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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p>A <b>political faction</b> is a group of people with a common <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics">political</a> purpose, especially a subgroup of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political party">political party</a> that has interests or opinions different from the rest of the political party.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intragroup_conflict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intragroup conflict">Intragroup conflict</a> between factions can lead to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schism">schism</a> of the political party into two political parties. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ley_de_Lemas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley de Lemas">Ley de Lemas</a> electoral system allows the voters to indicate on the ballot their preference for political factions within a political party. Political factions can represent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_bloc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting bloc">voting blocs</a>. Political factions require a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Party_discipline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Weaker_party_discipline" title="Party discipline">weaker party discipline</a>. Research indicates that factions can play an important role in moving their host party along the ideological spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#George_Washington's_Farewell_Address"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">George Washington's Farewell Address</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#By_country"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">By country</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#France"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Italy"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Italy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Russia/Soviet_Union"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Russia/Soviet Union</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="George_Washington's_Farewell_Address"><span id="George_Washington.27s_Farewell_Address"></span>George Washington's Farewell Address</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: George Washington's Farewell Address" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The first president of the United States, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Washington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, warned of political factions in his famous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">farewell address</a> from 1796. He warned of political parties generally, as according to Washington, political party loyalty when prioritized over <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriotism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriotism">duty to the nation</a> and commitment to principles, was considered to be a major threat to the survival of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitutional_republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional republic">constitutional republic</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <blockquote> <p>Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it [the formation and loyalty to partisan interests, over loyalty to principles or one's country].<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: By country" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Australian_Labor_Party&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Factions in the Australian Labor Party (page does not exist)">Factions in the Australian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Factions in the Liberal Party of Australia (page does not exist)">Factions in the Liberal Party of Australia</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Socialist_Party_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Factions in the Socialist Party (France) (page does not exist)">Factions in the Socialist Party (France)</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Communist_Refoundation_Party&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Factions in the Communist Refoundation Party (page does not exist)">Factions in the Communist Refoundation Party</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(Italy)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (Italy) (page does not exist)">Factions in the Democratic Party (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_Forza_Italia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Factions in Forza Italia (page does not exist)">Factions in Forza Italia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Factions_in_The_People_of_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Factions in The People of Freedom (page does not exist)">Factions in The People of Freedom</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Factions_in_the_Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Factions in the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Russia/Soviet_Union"><span id="Russia.2FSoviet_Union"></span>Russia/Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Russia/Soviet Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Factions_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=List_of_Oppositions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="List of Oppositions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">List of Oppositions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B2_%25D0%2592%25D0%259A%25D0%259F(%25D0%25B1)" class="extiw" title="ru:Список оппозиций в ВКП(б)">ru</a>]</span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)">List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of organisations associated with the Labour Party (UK)">List of organisations associated with the Labour Party (UK)</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Factions_in_the_Libertarian_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)">Factions in the Libertarian Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions in the Republican Party (United States)</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partisan_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partisan (politics)">Partisan (politics)</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Political_faction&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203715208-2/factions-ralph-nicholas">Nicholas, R. W. (2012). Factions: a comparative analysis. In Political systems and the distribution of power (pp. 21-61). Routledge.</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/faction">"faction"</a>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictionary.com?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dictionary.com">dictionary.com</a></i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlumCowburn2023" class="citation journal cs1">Blum, Rachel M.; Cowburn, Mike (23 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/how-local-factions-pressure-parties-activist-groups-and-primary-contests-in-the-tea-party-era/0F901491A0684F481B11525CF477B286">"How Local Factions Pressure Parties: Activist Groups and Primary Contests in the Tea Party Era"</a>. <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>: 1–22. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0007123423000224">10.1017/S0007123423000224</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=How+Local+Factions+Pressure+Parties%3A+Activist+Groups+and+Primary+Contests+in+the+Tea+Party+Era&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123423000224&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Rachel+M.&rft.au=Cowburn%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbritish-journal-of-political-science%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fhow-local-factions-pressure-parties-activist-groups-and-primary-contests-in-the-tea-party-era%2F0F901491A0684F481B11525CF477B286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+faction" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.history.com/news/founding-fathers-political-parties-opinion">"The Founding Fathers Feared Political Factions Would Tear the Nation Apart"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 2019-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=The+Founding+Fathers+Feared+Political+Factions+Would+Tear+the+Nation+Apart&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Ffounding-fathers-political-parties-opinion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+faction" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_faction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvlon2017" class="citation web cs1">Avlon, John (2017-01-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/washingtons-farewell-address-warned-us-about-hyper-partisanship-214616">"George Washington's Farewell Warning"</a>. <i>POLITICO Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=George+Washington%E2%80%99s+Farewell+Warning&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft.aulast=Avlon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F01%2Fwashingtons-farewell-address-warned-us-about-hyper-partisanship-214616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+faction" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facci%25C3%25B3n" title="Facción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Facción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25A8%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="دسته‌بندی سیاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دسته‌بندی سیاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" 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data-title="Pártplatform" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factie" title="Factie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Factie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E9%2596%25A5" title="派閥 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="派閥" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakcja_(polityka)" title="Frakcja (polityka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frakcja (polityka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Political faction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraktion_(organisation)" title="Fraktion (organisation) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fraktion (organisation)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2587" title="กลุ่มแยกการเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มแยกการเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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