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accesskey="z"><span>Accueil</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Accueil"><span>Portails thématiques</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard" title="Affiche un article au hasard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article au hasard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuer" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:D%C3%A9buter"><span>Débuter sur Wikipédia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_de_la_communaut%C3%A9" title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Communauté</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'encyclopédie libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div 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type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Gen" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Gen" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Gen" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Gen" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Écriture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Écriture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Écriture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Écriture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 26 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_xen" title="Idioma xen – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma xen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneg" title="Geneg – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Geneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_Gen" title="Llengua Gen – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua Gen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_(Sprache)" title="Gen (Sprache) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gen (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Gen language" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gen language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gena_lingvo" title="Gena lingvo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gena lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gen" title="Idioma gen – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma gen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geni_keel" title="Geni keel – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geni keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_hizkuntza" title="Gen hizkuntza – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gen hizkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minan_kieli" title="Minan kieli – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%9Bngbe" title="Gɛngbe – fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Gɛngbe" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Gen" title="Harshen Gen – haoussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Gen" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haoussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_(jezik)" title="Gen (jezik) – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gen (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Gen" title="Asụsụ Gen – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Gen" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gen" title="Lingua gen – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua gen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_gena" title="Fiteny gena – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny gena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_(taal)" title="Gen (taal) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gen (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Gen" title="Lenga Gen – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Gen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_mina" title="Língua mina – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua mina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Ген (язык) – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ген (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gen language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigen" title="Kigen – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kigen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_dili" title="Gen dili – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gen dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Ґен (мова) – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґен (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%81%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="格恩語 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格恩語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33450#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Gen" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gen"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gen"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Gen" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Gen" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&oldid=217946076" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Gen&id=217946076&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGen"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGen"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Gen"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gen&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33450" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/20px-Confusion_colour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/30px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/40px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>« Gengbe » redirige ici. Ne pas confondre avec <a href="/wiki/Gungbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gungbe">Gungbe</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Mina" class="mw-disambig" title="Mina">Mina</a> et <a href="/wiki/Gen_(homonymie)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gen (homonymie)">Gen (homonymie)</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:5px"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Nuvola_gaim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_gaim.svg/35px-Nuvola_gaim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_gaim.svg/53px-Nuvola_gaim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nuvola_gaim.svg/70px-Nuvola_gaim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Benin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/68px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/90px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Togo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/68px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/90px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant une <a href="/wiki/Langue" title="Langue">langue</a>, le <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9nin" title="Bénin">Bénin</a> et le <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete bd" style="background-color:#FFA500;color:black;">Gen, mina<br /><small><span class="lang-gej" lang="gej">gɛn</span></small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408458">.mw-parser-output .entete.bd{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><th scope="row">Pays </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9nin" title="Bénin">Bénin</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nombre de locuteurs </th> <td>325 000 </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Typologie_linguistique" title="Typologie linguistique">Typologie</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Langue_SVO" title="Langue SVO">SVO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langue_isolante" title="Langue isolante">isolante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langue_%C3%A0_tons" title="Langue à tons">à tons</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFA500; color:#000000">Classification par famille</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_nig%C3%A9ro-congolaises" title="Langues nigéro-congolaises">langues nigéro-congolaises</a> <small>(famille hypothétique)</small><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_atlantico-congolaises" title="Langues atlantico-congolaises">langues atlantico-congolaises</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_volta%C3%AFco-congolaises" title="Langues voltaïco-congolaises">langues voltaïco-congolaises</a> <small>(hypothétique)</small><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_volta%C3%AFco-nig%C3%A9riennes" title="Langues voltaïco-nigériennes">langues voltaïco-nigériennes</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_gbe" title="Langues gbe">langues gbe</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <b>gen</b></li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFA500; color:#000000">Codes de langue</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tiquette_d%27identification_de_langues_IETF" title="Étiquette d'identification de langues IETF">IETF</a> </th> <td><code>gej</code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=gej">gej</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Étendue" title="ISO 639-3">Étendue</a> </th> <td>langue individuelle </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Type" title="ISO 639-3">Type</a> </th> <td>langue vivante </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/genn1243">genn1243</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#FFA500; color:#000000">Carte</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Gbe_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image illustrative de l’article Gen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gbe_languages.png/280px-Gbe_languages.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gbe_languages.png/420px-Gbe_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Gbe_languages.png/560px-Gbe_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> <br />Répartition des principales langues gbe (d'après Capo 1988, 1991) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FFA500 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Langue" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <b>gen</b> ou <b>gẽ</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, aussi appelé <b>mina</b>, est une <a href="/wiki/Langues_gbe" title="Langues gbe">langue gbe</a> principalement parlée dans le sud-est du <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> et dans la province de Mono au <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9nin" title="Bénin">Bénin</a> par essentiellement le peuple Gẽ. C'est la <a href="/wiki/Langue_v%C3%A9hiculaire" title="Langue véhiculaire">langue véhiculaire</a> de la capitale du Togo, <a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>. On estime qu'il y a 600 000 locuteurs en 2018-2019<sup id="cite_ref-''Ethnologue''[gej]ethnologuegej_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-''Ethnologue''[gej]ethnologuegej-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Comme les autres langues du groupe gbe, c'est une <a href="/wiki/Langue_%C3%A0_tons" title="Langue à tons">langue à tons</a> de <a href="/wiki/Typologie_morphologique_des_langues" title="Typologie morphologique des langues">type morphologique</a> <a href="/wiki/Langue_isolante" title="Langue isolante">isolant</a> dont la syntaxe suit l'ordre <a href="/wiki/Langue_SVO" title="Langue SVO">sujet-verbe-objet</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Écriture"><span id=".C3.89criture"></span>Écriture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Écriture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Écriture"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'orthographe gen est définie dans l'<i><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_des_langues_nationales_(B%C3%A9nin)" title="Alphabet des langues nationales (Bénin)">Alphabet des langues nationales</a></i> du Bénin. Dans l'édition de 1990 de cet alphabet, le gen partage le même alphabet que le <a href="/wiki/Waci_(langue)" title="Waci (langue)">waci</a>. Dans l'édition de 2008, le gen a son propre alphabet (sans la lettre f hameçon ‹ ƒ ›). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"> <caption>Alphabet<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>majuscules </th> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> <td>Ɖ </td> <td>E</td> <td>Ɛ</td> <td>F</td> <td>G</td> <td>GB </td> <td>Ɣ</td> <td>H</td> <td>X</td> <td>I</td> <td>J </td> <td>K</td> <td>KP</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N </td> <td>NY</td> <td>Ŋ</td> <td>Ɔ</td> <td>P</td> <td>S </td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td>Ʋ</td> <td>V</td> <td>W </td> <td>Y</td> <td>Z </td></tr> <tr> <th>minuscules </th> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>ɖ </td> <td>e</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>gb </td> <td>ɣ</td> <td>h</td> <td>x</td> <td>i</td> <td>j </td> <td>k</td> <td>kp</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n </td> <td>ny</td> <td>ŋ</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>p</td> <td>s </td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>ʋ</td> <td>v</td> <td>w </td> <td>y</td> <td>z </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Nasalisation" title="Nasalisation">nasalisation</a> est indiquée à l’aide de la lettre n après la voyelle (‹ an ɔn ɛn in un ›). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Également parfois orthographié <b>guen</b> ou <b>guin</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-''Ethnologue''[gej]ethnologuegej-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-''Ethnologue''[gej]ethnologuegej_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#ethnologuegej"><i>Ethnologue</i> [gej]</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#CENALA2008">CENALA 2008</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/g%C9%9Bngbe" class="extiw" title="wikt:gɛngbe">gɛngbe</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bole-Richard1983"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rémy_Bole-Richard1983">Rémy <span class="nom_auteur">Bole-Richard</span>, <cite class="italique">Systématique phonologique et grammaticale d’un parler éwé : le gen-mina du Sud-Togo et Sud-Bénin</cite>, L’Harmattan, <time>1983</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-85802-274-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-85802-274-7"><span class="nowrap">2-85802-274-7</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syst%C3%A9matique+phonologique+et+grammaticale+d%E2%80%99un+parler+%C3%A9w%C3%A9&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99Harmattan&rft.stitle=le+gen-mina+du+Sud-Togo+et+Sud-B%C3%A9nin&rft.aulast=Bole-Richard&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9my&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=2-85802-274-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGen"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Gbedahou2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dodji_Gbedahou2020">Dodji <span class="nom_auteur">Gbedahou</span>, <cite class="italique">Bilinguisme et bégaiement : études phonétiques des disfluences présentes dans la parole de locuteurs mina/français</cite>, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/HAL_(archive_ouverte)" title="HAL (archive ouverte)">HAL</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/tel-03333710v1">tel-03333710v1</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theses.hal.science/tel-03333710v1">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilinguisme+et+b%C3%A9gaiement&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+Paul+Val%C3%A9ry+-+Montpellier+III&rft.stitle=%C3%A9tudes+phon%C3%A9tiques+des+disfluences+pr%C3%A9sentes+dans+la+parole+de+locuteurs+mina%2Ffran%C3%A7ais&rft.aulast=Gbedahou&rft.aufirst=Dodji&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheses.hal.science%2Ftel-03333710v1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGen"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Gblem-PoidiKantchoa2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Honorine_Massanvi_Gblem-PoidiLaré_Kantchoa2013">Honorine Massanvi <span class="nom_auteur">Gblem-Poidi</span> et Laré <span class="nom_auteur">Kantchoa</span>, <cite class="italique">Les langues du Togo : État de la recherche et perspectives</cite>, L’Harmattan, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782296512863" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782296512863"><span class="nowrap">9782296512863</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+langues+du+Togo&rft.pub=L%E2%80%99Harmattan&rft.stitle=%C3%89tat+de+la+recherche+et+perspectives&rft.aulast=Gblem-Poidi&rft.aufirst=Honorine+Massanvi&rft.au=Kantchoa%2C+Lar%C3%A9&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9782296512863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGen"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Kangni1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Atah-Ekoué_Kangni1989">Atah-Ekoué <span class="nom_auteur">Kangni</span>, <cite class="italique">La syntaxe du Gɛ̃ : Étude syntaxique d’un parler GBE (EWE): le Gɛ̃ du Sud-Togo</cite>, Franc, Peter Lang, <time>1989</time>, 193 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-631-41601-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-631-41601-3"><span class="nowrap">978-3-631-41601-3</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+syntaxe+du+G%C9%9B%CC%83&rft.place=Franc&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.stitle=%C3%89tude+syntaxique+d%E2%80%99un+parler+GBE+%28EWE%29%3A+le+G%C9%9B%CC%83+du+Sud-Togo&rft.aulast=Kangni&rft.aufirst=Atah-Ekou%C3%A9&rft.date=1989&rft.tpages=193&rft.isbn=978-3-631-41601-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGen"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="CENALA1990">Centre national de linguistique appliquée (CENALA), <cite class="italique">Alphabet des langues nationales</cite>, Cotonou, CENALA, <time>1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10625/6700">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alphabet+des+langues+nationales&rft.place=Cotonou&rft.pub=CENALA&rft.edition=2&rft.au=Centre+national+de+linguistique+appliqu%C3%A9e+%28CENALA%29&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGen"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="CENALA2008">Centre national de linguistique appliquée (CENALA), <cite class="italique">Alphabet des langues nationales béninoises</cite>, Cotonou, CENALA avec le concours de l'Initiative francophone pour la formation à distance des maîtres (IFADEM), <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="sixième">6<sup>e</sup></abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alphabet+des+langues+nationales+b%C3%A9ninoises&rft.place=Cotonou&rft.pub=CENALA+avec+le+concours+de+l%27Initiative+francophone+pour+la+formation+%C3%A0+distance+des+ma%C3%AEtres+%28IFADEM%29&rft.edition=6&rft.aucorp=Centre+national+de+linguistique+appliqu%C3%A9e+%28CENALA%29&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGen"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Nikiema1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emmanuel_Nikiema1995">Emmanuel <span class="nom_auteur">Nikiema</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">De la nécessité des positions vides dans les représentations syllabiques du gen</cite> », <i>Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 40, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 3,‎ <time>1995</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">319-349</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100016005">10.1017/s0008413100016005</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=De+la+n%C3%A9cessit%C3%A9+des+positions+vides+dans+les+repr%C3%A9sentations+syllabiques+du+gen&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Linguistics%2FRevue+canadienne+de+linguistique&rft.issue=3&rft.aulast=Nikiema&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=319-349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0008413100016005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AGen"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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title="Langues voltaïco-congolaises">langues voltaïco-congolaises</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_kwa" title="Langues kwa">langues kwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_gbe" title="Langues gbe">langues gbe</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33450?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/02785177X">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/genn1243">Glottocode</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><cite class="ouvrage" id="ethnologuegej"><span style="font-style: normal;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gej">Fiche langue</a><code>[gej]</code>dans la base de données linguistique <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue,_Languages_of_the_World" title="Ethnologue, Languages of the World"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Ethnologue</span></a>.</i></span></cite></li> <li><cite class="ouvrage" id="glottologgenn1243"><span style="font-style: normal;"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/genn1243">Fiche langue</a><code>[genn1243]</code>dans la base de données linguistique <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>.</span></cite></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.langues-africaines.com/MINA/index.htm">La langue mina du Bénin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langues_au_B%C3%A9nin" title="Modèle:Palette Langues au Bénin"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langues_au_B%C3%A9nin&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Benin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Bénin"><img alt="Drapeau du Bénin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/30px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_au_B%C3%A9nin" title="Langues au Bénin">Langues au Bénin</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left; width:10em;">Langue officielle</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Français">Français</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="text-align:left; width:10em;">Langues nationales</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguna" title="Aguna">Aguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aja-gbe" title="Aja-gbe">Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alada (page inexistante)">Alada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anii_(langue)" title="Anii (langue)">Anii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anufo_(langue)" title="Anufo (langue)">Anufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayizo-gbe" title="Ayizo-gbe">Ayizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_(langue)" title="Bariba (langue)">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_(langue_mand%C3%A9e)" title="Boko (langue mandée)">Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokobaru" title="Bokobaru">Bokobaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byali" title="Byali">Byali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabe_(langue)" title="Cabe (langue)">Cabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_(langue)" title="Dendi (langue)">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditammari" title="Ditammari">Ditammari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ede_idaasha" title="Ede idaasha">Ede idaasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_(langue)" title="Fon (langue)">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodo" title="Foodo">Foodo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gourmantch%C3%A9_(langue)" title="Gourmantché (langue)">Gourmantché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun-gbe" title="Gun-gbe">Gun-gbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haoussa" title="Haoussa">Haoussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ede_ica" title="Ede ica">Ica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_(langue)" title="Ifè (langue)">Ifè</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ije_(langue)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ije (langue) (page inexistante)">Ije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiy%C3%A8_(langue)" title="Kabiyè (langue)">Kabiyè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotafon_(langue)" title="Kotafon (langue)">Kotafon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura_nago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kura nago (page inexistante)">Kura nago</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyenga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyenga (page inexistante)">Kyenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_(langue)" title="Lama (langue)">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokpa_(langue)" title="Lokpa (langue)">Lokpa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manigri_(langue)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manigri (langue) (page inexistante)">Manigri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahi_(langue)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahi (langue) (page inexistante)">Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi-gbe" title="Maxi-gbe">Maxi-gbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mb%C3%A8lim%C3%A8" title="Mbèlimè">Mbèlimè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyob%C3%A9" title="Miyobé">Miyobé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokol%C3%A9_(langue)" title="Mokolé (langue)">Mokolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_(langue)" title="Ifè (langue)">Nago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%A9ni" title="Naténi">Naténi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngangam" title="Ngangam">Ngangam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notre (page inexistante)">Notre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peul" title="Peul">Peul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxwe" title="Saxwe">Saxwe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tchumbuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tchumbuli (page inexistante)">Tchumbuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_(langue)" title="Tem (langue)">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofin-gbe" title="Tofin-gbe">Tofin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toli_(langue)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toli (langue) (page inexistante)">Toli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waci_(langue)" title="Waci (langue)">Waci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waama_(langue)" title="Waama (langue)">Waama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weme_(langue)" title="Weme (langue)">Weme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xwela" title="Xwela">Xwela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_(langue)" title="Yom (langue)">Yom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_(langue)" title="Yoruba (langue)">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langues_au_Togo" title="Modèle:Palette Langues au Togo"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Langues_au_Togo&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><span class="flagicon" data-sort-value=""><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Flag_of_Togo_(3-2).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapeau du Togo"><img alt="Drapeau du Togo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_au_Togo" title="Langues au Togo">Langues au Togo</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Langue officielle</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Français">Français</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Langues nationales</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89w%C3%A9_(langue)" title="Éwé (langue)">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiy%C3%A8_(langue)" title="Kabiyè (langue)">Kabiyè</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Langues_gbe" title="Langues gbe">Langues gbe</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adangbe" title="Adangbe">Adangbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aguna" title="Aguna">Aguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aja-gbe" title="Aja-gbe">Aja-gbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89w%C3%A9_(langue)" title="Éwé (langue)">Ewe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kpesi_(langue)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kpesi (langue) (page inexistante)">Kpesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi-gbe" title="Maxi-gbe">Maxi-gbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waci_(langue)" title="Waci (langue)">Waci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wudu_(langue)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wudu (langue) (page inexistante)">Wudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xwla_(langue)" title="Xwla (langue)">Xwla</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Langues_gour" title="Langues gour">Langues gour</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akaselem" title="Akaselem">Akaselem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago-kusuntu" title="Bago-kusuntu">Bago-kusuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byali" title="Byali">Byali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntrubo" title="Ntrubo">Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditammari" title="Ditammari">Ditammari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gourmantch%C3%A9_(langue)" title="Gourmantché (langue)">Gourmantché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiy%C3%A8_(langue)" title="Kabiyè (langue)">Kabiyè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_(langue)" title="Konkomba (langue)">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_(langue)" title="Lama (langue)">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokpa_(langue)" title="Lokpa (langue)">Lokpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_(langue)" title="Mamprusi (langue)">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyob%C3%A9" title="Miyobé">Miyobé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_(langue)" title="Moba (langue)">Moba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawdm" title="Nawdm">Nawdm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngangam" title="Ngangam">Ngangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntcham" title="Ntcham">Ntcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_(langue)" title="Tem (langue)">Tem</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Langues_kwa" title="Langues kwa">Langues kwa</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_(langue)" title="Adele (langue)">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agotime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agotime (page inexistante)">Agotime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlon" title="Ahlon">Ahlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A9bou_(langue)" title="Akébou (langue)">Akébou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anii_(langue)" title="Anii (langue)">Anii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anufo_(langue)" title="Anufo (langue)">Anufo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chakosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chakosi (page inexistante)">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A9bou_(langue)" title="Akébou (langue)">Kebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginyanga" title="Ginyanga">Ginyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikposso" title="Ikposso">Ikposso</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Langues_yorubo%C3%AFdes" title="Langues yoruboïdes">Langues yoruboïdes</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_ede" title="Langues ede">Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_(langue)" title="Ifè (langue)">Ifè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_(langue)" title="Yoruba (langue)">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Langues_tchadiques" title="Langues tchadiques">Langues tchadiques</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haoussa" title="Haoussa">Haoussa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Langues_mand%C3%A9es" title="Langues mandées">Langues mandées</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_(langue)" title="Bissa (langue)">Bissa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail des langues"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/24px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/36px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/48px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="24" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail:Langues">Portail des langues</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:B%C3%A9nin" title="Portail du Bénin"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/33px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/50px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/66px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:B%C3%A9nin" title="Portail:Bénin">Portail du Bénin</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Togo" title="Portail du Togo"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/66px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Togo" title="Portail:Togo">Portail du Togo</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" 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gbe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_au_Togo" title="Catégorie:Langue au Togo">Langue au Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_au_B%C3%A9nin" title="Catégorie:Langue au Bénin">Langue au Bénin</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%A9bauche_langue" title="Catégorie:Wikipédia:ébauche langue">Wikipédia:ébauche langue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%A9bauche_B%C3%A9nin" title="Catégorie:Wikipédia:ébauche Bénin">Wikipédia:ébauche Bénin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%A9bauche_Togo" title="Catégorie:Wikipédia:ébauche Togo">Wikipédia:ébauche Togo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_utilisant_une_Infobox" title="Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox">Article utilisant une Infobox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_un_mod%C3%A8le_Bases_inactif" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant un modèle Bases inactif">Page utilisant un modèle Bases inactif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_utilisant_le_mod%C3%A8le_Dictionnaires_inactif" title="Catégorie:Article utilisant le modèle Dictionnaires inactif">Article utilisant le modèle Dictionnaires inactif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia_avec_notice_d%27autorit%C3%A9" title="Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité">Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Langues/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Langues/Articles liés">Portail:Langues/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Langues/Articles_li%C3%A9s_directement" title="Catégorie:Portail:Langues/Articles liés directement">Portail:Langues/Articles liés directement</a></li><li><a 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