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Their region is called [[Turkmen Sahra]] and includes substantial parts of [[Golestan Province]] of Iran. The number of Turkmens in Iran is estimated at 0.5 to 2.4 million people. == Ethnography == Iranian Turkmens have represented a group of semi-nomadic tribes who retained a more traditional way for a long time. The following [[Turkmen tribes]] live in Iran: [[Yomut]], [[Goklen]], and [[Teke (Turkmen tribe)|Teke]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Joan Allgrove |title=Turcoman Finery |journal=Costume |date=1975 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=49 |publisher=Routledge |language=English |issn=0590-8876}}</ref> == Ethnic history == [[File:Iranian muslim turkmen of Ashuradeh island.jpg|thumb|right|215px|Iranian Turkmens of [[Ashuradeh]] island, Iran]] [[File:A Turkmen woman in Bandar Torkaman.jpg|thumb|right|215px|A Turkmen woman of [[Bandar-e Torkaman]], Iran]] Representatives of such modern Turkmen tribes as Yomut, Goklen, Īgdīr, Saryk, Salar and Teke have lived in Iran since the 16th century,<ref>{{cite book |last=Logashova |first=Bibi |title=Turkmens of Iran (historical and ethnographic study) |publisher=Nauka (Science) |year=1976 |page=14}}</ref> though ethnic history of Turkmens in Iran starts with the [[Seljuk conquest]] of the region in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter |title=The Turkic peoples and Caucasia, Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia |editor-first=Ronald G. |editor-last=Suny |location=Michigan |year=1996 |pages=45–67}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmadi |first1=Hamid |title=Political Elites and the Question of Ethnicity and Democracy in Iran: A Critical View |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |date=2013 |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=82 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-20130106|quote=Perhaps, the main heterogeneous group within the demographic texture of Iran are Turkmens who immigrated to the area at the turn of the I-II millennia A.D.}}</ref> Throughout the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, a process of resettlement of the Turkmen tribes took place in Iran. In the 17th century, it was associated with the intensified exploitation of Turkmens by the [[Khanate of Khiva]] and the raids of the [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] feudal lords.{{sfn|Logashova|1976|pp=15—16}} After what Iranian ruler [[Nader Shah]], himself an ethnic Turkmen, defeated Turkmens and [[Kurds]] in 1728, he drove part of the Teke and Imreli tribes out and settled them in Khorasan, specifically in the steppe of [[Astrabad]]. In the 1740s, Nader Shah conquered the [[Khanate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] and [[Khiva Khanate]]s. Subsequently, most of the Turkmen Yomuds were forced to move from the Khiva Khanate to the coast of the [[Caspian Sea]] and to Astrabad.{{sfn|Logashova|1976|pp=15—16}} Until the [[Russian conquest of Central Asia]], the situation in the areas of residence of Turkmens was turbulent. Under the pretext of jihad, the Khiva Khan repeatedly raided Iranian territory. As an Iranian writer [[Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat|Reza-Qoli Khan]] wrote, he (the Khiva Khan) "at times led troops against [[Serakhs]] and [[Merv]], and sometimes ordered Turkmens to raid the regions of Khorasan". In turn, Iranian troops attacked the [[Khwarazm]], mainly the Turkmen lands, robbing and taking people into captivity.{{sfn|Mannanov|1964|p=25}} The movement of the Turkmen tribes was also affected by intertribal contradictions, which quite often turned into serious conflicts. In 1855, Teke Turkmens captured the [[Merv|Merv oasis]]. The Saryks who lived there, were expelled to the [[Iolotan]] and Panjdeh oases, and they, in turn, drove the [[Salur (tribe)|Salurs]] out of Iolotan. The latter were initially located in the area of present-day [[Serhetabat District|Serhetabat]], [[Turkmenistan]], and then migrated to Iran, and finally settled 120&nbsp;km above Serakhs. Later, Iran exploited the struggle between the Saryks and Tekes to organize a campaign to the [[Merv|Merv oasis]] in 1861. However, it ended in a crushing defeat for the Iranian troops.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mannanov |first=B |title=From the stories of the Perso-Russian relations of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries |language=Russian |year=1964 |publisher=Nauka, Uzbek SSR |location=Tashkent |pages=26–27}}</ref> == Modern Turkmen tribes in present-day Iran == Nearly one million Turkmens can be found living along the northern edges of Iran, just south of the [[Iran-Turkmenistan border|Turkmenistan-Iran border]]. For centuries, Turkmens had lived as nomadic herdsmen. In more recent years, however, many of them have changed to a "semi-nomadic lifestyle," living in permanent homes as well as in tents. Today, most of them are farmers and cattle breeders. Turkmens still live in extended families where various generations can be found under the same roof, especially in rural areas. Many tribal customs still survive among the modern Turkmens.<ref>Irons, W. (1969). The Turkmen of Iran: A Brief Research Report. Iranian Studies, 2(1), 27-38. doi:10.1080/00210866908701372</ref> == Language == Iranian Turkmens speak primarily Southern Turkmen, a variant of the [[Turkmen language]] also spoken in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://celcar.indiana.edu/materials/language-portal/turkmen/index.html|title=Turkmen|website=Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region|accessdate=Aug 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/languages/afghanistan|title=What Languages do People Speak in Afghanistan?|website=worldpopulationreview.com|accessdate=Aug 8, 2021}}</ref> It is currently written in the [[Turkmen Arabic Alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] script, though some use the Turkmen [[Latin]] script, common in the Republic of Turkmenistan since its independence in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/turkmen.htm|title=Turkmen language, alphabets and pronunciation|website=omniglot.com|accessdate=Aug 8, 2021}}</ref> Southern Turkmen is mutually intelligible with the Turkmen variety spoken in [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]], though it borrows heavily [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords. There is also a strong [[Arabic]] influence in Southern Turkmen.<ref name="auto"/> ==Notable Iranian Turkmen== * [[Dowletmammet Azady]], Turkmen poet, scholar and [[Sufi]] * [[Magtymguly Pyragy]], Turkmen spiritual leader, philosophical poet and Sufi * [[Haj Aghi Alejalil]], Iranian philanthropist * [[Sardar Azmoun]], Iranian [[association football|footballer]] who plays for [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen|Bayer Leverkusen]] in the [[Bundesliga]] and [[Iranian National Football Team|Iranian National Team]]. * [[Farhad Ghaemi]], [[volleyball]] player from Iran, who plays as a Spike for the [[Iran men's national volleyball team|Men's National Team]] * [[Saber Kazemi]], volleyball player from Iran, who plays as an opposite spiker for the Men's National Team * [[Ezzatollah Pourghaz]], Iranian [[association football|footballer]] who plays for [[Esteghlal Khuzestan]] in the [[Persian Gulf Pro League]] * [[Omid Kokabee]], experimental laser physicist * [[Ramin Nourqolipour]], Iranian Turkmen politician and scientist who represented a part of Iranian Turkmen community in [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Iranian Parliament]] for four years between 2016 and 2020 ==See also== * [[Turkmen people|Turkmens]] * [[Turkmen tribes]] * [[Turkmen Sahra]] * [[Turkoman horse]] * [[Music of Turkmenistan]] * [[Iranian Turks]] * [[Afghan Turkmens]] * [[Nader Shah]] * [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid Dynasty]] * [[Afsharid Iran]] == References == <references/> == External links == * [http://www.bayragh.ir/ Encyclopedia Iranian Turkmen ] * [http://www.turkmensahra.com/ TurkmenSahra] {{Ethnic groups in Iran}} [[Category:Ethnic Turkmen people]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Iranian Turkmen people]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> 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