W+J+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fserat-mardi-kawi%2FW.%2520J.%2520S.%2520Poerwadarminta%2520-%2520Serat%2520Mardi%2520Kawi%252C%2520Jilid%2520I%2520%25281931%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPoerwadarminta1931" class="citation book">Poerwadarminta, W J S (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/serat-mardi-kawi/W.%20J.%20S.%20Poerwadarminta%20-%20Serat%20Mardi%20Kawi%2C%20Jilid%20II%20%281931%29"><i>Serat Mardi Kawi</i></a>. <b>2</b>. Solo: De Bliksem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serat+Mardi+Kawi&rft.place=Solo&rft.pub=De+Bliksem&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Poerwadarminta&rft.aufirst=W+J+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fserat-mardi-kawi%2FW.%2520J.%2520S.%2520Poerwadarminta%2520-%2520Serat%2520Mardi%2520Kawi%252C%2520Jilid%2520II%2520%25281931%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPoerwadarminta1931" class="citation book">Poerwadarminta, W J S (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/serat-mardi-kawi/W.%20J.%20S.%20Poerwadarminta%20-%20Serat%20Mardi%20Kawi%2C%20Jilid%20III%20%281931%29"><i>Serat Mardi Kawi</i></a>. <b>3</b>. Solo: De Bliksem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serat+Mardi+Kawi&rft.place=Solo&rft.pub=De+Bliksem&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Poerwadarminta&rft.aufirst=W+J+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fserat-mardi-kawi%2FW.%2520J.%2520S.%2520Poerwadarminta%2520-%2520Serat%2520Mardi%2520Kawi%252C%2520Jilid%2520III%2520%25281931%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p>Bahasa Sunda </p> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHolle1862" class="citation book">Holle, K F (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=AupPpeV6EZUC&pg=PP18&dq=Soendasch+spel-+en+lees+boek,+met+Soendasche+letter&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwilx6H1taPpAhUPzTgGHUiXDFoQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Soendasch spel- en lees boek, met Soendasche letter</i></a>. Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soendasch+spel-+en+lees+boek%2C+met+Soendasche+letter&rft.place=Batavia&rft.pub=Landsdrukkerij&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Holle&rft.aufirst=K+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAupPpeV6EZUC%26pg%3DPP18%26dq%3DSoendasch%2Bspel-%2Ben%2Blees%2Bboek%2C%2Bmet%2BSoendasche%2Bletter%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwilx6H1taPpAhUPzTgGHUiXDFoQ6AEIKzAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p>Bahasa Madura </p> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKiliaan1897" class="citation book">Kiliaan, Hendrik Nicolaas (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/madoereeschespr01kiligoog"><i>Madoereesche spraakkunst</i></a>. Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madoereesche+spraakkunst&rft.place=Batavia&rft.pub=Landsdrukkerij&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Kiliaan&rft.aufirst=Hendrik+Nicolaas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmadoereeschespr01kiligoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSorat_tjarakan_Madurah1866" class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuTuSGlAMXoC&pg=PP1"><i>Sorat tjarakan Madurah</i></a>. Batavia. 1866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sorat+tjarakan+Madurah&rft.place=Batavia&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFuTuSGlAMXoC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AAksara+Jawa" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Javanese_script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Javanese script"><span style="">Javanese script</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manuscripts_in_Javanese_script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Manuscripts in Javanese script"><span style="">Naskah Aksara Jawa</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Printed_Javanese_Script" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Printed Javanese Script"><span style="">Publikasi Cetak Aksara Jawa</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Koleksi_digital">Koleksi digital</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/">Koleksi naskah British Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khastara.perpusnas.go.id/">Koleksi naskah Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sastra.org/katalog">Koleksi naskah Yayasan Sastra Lestari</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://widyapustaka.webnode.com/paugeran/">Koleksi acuan Widyapustaka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214103733/https://widyapustaka.webnode.com/paugeran/">Diarsipkan</a> 2021-12-14 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sea.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/SEAImages%3Alontar?display=list"><i>Southeast Asia Digital Library</i> kompilasi Northern Illinois University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naskah_digital">Naskah digital</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2012320671/"><i>Babad Tanah Jawi</i></a> (1862) koleksi Perpustakaan Kongres AS no. DS646.27</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Sloane_MS_1403E">Catatan utang pada selempir lontar</a> (1708) koleksi British Library no. Sloane MS 1403E</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=MSS_Malay_A_3">Kamus bahasa Melayu-Jawa-Madura</a> dari awal abad ke-19, koleksi British Library no. MSS Malay A 3</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Add_MS_12341">Kumpulan dokumen Keraton Yogyakarta</a> (1786–1812) koleksi British Library no. Add Ms 12341</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Or_15932"><i>Papakem Pawukon</i></a> dari Bupati Sepuh Demak di Bogor (1814) koleksi British Library no. Or 15932</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Add_MS_12337"><i>Wejangan Hamengkubuwana I</i></a> (1812) koleksi British Library no. Add MS 12337</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=Add_MS_45273"><i>Raffles Paper</i> - vol III</a> (1816) kumpulan surat-surat yang diterima Raffles dari penguasa-penguasa Nusantara, koleksi British Library no. Add MS 45273</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?index=0&ref=MSS_Jav_24"><i>Serat Jaya Lengkara Wulang</i></a> (1803) koleksi British Library no. MSS Jav 24</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=MSS_Jav_28"><i>Serat Selarasa</i></a> (1804) koleksi British Library no. MSS Jav 28</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khastara.perpusnas.go.id/web/detail/335633/usana"><i>Usana Bali</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619221833/http://khastara.perpusnas.go.id/web/detail/335633/usana">Diarsipkan</a> 2020-06-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (1870) salinan Jawa dari sebuah lontar Bali berjudul sama, koleksi Perpustakaan Nasional Indonesia no. CS 152</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=0hm2yOwsEgkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Dongèng-dongèng Pieuntengen</i></a> (1867) kumpulan dongeng berbahasa Sunda dan beraksara Jawa yang dikompilasikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Musa">Muhammad Musa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lainnya">Lainnya</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3319.pdf">Proposal Unicode untuk aksara Jawa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19004-javanese-keret.pdf">Dokumentasi Unicode mengenai diakritik KERET</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17038-cakra.pdf">Dokumentasi Unicode mengenai diakritik CAKRA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19083-javanese-pengkal.pdf">Dokumentasi Unicode mengenai diakritik PENGKAL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19003-javanese-tolong.pdf">Dokumentasi Unicode mengenai diakritik TOLONG</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/javanese/">Blog Studi Asia-Afrika British Library, topik Jawa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm">Artikel aksara Jawa</a> di omniglot.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://r12a.github.io/pickers/java/"><i>Character Picker</i> aksara Jawa</a> oleh Richard Ishida</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bennylin.github.io/transliterasijawa/">Laman transliterasi aksara Jawa oleh Benny Lin</a></li> <li>Unduh fon aksara Jawa di situs web <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/jawaunicode/main-page">Tuladha Jejeg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027132347/https://sites.google.com/site/jawaunicode/main-page">Diarsipkan</a> 2021-10-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aksaradinusantara.com/fonta/aksara/jawa">Aksara di Nusantara</a>, atau repositori <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/googlefonts/noto-fonts/tree/main/hinted/ttf/NotoSansJavanese">Google Noto</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aksara_Jawa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aksara Jawa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><i>Aksara nglegena</i> (20 aksara dasar)</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><center> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦲ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ha_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ha (aksara Jawa)">Ha</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦤ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Na_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Na (aksara Jawa)">Na</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦕ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ca_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ca (aksara Jawa)">Ca</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦫ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ra_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ra (aksara Jawa)">Ra</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦏ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ka_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ka (aksara Jawa)">Ka</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦢ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Da_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Da (aksara Jawa)">Da</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦠ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ta_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ta (aksara Jawa)">Ta</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦱ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Sa_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Sa (aksara Jawa)">Sa</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦮ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Wa_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Wa (aksara Jawa)">Wa</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦭ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/La_(aksara_Jawa)" title="La (aksara Jawa)">La</a> </center></td></tr> </tbody></table> </center></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><center> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦥ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Pa_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Pa (aksara Jawa)">Pa</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦝ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Dha_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Dha (aksara Jawa)">Dha</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦗ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ja_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ja (aksara Jawa)">Ja</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦪ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ya_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ya (aksara Jawa)">Ya</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦚ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Nya_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Nya (aksara Jawa)">Nya</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦩ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ma_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ma (aksara Jawa)">Ma</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦒ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ga_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ga (aksara Jawa)">Ga</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦧ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ba_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ba (aksara Jawa)">Ba</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦛ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Tha_(aksara_Jawa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tha (aksara Jawa)">Tha</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦔ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Nga_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Nga (aksara Jawa)">Nga</a> </center></td></tr> </tbody></table> </center></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:20%">8 <i>Aksara murda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦟ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Na_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Na (aksara Jawa)">Na</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦑ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ka_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ka (aksara Jawa)">Ka</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦡ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ta_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ta (aksara Jawa)">Ta</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦯ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Sa_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Sa (aksara Jawa)">Sa</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦦ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Pa_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Pa (aksara Jawa)">Pa</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦘ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Nya_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Nya (aksara Jawa)">Nya</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦓ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ga_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ga (aksara Jawa)">Ga</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦨ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ba_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ba (aksara Jawa)">Ba</a> </center></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:20%"><i>Aksara swara</i><br />(5 aksara vokal)<br />dan 2 <i>Aksara gantèn</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦄ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/A_(aksara_Jawa)" title="A (aksara Jawa)">A</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦆ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/I_(aksara_Jawa)" title="I (aksara Jawa)">I</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦈ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/U_(aksara_Jawa)" title="U (aksara Jawa)">U</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦌ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/E_(aksara_Jawa)" title="E (aksara Jawa)">E</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦎ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/O_(aksara_Jawa)" title="O (aksara Jawa)">O</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%">  </td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦊ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Nga_lelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nga lelet">Nga lelet</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦉ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Pa_cerek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa cerek">Pa cerek</a></center></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Angka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angka" class="mw-redirect" title="Angka">Angka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧑</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/1_(angka)" title="1 (angka)">1</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧒</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/2_(angka)" title="2 (angka)">2</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧓</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/3_(angka)" title="3 (angka)">3</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧔</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/4_(angka)" title="4 (angka)">4</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧕</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/5_(angka)" title="5 (angka)">5</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧖</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/6_(angka)" title="6 (angka)">6</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧗</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/7_(angka)" title="7 (angka)">7</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧘</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/8_(angka)" title="8 (angka)">8</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧙</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/9_(angka)" title="9 (angka)">9</a> </center></td><td style="width:10%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧐</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/0_(angka)" title="0 (angka)">0</a> </center></td><td style="width:75%"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aksara_tambahan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aksara tambahan</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5 <i>Aksara mahaprana</i><br />(arkais)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦰ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Sa_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Sa (aksara Jawa)">Sa</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦞ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Dha_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Dha (aksara Jawa)">Dha</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦙ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ja_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Ja (aksara Jawa)">Ja</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦜ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Tha_(aksara_Jawa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tha (aksara Jawa)">Tha</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦣ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Da_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Da (aksara Jawa)">Da</a> </center></td><td style="width:37.5%"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7 Tidak digunakan<br /> / dipertentangkan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦅ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_Kawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I Kawi (halaman belum tersedia)">I Kawi</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦇ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii_(aksara_Jawa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ii (aksara Jawa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Ii (aksara Jawa)</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦐ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_Sasak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka Sasak (halaman belum tersedia)">Ka Sasak</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦋ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nga_lelet_Raswadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nga lelet Raswadi (halaman belum tersedia)">Nga lelet Raswadi</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦖ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Ca_Murda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ca Murda">Ca Murda</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦘ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Nya_Murda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nya Murda">Nya Murda</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦍ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ai_(aksara_Jawa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ai (aksara Jawa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Ai</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sandhangan_(Tanda_diakritik)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Sandhangan</i> (Tanda diakritik)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6 <i>Sandhangan swara</i><br />(pembentuk vokal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦶ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Wulu" title="Wulu">Wulu</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦼ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Pepet_(Hanacaraka)" title="Pepet (Hanacaraka)">Pepet</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦸ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Suku_(Hanacaraka)" title="Suku (Hanacaraka)">Suku</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦺ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Taling" title="Taling">Taling</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦴ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Tarung_(tedung)" title="Tarung (tedung)">Tarung</a> / raswadi </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꦳</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecak_telu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecak telu (halaman belum tersedia)">Cecak telu</a> </center></td><td style="width:25%"> </td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4 <i>Sandhangan panyigeg</i><br />(penutup suku kata)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦃ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Wisarga" title="Wisarga">Wignyan</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦁ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Cecak_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Cecak (aksara Jawa)">Cecak</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦂ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Layar_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Layar (aksara Jawa)">Layar</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧀</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangkon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangkon (halaman belum tersedia)">Pangkon</a> </center></td><td style="width:50%"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3 <i>Sandhangan wyanjana</i><br />(tengah suku kata)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦿ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Cakra_(guwung)" title="Cakra (guwung)">Cakra</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦽ</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Cakra_(guwung)" title="Cakra (guwung)">Cakra keret</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦾ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengkal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengkal (halaman belum tersedia)">Péngkal</a> </center></td><td style="width:62.5%"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5 Vokal pajang<br /> (arkais)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦀ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panyangga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panyangga (halaman belum tersedia)">Panyangga</a> -ṃ </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦷ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulu_melik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulu melik (halaman belum tersedia)">Wulu melik</a> / dirga melik </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦹ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_mendut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku mendut (halaman belum tersedia)">Suku mendut</a> / dirga mendut </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦻ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirga_mure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirga mure (halaman belum tersedia)">Dirga mure</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꦵ</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolong_(aksara_Jawa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolong (aksara Jawa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Tolong (aksara Jawa)</a> </center></td><td style="width:37.5%"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pada_(simbol)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Pada</i> (simbol)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8 Tanda baca</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><center> <table style="width:100%" align="center"> <tbody><tr><td> </td> <td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧊</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Adeg-adeg_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Adeg-adeg (aksara Jawa)">Adeg</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧋</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Adeg-adeg_(aksara_Jawa)" title="Adeg-adeg (aksara Jawa)">Adeg-adeg</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧈</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Pada_lingsa" title="Pada lingsa">Pada lingsa</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧉</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Pada_lungsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pada lungsi">Pada lungsi</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧇</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_pangkat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada pangkat (halaman belum tersedia)">Pada pangkat</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧅</span></div><center><a href="/wiki/Pada_luhur" title="Pada luhur">Pada luhur</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧄</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_madya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada madya (halaman belum tersedia)">Pada madya</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧃</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_andhap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada andhap (halaman belum tersedia)">Pada andhap</a></center></td></tr> </tbody></table> </center></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kombinasi tanda baca<br /> dan aksara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><center> <table style="width:100%" align="center"> <tbody><tr><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧋꧐꧋</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_guru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada guru (halaman belum tersedia)">Pada guru</a> </center></td><td style="width:12.5%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧉꧐꧉</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_pancak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada pancak (halaman belum tersedia)">Pada pancak</a> </center></td><td style="width:25%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧅ꦧ꧀ꦕ꧅</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purwa_pada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purwa pada (halaman belum tersedia)">Purwa pada</a> </center></td><td style="width:25%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧅ꦟ꧀ꦢꦿ꧅</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madya_pada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madya pada (halaman belum tersedia)">Madya pada</a> </center></td><td style="width:25%"><div align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧅ꦆ꧅</span></div><center><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasana_pada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasana pada (halaman belum tersedia)">Wasana pada</a> </center></td></tr> </tbody></table> </center></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8 Hiasan dan simbol arkais</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:12.5%" align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧁</span> </td> <td style="width:12.5%" align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧂</span> </td> <td style="width:12.5%" align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧌</span> </td> <td style="width:12.5%" align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧍</span> </td> <td style="width:12.5%" align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧆</span> </td> <td style="width:12.5%" align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">ꧏ</span> </td> <td style="width:12.5%" align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧞</span> </td> <td style="width:12.5%" align="center"><span lang="jv-java" class="jv-custom" style="font-family: 'Noto Sans Javanese', 'Tuladha Jejeg'; font-size:16px; line-height:2em; word-wrap: break-word;">꧟</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"" align="center">Rerenggan </td> <td colspan="2"" align="center">Pada piseleh </td> <td align="center">Pada windu </td> <td align="center">Pangrangkep </td> <td align="center">Pada tirta tumetes </td> <td align="center">Pada isen-isen </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jenis-jenis_aksara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Jenis_aksara" title="Templat:Jenis aksara"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Jenis_aksara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Jenis aksara (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Jenis_aksara&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jenis-jenis_aksara" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_aksara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar aksara (halaman belum tersedia)">Jenis-jenis</a> <a href="/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara">aksara</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Gambaran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_tulisan" title="Sejarah tulisan">Sejarah tulisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem">Grafem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Daftar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_aksara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar aksara (halaman belum tersedia)">Aksara</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_yang_belum_diuraikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara yang belum diuraikan (halaman belum tersedia)">belum diuraikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_pencipta_aksara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar pencipta aksara (halaman belum tersedia)">penemu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_aksara_buatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar aksara buatan (halaman belum tersedia)">buatan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bahasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_bahasa_menurut_aksara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar bahasa menurut aksara (halaman belum tersedia)">menurut aksara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daftar_bahasa_menurut_catatan_tertulis_pertama" title="Daftar bahasa menurut catatan tertulis pertama">catatan tertulis pertama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jenis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:105%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_aksara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar aksara (halaman belum tersedia)">Jenis</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Arab_Selatan_Kuno" title="Abjad Arab Selatan Kuno">Arab Selatan Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abjad_Arab_Utara_Lama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abjad Arab Utara Lama (halaman belum tersedia)">Arab Utara Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Arab" title="Abjad Arab">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Jawi" title="Abjad Jawi">Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Pegon" title="Abjad Pegon">Pegon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Aram" title="Abjad Aram">Aram</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abjad_Hatran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abjad Hatran (halaman belum tersedia)">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Fenisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Fenisia">Fenisia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani_Kuno" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjad Ibrani Kuno">Ibrani Kuno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglif_Mesir" title="Hieroglif Mesir">Hieroglif Mesir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ibrani" title="Abjad Ibrani">Ibrani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrani_Kursif" title="Ibrani Kursif">Kursif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrani_Rashi" title="Ibrani Rashi">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solitreo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solitreo (halaman belum tersedia)">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Mani" title="Abjad Mani">Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Nabath" title="Abjad Nabath">Nabath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abjad_Pahlewi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abjad Pahlewi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pahlewi</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazmur_Pahlewi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazmur Pahlewi (halaman belum tersedia)">Mazmur Pahlewi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Punik#Fonologi" title="Bahasa Punik">Punik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Proto-Sinai" title="Abjad Proto-Sinai">Proto-Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Samaria" title="Abjad Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Sogdi" title="Abjad Sogdi">Sogdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Suryani" title="Abjad Suryani">Suryani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steno_Pitman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steno Pitman (halaman belum tersedia)">Steno Pitman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steno_Teeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steno Teeline (halaman belum tersedia)">Steno Teeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Ugarit" title="Abjad Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Rumpun_aksara_Brahmi" title="Rumpun aksara Brahmi">Brahmi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Utara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Bhaiksuki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Bhaiksuki (halaman belum tersedia)">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Bhujimol" title="Aksara Bhujimol">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Brahmi" title="Aksara Brahmi">Brāhmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Dewanagari" title="Aksara Dewanagari">Dewanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Dogra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Dogra (halaman belum tersedia)">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Gujarat" title="Aksara Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Gupta" title="Aksara Gupta">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Gurmukhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Gurmukhi">Gurmukhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kaithi" title="Aksara Kaithi">Kaithī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Khojki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Khojki (halaman belum tersedia)">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Khudabad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Khudabad (halaman belum tersedia)">Khudabad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Kotak_Zanabazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Kotak Zanabazar (halaman belum tersedia)">Kotak Zanabazar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Laṇḍā (halaman belum tersedia)">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Lepcha" title="Aksara Lepcha">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Limbu" title="Aksara Limbu">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Mahajani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Mahajani (halaman belum tersedia)">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Manipur" title="Aksara Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marchen_(blok_Unicode)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marchen (blok Unicode) (halaman belum tersedia)">Marchen</a> <ul><li>Drusha</li> <li>Marchung</li> <li>Pungs-chen</li> <li>Pungs-chung</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Modi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Multan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Multan (halaman belum tersedia)">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_N%C4%81gar%C4%AB" title="Aksara Nāgarī">Nāgarī</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Nagari_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Nagari Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Nagari Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Nagari_Sylhet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Nagari Sylhet (halaman belum tersedia)">Nagari Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Nagari_Timur" title="Aksara Nagari Timur">Nagari Timur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Assam" title="Aksara Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Bengali" title="Aksara Bengali">Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Nandinagari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Nandinagari (halaman belum tersedia)">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Newah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Newah (halaman belum tersedia)">Pracalit (Newah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Oriya" title="Aksara Oriya">Oriya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Karani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Karani (halaman belum tersedia)">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Phagspa" title="Aksara Phagspa">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Ranjana" title="Aksara Ranjana">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Sarada" title="Aksara Sarada">Sarada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Siddha%E1%B9%83" title="Aksara Siddhaṃ">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Soyombo" title="Aksara Soyombo">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Takri" title="Aksara Takri">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Tibet" title="Aksara Tibet">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Uchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Uchen (halaman belum tersedia)">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Um%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Umê (halaman belum tersedia)">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Tirhuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Tirhuta (halaman belum tersedia)">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Tokharia" title="Aksara Tokharia">Tokharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Selatan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Ahom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Ahom (halaman belum tersedia)">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Bhattiprolu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Bhattiprolu (halaman belum tersedia)">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Burma" title="Aksara Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Chakma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Chakma (halaman belum tersedia)">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cham" title="Aksara Cham">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Divehi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Divehi (halaman belum tersedia)">Divehi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Fakkham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Fakkham (halaman belum tersedia)">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Goykanadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Goykanadi (halaman belum tersedia)">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Grantha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Grantha">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Kadamba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Kadamba (halaman belum tersedia)">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Kannada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Kannada (halaman belum tersedia)">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Karen_S%27gaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Karen S'gaw (halaman belum tersedia)">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Khmer" title="Aksara Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Lao" title="Aksara Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Leke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Leke (halaman belum tersedia)">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Malayalam" title="Aksara Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Pallawa" title="Aksara Pallawa">Pallawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Pyu" title="Aksara Pyu">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Saurashtra" title="Aksara Saurashtra">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Sinhala" title="Aksara Sinhala">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Tai_Le&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Tai Le (halaman belum tersedia)">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Tai_Lue_Baru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Tai Lue Baru (halaman belum tersedia)">Tai Lue Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Tai_Noi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Tai Noi (halaman belum tersedia)">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Tai_Tham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Tai Tham (halaman belum tersedia)">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Tai_Viet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Tai Viet (halaman belum tersedia)">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Tamil" title="Aksara Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Tamil-Brahmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Tamil-Brahmi (halaman belum tersedia)">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Telugu" title="Aksara Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Thai" title="Aksara Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Tulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Tulu (halaman belum tersedia)">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Vatteluttu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Vatteluttu (halaman belum tersedia)">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolezhuthu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolezhuthu (halaman belum tersedia)">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malayanma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malayanma (halaman belum tersedia)">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kawi" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kawi" title="Aksara Kawi">Kawi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Bali" title="Aksara Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Batak" title="Surat Batak">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" class="mw-redirect" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Buhid" title="Aksara Buhid">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Hanun%C3%B3%27o" title="Aksara Hanunó'o">Hanunó'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kapampangan" title="Aksara Kapampangan">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Tagbanwa" title="Aksara Tagbanwa">Tagbanwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Buda" title="Aksara Buda">Buda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Lontara" title="Aksara Lontara">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Makassar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Makassar">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Sunda_Kuno" title="Aksara Sunda Kuno">Sunda Kuno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Sunda" title="Aksara Sunda">Sunda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Ulu" title="Surat Ulu">Surat Ulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Incung" title="Aksara Incung">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Lampung" title="Surat Lampung">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Rejang" title="Aksara Rejang">Rejang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Lainnya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Aborigin_Kanada" title="Aksara Aborigin Kanada">Aborigin Kanada</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Siksik%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Siksiká (halaman belum tersedia)">Siksiká</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silabis_D%C3%A9n%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silabis Déné (halaman belum tersedia)">Silabis Déné</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille bahasa Jepang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_Wolio" title="Buri Wolio">Buri Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Fox#Aksara" title="Bahasa Fox">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Ge%CA%BDez" title="Aksara Geʽez">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Gunjala_Gondi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Gunjala Gondi (halaman belum tersedia)">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Jenticha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Jenticha (halaman belum tersedia)">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Mandombe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Mandombe (halaman belum tersedia)">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Masaram_Gondi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Masaram Gondi (halaman belum tersedia)">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Meroi" title="Aksara Meroi">Meroi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Miao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Miao (halaman belum tersedia)">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Mwangwego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Mwangwego (halaman belum tersedia)">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahawh Hmong (halaman belum tersedia)">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steno_Boyd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steno Boyd (halaman belum tersedia)">Steno Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steno_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steno Thomas (halaman belum tersedia)">Steno Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alfabet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet">Alfabet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-Chik_Tok%27birim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-Chik Tok'birim (halaman belum tersedia)">A-Chik Tok'birim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Abkhaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Abkhaz (halaman belum tersedia)">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Adlam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Adlam (halaman belum tersedia)">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Albania_Kaukasus" title="Alfabet Albania Kaukasus">Albania Kaukasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Armenia" title="Alfabet Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Avesta" title="Alfabet Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avoiuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avoiuli (halaman belum tersedia)">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Bassa_Vah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Bassa Vah (halaman belum tersedia)">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Borama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Borama (halaman belum tersedia)">Borama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Buryat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Buryat (halaman belum tersedia)">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Caria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Caria (halaman belum tersedia)">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coelbren_y_Beirdd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coelbren y Beirdd (halaman belum tersedia)">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Coorgi–Cox (halaman belum tersedia)">Coorgi–Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Deseret" title="Alfabet Deseret">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Elbasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Elbasan (halaman belum tersedia)">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Etruria" title="Alfabet Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Evenki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Evenki (halaman belum tersedia)">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Fox#Aksara" title="Bahasa Fox">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Georgia" title="Alfabet Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asomtavruli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asomtavruli (halaman belum tersedia)">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mkhedruli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mkhedruli (halaman belum tersedia)">Mkhedruli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuskhuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuskhuri (halaman belum tersedia)">Nuskhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Glagol" title="Alfabet Glagol">Glagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Gotik" title="Alfabet Gotik">Gotik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Greko-Iberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Greko-Iberia (halaman belum tersedia)">Greko-Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangeul" title="Hangeul">Hangeul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Hungaria_Kuno" title="Alfabet Hungaria Kuno">Hungaria Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetis_Internasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet Fonetis Internasional">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Italik_Kuno" title="Alfabet Italik Kuno">Italik Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Jenticha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Jenticha (halaman belum tersedia)">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Kaddare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Kaddare (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Kayah_Li&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Kayah Li (halaman belum tersedia)">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Kiril" title="Alfabet Kiril">Kiril</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Kiril_Awal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet Kiril Awal">Kiril Awal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Klingon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Klingon (halaman belum tersedia)">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Komi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Komi (halaman belum tersedia)">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Koptik" title="Alfabet Koptik">Koptik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Latin" title="Alfabet Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Lisu_Tua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Lisu Tua (halaman belum tersedia)">Lisu Tua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Luo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Luo (halaman belum tersedia)">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Lyd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Lyd (halaman belum tersedia)">Lyd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Lyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Lyk (halaman belum tersedia)">Lyk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Manchu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Manchu (halaman belum tersedia)">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Manda" title="Alfabet Manda">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medefaidrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medefaidrin (halaman belum tersedia)">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Mongolia (halaman belum tersedia)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Mru#Aksara" title="Bahasa Mru">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Tifinagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Tifinagh (halaman belum tersedia)">Neo-Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_N%27Ko" title="Aksara N'Ko">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Ogham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Ogham (halaman belum tersedia)">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Ol_Chiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Ol Chiki (halaman belum tersedia)">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Osage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Osage (halaman belum tersedia)">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Osmanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet Osmanya">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Pau_Cin_Hau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Pau Cin Hau (halaman belum tersedia)">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Perm_Kuno" title="Alfabet Perm Kuno">Perm Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Rohingya_Hanif" title="Aksara Rohingya Hanif">Rohingya Hanif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Rune" title="Alfabet Rune">Rune</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Side&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Side (halaman belum tersedia)">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Somalia (halaman belum tersedia)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Sorang_Sompeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Sorang Sompeng (halaman belum tersedia)">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steno_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steno Cross (halaman belum tersedia)">Steno Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steno_Duploy%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steno Duployé (halaman belum tersedia)">Steno Duployé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steno_Gabelsberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steno Gabelsberger (halaman belum tersedia)">Steno Gabelsberger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steno_Gregg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steno Gregg (halaman belum tersedia)">Steno Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Syaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Syaw (halaman belum tersedia)">Syaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Todo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Todo (halaman belum tersedia)">Todo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Tolong_Siki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Tolong Siki (halaman belum tersedia)">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Turki_Kuno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Turki Kuno (halaman belum tersedia)">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Uighur_Kuno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Uighur Kuno (halaman belum tersedia)">Uighur Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_Speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visible Speech (halaman belum tersedia)">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Vithkuqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Vithkuqi (halaman belum tersedia)">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Wancho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Wancho (halaman belum tersedia)">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warang_Citi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warang Citi (halaman belum tersedia)">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Yunani" title="Alfabet Yunani">Yunani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Zaghawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Zaghawa (halaman belum tersedia)">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Moon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Moon (halaman belum tersedia)">Alfabet Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendera_sinyal_maritim_international" class="mw-redirect" title="Bendera sinyal maritim international">Bendera maritim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kode_telegraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kode telegraf (halaman belum tersedia)">Kode telegraf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Point (halaman belum tersedia)">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semafor_bendera" title="Semafor bendera">Semafor bendera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideogram_dan_piktogram" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Piktogram" title="Piktogram">piktogram</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbol_Adinkra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbol Adinkra (halaman belum tersedia)">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Aztek" title="Tulisan Aztek">Aztek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbol_Bliss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbol Bliss (halaman belum tersedia)">Simbol Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simbol_Dongba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simbol Dongba (halaman belum tersedia)">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Ersu_Shaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Ersu Shaba (halaman belum tersedia)">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IConji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IConji (halaman belum tersedia)">IConji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotype_(piktogram)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotype (piktogram) (halaman belum tersedia)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Kaid%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Kaidā (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglif_Mi%27kmaq" title="Hieroglif Mi'kmaq">Míkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Mixtec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Mixtec (halaman belum tersedia)">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nsibidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nsibidi (halaman belum tersedia)">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hieroglif_Ojibwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hieroglif Ojibwe (halaman belum tersedia)">Hieroglif Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siglas_poveiras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siglas poveiras (halaman belum tersedia)">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Testerian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Testerian (halaman belum tersedia)">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Zapotec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Zapotec (halaman belum tersedia)">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logogram" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumpun_aksara_Tionghoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumpun aksara Tionghoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Tionghoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Han" title="Aksara Han">Aksara Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Han_sederhana" title="Aksara Han sederhana">Sederhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Han_tradisional" title="Aksara Han tradisional">Rumit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_tulang_ramalan" title="Aksara tulang ramalan">Tulang Ramalan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Perunggu_Tionghoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Perunggu Tionghoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Perunggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_segel" title="Aksara segel">Segel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Idu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Idu (halaman belum tersedia)">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawndip (halaman belum tersedia)">Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Dipengaruhi Tionghoa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Jurchen" title="Aksara Jurchen">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_besar_Khitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara besar Khitan (halaman belum tersedia)">Aksara besar Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Sui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Sui (halaman belum tersedia)">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Tangut" title="Aksara Tangut">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logosilabis lainnya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglif_Anatolia" title="Hieroglif Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Bagam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Bagam (halaman belum tersedia)">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglif_Kreta" title="Hieroglif Kreta">Kreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Epi-Olmek" title="Aksara Epi-Olmek">Epi-Olmek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Maya" title="Aksara Maya">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Proto-Elam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Proto-Elam (halaman belum tersedia)">Proto-Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Yi#Abjad_Yi_Kuno" title="Aksara Yi">Yi (Kuno)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logokonsonan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Demotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Demotik">Demotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Hieratik" title="Aksara Hieratik">Hieratik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglif_Mesir" title="Hieroglif Mesir">Hieroglif Mesir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Sistem bilangan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_bilangan_Hindu-Arab" title="Sistem bilangan Hindu-Arab">Hindu-Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angka_Arab" title="Angka Arab">Arab Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angka_Arab_timur" title="Angka Arab timur">Arab Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angka_Hindu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angka Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">Angka Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_bilangan_abjad" title="Sistem bilangan abjad">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angka_Loteng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angka Loteng (halaman belum tersedia)">Loteng (Yunani)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angka_Muiska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angka Muiska (halaman belum tersedia)">Muiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angka_Romawi" title="Angka Romawi">Romawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semisilabis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aksara_semisilabis" title="Aksara semisilabis">Semisilabis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Penuh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Keltiberia" title="Aksara Keltiberia">Keltiberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Iberia_Timur_Laut" title="Aksara Iberia Timur Laut">Iberia Timur Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Iberia_Tenggara" title="Aksara Iberia Tenggara">Iberia Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Khom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Khom (halaman belum tersedia)">Khom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Pengulangan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Espanca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Espanca (halaman belum tersedia)">Espanca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahawh_Hmong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahawh Hmong (halaman belum tersedia)">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_kecil_Khitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara kecil Khitan (halaman belum tersedia)">Aksara kecil Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Hispania_Kuno_Barat_Daya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Hispania Kuno Barat Daya (halaman belum tersedia)">Hispania Kuno Barat Daya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Zhuyin fuhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Isyarat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_isyarat" title="Bahasa isyarat">Isyarat</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ASLwrite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASLwrite (halaman belum tersedia)">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SignWriting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SignWriting (halaman belum tersedia)">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Si5s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Si5s (halaman belum tersedia)">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notasi_Stokoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notasi Stokoe (halaman belum tersedia)">Notasi Stokoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Silabis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aksara_silabis" title="Aksara silabis">Silabis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Afaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Afaka (halaman belum tersedia)">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Bamum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Bamum (halaman belum tersedia)">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_B%C3%A9t%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Bété (halaman belum tersedia)">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Byblos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Byblos (halaman belum tersedia)">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Aborigin_Kanada" title="Aksara Aborigin Kanada">Aborigin Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Cherokee" title="Aksara Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Siprus" title="Aksara Siprus">Siprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Sipro-Minoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Sipro-Minoa (halaman belum tersedia)">Sipro-Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ditema_tsa_Dinoko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko (halaman belum tersedia)">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Eskayan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Eskayan (halaman belum tersedia)">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Geba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Geba (halaman belum tersedia)">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Danau_Algonquin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Danau Algonquin (halaman belum tersedia)">Danau Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Iban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Iban (halaman belum tersedia)">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Idu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Idu (halaman belum tersedia)">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kana">Jepang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sogana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sogana (halaman belum tersedia)">Sogana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Mende&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Mende (halaman belum tersedia)">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kpelle" title="Aksara Kpelle">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linear_Elamite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linear Elamite (halaman belum tersedia)">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Lisu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Lisu (halaman belum tersedia)">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Loma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Loma (halaman belum tersedia)">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_N%C3%BCshu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Nüshu (halaman belum tersedia)">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Nwagu_Aneke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Nwagu Aneke (halaman belum tersedia)">Nwagu Aneke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_paku_Persia_Kuno" title="Aksara paku Persia Kuno">Persia Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_paku" title="Aksara paku">Sumeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Vai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Vai (halaman belum tersedia)">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Woleai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Woleai (halaman belum tersedia)">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Yi#Abjad_Yi_Baku" title="Aksara Yi">Yi (Baku)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Yugtun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aksara Yugtun (halaman belum tersedia)">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Braille" title="Templat:Braille"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Braille (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Braille&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1829_braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1829 braille (halaman belum tersedia)">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets (halaman belum tersedia)">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_ASCII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille ASCII (halaman belum tersedia)">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_Patterns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille Patterns (halaman belum tersedia)">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:French-ordered_braille_alphabets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:French-ordered braille alphabets (halaman belum tersedia)">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Afrika_Selatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Afrika Selatan (halaman belum tersedia)">Afrika Selatan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Albania (halaman belum tersedia)">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Azeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Azeri (halaman belum tersedia)">Azerbaijan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Belanda" title="Braille bahasa Belanda">Belanda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Ceska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Ceska (halaman belum tersedia)">Ceska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Esperanto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Esperanto (halaman belum tersedia)">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Ghana (halaman belum tersedia)">Ghana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Guarani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Guarani (halaman belum tersedia)">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Filipino" title="Braille bahasa Filipino">Filipino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Hawaii (halaman belum tersedia)">Hawaii</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Hungaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Hungaria (halaman belum tersedia)">Hungaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Inggris" title="Braille bahasa Inggris">Inggris</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Inggris_Tunggal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Inggris Tunggal (halaman belum tersedia)">Inggris Tunggal</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_I%C3%B1upiaq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Iñupiaq (halaman belum tersedia)">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_IPA" title="Braille IPA">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Irlandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Irlandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Irlandia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Italia" title="Braille bahasa Italia">Italia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Jerman" title="Braille bahasa Jerman">Jerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Kanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Kanton (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Katalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Katalan (halaman belum tersedia)">Katalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Latvia (halaman belum tersedia)">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Lituania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Lituania (halaman belum tersedia)">Lituania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Luksemburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Luksemburg (halaman belum tersedia)">Luksemburg</a> (diperluas menjadi 8 dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Malta (halaman belum tersedia)">Malta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_M%C4%81ori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Māori (halaman belum tersedia)">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Navajo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Navajo (halaman belum tersedia)">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Nigeria_braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Nigeria braille (halaman belum tersedia)">Nigeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Polandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Polandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Polandia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Portugis" title="Braille bahasa Portugis">Portugis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Prancis" title="Braille bahasa Prancis">Prancis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Romania (halaman belum tersedia)">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Samoa" title="Braille bahasa Samoa">Samoa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Slowakia" title="Braille bahasa Slowakia">Slowakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Spanyol" title="Braille bahasa Spanyol">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Taiwan (halaman belum tersedia)">Mandarin Taiwan</a> (sebagian besar disusun ulang)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Tionghoa_daratan" title="Braille bahasa Tionghoa daratan">Tiongoha daratan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Turki" title="Braille bahasa Turki">Turki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Vietnam (halaman belum tersedia)">Vietnam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Wales (halaman belum tersedia)">Wales</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Yugoslavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Yugoslavia (halaman belum tersedia)">Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Zambia (halaman belum tersedia)">Zambia</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keluarga Nordik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Estonia (halaman belum tersedia)">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Faroe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Faroe (halaman belum tersedia)">Faroe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Islandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Islandia (halaman belum tersedia)">Islandia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Sami_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Sami Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Sami Utara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Skandinavia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Skandinavia (halaman belum tersedia)">Skandinavia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Denmark</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finlandia</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenland</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegia</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedia</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrillic_alphabets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrillic alphabets (halaman belum tersedia)">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Belarusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Belarusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Belarusia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Bulgaria (halaman belum tersedia)">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Kazakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Kazakh (halaman belum tersedia)">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Kyrgyz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Kyrgyz (halaman belum tersedia)">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Mongolia (halaman belum tersedia)">Mongolia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Rusia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Tatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Tatar (halaman belum tersedia)">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Ukraina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Ukraina (halaman belum tersedia)">Ukraina</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabic_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabic script (halaman belum tersedia)">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Arab" title="Braille bahasa Arab">Arab</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Persia" title="Braille bahasa Persia">Persia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Urdu" title="Braille bahasa Urdu">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bharati_Braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bharati Braille (halaman belum tersedia)">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Devanagari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Devanagari (halaman belum tersedia)">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Bengali" title="Braille bahasa Bengali">Bengali (Bangla / Assam)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Gujarat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Gujarat (halaman belum tersedia)">Gujarat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Kannada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Kannada (halaman belum tersedia)">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Malayalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Malayalam (halaman belum tersedia)">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Odia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Odia (halaman belum tersedia)">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Punjab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Punjab (halaman belum tersedia)">Punjab</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Sinhala (halaman belum tersedia)">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Tamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Tamil (halaman belum tersedia)">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Telugu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Telugu (halaman belum tersedia)">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Urdu" title="Braille bahasa Urdu">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%27ez_Braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ge'ez Braille (halaman belum tersedia)">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Armenia (halaman belum tersedia)">Armenia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Burma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Burma (halaman belum tersedia)">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Kamboja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Kamboja (halaman belum tersedia)">Kamboja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Dzongkha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Dzongkha (halaman belum tersedia)">Dzongkha</a> (bahasa Bhutan)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Georgia (halaman belum tersedia)">Georgia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Yunani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Yunani (halaman belum tersedia)">Yunani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Ibrani" title="Braille bahasa Ibrani">Ibrani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Inuktitut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Inuktitut (halaman belum tersedia)">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Thai_dan_Lao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Thai dan Lao (halaman belum tersedia)">Thai dan Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Tibet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Tibet (halaman belum tersedia)">Tibet</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Algeria (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille bahasa Algeria</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Amerika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Amerika (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille bahasa Amerika</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Kanton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Kanton (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Tionghoa_daratan" title="Braille bahasa Tionghoa daratan">Mandarin Tionghoa daratan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Taiwan (halaman belum tersedia)">Mandarin Taiwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Two-cell_Chinese_Braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille (halaman belum tersedia)">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Jepang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Jepang (halaman belum tersedia)">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_bahasa_Korea" title="Braille bahasa Korea">Korea</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_bahasa_Luksemburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille bahasa Luksemburg (halaman belum tersedia)">Luksemburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes (halaman belum tersedia)">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille music (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_currency_tactile_feature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian currency tactile feature (halaman belum tersedia)">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_Braille_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer Braille Code (halaman belum tersedia)">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes (halaman belum tersedia)">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPA_Braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPA Braille (halaman belum tersedia)">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemeth_Braille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemeth Braille (halaman belum tersedia)">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille technology (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_e-book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille e-book (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_embosser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille embosser (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_translator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille translator (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_watch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille watch (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountbatten_Brailler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountbatten Brailler (halaman belum tersedia)">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_braille_recognition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optical braille recognition (halaman belum tersedia)">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perforation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perforation (halaman belum tersedia)">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkins_Brailler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perkins Brailler (halaman belum tersedia)">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refreshable_braille_display&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refreshable braille display (halaman belum tersedia)">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slate_and_stylus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slate and stylus (halaman belum tersedia)">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braigo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braigo (halaman belum tersedia)">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Barbier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Barbier (halaman belum tersedia)">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentin Haüy (halaman belum tersedia)">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh (halaman belum tersedia)">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabriye_Tenberken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabriye Tenberken (halaman belum tersedia)">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bell_Wait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Bell Wait (halaman belum tersedia)">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_Institute_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille Institute of America (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_Without_Borders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille Without Borders (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_Braille_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan Braille Library (halaman belum tersedia)">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Braille_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Braille Association (halaman belum tersedia)">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Blindness_organizations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Blindness organizations (halaman belum tersedia)">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Schools_for_the_blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Schools for the blind (halaman belum tersedia)">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Printing House for the Blind (halaman belum tersedia)">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tactile_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tactile alphabet (halaman belum tersedia)">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decapoint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decapoint (halaman belum tersedia)">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moon_type&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moon type (halaman belum tersedia)">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Point (halaman belum tersedia)">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Night_writing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Night writing (halaman belum tersedia)">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibratese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vibratese (halaman belum tersedia)">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessible_publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Accessible publishing (halaman belum tersedia)">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braille_literacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braille literacy (halaman belum tersedia)">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=RoboBraille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RoboBraille (halaman belum tersedia)">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Electronic_writing" title="Templat:Electronic writing"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Electronic_writing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Electronic writing (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Electronic_writing&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sistem_tulisan_elektronik" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sistem tulisan elektronik</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotikon" title="Emotikon">Emotikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaomoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaomoji">Kaomoji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IConji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IConji (halaman belum tersedia)">iConji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leet" title="Leet">Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bahasa_Jawa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Bahasa_Jawa" title="Templat:Bahasa Jawa"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Bahasa_Jawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Bahasa Jawa (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bahasa_Jawa&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bahasa_Jawa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa">Bahasa Jawa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_tulisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem tulisan">Penulisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Buda" title="Aksara Buda">Buda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacarakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacarakan">Cacarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Kawi" title="Aksara Kawi">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_Latin" title="Alfabet Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_Pegon" title="Abjad Pegon">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cirebon#Aksara_Rikasara_Cirebon" title="Bahasa Cirebon">Rikasara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aksara_Jawa" title="Tulisan "Jawa" dalam aksara Jawa"><img alt="Aksara Jawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg/100px-Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg/150px-Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg/200px-Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tingkatan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahasa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngoko" title="Ngoko">Ngoko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngoko#Ngoko_lugu_2" title="Ngoko">lugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoko#Ngoko_alus" title="Ngoko">alus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krama" title="Krama">Krama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krama#Krama_lugu" title="Krama">lugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krama#Krama_alus" title="Krama">alus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kosakata</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata_ngoko" title="Kata ngoko">Ngoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_krama-ngoko" title="Kata krama-ngoko">Krama-ngoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_krama" title="Kata krama">Krama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata_krama_madya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kata krama madya">krama madya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_krama_inggil" title="Kata krama inggil">Krama inggil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata_krama_andhap" title="Kata krama andhap">krama andhap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bagian Barat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Banten" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Jawa Banten">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Indramayu" title="Bahasa Jawa Indramayu">Indramayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Cirebon" title="Bahasa Cirebon">Cirebon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bagian Tengah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Banyumasan" title="Bahasa Jawa Banyumasan">Banyumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Kedu" title="Bahasa Jawa Kedu">Kedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Surakarta" title="Bahasa Jawa Surakarta">Mataram</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(standar)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Mataraman" title="Bahasa Jawa Mataraman">Mataraman</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pesisiran" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pesisiran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Tegal" title="Bahasa Jawa Tegal">Tegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Pekalongan" title="Bahasa Jawa Pekalongan">Pekalongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Semarang" title="Bahasa Jawa Semarang">Semarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Pesisir_Utara_Timur" title="Bahasa Jawa Pesisir Utara Timur">Muria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bagian Timur</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Jombang" title="Bahasa Jawa Jombang">Jombang</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arekan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Arekan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Jawa Arekan">Arekan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Surabaya" title="Bahasa Jawa Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Malangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Jawa Malangan">Malang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahasa terkait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Bagongan" title="Bahasa Bagongan">Bagongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Kuno" title="Bahasa Jawa Kuno">Jawa Kuno</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Kawi">Kawi</a> <small>(kesusastraan)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Osing" title="Bahasa Osing">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Suriname" title="Bahasa Jawa Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Tengger" title="Bahasa Tengger">Tengger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topik terkait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angka_Jawa" title="Angka Jawa">Angka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawanisme" title="Jawanisme">Jawanisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sastra_Jawa" title="Sastra Jawa">Sastra Jawa</a></li> <li>Kongres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongres_Bahasa_Jawa" title="Kongres Bahasa Jawa">bahasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongres_Aksara_Jawa" title="Kongres Aksara Jawa">aksara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_bahasa_Jawa" title="Wikipedia bahasa Jawa">Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_(blok_Unicode)" title="Javanese (blok Unicode)">Blok Unicode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Jawa&oldid=26488416">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aksara_Jawa&oldid=26488416</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Scripts_with_ISO_15924_four-letter_codes" title="Kategori:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes">Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Aksara_Jawa" title="Kategori:Aksara Jawa">Aksara Jawa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Aksara_Nusantara" title="Kategori:Aksara Nusantara">Aksara Nusantara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Rumpun_aksara_Brahmi" title="Kategori:Rumpun aksara Brahmi">Rumpun aksara Brahmi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Bahasa_Jawa" title="Kategori:Bahasa Jawa">Bahasa Jawa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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639-2)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Sunda_(su)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Sunda (su)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Sunda (su)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_Wikipedia_yang_dilindungi_sebagian_tanpa_batas_waktu" title="Kategori:Halaman Wikipedia yang dilindungi sebagian tanpa batas waktu">Halaman Wikipedia yang dilindungi sebagian tanpa batas waktu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_teks_IPA_polos" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan teks IPA polos">Halaman dengan teks IPA polos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Arab" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Arab">Artikel mengandung aksara Arab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Belanda_(nl)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Belanda (nl)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Belanda (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Jawa_(jv)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Jawa (jv)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Jawa 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