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Google Testing Blog: October 2015
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You can find the detailed agenda at: <a href="http://developers.google.com/gtac/2015/schedule">developers.google.com/gtac/2015/schedule</a>.<br /> <br /> Thank you to all who submitted proposals!<br /> <br /> There is a lot of interest in GTAC once again this year with about 1400 applicants and about 200 of those for speaking. Unfortunately, our venue only seats 250. We will livestream the event as usual, so fret not if you were not selected to attend. Information about the livestream and other details will be posted on the GTAC site soon and announced here. <br /> <br /> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <i>by <a href="http://anthonyvallone.com/">Anthony Vallone</a> on behalf of the GTAC Committee </i><br /> <br /> We have completed the selection and confirmation of all speakers and attendees for GTAC 2015. You can find the detailed agenda at: <a href="http://developers.google.com/gtac/2015/schedule">developers.google.com/gtac/2015/schedule</a>.<br /> <br /> Thank you to all who submitted proposals!<br /> <br /> There is a lot of interest in GTAC once again this year with about 1400 applicants and about 200 of those for speaking. Unfortunately, our venue only seats 250. We will livestream the event as usual, so fret not if you were not selected to attend. Information about the livestream and other details will be posted on the GTAC site soon and announced here. <br /> <br /> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Announcing the GTAC 2015 Agenda&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/10/announcing-gtac-2015-agenda.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/10/announcing-gtac-2015-agenda.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='comment-container'> <i class='comment-img material-icons'>  </i> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/10/announcing-gtac-2015-agenda.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>No comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/10/announcing-gtac-2015-agenda.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> <span class='labels-caption'> Labels: </span> <span class='labels'> <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Anthony%20Vallone' rel='tag'> Anthony Vallone </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/GTAC' rel='tag'> GTAC </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='416454539637738321' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/10/audio-testing-automatic-gain-control.html' itemprop='url' title='Audio Testing - Automatic Gain Control'> Audio Testing - Automatic Gain Control </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Thursday, October 08, 2015 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <i>By: Patrik Höglund </i><br /> <br /> <h2> What is Automatic Gain Control? </h2> It’s time to talk about advanced media quality tests again! As experienced Google testing blog readers know, when I write an article it’s usually about WebRTC, and the unusual testing solutions we build to test it. This article is no exception. Today we’re going to talk about Automatic Gain Control, or AGC. This is a feature that’s on by default for WebRTC applications, such as <a href="http://apprtc.appspot.com/">http://apprtc.appspot.com</a>. It uses various means to adjust the microphone signal so your voice makes it loud and clear to the other side of the peer connection. For instance, it can attempt to adjust your microphone gain or try to amplify the signal digitally.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm7lOY1ZMr0tyR49jxejFz4IsseLaVb67h8akatZjCEs8pIRZFjhH4-980o0YjZ_ZzRuvyPzIfch-V3CgPIBoH8pqrkhAeW6GNRqv6K9uIZkU1EOM6rvbl9BvT5Zo1gMgArCEs/s1600/image03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm7lOY1ZMr0tyR49jxejFz4IsseLaVb67h8akatZjCEs8pIRZFjhH4-980o0YjZ_ZzRuvyPzIfch-V3CgPIBoH8pqrkhAeW6GNRqv6K9uIZkU1EOM6rvbl9BvT5Zo1gMgArCEs/s640/image03.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 1. How Auto Gain Control works [<a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/third_party/webrtc/modules/audio_processing/agc/agc_manager_direct.h&sq=package:chromium">code here</a>]. </i></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> This is an example of automatic control engineering (another example would be the classic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller">PID controller</a>) and happens in real time. Therefore, if you move closer to the mic while speaking, the AGC will notice the output stream is too loud, and reduce mic volume and/or digital gain. When you move further away, it tries to adapt up again. The fancy voice activity detector is there so we only amplify speech, and not, say, the microwave oven your spouse just started in the other room.<br /> <h2> Testing the AGC</h2> Now, how do we make sure the AGC works? The first thing is obviously to <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/third_party/webrtc/modules/audio_processing/agc/agc_unittest.cc&sq=package:chromium">write unit tests</a> and <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/third_party/webrtc/modules/audio_processing/test/">integration tests</a>. You <a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2015/04/just-say-no-to-more-end-to-end-tests.html">didn’t think about building that end-to-end test first, did you</a>? Once we have the lower-level tests in place, we can start looking at a bigger test. While developing the WebRTC implementation in Chrome, we had several bugs where the AGC code was working by itself, but was misconfigured in Chrome. In one case, it was simply turned off for all users. In another, it was only turned off in Hangouts. <br /> <br /> Only an end-to-end test can catch these integration issues, and we already had <a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2013/11/webrtc-audio-quality-testing.html">stable, low-maintenance audio quality tests</a> with the ability to record Chrome’s output sound for analysis. I encourage you to read that article, but the bottom line is that those tests can run a WebRTC call in two tabs and record the audio output to a file. Those tests run the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PESQ">PESQ</a> algorithm on input and output to see how similar they are. <br /> <br /> That’s a good framework to have, but I needed to make two changes:<br /> <br /> <ul> <li>Add file support to Chrome’s fake audio input device, so we can play a known file. The original audio test avoided this by using WebAudio, but AGC doesn’t run in the WebAudio path, just the microphone capture path, so that won’t work.</li> <li>Instead of running PESQ, run an analysis that compares the gain between input and output.</li> </ul> <h2> Adding Fake File Support</h2> This is always a big part of the work in media testing: controlling the input and output. It’s unworkable to tape microphones to loudspeakers or point cameras to screens to capture the media, so the easiest solution is usually to add a debug flag. It is exactly what I did <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/media/audio/fake_audio_input_stream.cc&sq=package:chromium&type=cs&rcl=1443324274&l=118">here</a>. It was a lot of work, but I won’t go into much detail since Chrome’s audio pipeline is complex. The core is <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/media/audio/simple_sources.cc&sq=package:chromium&type=cs">this</a>: <br /> <br /> <pre style="background: #d6d6d6; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;"><span style="color: #0433ff;">int</span> FileSource::OnMoreData(AudioBus* audio_bus, uint32 total_bytes_delay) { <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// Load the file if we haven't already. This load needs to happen on the</span> <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// audio thread, otherwise we'll run on the UI thread on Mac for instance.</span> <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// This will massively delay the first OnMoreData, but we'll catch up.</span> <span style="color: #0433ff;">if</span> (!wav_audio_handler_) LoadWavFile(path_to_wav_file_); <span style="color: #0433ff;">if</span> (load_failed_) <span style="color: #0433ff;">return</span> 0; DCHECK(wav_audio_handler_.get()); <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// Stop playing if we've played out the whole file.</span> <span style="color: #0433ff;">if</span> (wav_audio_handler_->AtEnd(wav_file_read_pos_)) <span style="color: #0433ff;">return</span> 0; <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// This pulls data from ProvideInput.</span> file_audio_converter_->Convert(audio_bus); <span style="color: #0433ff;">return</span> audio_bus->frames(); } </pre> <br /> This code runs every 10 ms and reads a small chunk from the file, converts it to Chrome’s preferred audio format and sends it on through the audio pipeline. After implementing this, I could simply run: <br /> <br /> <pre style="background: #d6d6d6; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;">chrome --use-fake-device-for-media-stream \ --use-file-for-fake-audio-capture=/tmp/file.wav </pre> <br /> and whenever I hit a webpage that used WebRTC, the above file would play instead of my microphone input. Sweet!<br /> <h2> The Analysis Stage</h2> Next I had to get the analysis stage figured out. It turned out there was something called an <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/media/audio/audio_power_monitor.h&q=audiopowermo&sq=package:chromium&l=36">AudioPowerMonitor</a> in the Chrome code, which you feed audio data into and get the average audio power for the data you fed in. This is a measure of how “loud” the audio is. Since the whole point of the AGC is getting to the right audio power level, we’re looking to compute<br /> <br /> <i>A<sub>diff</sub> = A<sub>out</sub> - A<sub>in</sub></i> <br /> <br /> Or, really, how much louder or weaker is the output compared to the input audio? Then we can construct different scenarios: <i>A<sub>diff</sub></i> should be 0 if the AGC is turned off and it should be > 0 dB if the AGC is on and we feed in a low power audio file. Computing the average energy of an audio file was straightforward to <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/chrome/browser/media/webrtc_browsertest_audio.cc&sq=package:chromium&type=cs&l=56">implement</a>: <br /> <br /> <pre style="background: #d6d6d6; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;"> <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// ...</span> size_t bytes_written; wav_audio_handler->CopyTo(audio_bus.get(), 0, &bytes_written); CHECK_EQ(bytes_written, wav_audio_handler->data().size()) << <span style="color: #ff2600;">"Expected to write entire file into bus."</span>; <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// Set the filter coefficient to the whole file's duration; this will make</span> <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// the power monitor take the entire file into account.</span> media::AudioPowerMonitor power_monitor(wav_audio_handler->sample_rate(), file_duration); power_monitor.Scan(*audio_bus, audio_bus->frames()); <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// ...</span> <span style="color: #0433ff;">return</span> power_monitor.ReadCurrentPowerAndClip().first;</pre> <br /> I wrote a new test, and hooked up the above logic instead of PESQ. I could compute <i>A<sub>in</sub></i> by running the above algorithm on the reference file (which I fed in using the flag I implemented above) and <i>A<sub>out</sub></i> on the recording of the output audio. At this point I pretty much thought I was done. I ran a WebRTC call with the AGC turned off, expecting to get zero… and got a huge number. Turns out I wasn’t done.<br /> <h2> What Went Wrong?</h2> I needed more debugging information to figure out what went wrong. Since the AGC was off, I would expect the power curves for output and input to be identical. All I had was the average audio power over the entire file, so I started plotting the audio power for each 10 millisecond segment instead to understand where the curves diverged. I could then plot the detected audio power over the time of the test. I started by plotting <i>A<sub>diff </sub></i>: <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKS4JJuCfqUNwZejtRf4UtNJrOuahKLbsQGQAB7Y0iTKqWTQgwqqcFPz4vdWAz-OqhpJtsq9j6VjgIInCtLcSZUJxEW05F92yZYFR0eG52NvucHSG5wmhfK1oyzkjjYUi3gsbO/s1600/image01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKS4JJuCfqUNwZejtRf4UtNJrOuahKLbsQGQAB7Y0iTKqWTQgwqqcFPz4vdWAz-OqhpJtsq9j6VjgIInCtLcSZUJxEW05F92yZYFR0eG52NvucHSG5wmhfK1oyzkjjYUi3gsbO/s640/image01.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 2. Plot of A<sub>diff</sub>.</i></div> <br /> The difference is quite small in the beginning, but grows in amplitude over time. Interesting. I then plotted <i>A<sub>out</sub></i> and <i>A<sub>in</sub></i> next to each other: <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKHtzNVExUPZn_ZtoD4mLrtiHMt169KSwdHocBg7q7ngPHBHPvtso1ToTeQPt_xRhzfBLqh6e8FL4nU4WadCOoJWuuBjA4wGqUrwtHlpdKOipV7fOsL6rCvwen9h-IkvlfyZs/s1600/image00.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKHtzNVExUPZn_ZtoD4mLrtiHMt169KSwdHocBg7q7ngPHBHPvtso1ToTeQPt_xRhzfBLqh6e8FL4nU4WadCOoJWuuBjA4wGqUrwtHlpdKOipV7fOsL6rCvwen9h-IkvlfyZs/s640/image00.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 3. Plot of A<sub>out </sub>and A<sub>in</sub>.</i></div> <br /> A-ha! The curves drift apart over time; the above shows about 10 seconds of time, and the drift is maybe 80 ms at the end. The more they drift apart, the bigger the diff becomes. Exasperated, I asked our audio engineers about the above. Had my fancy test found its first bug? No, as it turns out - it was by design.<br /> <h2> Clock Drift and Packet Loss</h2> Let me explain. As a part of WebRTC audio processing, we run a complex module called <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/third_party/webrtc/modules/audio_coding/neteq/&q=neteq&sq=package:chromium">NetEq</a> on the received audio stream. When sending audio over the Internet, there will inevitably be <i>packet loss</i> and <i>clock drift</i>. Packet losses always happen on the Internet, depending on the network path between sender and receiver. Clock drift happens because the sample clocks on the sending and receiving sound cards are not perfectly synced. <br /> <br /> In this particular case, the problem was not packet loss since we have ideal network conditions (one machine, packets go over the machine’s loopback interface = zero packet loss). But how can we have clock drift? Well, recall the fake device I wrote earlier that reads a file? It never touches the sound card like when the sound comes from the mic, so it runs on the system clock. That clock will drift against the machine’s sound card clock, even when we are on the same machine. <br /> <br /> NetEq uses clever algorithms to conceal clock drift and packet loss. Most commonly it applies time compression or stretching on the audio it plays out, which means it makes the audio a little shorter or longer when needed to compensate for the drift. We humans mostly don’t even notice that, whereas a drift left uncompensated would result in a depleted or flooded receiver buffer – very noticeable. Anyway, I digress. This drift of the recording vs. the reference file was natural and I would just have to deal with it.<br /> <h2> Silence Splitting to the Rescue!</h2> I could probably have solved this with math and postprocessing of the results (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares">least squares</a> maybe?), but I had another idea. The reference file happened to be comprised of five segments with small pauses between them. What if I made these pauses longer, split the files on the pauses and trimmed away all the silence? This would effectively align the start of each segment with its corresponding segment in the reference file. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuLcyOlJyhNKF1GBo4Uz7reXCf7B0bSr5t9ucWIJSWG-PLss58CZz_0rkmNW_kx933LdVJP16NR6B-Fer-l7Or2PsyvSOayEe4J8dOv-v9PYW7_ds_qtPNWHNAuVIq2evHTkEb/s1600/image05.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuLcyOlJyhNKF1GBo4Uz7reXCf7B0bSr5t9ucWIJSWG-PLss58CZz_0rkmNW_kx933LdVJP16NR6B-Fer-l7Or2PsyvSOayEe4J8dOv-v9PYW7_ds_qtPNWHNAuVIq2evHTkEb/s640/image05.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 4. Before silence splitting.</i></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje0eZEGjTJe3rS5HvPK71Ks1AgbsLbWfPojdKUTrSjH_zlEseOnMhuakuV-t87pPN-6gjbn4USRx_JKne0NVctG2X49OfVHAtjYFQht1G8oR3xAbRnIrE2m08uXQREt_2BJVrg/s1600/image04.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje0eZEGjTJe3rS5HvPK71Ks1AgbsLbWfPojdKUTrSjH_zlEseOnMhuakuV-t87pPN-6gjbn4USRx_JKne0NVctG2X49OfVHAtjYFQht1G8oR3xAbRnIrE2m08uXQREt_2BJVrg/s640/image04.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 5. After silence splitting.</i></div> <br /> We would still have NetEQ drift, but as you can see its effects will not stack up towards the end, so if the segments are short enough we should be able to mitigate this problem.<br /> <h2> Result</h2> Here is the <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/chrome/browser/media/chrome_webrtc_audio_quality_browsertest.cc">final test implementation</a>: <br /> <br /> <pre style="background: #d6d6d6; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;"> base::FilePath reference_file = test::GetReferenceFilesDir().Append(reference_filename); base::FilePath recording = CreateTemporaryWaveFile(); ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupAndRecordAudioCall( reference_file, recording, constraints, base::TimeDelta::FromSeconds(30))); base::ScopedTempDir split_ref_files; ASSERT_TRUE(split_ref_files.CreateUniqueTempDir()); ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE( SplitFileOnSilenceIntoDir(reference_file, split_ref_files.path())); std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">vector</span><base::FilePath> ref_segments = ListWavFilesInDir(split_ref_files.path()); base::ScopedTempDir split_actual_files; ASSERT_TRUE(split_actual_files.CreateUniqueTempDir()); ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE( SplitFileOnSilenceIntoDir(recording, split_actual_files.path())); <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// Keep the recording and split files if the analysis fails.</span> base::FilePath actual_files_dir = split_actual_files.Take(); std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">vector</span><base::FilePath> actual_segments = ListWavFilesInDir(actual_files_dir); AnalyzeSegmentsAndPrintResult( ref_segments, actual_segments, reference_file, perf_modifier); DeleteFileUnlessTestFailed(recording, <span style="color: #0433ff;">false</span>); DeleteFileUnlessTestFailed(actual_files_dir, <span style="color: #0433ff;">true</span>);</pre> <br /> Where AnalyzeSegmentsAndPrintResult looks like this: <br /> <br /> <pre style="background: #d6d6d6; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;"><span style="color: #0433ff;">void</span> AnalyzeSegmentsAndPrintResult( <span style="color: #0433ff;">const</span> std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">vector</span><base::FilePath>& ref_segments, <span style="color: #0433ff;">const</span> std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">vector</span><base::FilePath>& actual_segments, <span style="color: #0433ff;">const</span> base::FilePath& reference_file, <span style="color: #0433ff;">const</span> std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">string</span>& perf_modifier) { ASSERT_GT(ref_segments.size(), 0u) << <span style="color: #ff2600;">"Failed to split reference file on silence; sox is likely broken."</span>; ASSERT_EQ(ref_segments.size(), actual_segments.size()) << <span style="color: #ff2600;">"The recording did not result in the same number of audio segments "</span> << <span style="color: #ff2600;">"after on splitting on silence; WebRTC must have deformed the audio "</span> << <span style="color: #ff2600;">"too much."</span>; <span style="color: #0433ff;">for</span> (size_t i = 0; i < ref_segments.size(); i++) { <span style="color: #0433ff;">float</span> difference_in_decibel = AnalyzeOneSegment(ref_segments[i], actual_segments[i], i); std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">string</span> trace_name = MakeTraceName(reference_file, i); perf_test::PrintResult(<span style="color: #ff2600;">"agc_energy_diff"</span>, perf_modifier, trace_name, difference_in_decibel, <span style="color: #ff2600;">"dB"</span>, <span style="color: #0433ff;">false</span>); } } </pre> <br /> The results look like <a href="https://chromeperf.appspot.com/report?sid=e7143debc512e03aa4b7a0358103e6635a8c71298a79192300034b2318f7017e">this</a>: <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLd-fDbARnc8ZS2M322u4jfs_ju6UiAxr6ke0MzOcF5B30HikVtFx200EEwSidaBLbq0UY6xR3Y36FJUqh3eTIBaQOS4PM62B6pDFMk6xVHercrBgHta6Y_JSDlpkwmswJ21_M/s1600/image02.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLd-fDbARnc8ZS2M322u4jfs_ju6UiAxr6ke0MzOcF5B30HikVtFx200EEwSidaBLbq0UY6xR3Y36FJUqh3eTIBaQOS4PM62B6pDFMk6xVHercrBgHta6Y_JSDlpkwmswJ21_M/s640/image02.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 6. Average Adiff values for each segment on the y axis, Chromium revisions on the x axis.</i></div> <br /> We can clearly see the AGC applies about 6 dB of gain to the (relatively low-energy) audio file we feed in. The maximum amount of gain the digital AGC can apply is 12 dB, and 7 dB is the default, so in this case the AGC is pretty happy with the level of the input audio. If we run with the AGC turned off, we get the expected 0 dB of gain. The diff varies a bit per segment, since the segments are different in audio power. <br /> <br /> Using this test, we can detect if the AGC accidentally gets turned off or malfunctions on windows, mac or linux. If that happens, the with_agc graph will drop from ~6 db to 0, and we’ll know something is up. Same thing if the amount of digital gain changes. <br /> <br /> A more advanced version of this test would also look at the mic level the AGC sets. This mic level is currently ignored in the test, but it could take it into account by artificially amplifying the reference file when played through the fake device. We could also try throwing curveballs at the AGC, like abruptly raising the volume mid-test (as if the user leaned closer to the mic), and look at the gain for the segments to ensure it adapted correctly. <br /> <br /> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <i>By: Patrik Höglund </i><br /> <br /> <h2> What is Automatic Gain Control? </h2> It’s time to talk about advanced media quality tests again! As experienced Google testing blog readers know, when I write an article it’s usually about WebRTC, and the unusual testing solutions we build to test it. This article is no exception. Today we’re going to talk about Automatic Gain Control, or AGC. This is a feature that’s on by default for WebRTC applications, such as <a href="http://apprtc.appspot.com/">http://apprtc.appspot.com</a>. It uses various means to adjust the microphone signal so your voice makes it loud and clear to the other side of the peer connection. For instance, it can attempt to adjust your microphone gain or try to amplify the signal digitally.<br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm7lOY1ZMr0tyR49jxejFz4IsseLaVb67h8akatZjCEs8pIRZFjhH4-980o0YjZ_ZzRuvyPzIfch-V3CgPIBoH8pqrkhAeW6GNRqv6K9uIZkU1EOM6rvbl9BvT5Zo1gMgArCEs/s1600/image03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm7lOY1ZMr0tyR49jxejFz4IsseLaVb67h8akatZjCEs8pIRZFjhH4-980o0YjZ_ZzRuvyPzIfch-V3CgPIBoH8pqrkhAeW6GNRqv6K9uIZkU1EOM6rvbl9BvT5Zo1gMgArCEs/s640/image03.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 1. How Auto Gain Control works [<a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/third_party/webrtc/modules/audio_processing/agc/agc_manager_direct.h&sq=package:chromium">code here</a>]. </i></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> This is an example of automatic control engineering (another example would be the classic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller">PID controller</a>) and happens in real time. Therefore, if you move closer to the mic while speaking, the AGC will notice the output stream is too loud, and reduce mic volume and/or digital gain. When you move further away, it tries to adapt up again. The fancy voice activity detector is there so we only amplify speech, and not, say, the microwave oven your spouse just started in the other room.<br /> <h2> Testing the AGC</h2> Now, how do we make sure the AGC works? The first thing is obviously to <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/third_party/webrtc/modules/audio_processing/agc/agc_unittest.cc&sq=package:chromium">write unit tests</a> and <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/third_party/webrtc/modules/audio_processing/test/">integration tests</a>. You <a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2015/04/just-say-no-to-more-end-to-end-tests.html">didn’t think about building that end-to-end test first, did you</a>? Once we have the lower-level tests in place, we can start looking at a bigger test. While developing the WebRTC implementation in Chrome, we had several bugs where the AGC code was working by itself, but was misconfigured in Chrome. In one case, it was simply turned off for all users. In another, it was only turned off in Hangouts. <br /> <br /> Only an end-to-end test can catch these integration issues, and we already had <a href="http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2013/11/webrtc-audio-quality-testing.html">stable, low-maintenance audio quality tests</a> with the ability to record Chrome’s output sound for analysis. I encourage you to read that article, but the bottom line is that those tests can run a WebRTC call in two tabs and record the audio output to a file. Those tests run the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PESQ">PESQ</a> algorithm on input and output to see how similar they are. <br /> <br /> That’s a good framework to have, but I needed to make two changes:<br /> <br /> <ul> <li>Add file support to Chrome’s fake audio input device, so we can play a known file. The original audio test avoided this by using WebAudio, but AGC doesn’t run in the WebAudio path, just the microphone capture path, so that won’t work.</li> <li>Instead of running PESQ, run an analysis that compares the gain between input and output.</li> </ul> <h2> Adding Fake File Support</h2> This is always a big part of the work in media testing: controlling the input and output. It’s unworkable to tape microphones to loudspeakers or point cameras to screens to capture the media, so the easiest solution is usually to add a debug flag. It is exactly what I did <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/media/audio/fake_audio_input_stream.cc&sq=package:chromium&type=cs&rcl=1443324274&l=118">here</a>. It was a lot of work, but I won’t go into much detail since Chrome’s audio pipeline is complex. The core is <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/media/audio/simple_sources.cc&sq=package:chromium&type=cs">this</a>: <br /> <br /> <pre style="background: #d6d6d6; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;"><span style="color: #0433ff;">int</span> FileSource::OnMoreData(AudioBus* audio_bus, uint32 total_bytes_delay) { <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// Load the file if we haven't already. This load needs to happen on the</span> <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// audio thread, otherwise we'll run on the UI thread on Mac for instance.</span> <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// This will massively delay the first OnMoreData, but we'll catch up.</span> <span style="color: #0433ff;">if</span> (!wav_audio_handler_) LoadWavFile(path_to_wav_file_); <span style="color: #0433ff;">if</span> (load_failed_) <span style="color: #0433ff;">return</span> 0; DCHECK(wav_audio_handler_.get()); <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// Stop playing if we've played out the whole file.</span> <span style="color: #0433ff;">if</span> (wav_audio_handler_->AtEnd(wav_file_read_pos_)) <span style="color: #0433ff;">return</span> 0; <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// This pulls data from ProvideInput.</span> file_audio_converter_->Convert(audio_bus); <span style="color: #0433ff;">return</span> audio_bus->frames(); } </pre> <br /> This code runs every 10 ms and reads a small chunk from the file, converts it to Chrome’s preferred audio format and sends it on through the audio pipeline. After implementing this, I could simply run: <br /> <br /> <pre style="background: #d6d6d6; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;">chrome --use-fake-device-for-media-stream \ --use-file-for-fake-audio-capture=/tmp/file.wav </pre> <br /> and whenever I hit a webpage that used WebRTC, the above file would play instead of my microphone input. Sweet!<br /> <h2> The Analysis Stage</h2> Next I had to get the analysis stage figured out. It turned out there was something called an <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/media/audio/audio_power_monitor.h&q=audiopowermo&sq=package:chromium&l=36">AudioPowerMonitor</a> in the Chrome code, which you feed audio data into and get the average audio power for the data you fed in. This is a measure of how “loud” the audio is. Since the whole point of the AGC is getting to the right audio power level, we’re looking to compute<br /> <br /> <i>A<sub>diff</sub> = A<sub>out</sub> - A<sub>in</sub></i> <br /> <br /> Or, really, how much louder or weaker is the output compared to the input audio? Then we can construct different scenarios: <i>A<sub>diff</sub></i> should be 0 if the AGC is turned off and it should be > 0 dB if the AGC is on and we feed in a low power audio file. Computing the average energy of an audio file was straightforward to <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/chrome/browser/media/webrtc_browsertest_audio.cc&sq=package:chromium&type=cs&l=56">implement</a>: <br /> <br /> <pre style="background: #d6d6d6; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;"> <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// ...</span> size_t bytes_written; wav_audio_handler->CopyTo(audio_bus.get(), 0, &bytes_written); CHECK_EQ(bytes_written, wav_audio_handler->data().size()) << <span style="color: #ff2600;">"Expected to write entire file into bus."</span>; <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// Set the filter coefficient to the whole file's duration; this will make</span> <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// the power monitor take the entire file into account.</span> media::AudioPowerMonitor power_monitor(wav_audio_handler->sample_rate(), file_duration); power_monitor.Scan(*audio_bus, audio_bus->frames()); <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// ...</span> <span style="color: #0433ff;">return</span> power_monitor.ReadCurrentPowerAndClip().first;</pre> <br /> I wrote a new test, and hooked up the above logic instead of PESQ. I could compute <i>A<sub>in</sub></i> by running the above algorithm on the reference file (which I fed in using the flag I implemented above) and <i>A<sub>out</sub></i> on the recording of the output audio. At this point I pretty much thought I was done. I ran a WebRTC call with the AGC turned off, expecting to get zero… and got a huge number. Turns out I wasn’t done.<br /> <h2> What Went Wrong?</h2> I needed more debugging information to figure out what went wrong. Since the AGC was off, I would expect the power curves for output and input to be identical. All I had was the average audio power over the entire file, so I started plotting the audio power for each 10 millisecond segment instead to understand where the curves diverged. I could then plot the detected audio power over the time of the test. I started by plotting <i>A<sub>diff </sub></i>: <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKS4JJuCfqUNwZejtRf4UtNJrOuahKLbsQGQAB7Y0iTKqWTQgwqqcFPz4vdWAz-OqhpJtsq9j6VjgIInCtLcSZUJxEW05F92yZYFR0eG52NvucHSG5wmhfK1oyzkjjYUi3gsbO/s1600/image01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKS4JJuCfqUNwZejtRf4UtNJrOuahKLbsQGQAB7Y0iTKqWTQgwqqcFPz4vdWAz-OqhpJtsq9j6VjgIInCtLcSZUJxEW05F92yZYFR0eG52NvucHSG5wmhfK1oyzkjjYUi3gsbO/s640/image01.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 2. Plot of A<sub>diff</sub>.</i></div> <br /> The difference is quite small in the beginning, but grows in amplitude over time. Interesting. I then plotted <i>A<sub>out</sub></i> and <i>A<sub>in</sub></i> next to each other: <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKHtzNVExUPZn_ZtoD4mLrtiHMt169KSwdHocBg7q7ngPHBHPvtso1ToTeQPt_xRhzfBLqh6e8FL4nU4WadCOoJWuuBjA4wGqUrwtHlpdKOipV7fOsL6rCvwen9h-IkvlfyZs/s1600/image00.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJKHtzNVExUPZn_ZtoD4mLrtiHMt169KSwdHocBg7q7ngPHBHPvtso1ToTeQPt_xRhzfBLqh6e8FL4nU4WadCOoJWuuBjA4wGqUrwtHlpdKOipV7fOsL6rCvwen9h-IkvlfyZs/s640/image00.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 3. Plot of A<sub>out </sub>and A<sub>in</sub>.</i></div> <br /> A-ha! The curves drift apart over time; the above shows about 10 seconds of time, and the drift is maybe 80 ms at the end. The more they drift apart, the bigger the diff becomes. Exasperated, I asked our audio engineers about the above. Had my fancy test found its first bug? No, as it turns out - it was by design.<br /> <h2> Clock Drift and Packet Loss</h2> Let me explain. As a part of WebRTC audio processing, we run a complex module called <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/third_party/webrtc/modules/audio_coding/neteq/&q=neteq&sq=package:chromium">NetEq</a> on the received audio stream. When sending audio over the Internet, there will inevitably be <i>packet loss</i> and <i>clock drift</i>. Packet losses always happen on the Internet, depending on the network path between sender and receiver. Clock drift happens because the sample clocks on the sending and receiving sound cards are not perfectly synced. <br /> <br /> In this particular case, the problem was not packet loss since we have ideal network conditions (one machine, packets go over the machine’s loopback interface = zero packet loss). But how can we have clock drift? Well, recall the fake device I wrote earlier that reads a file? It never touches the sound card like when the sound comes from the mic, so it runs on the system clock. That clock will drift against the machine’s sound card clock, even when we are on the same machine. <br /> <br /> NetEq uses clever algorithms to conceal clock drift and packet loss. Most commonly it applies time compression or stretching on the audio it plays out, which means it makes the audio a little shorter or longer when needed to compensate for the drift. We humans mostly don’t even notice that, whereas a drift left uncompensated would result in a depleted or flooded receiver buffer – very noticeable. Anyway, I digress. This drift of the recording vs. the reference file was natural and I would just have to deal with it.<br /> <h2> Silence Splitting to the Rescue!</h2> I could probably have solved this with math and postprocessing of the results (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares">least squares</a> maybe?), but I had another idea. The reference file happened to be comprised of five segments with small pauses between them. What if I made these pauses longer, split the files on the pauses and trimmed away all the silence? This would effectively align the start of each segment with its corresponding segment in the reference file. <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuLcyOlJyhNKF1GBo4Uz7reXCf7B0bSr5t9ucWIJSWG-PLss58CZz_0rkmNW_kx933LdVJP16NR6B-Fer-l7Or2PsyvSOayEe4J8dOv-v9PYW7_ds_qtPNWHNAuVIq2evHTkEb/s1600/image05.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuLcyOlJyhNKF1GBo4Uz7reXCf7B0bSr5t9ucWIJSWG-PLss58CZz_0rkmNW_kx933LdVJP16NR6B-Fer-l7Or2PsyvSOayEe4J8dOv-v9PYW7_ds_qtPNWHNAuVIq2evHTkEb/s640/image05.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 4. Before silence splitting.</i></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje0eZEGjTJe3rS5HvPK71Ks1AgbsLbWfPojdKUTrSjH_zlEseOnMhuakuV-t87pPN-6gjbn4USRx_JKne0NVctG2X49OfVHAtjYFQht1G8oR3xAbRnIrE2m08uXQREt_2BJVrg/s1600/image04.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje0eZEGjTJe3rS5HvPK71Ks1AgbsLbWfPojdKUTrSjH_zlEseOnMhuakuV-t87pPN-6gjbn4USRx_JKne0NVctG2X49OfVHAtjYFQht1G8oR3xAbRnIrE2m08uXQREt_2BJVrg/s640/image04.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 5. After silence splitting.</i></div> <br /> We would still have NetEQ drift, but as you can see its effects will not stack up towards the end, so if the segments are short enough we should be able to mitigate this problem.<br /> <h2> Result</h2> Here is the <a href="https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/chrome/browser/media/chrome_webrtc_audio_quality_browsertest.cc">final test implementation</a>: <br /> <br /> <pre style="background: #d6d6d6; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;"> base::FilePath reference_file = test::GetReferenceFilesDir().Append(reference_filename); base::FilePath recording = CreateTemporaryWaveFile(); ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(SetupAndRecordAudioCall( reference_file, recording, constraints, base::TimeDelta::FromSeconds(30))); base::ScopedTempDir split_ref_files; ASSERT_TRUE(split_ref_files.CreateUniqueTempDir()); ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE( SplitFileOnSilenceIntoDir(reference_file, split_ref_files.path())); std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">vector</span><base::FilePath> ref_segments = ListWavFilesInDir(split_ref_files.path()); base::ScopedTempDir split_actual_files; ASSERT_TRUE(split_actual_files.CreateUniqueTempDir()); ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE( SplitFileOnSilenceIntoDir(recording, split_actual_files.path())); <span style="color: #4f8f00;">// Keep the recording and split files if the analysis fails.</span> base::FilePath actual_files_dir = split_actual_files.Take(); std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">vector</span><base::FilePath> actual_segments = ListWavFilesInDir(actual_files_dir); AnalyzeSegmentsAndPrintResult( ref_segments, actual_segments, reference_file, perf_modifier); DeleteFileUnlessTestFailed(recording, <span style="color: #0433ff;">false</span>); DeleteFileUnlessTestFailed(actual_files_dir, <span style="color: #0433ff;">true</span>);</pre> <br /> Where AnalyzeSegmentsAndPrintResult looks like this: <br /> <br /> <pre style="background: #d6d6d6; border-color: #7b7b7b; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: black; overflow: auto; padding: 10px;"><span style="color: #0433ff;">void</span> AnalyzeSegmentsAndPrintResult( <span style="color: #0433ff;">const</span> std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">vector</span><base::FilePath>& ref_segments, <span style="color: #0433ff;">const</span> std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">vector</span><base::FilePath>& actual_segments, <span style="color: #0433ff;">const</span> base::FilePath& reference_file, <span style="color: #0433ff;">const</span> std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">string</span>& perf_modifier) { ASSERT_GT(ref_segments.size(), 0u) << <span style="color: #ff2600;">"Failed to split reference file on silence; sox is likely broken."</span>; ASSERT_EQ(ref_segments.size(), actual_segments.size()) << <span style="color: #ff2600;">"The recording did not result in the same number of audio segments "</span> << <span style="color: #ff2600;">"after on splitting on silence; WebRTC must have deformed the audio "</span> << <span style="color: #ff2600;">"too much."</span>; <span style="color: #0433ff;">for</span> (size_t i = 0; i < ref_segments.size(); i++) { <span style="color: #0433ff;">float</span> difference_in_decibel = AnalyzeOneSegment(ref_segments[i], actual_segments[i], i); std::<span style="color: #0433ff;">string</span> trace_name = MakeTraceName(reference_file, i); perf_test::PrintResult(<span style="color: #ff2600;">"agc_energy_diff"</span>, perf_modifier, trace_name, difference_in_decibel, <span style="color: #ff2600;">"dB"</span>, <span style="color: #0433ff;">false</span>); } } </pre> <br /> The results look like <a href="https://chromeperf.appspot.com/report?sid=e7143debc512e03aa4b7a0358103e6635a8c71298a79192300034b2318f7017e">this</a>: <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLd-fDbARnc8ZS2M322u4jfs_ju6UiAxr6ke0MzOcF5B30HikVtFx200EEwSidaBLbq0UY6xR3Y36FJUqh3eTIBaQOS4PM62B6pDFMk6xVHercrBgHta6Y_JSDlpkwmswJ21_M/s1600/image02.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLd-fDbARnc8ZS2M322u4jfs_ju6UiAxr6ke0MzOcF5B30HikVtFx200EEwSidaBLbq0UY6xR3Y36FJUqh3eTIBaQOS4PM62B6pDFMk6xVHercrBgHta6Y_JSDlpkwmswJ21_M/s640/image02.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i>Figure 6. Average Adiff values for each segment on the y axis, Chromium revisions on the x axis.</i></div> <br /> We can clearly see the AGC applies about 6 dB of gain to the (relatively low-energy) audio file we feed in. The maximum amount of gain the digital AGC can apply is 12 dB, and 7 dB is the default, so in this case the AGC is pretty happy with the level of the input audio. If we run with the AGC turned off, we get the expected 0 dB of gain. The diff varies a bit per segment, since the segments are different in audio power. <br /> <br /> Using this test, we can detect if the AGC accidentally gets turned off or malfunctions on windows, mac or linux. If that happens, the with_agc graph will drop from ~6 db to 0, and we’ll know something is up. Same thing if the amount of digital gain changes. <br /> <br /> A more advanced version of this test would also look at the mic level the AGC sets. This mic level is currently ignored in the test, but it could take it into account by artificially amplifying the reference file when played through the fake device. 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2024/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/'> 2023 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2022/'> 2022 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2022/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2021/'> 2021 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2021/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2021/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2021/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2020/'> 2020 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2020/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2020/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2020/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2020/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2020/07/'> Jul </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2020/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/'> 2019 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/07/'> Jul </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2019/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/'> 2018 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/07/'> Jul </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2018/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/'> 2017 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(17)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/07/'> Jul </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(15)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate expanded'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy toggle-open'> ▼  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> <ul class='posts'> <li> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/10/announcing-gtac-2015-agenda.html'> Announcing the GTAC 2015 Agenda </a> </li> <li> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/10/audio-testing-automatic-gain-control.html'> Audio Testing - Automatic Gain Control </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(24)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a 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class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a 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class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/'> 2012 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/08/'> Aug </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/'> 2011 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(39)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul 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class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/06/'> Jun </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/'> 2010 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(37)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/11/'> Nov </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/10/'> Oct </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/09/'> Sep </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul 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class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/04/'> Apr </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/03/'> Mar </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/02/'> Feb </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/01/'> Jan </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/'> 2009 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(54)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/12/'> Dec </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a 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style='margin-top: -16px;' width='92'/> </a> <ul> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/'> Google </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/privacy/'> Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/terms/'> Terms </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ // Social sharing popups. var postEl = document.getElementsByClassName('social-wrapper'); var postCount = postEl.length; for(i=0; i<postCount;i++){ postEl[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ var postUrl = this.getAttribute("data-href"); window.open( postUrl,'popUpWindow','height=500,width=500,left=10,top=10,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,toolbar=yes,menubar=no,location=no,directories=no,status=yes'); });} //]]> </script> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ var BreakpointHandler = function() { this.initted = false; this.isHomePage = false; this.isMobile = false; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.finalizeSummary = function(summaryHtml, lastNode) { // Use $.trim for IE8 compatibility summaryHtml = $.trim(summaryHtml).replace(/(<br>|\s)+$/,''); if (lastNode.nodeType == 3) { var lastChar = summaryHtml.slice(-1); if (!lastChar.match(/[.”"?]/)) { if (!lastChar.match(/[A-Za-z]/)) { summaryHtml = summaryHtml.slice(0, -1); } summaryHtml += ' ...'; } } else if (lastNode.nodeType == 1 && (lastNode.nodeName == 'I' || lastNode.nodeName == 'A')) { summaryHtml += ' ...'; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.generateSummaryFromContent = function(content, numWords) { var seenWords = 0; var summaryHtml = ''; for (var i=0; i < content.childNodes.length; i++) { var node = content.childNodes[i]; var nodeText; if (node.nodeType == 1) { if (node.hasAttribute('data-about-pullquote')) { continue; } nodeText = node.textContent; if (nodeText === undefined) { // innerText for IE8 nodeText = node.innerText; } if (node.nodeName == 'DIV' || node.nodeName == 'B') { // Don't end early if we haven't seen enough words. if (seenWords < 10) { continue; } if (i > 0) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, content.childNodes[i-1]); } break; } summaryHtml += node.outerHTML; } else if (node.nodeType == 3) { nodeText = node.nodeValue; summaryHtml += nodeText + ' '; } var words = nodeText.match(/\S+\s*/g); if (!words) { continue; } var remain = numWords - seenWords; if (words.length >= remain) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, node); break; } seenWords += words.length; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.detect = function() { var match, pl = /\+/g, search = /([^&=]+)=?([^&]*)/g, decode = function (s) { return decodeURIComponent(s.replace(pl, " ")); }, query = window.location.search.substring(1); var urlParams = {}; while (match = search.exec(query)) urlParams[decode(match[1])] = decode(match[2]); this.isListPage = $('html').hasClass('list-page'); this.isMobile = urlParams['m'] === '1'; this.isHomePage = window.location.pathname == '/'; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.initContent = function() { var self = this; $('.post').each(function(index) { var body = $(this).children('.post-body')[0]; var content = $(body).children('.post-content')[0]; $(content).addClass('post-original'); var data = $(content).children('script').html(); data = self.rewriteForSSL(data); // If exists, extract specified editor's preview. var match = data.match(/([\s\S]+?)<div data-is-preview.+?>([\s\S]+)<\/div>/m); if (match) { data = match[1]; } // Prevent big images from loading when they aren't needed. // This must be done as a pre-injection step, since image loading can't be // canceled once embedded into the DOM. if (self.isListPage && self.isMobile) { data = data.replace(/<(img|iframe) .+?>/g, ''); } // Insert template to be rendered as nodes. content.innerHTML = data; if (self.isListPage) { var summary = document.createElement('div'); $(summary).addClass('post-content'); $(summary).addClass('post-summary'); body.insertBefore(summary, content); if (match) { // Use provided summary. summary.innerHTML = match[2]; } else { // Generate a summary. // Summary generation relies on DOM, so it must occur after content is // inserted into the page. summary.innerHTML = self.generateSummaryFromContent(content, 30); } // Add read more link to summary. var titleAnchor = $(this).find('.title a')[0]; var link = titleAnchor.cloneNode(true); link.innerHTML = 'Read More'; $(link).addClass('read-more'); summary.appendChild(link); } }); // Firefox does not allow for proper styling of BR. if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Firefox') > -1) { $('.post-content br').replaceWith('<span class="space"></span>'); } $('.loading').removeClass('loading'); }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.process = function() { if (!this.initted) { var makeInsecureImageRegex = function(hosts) { var whitelist = hosts.join('|').replace(/\./g,'\\.'); // Normal image tags, plus input images (yes, this is possible!) return new RegExp('(<(img|input)[^>]+?src=("|\'))http:\/\/(' + whitelist +')', 'g'); }; this.sslImageRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex(BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS); this.sslImageCurrentDomainRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex([window.location.hostname]); this.detect(); this.initContent(); this.initted = true; } }; BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS = [ "www.google.org", "www.google.com", "services.google.com", "blogger.com", "draft.blogger.com", "www.blogger.com", "photos1.blogger.com", "photos2.blogger.com", "photos3.blogger.com", "blogblog.com", "img1.blogblog.com", "img2.blogblog.com", "www.blogblog.com", "www1.blogblog.com", "www2.blogblog.com", "0.bp.blogspot.com", "1.bp.blogspot.com", "2.bp.blogspot.com", "3.bp.blogspot.com", "4.bp.blogspot.com", "lh3.googleusercontent.com", "lh4.googleusercontent.com", "lh5.googleusercontent.com", "lh6.googleusercontent.com", "themes.googleusercontent.com", ]; BreakpointHandler.prototype.rewriteForSSL = function(html) { // Handle HTTP -> HTTPS source replacement of images, movies, and other embedded content. return html.replace(this.sslImageRegex, 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