Informed consent and ethical issues in military medical research

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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="UaufiHMMBqr1OvnH5x7hkzF2h4yTcnKR5gifSyTpPYfHcZqbWaVgGZaVdur1xSWM"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="UaufiHMMBqr1OvnH5x7hkzF2h4yTcnKR5gifSyTpPYfHcZqbWaVgGZaVdur1xSWM"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="UaufiHMMBqr1OvnH5x7hkzF2h4yTcnKR5gifSyTpPYfHcZqbWaVgGZaVdur1xSWM"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="UaufiHMMBqr1OvnH5x7hkzF2h4yTcnKR5gifSyTpPYfHcZqbWaVgGZaVdur1xSWM"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="16264083"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/16264083/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/16264083/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><link type="text/css" href="ncbi-overlay-block/src/overlay-block.css"><div class="collections-button-container" data-article-id="16264083" data-article-db="pubmed"><button class="collections-button collections-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Save article in MyNCBI collections." data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_button" data-collections-open-dialog-enabled="false" data-collections-open-dialog-url="https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F16264083%2F%23open-collections-dialog" data-in-collections="false"><span class="button-label">Collections</span></button><div class="overlay" role="dialog"><div id="collections-action-dialog" class="dialog collections-dialog" 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for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 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Catalog </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref ="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term='"Acad Emerg Med"[jour]' data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label='"Acad Emerg Med"[jour]' href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="period">. </span><span class="cit">2005 Nov;12(11):1120-6.</span> </div> <span class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1197/j.aem.2005.05.037. </span> </div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Informed consent and ethical issues in military medical research </h1> <div class="inline-authors"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=McManus+J&cauthor_id=16264083" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="John McManus">John McManus</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6513, USA. john.mcmanus@amedd.army.mil" href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mehta+SG&cauthor_id=16264083" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sumeru G Mehta">Sumeru G Mehta</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=McClinton+AR&cauthor_id=16264083" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Annette R McClinton">Annette R McClinton</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=De+Lorenzo+RA&cauthor_id=16264083" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Robert A De Lorenzo">Robert A De 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Sam Houston, TX 78234-6513, USA. john.mcmanus@amedd.army.mil</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">16264083</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1197/j.aem.2005.05.037&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2005.05.037" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1197/j.aem.2005.05.037 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <span class="free-label">Free article</span> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <h1 class="heading-title"> Informed consent and ethical issues in military medical research </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">John McManus</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> Acad Emerg Med<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <span class="citation-year">2005 Nov</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <span class="free-label">Free article</span> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/16264083/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" 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data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="John McManus">John McManus</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6513, USA. john.mcmanus@amedd.army.mil" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mehta+SG&cauthor_id=16264083" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sumeru G Mehta">Sumeru G Mehta</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=McClinton+AR&cauthor_id=16264083" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Annette R McClinton">Annette R McClinton</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=De+Lorenzo+RA&cauthor_id=16264083" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Robert A De Lorenzo">Robert A De Lorenzo</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Baskin+TW&cauthor_id=16264083" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Toney W Baskin">Toney W Baskin</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6513, USA. john.mcmanus@amedd.army.mil</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">16264083</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1197/j.aem.2005.05.037&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2005.05.037" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1197/j.aem.2005.05.037 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/16264083/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/16264083/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> Informed consent in military research shares many of the same fundamental principles and regulations that govern civilian biomedical research. In fact, much of modern research ethics is grounded in events that occurred in the context of war or government-sponsored research. Despite these similarities and common origins, research in the military has additional requirements designed to preserve service members' informed consent rights. The special nature of the superior-subordinate relationship in the military necessitates careful protections to avoid perceptions of coercion or undue influence on a military subject. Additionally, current legal and regulatory requirements for advanced informed consent significantly restrict the flexibility of the military to conduct research using waiver of consent. This has implications on the ability of the nation to develop effective medical treatments for the global war on terrorism. Nevertheless, work is under way to realign defense research policy with the norms of civilian biomedical practice. Future directions include the adoption of waivers for military emergency research, and the cautious introduction of human subject studies on the battlefield. This paper discusses historical background, regulatory differences, and concerns and challenges of some of these regulatory differences for research personnel that apply to informed consent and waiver of said informed consent for emergency research conducted by the U.S. military. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/16602332/" ref="article_id=16602332&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="16602332" data-ga-label=""> [The origin of informed consent]. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Mallardi V.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Mallardi V.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2005 Oct;25(5):312-27.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2005.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">16602332</span></span> <span class="language spaced-citation-item citation-part">Italian.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/17972168/" ref="article_id=17972168&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=2" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="17972168" data-ga-label=""> Performance of ethical military research is possible: on and off the battlefield. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">McManus J, McClinton A, Gerhardt R, Morris M.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">McManus J, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Sci Eng Ethics. 2007 Sep;13(3):297-303. doi: 10.1007/s11948-007-9022-9.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Sci Eng Ethics. 2007.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">17972168</span></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/16264073/" ref="article_id=16264073&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=3" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="16264073" data-ga-label=""> Exception from informed consent: viewpoint of institutional review boards--balancing risks to subjects, community consultation, and future directions. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Ernst AA, Fish S.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Ernst AA, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Acad Emerg Med. 2005 Nov;12(11):1050-5. doi: 10.1197/j.aem.2005.06.015.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Acad Emerg Med. 2005.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">16264073</span></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/19522125/" ref="article_id=19522125&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=4" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="19522125" data-ga-label=""> Ethical issues in conduct of research in combat and disaster operations. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">McManus JG, McClinton A, Morton MJ.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">McManus JG, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Am J Disaster Med. 2009 Mar-Apr;4(2):87-93.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation short-journal-citation">Am J Disaster Med. 2009.</span> <span class="citation-part">PMID: <span class="docsum-pmid">19522125</span></span> <span class="publication-type spaced-citation-item citation-part">Review.</span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/19765724/" ref="article_id=19765724&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=5" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="19765724" data-ga-label=""> Ethical and legal issues in emergency research: barriers to conducting prospective randomized trials in an emergency setting. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Morrison CA, Horwitz IB, Carrick MM.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Morrison CA, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Surg Res. 2009 Nov;157(1):115-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.051. 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Informed consent and ethical issues in military medical research - PubMed