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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early,_ancient_and_Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early, ancient and Medieval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early,_ancient_and_Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamies_and_Black_Cats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamies_and_Black_Cats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Jamies and Black Cats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamies_and_Black_Cats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_greatest_shipbuilding_port_in_the_world"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_greatest_shipbuilding_port_in_the_world""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 "The greatest shipbuilding port in the world" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_greatest_shipbuilding_port_in_the_world"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 20th Century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 City status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Administrative history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Voting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Green belt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2021_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 2021 census </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Pentecostalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Regeneration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Former </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Major </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Minor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heavy_and_light_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_and_light_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Heavy and light rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_and_light_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Buses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Port </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialect_and_accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialect_and_accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Dialect and accent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialect_and_accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attractions_and_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions_and_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Attractions and events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attractions_and_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Literature and art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media,_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media,_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Media, film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media,_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music,_dance_and_kites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music,_dance_and_kites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Music, dance and kites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music,_dance_and_kites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres_and_performance_venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres_and_performance_venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Theatres and performance venues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres_and_performance_venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Twin towns and sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_and_Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_and_Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Rugby and Cricket </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_and_Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boxing_&_MMA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boxing_&_MMA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Boxing & MMA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing_&_MMA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swimming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swimming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Swimming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swimming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Athletics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notable residents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sunderland</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سندرلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سندرلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanderlend" title="Sanderlend – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sanderlend" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ساندرلند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساندرلند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сандэрленд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сандэрленд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сандэрлэнд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сандэрлэнд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Съндърланд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съндърланд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_(kapital_sa_kondado)" title="Sunderland (kapital sa kondado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sunderland (kapital sa kondado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Σάντερλαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάντερλαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ساندرلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساندرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="선덜랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선덜랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Սանդերլենդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանդերլենդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סנדרלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנדרלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="სანდერლენდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანდერლენდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanderlenda" title="Sanderlenda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sanderlenda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanderlandas" title="Sanderlandas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sanderlandas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сандерленд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сандерленд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="संडरलँड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संडरलँड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سندرلاند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سندرلاند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ساندرلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ساندرلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯁꯨꯟꯗꯔꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯨꯟꯗꯔꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сандэрлэнд – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сандэрлэнд" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="サンダーランド (イングランド) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンダーランド (イングランド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сандерленд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сандерленд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сандерланд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сандерланд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сандерленд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сандерленд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Сандерленд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сандерленд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%8C_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="سنڈرلینڈ، ٹائن اینڈ وئیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنڈرلینڈ، ٹائن اینڈ وئیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanderlend_(Anglii)" title="Sanderlend (Anglii) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sanderlend (Anglii)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0" title="桑德兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="桑德兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סונדערלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סונדערלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD" title="新特蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新特蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sunderland" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0" title="桑德兰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="桑德兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188304#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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54.906°N 1.381°W / 54.906; -1.381</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland,_County_Durham&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland, County Durham">Sunderland, County Durham</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Tyne and Wear, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the English city. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sunderland (disambiguation)">Sunderland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1165525471">.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-label{width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place-other-names{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place td,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-uk-place .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}</style><table class="infobox ib-uk-place vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org nowrap">Sunderland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div style="height:165px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SunderlandBridges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SunderlandBridges.jpg/248px-SunderlandBridges.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SunderlandBridges.jpg/372px-SunderlandBridges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SunderlandBridges.jpg/496px-SunderlandBridges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_stadium_of_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sunderland_stadium_of_light.jpg/115px-Sunderland_stadium_of_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sunderland_stadium_of_light.jpg/173px-Sunderland_stadium_of_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sunderland_stadium_of_light.jpg/230px-Sunderland_stadium_of_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4610" data-file-height="3452" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Peter%27s_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St._Peter%27s_Campus.jpg/129px-St._Peter%27s_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St._Peter%27s_Campus.jpg/194px-St._Peter%27s_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/St._Peter%27s_Campus.jpg/258px-St._Peter%27s_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_from_Mowbray_Park,_7th_May_2002._-_geograph.org.uk_-_136929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_from_Mowbray_Park%2C_7th_May_2002._-_geograph.org.uk_-_136929.jpg/131px-Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_from_Mowbray_Park%2C_7th_May_2002._-_geograph.org.uk_-_136929.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_from_Mowbray_Park%2C_7th_May_2002._-_geograph.org.uk_-_136929.jpg/197px-Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_from_Mowbray_Park%2C_7th_May_2002._-_geograph.org.uk_-_136929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_from_Mowbray_Park%2C_7th_May_2002._-_geograph.org.uk_-_136929.jpg/262px-Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_from_Mowbray_Park%2C_7th_May_2002._-_geograph.org.uk_-_136929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="413" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Roker_North_pier_lighthouse._-_geograph.org.uk_-_496521.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roker_North_pier_lighthouse._-_geograph.org.uk_-_496521.jpg/113px-Roker_North_pier_lighthouse._-_geograph.org.uk_-_496521.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roker_North_pier_lighthouse._-_geograph.org.uk_-_496521.jpg/170px-Roker_North_pier_lighthouse._-_geograph.org.uk_-_496521.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Roker_North_pier_lighthouse._-_geograph.org.uk_-_496521.jpg/226px-Roker_North_pier_lighthouse._-_geograph.org.uk_-_496521.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Top: <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth_Railway_Bridge" title="Monkwearmouth Railway Bridge">Monkwearmouth Railway Bridge</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Wearmouth_Bridge" title="Wearmouth Bridge">Wearmouth Bridge</a> (right)</li><li>Middle: <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">University of Sunderland</a></li><li>Bottom <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens" title="Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens">Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roker" title="Roker">Roker Pier Lighthouse</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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.infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunderland is located in Tyne and Wear"><img alt="Sunderland is located in Tyne and Wear" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg/240px-Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg/360px-Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg/480px-Tyne_and_Wear_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1252" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.355%;left:86.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Sunderland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Sunderland</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">168,277 (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2021">2021 Census</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Mackem</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bing.com/maps/?mkt=en-gb&v=2&cp=54.910656~-1.385420&lvl=13&sp=Point.54.910656_-1.385420_Sunderland&sty=s&style=s">NZ395575</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">• <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></th><td class="infobox-data">240 miles (390 km) <a href="/wiki/Boxing_the_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing the compass">SSE</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Metropolitan borough</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">City of Sunderland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Metropolitan county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Post_town" title="Post town">Post town</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SUNDERLAND</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SR_postcode_area" title="SR postcode area">SR1–SR6</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0191</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_the_United_Kingdom,_Crown_Dependencies_and_British_Overseas_Territories" title="List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories">Police</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northumbria_Police" title="Northumbria Police">Northumbria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">Fire</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Fire_and_Rescue_Service" title="Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service">Tyne and Wear</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom">Ambulance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_East_Ambulance_Service" title="North East Ambulance Service">North East</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_and_Sunderland_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Houghton and Sunderland South (UK Parliament constituency)">Houghton and Sunderland South</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sunderland Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Sunderland Central</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Sunderland_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Washington and Sunderland West (UK Parliament constituency)">Washington and Sunderland West</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunderland.gov.uk">sunderland.gov.uk</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>List of places</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_locations" title="List of United Kingdom locations">UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">England</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="List of places in Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></dd></dl></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunderland&params=54.906_N_1.381_W_region:GB_type:city(168277)">54°54′22″N 1°22′52″W / 54.906°N 1.381°W / 54.906; -1.381</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sunderland (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsʌndərlənd/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ce\/En-uk-Sunderland.ogg\/En-uk-Sunderland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Sunderland.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/En-uk-Sunderland.ogg/En-uk-Sunderland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Sunderland.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Sunderland.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Port_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Port city">port city</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. It is a port at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Wear" title="River Wear">River Wear</a> on the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, approximately 10 miles (16 km) south-east of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>. The built-up area had a population of 168,277 at the 2021 census, making it the second largest settlement in North East England after Newcastle. It is the administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">the same name</a>. Sunderland was once known as 'the largest shipbuilding town in the world' and once made a quarter of all of the world's ships from its famous yards, which date back to 1346 on the River Wear. The centre of the modern city is an amalgamation of three settlements founded in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon era</a>: <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth" title="Monkwearmouth">Monkwearmouth</a>, on the north bank of the Wear, and Sunderland and <a href="/wiki/Bishopwearmouth" title="Bishopwearmouth">Bishopwearmouth</a> on the south bank. Monkwearmouth contains <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Monkwearmouth" title="St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth">St Peter's Church</a>, which was founded in 674 and formed part of <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth%E2%80%93Jarrow_Abbey" title="Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey">Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey</a>, a significant centre of learning in the seventh and eighth centuries. Sunderland was a fishing settlement and later a port, being granted a town charter in 1179. The city traded in <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, also developing shipbuilding industry in the fourteenth century and glassmaking industry in the seventeenth century. Following the decline of its traditional industries in the late 20th century, the area became an <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">automotive building centre</a>. In 1992, the borough of Sunderland was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>. Sunderland is historically part of <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>, being incorporated to the ceremonial county of Tyne and Wear in 1974. Locals are sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Mackems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackems">Mackems</a>, a term which came into common use in the 1970s. Its use and acceptance by residents, particularly among the older generations, is not universal.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The term is also applied to the Sunderland dialect, which shares similarities with the other North East England dialects. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 674, <a href="/wiki/Ecgfrith_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgfrith of Northumbria">King Ecgfrith</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a> a "sunder-land". In 685 <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">The Venerable Bede</a> moved to the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a> monastery. He had started his monastic career at Monkwearmouth monastery and later wrote that he was "ácenned on sundorlande þæs ylcan mynstres" (born in a separate land of this same monastery). This can be taken as "sundorlande" (being Old English for "separate land") or the settlement of Sunderland.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> The name may also be descriptive of the original settlement's location, being almost cut off (sundered) from the rest of the mainland by creeks and gullies from both the sea and the River Wear.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sunderland" title="History of Sunderland">History of Sunderland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early,_ancient_and_Medieval">Early, ancient and Medieval</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early, ancient and Medieval">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth%E2%80%93Jarrow_Abbey" title="Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey">Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey</a></div> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Inhabitants" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhabitants">inhabitants</a> of the Sunderland area were <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> and artifacts from this era have been discovered, including <a href="/wiki/Microliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Microliths">microliths</a> found during excavations at <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Monkwearmouth" title="St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth">St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> During the final phase of the Stone Age, the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic period">Neolithic period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4000 – c. 2000 BC), <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Hill" title="Hastings Hill">Hastings Hill</a>, on the western outskirts of Sunderland, was a focal point of activity and a place of burial and ritual significance. Evidence includes the former presence of a <a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">cursus</a> monument.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> It is believed the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brythonic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> inhabited the area around the <a href="/wiki/River_Wear" title="River Wear">River Wear</a> in pre-<a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>. There is a long-standing local legend that there was a Roman settlement on the south bank of the River Wear on what is the site of the former Vaux Brewery, although no archaeological investigation has taken place.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Roman artefacts have been recovered in the River Wear at <a href="/wiki/North_Hylton" title="North Hylton">North Hylton</a>, including four stone anchors, which may support the theory that there was a Roman dam or port on the River Wear.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg/220px-Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg/330px-Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg/440px-Northumbria.rise.600.700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>The areas that are now Sunderland were once part of the Brythonic <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a> lands in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Dark Ages</a>; the land was Anglicised over time and merged into <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_peters_sunderland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/St_peters_sunderland.jpg/220px-St_peters_sunderland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/St_peters_sunderland.jpg/330px-St_peters_sunderland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/St_peters_sunderland.jpg/440px-St_peters_sunderland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>St Peter's Church in Monkwearmouth. Only the porch and part of the west wall are what remain of the original monastery built in 674.</figcaption></figure> Recorded settlements at the mouth of the Wear date to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 674, when an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> nobleman, Benedict Biscop, was granted land by King Ecgfrith, founded the Wearmouth–Jarrow (St Peter's) <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> on the north bank of the river—an area that became known as Monkwearmouth.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Biscop's monastery was the first built of stone in <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>. He employed glaziers from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and in doing he re-established <a href="/wiki/Glass_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass making">glass making</a> in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> In 686 the community was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Ceolfrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceolfrid">Ceolfrid</a>, and Wearmouth–Jarrow became a major centre of learning and knowledge in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> with a library of around 300 volumes.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Amiatinus" title="Codex Amiatinus">Codex Amiatinus</a>, described by biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Henry_Julian_White" title="Henry Julian White">Henry Julian White</a> (1859–1934) as the 'finest book in the world',<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> was created at the monastery and was likely worked on by <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, who was born at Wearmouth in 673.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> This is one of the oldest monasteries still standing in England. While at the monastery, Bede completed the <a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a> (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) in 731, a feat which earned him the title The father of English history.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In the late 8th century the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> raided the coast, and by the middle of the 9th century the monastery had been abandoned. Lands on the south side of the river were granted to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a> by <a href="/wiki/Athelstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan">Athelstan of England</a> in 930; these became known as Bishopwearmouth and included settlements such as <a href="/wiki/Ryhope" title="Ryhope">Ryhope</a> which fall within the modern boundary of Sunderland.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> In 1100, Bishopwearmouth parish included a <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> village at the southern mouth of the river (now the East End) known as 'Soender-land' (which evolved into 'Sunderland').<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> This settlement was granted a <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> in 1179 under the name of the borough of Wearmouth by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Pudsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Pudsey">Hugh Pudsey</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a> (who had quasi-<a href="/wiki/Monarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchical">monarchical</a> power within the <a href="/wiki/County_Palatine_of_Durham" title="County Palatine of Durham">County Palatine of Durham</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Simpson1999-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The charter gave its merchants the same rights as those of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</a>, but it nevertheless took time for Sunderland to develop as a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Fishing was the main commercial activity at the time: mainly <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> in the 13th century, then <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> in the 14th and 15th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner1983-25">[24]</a> From 1346 <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">ships were being built</a> at Wearmouth, by a merchant named Thomas Menville,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> and by 1396 a small amount of coal was being exported.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner1983-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamies_and_Black_Cats">Jamies and Black Cats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jamies and Black Cats">edit</a>]</div> Rapid growth of the port was prompted by the salt trade.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner1983-25">[24]</a> Salt exports from Sunderland are recorded from as early as the 13th century, by 1589 <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(evaporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt pan (evaporation)">salt pans</a> were laid at Bishopwearmouth Panns (the modern-day name of the area the pans occupied is Pann's Bank, on the river bank between the city centre and the East End).<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Large vats of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> were heated using coal; as the water evaporated, the salt remained. As coal was required to heat the salt pans, a <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> community began to emerge. Only poor-quality coal was used in salt panning; better-quality coal was traded via the port, which subsequently began to grow.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Both salt and coal continued to be exported through the 17th century, with the coal trade growing significantly (2–3,000 tons of coal were exported from Sunderland in the year 1600; by 1680 this had increased to 180,000 tons).<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner1983-25">[24]</a> Difficulty for colliers trying to navigate the Wear’s shallow waters meant coal mined further inland was loaded onto <a href="/wiki/Keelboat" title="Keelboat">keels</a> (large, flat-bottomed boats) and taken downriver to the waiting colliers. A close-knit group of workers manned the Keels as '<a href="/wiki/Keelmen" title="Keelmen">keelmen</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In 1634 a market and yearly fair charter was granted by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morton_(bishop)" title="Thomas Morton (bishop)">Thomas Morton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burnett1830-30">[29]</a> Morton's charter acknowledged that the borough had been called Wearmouth until then, but it <a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">incorporated</a> the place under the name of Sunderland, by which it had become more generally known.<a href="#cite_note-Morton1634-31">[30]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">civil war</a> and with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a>, the North declared for the King. In 1644 the North was captured by the Roundheads (Parliamentarians), the area itself taken in March of that year. One artefact of the civil war in the area was the long trench; a tactic of later warfare. In the village of <a href="/wiki/Offerton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Offerton, Tyne and Wear">Offerton</a> roughly three miles inland from the present city centre, skirmishes occurred. The Roundheads blockaded the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>, crippling the Newcastle coal trade, which allowed a short period of flourishing coal trade on the Wear.<a href="#cite_note-civilwar-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-civWar1644-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-tren-35">[34]</a> In 1669, after the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> to one Edward Andrew, <a href="/wiki/Esq." class="mw-redirect" title="Esq.">Esq.</a> to 'build a pier and erect a lighthouse or lighthouses and cleanse the harbour of Sunderland'. There was a <a href="/wiki/Tonnage" title="Tonnage">tonnage</a> <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">duty</a> levy on shipping in order to raise the necessary funds.<a href="#cite_note-Sykes1833-36">[35]</a> There was a growing number of shipbuilders or boatbuilders active on the River Wear in the late 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-JAMarr-37">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Church_Street_(13920301659).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/10_Church_Street_%2813920301659%29.jpg/170px-10_Church_Street_%2813920301659%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/10_Church_Street_%2813920301659%29.jpg/255px-10_Church_Street_%2813920301659%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/10_Church_Street_%2813920301659%29.jpg/340px-10_Church_Street_%2813920301659%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Rare surviving early 18th-century merchant's house (later used as a warehouse) in Church Street, Sunderland</figcaption></figure> By the start of the 18th century the banks of the Wear were described as being studded with small shipyards, as far as the tide flowed.<a href="#cite_note-JAMarr-37">[36]</a> After 1717, measures having been taken to increase the depth of the river, Sunderland's shipbuilding trade grew substantially (in parallel with its coal exports).<a href="#cite_note-Davis1962,2012-38">[37]</a> A number of warships were built, alongside many commercial sailing ships. By the middle of the century the town was probably the premier shipbuilding centre in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Ships built in Sunderland were known as 'Jamies'.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> By 1788 Sunderland was Britain's fourth largest port (by measure of tonnage) after London, Newcastle and Liverpool; among these it was the leading coal exporter (though it did not rival Newcastle in terms of home coal trade).<a href="#cite_note-Davis1962,2012-38">[37]</a> Still further growth was driven across the region, towards the end of the century, by London's insatiable demand for coal during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JAMarr-37">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HolyTrinitySunderland-apse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/HolyTrinitySunderland-apse.jpg/220px-HolyTrinitySunderland-apse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/HolyTrinitySunderland-apse.jpg/330px-HolyTrinitySunderland-apse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/HolyTrinitySunderland-apse.jpg/440px-HolyTrinitySunderland-apse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Holy Trinity Church, Sunderland, completed in 1719</figcaption></figure> Until 1719 the borough of Sunderland formed part of the wider parish of Bishopwearmouth. Following the completion of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Sunderland" title="Holy Trinity Church, Sunderland">Holy Trinity Church, Sunderland</a> (today also known as Sunderland Old Parish Church) in 1719, the borough was made a separate parish called Sunderland.<a href="#cite_note-1719act-41">[40]</a> Later, in 1769, St John's Church was built as a <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_ease" title="Chapel of ease">chapel of ease</a> within Holy Trinity parish; built by a local coal fitter, John Thornhill, it stood in Prospect Row to the north-east of the parish church. (St John's was demolished in 1972.)<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> By 1720 the port area was completely built up, with large houses and gardens facing the <a href="/wiki/Town_Moor,_Sunderland" title="Town Moor, Sunderland">Town Moor</a> and the sea, and labourers' dwellings vying with manufactories alongside the river.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner1983-25">[24]</a> The three original settlements Bishopwearmouth, Monkwearmouth and Sunderland had started to combine, driven by the success of the port of Sunderland, salt panning and shipbuilding along the banks of the river. Around this time, Sunderland was known as 'Sunderland-near-the-Sea'.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Sunderland's third-biggest export, after coal and salt, was glass.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonPotts2013-44">[43]</a> The town's first modern glassworks were established in the 1690s and the industry grew through the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-BBCGlassmaking-45">[44]</a> Its flourishing was aided by trading ships bringing good-quality sand (as <a href="/wiki/Ballast" title="Ballast">ballast</a>) from <a href="/wiki/The_Baltic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Baltic">the Baltic</a> and elsewhere which, together with locally available limestone (and coal to fire the furnaces) was a key ingredient in the <a href="/wiki/Glassmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassmaking">glassmaking</a> process. Other industries that developed alongside the river included <a href="/wiki/Lime_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime burning">lime burning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pottery_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery making">pottery making</a> (the town's first commercial pottery manufactory, the Garrison Pottery, had opened in old Sunderland in 1750).<a href="#cite_note-SundIndust-46">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_South_East_View_of_the_Cast_Iron_Bridge_over_the_River_Wear_at_Sunderland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/A_South_East_View_of_the_Cast_Iron_Bridge_over_the_River_Wear_at_Sunderland.jpg/220px-A_South_East_View_of_the_Cast_Iron_Bridge_over_the_River_Wear_at_Sunderland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/A_South_East_View_of_the_Cast_Iron_Bridge_over_the_River_Wear_at_Sunderland.jpg/330px-A_South_East_View_of_the_Cast_Iron_Bridge_over_the_River_Wear_at_Sunderland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/A_South_East_View_of_the_Cast_Iron_Bridge_over_the_River_Wear_at_Sunderland.jpg/440px-A_South_East_View_of_the_Cast_Iron_Bridge_over_the_River_Wear_at_Sunderland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3317" /></a><figcaption>A south east view of Wearmouth Bridge (c. 1796)</figcaption></figure> By 1770 Sunderland had spread westwards along its High Street to join up with Bishopwearmouth.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner1983-25">[24]</a> In 1796 Bishopwearmouth in turn gained a physical link with Monkwearmouth following the construction of a bridge, the <a href="/wiki/Wearmouth_Bridge_(1796)" title="Wearmouth Bridge (1796)">Wearmouth Bridge</a>, which was the world's second iron bridge (after the famous span at <a href="/wiki/Ironbridge" title="Ironbridge">Ironbridge</a>).<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> It was built at the instigation of <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Burdon_(died_1838)" title="Rowland Burdon (died 1838)">Rowland Burdon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="County Durham (UK Parliament constituency)">County Durham</a>, and described by <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> as being 'a triumph of the new metallurgy and engineering ingenuity [...] of superb elegance'.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner1983-25">[24]</a> Spanning the river in a single sweep of 236 feet (72 m), it was over twice the length of the earlier bridge at Ironbridge but only three-quarters the weight. At the time of building, it was the biggest single-span bridge in the world;<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> and because Sunderland had developed on a plateau above the river, it never suffered from the problem of interrupting the passage of high-masted vessels. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Sunderland,_Bishopwearmouth_and_Monkwearmouth,_1817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Plan_of_Sunderland%2C_Bishopwearmouth_and_Monkwearmouth%2C_1817.jpg/220px-Plan_of_Sunderland%2C_Bishopwearmouth_and_Monkwearmouth%2C_1817.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Plan_of_Sunderland%2C_Bishopwearmouth_and_Monkwearmouth%2C_1817.jpg/330px-Plan_of_Sunderland%2C_Bishopwearmouth_and_Monkwearmouth%2C_1817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Plan_of_Sunderland%2C_Bishopwearmouth_and_Monkwearmouth%2C_1817.jpg/440px-Plan_of_Sunderland%2C_Bishopwearmouth_and_Monkwearmouth%2C_1817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4691" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>Early 19th century map showing the 18th-century barracks, battery and piers to the east, with the bridge and nearby 'Pann Field' to the west</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> a pair of <a href="/wiki/Gun_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun battery">gun batteries</a> were built (in 1742 and 1745) on the shoreline to the south of the South Pier, to defend the river from attack (a further battery was built on the cliff top in Roker, ten years later).<a href="#cite_note-LimeLand-49">[48]</a> One of the pair was washed away by the sea in 1780, but the other was expanded during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and became known as the Black Cat Battery.<a href="#cite_note-VCHDefPort-50">[49]</a> In 1794 <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Barracks" title="Sunderland Barracks">Sunderland Barracks</a> were built, behind the battery, close to what was then the tip of the headland.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_(8096466202).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466202%29.jpg/220px-Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466202%29.jpg/330px-Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466202%29.jpg/440px-Commemorative_plates_Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_%288096466202%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plate, with pink '<a href="/wiki/Lustreware" title="Lustreware">splash lustre</a>', depicting Wearmouth Bridge of 1796</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ropery,_Sunderland_(geograph_3880645).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_Ropery%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_3880645%29.jpg/220px-The_Ropery%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_3880645%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_Ropery%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_3880645%29.jpg/330px-The_Ropery%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_3880645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/The_Ropery%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_3880645%29.jpg/440px-The_Ropery%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_3880645%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Grimshaw and Webster's Patent Ropery of 1797: the world's oldest factory for machine-made rope</figcaption></figure> The world's first steam <a href="/wiki/Dredger" class="mw-redirect" title="Dredger">dredger</a> was built in Sunderland in 1796-7 and put to work on the river the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Skempton1974-52">[51]</a> Designed by Stout's successor as Engineer, Jonathan Pickernell jr (in post from 1795 to 1804), it consisted of a set of 'bag and spoon' dredgers driven by a tailor-made 4-horsepower <a href="/wiki/Boulton_%26_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulton & Watt">Boulton & Watt</a> beam engine. It was designed to dredge to a maximum depth of 10 ft (3.0 m) below the waterline and remained in operation until 1804, when its constituent parts were sold as separate lots.<a href="#cite_note-Skempton1974-52">[51]</a> Onshore, numerous small industries supported the business of the burgeoning port. In 1797 the world's first patent ropery (producing machine-made <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a>, rather than using a <a href="/wiki/Ropewalk" title="Ropewalk">ropewalk</a>) was built in Sunderland, using a steam-powered hemp-spinning machine which had been devised by a local schoolmaster, Richard Fothergill, in 1793;<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonPotts2013-44">[43]</a> the ropery building still stands, in the Deptford area of the city.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_greatest_shipbuilding_port_in_the_world"">"The greatest shipbuilding port in the world"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "The greatest shipbuilding port in the world"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_Docks_Office_(13920362930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sunderland_Docks_Office_%2813920362930%29.jpg/220px-Sunderland_Docks_Office_%2813920362930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sunderland_Docks_Office_%2813920362930%29.jpg/330px-Sunderland_Docks_Office_%2813920362930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Sunderland_Docks_Office_%2813920362930%29.jpg/440px-Sunderland_Docks_Office_%2813920362930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Sunderland Dock Company offices (1850, by John Murray) and the Gladstone Swing Bridge of 1874</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Pile%27s_Shipyard,_North_Sands,_Sunderland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/William_Pile%27s_Shipyard%2C_North_Sands%2C_Sunderland.jpg/220px-William_Pile%27s_Shipyard%2C_North_Sands%2C_Sunderland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/William_Pile%27s_Shipyard%2C_North_Sands%2C_Sunderland.jpg/330px-William_Pile%27s_Shipyard%2C_North_Sands%2C_Sunderland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/William_Pile%27s_Shipyard%2C_North_Sands%2C_Sunderland.jpg/440px-William_Pile%27s_Shipyard%2C_North_Sands%2C_Sunderland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Pile_(shipbuilder)" title="William Pile (shipbuilder)">William Pile</a>'s Shipyard at North Sands, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830; described as the greatest ship designer of his age, he built more than 100 ships in wood and almost as many in iron.<a href="#cite_note-ShipbuildingFS2-54">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> Sunderland's shipbuilding industry continued to grow through most of the 19th century, becoming the town's dominant industry and a defining part of its identity.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonPotts2013-44">[43]</a> By 1815 it was 'the leading shipbuilding port for wooden trading vessels' with 600 ships constructed that year across 31 different yards.<a href="#cite_note-ShipbuildingFS1-55">[54]</a> By 1840 the town had 76 shipyards and between 1820 and 1850 the number of ships being built on the Wear increased fivefold. From 1846 to 1854 almost a third of the UK's ships were built in Sunderland, and in 1850 the Sunderland Herald proclaimed the town to be the greatest shipbuilding port in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke1997-56">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Durham_%26_Sunderland_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Durham & Sunderland Railway">Durham & Sunderland Railway</a> Co. built a railway line across the Town Moor and established a passenger terminus there in 1836. In 1847 the line was bought by <a href="/wiki/George_Hudson" title="George Hudson">George Hudson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/York_and_Newcastle_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="York and Newcastle Railway">York and Newcastle Railway</a>. Hudson, nicknamed 'The Railway King', was <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sunderland (UK Parliament constituency)">Sunderland</a> and was already involved in a scheme to build a dock in the area. In 1846 he had formed the <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Docks" title="Sunderland Docks">Sunderland Dock Company</a>, which received parliamentary approval for the construction of a dock between the South Pier and Hendon Bay.<a href="#cite_note-SundEcho16.3.17-57">[56]</a> Increasing industrialisation had prompted residential expansion away from the old port area in the suburban terraces of the Fawcett Estate and <a href="/wiki/Mowbray_Park" title="Mowbray Park">Mowbray Park</a>. The area around Fawcett Street itself increasingly functioned as the civic and commercial town centre. Marine engineering works were established from the 1820s onwards, initially providing engines for <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamers" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle steamers">paddle steamers</a>; in 1845 a ship named Experiment was the first of many to be converted to <a href="/wiki/Screw_steamer" title="Screw steamer">steam screw propulsion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JAMarr-37">[36]</a> Demand for steam-powered vessels increased during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>; nonetheless, sailing ships continued to be built, including fast <a href="/wiki/Fully-rigged" class="mw-redirect" title="Fully-rigged">fully-rigged</a> <a href="/wiki/Composite_ship" title="Composite ship">composite</a>-built <a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clippers</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Adelaide_(1864)" title="City of Adelaide (1864)">City of Adelaide</a> in 1864 and <a href="/wiki/Torrens_(clipper_ship)" title="Torrens (clipper ship)">Torrens</a> (the last such vessel ever built), in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-ShipbuildingFS2-54">[53]</a> By the middle of the century glassmaking was at its height on Wearside. <a href="/wiki/Hartley_Wood_and_Co" title="Hartley Wood and Co">James Hartley & Co.</a>, established in Sunderland in 1836, grew to be the largest glassworks in the country and (having patented an innovative production technique for <a href="/wiki/Rolled_plate_glass" title="Rolled plate glass">rolled plate glass</a>) produced much of the glass used in the construction of <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">the Crystal Palace</a> in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-SundIndust-46">[45]</a> A third of all UK-manufactured plate glass was produced at Hartley's by this time.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonPotts2013-44">[43]</a> Other manufacturers included the Cornhill Flint Glassworks (established at Southwick in 1865), which went on to specialise in <a href="/wiki/Pressed_glass" title="Pressed glass">pressed glass</a>, as did the Wear Flint Glassworks (which had originally been established in 1697).<a href="#cite_note-BBCGlassmaking-45">[44]</a> In addition to the plate glass and pressed glass manufacturers there were 16 bottle works on the Wear in the 1850s, with the capacity to produce between 60 and 70,000 bottles a day.<a href="#cite_note-SundIndust-46">[45]</a> In 1848 George Hudson's <a href="/wiki/York,_Newcastle_and_Berwick_Railway" title="York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway">York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway</a> built a passenger terminus, <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth_Station_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkwearmouth Station Museum">Monkwearmouth Station</a>, just north of Wearmouth Bridge; and south of the river another passenger terminus, in Fawcett Street, in 1853. Later, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Elliot_Harrison" title="Thomas Elliot Harrison">Thomas Elliot Harrison</a> (chief engineer to the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(United_Kingdom)" title="North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom)">North Eastern Railway</a>) made plans to carry the railway across the river; the <a href="/wiki/Wearmouth_Railway_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wearmouth Railway Bridge">Wearmouth Railway Bridge</a> (reputedly 'the largest Hog-Back iron girder bridge in the world') opened in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonPotts2013-44">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_(9105585273).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg/220px-An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg/330px-An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg/440px-An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption>River Wear (top) in 1969, with Hudson Dock, Hendon Dock, and associated railway links to the south</figcaption></figure> In 1854 the Londonderry, Seaham & Sunderland Railway opened linking collieries to a separate set of staiths at Hudson Dock South, it also provided a passenger service from Sunderland to Seaham Harbour.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In 1886–90 <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Town_Hall" title="Sunderland Town Hall">Sunderland Town Hall</a> was built in Fawcett Street, just to the east of the railway station, to a design by <a href="/wiki/Brightwen_Binyon" title="Brightwen Binyon">Brightwen Binyon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pevsner1983-25">[24]</a> By 1889 two million tons of coal per year was passing through Hudson Dock,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> while to the south of Hendon Dock, the Wear Fuel Works distilled <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a> to produce pitch, oil and other products.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1937wembleylapofhonour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1937wembleylapofhonour.jpg/220px-1937wembleylapofhonour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/1937wembleylapofhonour.jpg/330px-1937wembleylapofhonour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/1937wembleylapofhonour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>FA Cup winners, Wembley, 1937</figcaption></figure> The 20th century saw <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C." title="Sunderland A.F.C.">Sunderland A.F.C.</a> established as the Wearside area's greatest claim to sporting fame. Founded in 1879 as Sunderland and District Teachers A.F.C. by <a href="/wiki/Schoolmaster" title="Schoolmaster">schoolmaster</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Allan_(footballer,_born_1857)" title="James Allan (footballer, born 1857)">James Allan</a>, Sunderland joined <a href="/wiki/The_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="The Football League">The Football League</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1890%E2%80%9391_in_English_football" title="1890–91 in English football">1890–91 season</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_Century">20th Century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th Century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deptford,_Sunderland_14.9.1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Deptford%2C_Sunderland_14.9.1917.jpg/220px-Deptford%2C_Sunderland_14.9.1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Deptford%2C_Sunderland_14.9.1917.jpg/330px-Deptford%2C_Sunderland_14.9.1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Deptford%2C_Sunderland_14.9.1917.jpg/440px-Deptford%2C_Sunderland_14.9.1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Sunderland in 1917</figcaption></figure> From 1900 to 1919, an <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Corporation_Tramways" title="Sunderland Corporation Tramways">electric tram system</a> was built and was gradually replaced by buses during the 1940s before being ended in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> In 1909 the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra_Bridge" title="Queen Alexandra Bridge">Queen Alexandra Bridge</a> was built, linking Deptford and <a href="/wiki/Southwick,_Sunderland" title="Southwick, Sunderland">Southwick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_working_in_the_shipyard_(10817948524).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Women_working_in_the_shipyard_%2810817948524%29.jpg/220px-Women_working_in_the_shipyard_%2810817948524%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Women_working_in_the_shipyard_%2810817948524%29.jpg/330px-Women_working_in_the_shipyard_%2810817948524%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Women_working_in_the_shipyard_%2810817948524%29.jpg/440px-Women_working_in_the_shipyard_%2810817948524%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>King George V visiting women workers at Sir James Laing & Sons shipyard, 15 June 1917</figcaption></figure> The First World War increased shipbuilding, leading to the town being a target in a 1916 <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> raid. Monkwearmouth was struck on 1 April 1916 and 22 people died. Over 25,000 men from a population of 151,000 served in the armed forces during the war.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s, shipbuilding dramatically declined: shipyards on the Wear went from 15 in 1921 to six in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-ShipbuildingFS1-55">[54]</a> The small yards of J. Blumer & Son (at North Dock) and the Sunderland Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. (at Hudson Dock) both closed in the 1920s, and other yards were closed down by <a href="/wiki/National_Shipbuilders_Securities" class="mw-redirect" title="National Shipbuilders Securities">National Shipbuilders Securities</a> in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> By 1936 Sunderland AFC had been league champions on six occasions. They won their first <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/1937_FA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1937 FA Cup Final">1937</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wearmouth_Bridge_to_the_Sea_2nd_March_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wearmouth_Bridge_to_the_Sea_2nd_March_1967.jpg/220px-Wearmouth_Bridge_to_the_Sea_2nd_March_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wearmouth_Bridge_to_the_Sea_2nd_March_1967.jpg/330px-Wearmouth_Bridge_to_the_Sea_2nd_March_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wearmouth_Bridge_to_the_Sea_2nd_March_1967.jpg/440px-Wearmouth_Bridge_to_the_Sea_2nd_March_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Sunderland viewed from above in 1967</figcaption></figure> With the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939, Sunderland was a key target of the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> bombing. Luftwaffe raids resulted in the deaths of 267 people and destruction of local industry<a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[64]</a> while 4,000 homes were also damaged or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Many old buildings remain despite the bombing that occurred during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Religious buildings include Holy Trinity Church, built in 1719 for an independent Sunderland, St Michael's Church, built as Bishopwearmouth Parish Church and now known as <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Minster" title="Sunderland Minster">Sunderland Minster</a> and St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, part of which dates from 674 AD, and was the original monastery. <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Roker" title="St Andrew's Church, Roker">St Andrew's Church, Roker</a>, known as the "Cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts Movement">Arts and Crafts Movement</a>", contains work by <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gimson" title="Ernest Gimson">Ernest Gimson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Sunderland" title="St Mary's Church, Sunderland">St Mary's Catholic Church</a> is the earliest surviving Gothic revival church in the city.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> After the war, more housing was built and the town's boundaries expanded in 1967 when neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Ryhope" title="Ryhope">Ryhope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silksworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Silksworth">Silksworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herrington" title="Herrington">Herrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Hylton" title="South Hylton">South Hylton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castletown,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Castletown, Tyne and Wear">Castletown</a> were incorporated. Sunderland AFC won their only post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> major honour in 1973 when they won a <a href="/wiki/1973_FA_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 FA Cup Final">second FA Cup</a>. Shipbuilding ended in 1988 and coal-mining in 1993 after a mid-1980s unemployment crisis with 20 per cent of the local workforce unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NMUK.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/NMUK.JPG/330px-NMUK.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/NMUK.JPG/495px-NMUK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/NMUK.JPG/660px-NMUK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2894" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK Ltd in Sunderland. Factory complex, including wind turbines, taken from Penshaw Monument.</figcaption></figure> Electronic, chemical, paper and motor manufacturing as well as the service sector expanded during the 1980s and 1990s to fill unemployment from heavy industry.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In 1986 Japanese car manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> opened its <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Manufacturing_UK" title="Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK">Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK</a> factory in Washington, which has since become the UK's largest car factory.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_status">City status </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: City status">edit</a>]</div> Sunderland received city status in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Like many cities, Sunderland comprises a number of areas with their own distinct histories, <a href="/wiki/Fulwell,_Sunderland" title="Fulwell, Sunderland">Fulwell</a>, Monkwearmouth, <a href="/wiki/Roker" title="Roker">Roker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southwick,_Sunderland" title="Southwick, Sunderland">Southwick</a> on the northern side of the Wear, and Bishopwearmouth and <a href="/wiki/Hendon,_Sunderland" title="Hendon, Sunderland">Hendon</a> to the south. From 1990, the Wear’s riverbanks were regenerated with new housing, retail parks and business centres on former shipbuilding sites; the <a href="/wiki/National_Glass_Centre" title="National Glass Centre">National Glass Centre</a> a new <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">University of Sunderland</a> campus on the <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s,_Sunderland" title="St Peter's, Sunderland">St Peter's site</a> were also built. The former <a href="/wiki/Vaux_Breweries" title="Vaux Breweries">Vaux Breweries</a> site on the north west fringe of the city centre was cleared for further development opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> After 99 years at the historic <a href="/wiki/Roker_Park" title="Roker Park">Roker Park</a> stadium,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> the city’s football club, <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_AFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland AFC">Sunderland AFC</a> moved to the 42,000-seat <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a> on the banks of the River Wear in 1997. At the time, it was the largest stadium built by an English football club since the 1920s, and has since been expanded to hold nearly 50,000 seated spectators.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> On 24 March 2004, the city adopted Benedict Biscop as its <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> In 2018 the city was ranked as the best to live and work in the UK by the finance firm OneFamily.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In the same year, the city was ranked as one of the top 10 safest in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">City of Sunderland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_City_Council" title="Sunderland City Council">Sunderland City Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_-_John_Speed_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Historic map of County Durham." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Durham_-_John_Speed_Map.jpg/220px-Durham_-_John_Speed_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Durham_-_John_Speed_Map.jpg/330px-Durham_-_John_Speed_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Durham_-_John_Speed_Map.jpg/440px-Durham_-_John_Speed_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6497" data-file-height="5015" /></a><figcaption>Historic map of County Durham. Sunderland was part of <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> until the local government changes in 1974. The <a href="/wiki/River_Wear" title="River Wear">River Wear</a> is seen here passing through the city of <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>, before reaching the North Sea in Sunderland.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borough_of_Sunderland_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Borough_of_Sunderland_COA.png/170px-Borough_of_Sunderland_COA.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Borough_of_Sunderland_COA.png/255px-Borough_of_Sunderland_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1a/Borough_of_Sunderland_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_coat_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland coat of arms">coat of arms of the former Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland</a></figcaption></figure> There is one main tier of local government covering Sunderland, at <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a> level: <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_City_Council" title="Sunderland City Council">Sunderland City Council</a>. Most of the built-up area is an <a href="/wiki/Unparished_area" title="Unparished area">unparished area</a>, although on its southern edge part of the built-up area falls within the parish of <a href="/wiki/Burdon" title="Burdon">Burdon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The city council is based at <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Sunderland" title="City Hall, Sunderland">City Hall</a> on Plater Way (formerly the site of the Vaux Brewery), which opened in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Prior to that the council was based at the <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Civic_Centre" title="Sunderland Civic Centre">Civic Centre</a> on Burdon Road, which had been built in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Sunderland has the motto of Nil Desperandum Auspice Deo or Under God's guidance we may never despair.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The borough's population (at the 2021 Census) was 274,200.<a href="#cite_note-borough2021-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative history">edit</a>]</div> The original settlement of Sunderland was historically part of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient parish">ancient parish</a> of Bishopwearmouth in County Durham. It was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">ancient borough</a>, having been granted a charter in 1179 under the name of 'Wearmouth'.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson1999-22">[21]</a> The original borough covered a relatively small area in the north-east corner of the old Bishopwearmouth parish, lying on the south side of the mouth of the River Wear. The borough was granted a further charter in 1634 which gave it the right to appoint a mayor and incorporated the town under the name of Sunderland rather than Wearmouth.<a href="#cite_note-Morton1634-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-commissioners-87">[86]</a> The area of the borough was made a separate parish from Bishopwearmouth by an act of parliament in 1719.<a href="#cite_note-1719act-41">[40]</a> The ancient borough's powers were relatively modest. Unlike most such boroughs, it did not hold its own courts, nor did it have any meaningful municipal functions.<a href="#cite_note-commissioners-87">[86]</a> A separate body of <a href="/wiki/Improvement_commissioners" title="Improvement commissioners">improvement commissioners</a> was established in 1810 with responsibilities to pave, light and clean the streets, provide a <a href="/wiki/Watchman_(law_enforcement)" title="Watchman (law enforcement)">watch</a>, and improve the market.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In 1832 a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary borough">parliamentary borough</a> (constitutency) of <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sunderland (UK Parliament constituency)">Sunderland</a> was created, covering the parishes or townships of Sunderland, Bishopwearmouth, Bishopwearmouth Panns, Monkwearmouth, Monkwearmouth Shore and Southwick.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In 1836 Sunderland was reformed to become a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal borough</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a>, which standardised how most boroughs operated across the country.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The municipal boundaries were enlarged at the same time to match the constituency, although later that year the municipal boundaries were reduced to remove Southwick and the parts of Bishopwearmouth and Bishopwearmouth Panns which fell more than one mile from the centre of Wearmouth Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The improvement commissioners were wound up in 1851 and their functions transferred to the council.<a href="#cite_note-1867act-92">[91]</a> When elected county councils were established in 1889, Sunderland was considered large enough to provide its own county-level services, and so it was made a <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county borough</a>, independent from the new <a href="/wiki/Durham_County_Council" title="Durham County Council">Durham County Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The borough boundaries were enlarged on several occasions, notably in 1867,<a href="#cite_note-1867act-92">[91]</a> 1928 (when it gained areas including <a href="/wiki/Fulwell,_Sunderland" title="Fulwell, Sunderland">Fulwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwick,_Sunderland" title="Southwick, Sunderland">Southwick</a> and the remainder of the old Bishopwearmouth parish), 1936, 1951, and 1967 (when it gained <a href="/wiki/North_Hylton" title="North Hylton">North Hylton</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Hylton" title="South Hylton">South Hylton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryhope" title="Ryhope">Ryhope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silksworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Silksworth">Silksworth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunstall,_Sunderland" title="Tunstall, Sunderland">Tunstall</a>).<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In 1974 the county borough was replaced by a larger metropolitan borough within the new county of Tyne and Wear. The borough gained <a href="/wiki/Hetton-le-Hole" title="Hetton-le-Hole">Hetton-le-Hole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houghton-le-Spring" title="Houghton-le-Spring">Houghton-le-Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Washington, Tyne and Wear">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burdon" title="Burdon">Burdon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warden_Law" title="Warden Law">Warden Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> From 1974 until 1986 the borough council was a lower-tier district authority, with <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_County_Council" title="Tyne and Wear County Council">Tyne and Wear County Council</a> providing county-level services. The county council was abolished in 1986, with the borough council taking on county-level functions. Some functions are provided across Tyne and Wear by joint committees with the other districts. The county of Tyne and Wear continues to exist as a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial county">ceremonial county</a> for the purposes of lieutenancy, but has had no administrative functions since 1986.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> The borough of Sunderland was awarded city status in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Sunderland is due to become part of the <a href="/wiki/North_East_Mayoral_Combined_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="North East Mayoral Combined Authority">North East Mayoral Combined Authority</a> in May 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:0-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voting">Voting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Voting">edit</a>]</div> For decades, Sunderland has been an electoral stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit">[update]</a> Sunderland is represented in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> by three Labour Members of Parliament; <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Phillipson" title="Bridget Phillipson">Bridget Phillipson</a> since 2020, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Elliott" title="Julie Elliott">Julie Elliott</a> since 2017 and <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Hodgson" title="Sharon Hodgson">Sharon Hodgson</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Houghton_and_Sunderland_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Houghton and Sunderland South (UK Parliament constituency)">Houghton and Sunderland South</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sunderland Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Sunderland Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Sunderland_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Washington and Sunderland West (UK Parliament constituency)">Washington and Sunderland West</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bridget_Phillipson" title="Bridget Phillipson">Bridget Phillipson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julie_Elliott" title="Julie Elliott">Julie Elliott</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Hodgson" title="Sharon Hodgson">Sharon Hodgson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Bridget_Phillipson_MP_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Official_portrait_of_Bridget_Phillipson_MP_crop_2.jpg/200px-Official_portrait_of_Bridget_Phillipson_MP_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Official_portrait_of_Bridget_Phillipson_MP_crop_2.jpg/300px-Official_portrait_of_Bridget_Phillipson_MP_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Official_portrait_of_Bridget_Phillipson_MP_crop_2.jpg/400px-Official_portrait_of_Bridget_Phillipson_MP_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Julieface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Julieface.jpg/200px-Julieface.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Julieface.jpg/300px-Julieface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Julieface.jpg/400px-Julieface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="579" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Mrs_Sharon_Hodgson_MP_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Official_portrait_of_Mrs_Sharon_Hodgson_MP_crop_2.jpg/200px-Official_portrait_of_Mrs_Sharon_Hodgson_MP_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Official_portrait_of_Mrs_Sharon_Hodgson_MP_crop_2.jpg/300px-Official_portrait_of_Mrs_Sharon_Hodgson_MP_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Official_portrait_of_Mrs_Sharon_Hodgson_MP_crop_2.jpg/400px-Official_portrait_of_Mrs_Sharon_Hodgson_MP_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Sunderland voted for <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 referendum on European Union membership</a> by 61% of the vote; an unexpectedly high margin.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> have described Sunderland as the <a href="/wiki/Poster_child" title="Poster child">poster city</a> for Brexit.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_panoramic_riverside.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunderland riverside at sunset"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Sunderland_panoramic_riverside.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="180" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_panoramic_riverside.jpg" title="File:Sunderland panoramic riverside.jpg"> </a></div>Sunderland riverside at sunset</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Sunderland" title="List of places in Sunderland">List of places in Sunderland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wearmouth_Bridge,_Sunderland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wearmouth_Bridge%2C_Sunderland.jpg/220px-Wearmouth_Bridge%2C_Sunderland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wearmouth_Bridge%2C_Sunderland.jpg/330px-Wearmouth_Bridge%2C_Sunderland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wearmouth_Bridge%2C_Sunderland.jpg/440px-Wearmouth_Bridge%2C_Sunderland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Wearmouth Bridge (right) and railway bridge (left). This road was the route of the old A19, now it is the A1018.</figcaption></figure> Much of the city is located on a low range of hills running parallel to the coast. On average, it is around 80 metres <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. Sunderland is divided by the River Wear which passes through the middle of the city in a deeply incised valley, part of which is known as the Hylton gorge. Several smaller bodies of water, such as <a href="/wiki/Hendon_Burn" title="Hendon Burn">Hendon Burn</a> and the Barnes Burn, run through the suburbs. The three road bridges connecting the north and south portions of the city are the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra_Bridge" title="Queen Alexandra Bridge">Queen Alexandra Bridge</a> at Pallion, the <a href="/wiki/Wearmouth_Bridge" title="Wearmouth Bridge">Wearmouth Bridge</a> just to the north of the city centre and most recently the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Spire_Bridge" title="Northern Spire Bridge">Northern Spire Bridge</a> between Castletown and Pallion. To the west of the city, the <a href="/wiki/Hylton_Viaduct" title="Hylton Viaduct">Hylton Viaduct</a> carries the <a href="/wiki/A19_road" title="A19 road">A19</a> dual-carriageway over the Wear (see map below). The city has a number of public parks. Several of these are historic, including <a href="/wiki/Mowbray_Park" title="Mowbray Park">Mowbray Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roker_Park_(park)" title="Roker Park (park)">Roker Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barnes_Park" title="Barnes Park">Barnes Park</a>. In the early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Herrington_Country_Park" title="Herrington Country Park">Herrington Country Park</a> was opened opposite <a href="/wiki/Penshaw_Monument" title="Penshaw Monument">Penshaw Monument</a>. The city's parks have secured several awards for its commitment to preserving natural facilities, receiving the <a href="/wiki/Britain_in_Bloom" title="Britain in Bloom">Britain in Bloom</a> collective in 1993, 1997 and 2000. Approximately 70% of the population of the built-up area lives on the south side of the river and 30% on the north side. The built-up area extends to the seafront at Hendon and Ryhope in the south and <a href="/wiki/Seaburn" title="Seaburn">Seaburn</a> in the north. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_belt">Green belt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Green belt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_East_Green_Belt" title="North East Green Belt">North East Green Belt</a></div> The built-up area is surrounded by the Tyne and Wear Green Belt,<a href="#cite_note-sunderland-belt-104">[103]</a> with its portion in much of its surrounding rural area of the borough. It is a part of the local <a href="/wiki/Development_plan" title="Development plan">development plan</a>, of which its stated aims<a href="#cite_note-sunderland-belt-104">[103]</a> are as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A Green Belt will be maintained which will:- (i) Check the unrestricted sprawl of the built up area of Sunderland; (ii) Assist in safeguarding the city's countryside from further encroachment; (iii) Assist in the regeneration of the urban area of the city; (iv) Preserve the setting and special character of Springwell Village; (iv) Prevent the merging of Sunderland with Tyneside, Washington, Houghton-le-Spring and Seaham, and the merging of Shiney Row with Washington, Chester-le-Street and Bournmoor.</blockquote> In the Sunderland borough boundary, as well as the aforementioned areas, landscape features and facilities such as much of the River Don and Wear basins, the George Washington Hotel Golf and Spa complex, Sharpley Golf Course, Herrington Country Park, Houghton Quarry and Penshaw Hill are within the green belt area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Sunderland has a temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb). Its location in the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>, as well as other mountain ranges to the west, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> and southwestern Scotland, make Sunderland one of the least rainy cities of Northern England. The climate is heavily moderated by the adjacent <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, giving it cool summers, and winters that are mild considering its latitude.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The closest weather station is in <a href="/wiki/Tynemouth" title="Tynemouth">Tynemouth</a>, about 8 miles (13 km) north of Sunderland. As a result, Sunderland's coastline is likely slightly milder given the more southerly position. Another relatively nearby weather station in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England#Climate" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> has warmer summer days and colder winter nights courtesy of its inland position. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tynemouth, 1981–2010 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2 (55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 (54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.5 (1.79) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.8 (1.49) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.9 (1.73) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.4 (1.79) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.2 (1.70) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.9 (2.04) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.6 (1.87) </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6 (2.35) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.0 (2.09) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.6 (2.11) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.8 (2.47) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.9 (2.08) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">597.2 (23.51) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">109.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6F6F6F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.1 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3A3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.6 </td> <td style="background: #B5B566; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.7 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">149.9 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.7 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174.9 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.1 </td> <td style="background: #B0B085; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106.2 </td> <td style="background: #848484; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.4 </td> <td style="background: #5E5E5E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.9 </td> <td style="background: #BABA48; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,515 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_census">2021 census</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2021 census">edit</a>]</div> At the 2021 census, the built-up area of Sunderland had a population of 168,315,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> and the wider borough had a population of 274,200.<a href="#cite_note-borough2021-86">[85]</a> The 2011 census had defined a much larger <a href="/wiki/Wearside" title="Wearside">Sunderland built-up area</a> covering all the built-up areas in the borough and some areas beyond it, notably including <a href="/wiki/Chester-le-Street" title="Chester-le-Street">Chester-le-Street</a>. The table below compares Sunderland's ethnic make up to the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>2021 Census Ethnic Groups </th> <th>White </th> <th>Asian,Asian British,Asian Welsh </th> <th>Black,Black British,Black Welsh,Caribbean or African </th> <th>Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups </th> <th>Other ethnic groups </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sunderland </td> <td>94.6% </td> <td>3.0% </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>0.9% </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East England</a> </td> <td>93.0% </td> <td>3.7% </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> The majority of the <a href="/wiki/BAME" class="mw-redirect" title="BAME">BAME</a> population live in Sunderland East – more specifically Hendon and Millfield where there is a larger population of Bangladeshi/Bangladeshi British and Indian/Indian British than elsewhere. There is also a significant Chinese population in these areas. Sunderland West has a population of Indian, Pakistani and other Asian ethnicities. Sunderland North has a substantial Chinese population, notably in St.Peter’s. This is believed to be influenced by the student population in which: <ul><li>147 nationalities are represented</li> <li>51.27% students are White, 13.92% Asian, 12.78% Asian Other and 5.12% Black African, with other ethnicities in much smaller numbers</li></ul> While BAME populations are more concentrated in some areas within Sunderland, ethnic diversity is too low in the city to determine if any groups are particularly segregated.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Hierarchy<a href="#cite_note-rcdhn2017-110">[109]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Denomination </th> <th>Top tier</th> <th>2nd</th> <th>3rd</th> <th>4th </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Province_of_York" title="Province of York">Province of York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Durham" title="Diocese of Durham">Diocese of Durham</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archdeaconry_of_Sunderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdeaconry of Sunderland">Archdeaconry of Sunderland</a></td> <td>Deanery of Wearmouth </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Liverpool">Archdiocese of Liverpool</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hexham_and_Newcastle" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle">Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Sunderland and East Durham Vicariate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain#List_of_districts_and_circuits" title="Organisation of the Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist</a> </td> <td colspan="2">District of Newcastle-upon-Tyne </td> <td colspan="2">Circuit of Sunderland </td></tr></tbody></table> The 2011 census recorded that 70.2% of the population identified as Christian, 1.32% as Muslim, 0.29% as Sikh, 0.22% as Hindu, 0.19% as Buddhist, 0.02% as Jewish, and 21.90% as having no religion.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The Stake Center for the Sunderland Stake of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a> is in Sunderland. Jewish heritage in the city, once part of a thriving community, can be dated back to around 1750, when a number of Jewish merchants from across the UK and Europe settled in Sunderland,<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[111]</a> eventually forming a congregation in 1768. A <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> from <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> was established in the city in 1790. After a rapid growth in numbers during the latter half of the nineteenth century, the Jewish community in Sunderland reached its height in the mid 1930s, when around 2,000 Jews were recorded to be living in the town.<a href="#cite_note-:1-112">[111]</a> The community has been in slow decline since the mid-20th century. Many Sunderland Jews left for stronger Jewish communities in Britain, including Gateshead,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> or to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The Jewish primary school, the Menorah School, closed in July 1983, and the <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Talmudical_College" title="Sunderland Talmudical College">yeshiva</a> moved to Gateshead in June 1988.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Synagogue" title="Sunderland Synagogue">synagogue</a> on Ryhope Road, opened in 1928, closed at the end of March 2006.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-116">[115]</a> (See also <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_East_England" title="History of the Jews in North East England">History of the Jews in North East England</a>.) The Jewish population of the Sunderland Metropolitan Borough is continually diminishing, as the Jewish population fell from 114 people in 2001, to 87 people in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> In 1998, following the grant of city status to Sunderland, the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a> of Bishopwearmouth (St Michael's) was redesignated as <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Minster" title="Sunderland Minster">Sunderland Minster</a> with a city-wide role. It was believed to have been the first creation of a <a href="/wiki/Minster_(church)" title="Minster (church)">minster church</a> in England since the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in England">Reformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JohnsonPotts2013-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pentecostalism">edit</a>]</div> The Reverend <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boddy" title="Alexander Boddy">Alexander Boddy</a> (1854–1930) was appointed vicar of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Monkwearmouth" title="All Saints' Church, Monkwearmouth">All Saints' Church, Monkwearmouth</a> in 1884. During his ministry at Monkwearmouth, Boddy was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a> and also by the British-born Norwegian preacher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ball_Barratt" title="Thomas Ball Barratt">Thomas Ball Barratt</a>. In the early years of the 20th century All Saints, Monkwearmouth became an important centre for the development of the Pentecostal Movement in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_in_the_City_of_Sunderland" title="List of companies in the City of Sunderland">List of companies in the City of Sunderland</a></div> Following the industrial decline of the 1970s to early 1980s and collapse of the local shipbuilding industry, Sunderland's mid-1980s economic situation began to improve. Japanese car manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Manufacturing_UK" title="Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK">Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK</a> factory in 1986, and the first <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird" title="Nissan Bluebird">Nissan Bluebird</a> car was produced later that year.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-72">[71]</a> The factory and its supplier companies remain the largest employers in the region, with current cars produced there including the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Qashqai" title="Nissan Qashqai">Nissan Qashqai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Juke" title="Nissan Juke">Nissan Juke</a> and the electric <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan LEAF</a>. As of 2012 over 500,000 cars are produced annually, and it is the UK's largest car factory.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph.co.uk-72">[71]</a> Also in the late 1980s, new <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industries</a> moved into sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Doxford_International_Business_Park" title="Doxford International Business Park">Doxford International Business Park</a> in the south west of the city, attracting national and international companies. Sunderland was named in the shortlist of the top seven "intelligent cities" in the world for the use of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, in 2004 and 2005.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regeneration">Regeneration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regeneration">edit</a>]</div> Since the mid-1980s Sunderland has undergone massive regeneration,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] particularly around the <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_City_Centre" title="Sunderland City Centre">City Centre</a> and the river corridor. In 2000, <a href="/wiki/The_Bridges" title="The Bridges">the Bridges</a> <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping centre</a> was extended towards Crowtree Road and the former Central <a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus Station</a>, attracting national <a href="/wiki/Chain_store" title="Chain store">chain stores</a>. This was followed by adjacent redevelopments on Park Lane. The former shipyards along the Wear were transformed with a mixture of residential, commercial and leisure facilities including St Peter's Campus of the University of Sunderland, University accommodation along the Fish Quay on the South side of the river, the North Haven housing and marina development, the <a href="/wiki/National_Glass_Centre" title="National Glass Centre">National Glass Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a> and Hylton Riverside Retail Park. Also in 2007, the Echo 24 luxury apartments opened on Pann's Bank overlooking the river. Sunderland Corporation's massive post-war housing estate developments at <a href="/wiki/Farringdon,_Sunderland" title="Farringdon, Sunderland">Farringdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennywell" title="Pennywell">Pennywell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grindon,_Sunderland" title="Grindon, Sunderland">Grindon</a> have all passed into the ownership of Gentoo Group (previously 'Sunderland Housing Group'), a private company and a <a href="/wiki/Registered_Social_Landlord" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered Social Landlord">Registered Social Landlord</a>. The Port of Sunderland, owned by the city council, has been allocated for medium-term redevelopment with a focus on mixed-use industry.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Sunderland City Council's Unitary Development Plan (UDP) outlines a number of sites around the city for regeneration.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The plans are supported by <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Arc" title="Sunderland Arc">Sunderland Arc</a>, an urban regeneration company funded by the City council, <a href="/wiki/One_NorthEast" title="One NorthEast">One NorthEast</a> (defunct) and the <a href="/wiki/Homes_and_Communities_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Homes and Communities Agency">Homes and Communities Agency</a>. <dl><dt>Sunniside</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Post_Office,_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6167258.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Former_Post_Office%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6167258.jpg/220px-Former_Post_Office%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6167258.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Former_Post_Office%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6167258.jpg/330px-Former_Post_Office%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6167258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Former_Post_Office%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6167258.jpg/440px-Former_Post_Office%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6167258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The former General Post Office building on Sunniside Gardens in 2019</figcaption></figure> In 2004, redevelopment work began in the Sunniside area in the east-end of the city centre, including a <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplex cinema">multiplex cinema</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Multi-storey_car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-storey car park">multi-storey car park</a>, restaurants, a <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenpin_bowling" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenpin bowling">tenpin bowling</a>. Originally the River Quarter, the site was renamed Limelight in 2005, and renamed in 2008, when it became Sunniside Leisure. Sunniside Gardens were landscaped, and a number of new cafes, bars and restaurants were opened. Up-market residential apartments were developed, including the Echo 24 building.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <dl><dt>Vaux development and Keel Square</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keel_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Keel_Square.jpg/220px-Keel_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Keel_Square.jpg/330px-Keel_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Keel_Square.jpg/440px-Keel_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>Keel Square in 2017</figcaption></figure> Following the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Vaux_Breweries" title="Vaux Breweries">Vaux brewery</a> in 1999, a 26-acre (11-hectare) <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">brownfield site</a> lay dormant in the centre of Sunderland. The land was subject to dispute between supermarket chain <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a>, who bought the site in 2001, and Sunderland arc, who submitted plans for its redevelopment in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Vaux_Site_FAQ-123">[122]</a> During formal negotiations, Tesco stated they would be willing to sell the land to arc, if an alternative city centre site could be found. Possibilities include Holmeside Triangle, and the Sunderland Retail Park in Roker. Arc originally hoped to begin development in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Vaux_Site_FAQ-123">[122]</a> Arc's plans for the site were approved by the Secretary of State in 2007, and included extensive office space, <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotels</a>, leisure and retail units, residential apartments and a new £50 m <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court" title="Magistrates' court">Magistrates' court</a>, along with a central public arcade located under an expansive glass canopy. It was hoped an "<a href="/wiki/Evening_economy" title="Evening economy">evening economy</a>" could be encouraged, to complement the city's nightlife.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> In 2013 in the area opposite the Vaux site, Sunderland City Council announced the <a href="/wiki/Keel_Square" title="Keel Square">Keel Square</a> project, a new public space designed to commemorate Sunderand's maritime heritage, which was completed in May 2015.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Construction commenced in 2014. <dl><dt>Stadium Village</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C." title="Sunderland A.F.C.">Sunderland A.F.C.</a> has been a major symbol of the area and a contributor to the local economy since the late 19th century. The club was one of the most successful and best supported clubs in the English game during this era, with its home at <a href="/wiki/Roker_Park" title="Roker Park">Roker Park</a> holding more than 70,000 spectators at its peak. However, the <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">FA Cup</a> triumph of 1973 would prove to be the club's only postwar major trophy to date, and after its relegation in 1958 the club frequently bounced between the top two divisions of English football, and in 1987 and again in 2018 suffered relegation to the third tier of English football. The club played at Roker Park for 99 years until the completion of the new <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a> at <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth" title="Monkwearmouth">Monkwearmouth</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Wear" title="River Wear">River Wear</a> in 1997. The new stadium seated more than 42,000 on its completion, and has since been expanded to hold some 49,000 spectators. Sunderland's relatively high attendances have been a major boost to the local economy – averaging at more than 30,000 even during the club's most recent spell in the third tier of English football. Redevelopment of the Monkwearmouth Colliery site, which sits on the north bank of the river Wear opposite the Vaux site, began in the mid-1990s with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a>. In 2008 the <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Aquatic_Centre" title="Sunderland Aquatic Centre">Sunderland Aquatic Centre</a> opened adjacent to the Stadium of Light, containing the only <a href="/wiki/Olympic-size_swimming_pool" title="Olympic-size swimming pool">Olympic-size swimming pool</a> between <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Sheepfolds industrial estate occupies a large area of land between the Stadium and the <a href="/wiki/Wearmouth_Bridge" title="Wearmouth Bridge">Wearmouth Bridge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Arc" title="Sunderland Arc">Sunderland Arc</a> were in the process of purchasing land in the Sheepfolds, with a view to relocate the businesses and redevelop the site. The emphasis of development plans included further sporting facilities, in order to create a Sports Village. Other plans included a hotel, residential accommodation, and a <a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">footbridge</a> linking the site with the Vaux development.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <dl><dt>Grove and Transport Corridor</dt></dl> The Sunderland Strategic Transport Corridor (SSTC) is a proposed transport link from the A19, through the city centre, to the port. A major phase of the plan was the creation of a new bridge, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Spire_Bridge" title="Northern Spire Bridge">Northern Spire Bridge</a>, which links the <a href="/wiki/A1231_road" title="A1231 road">A1231</a> Wessington Way on the north of the river with the Grove site in Pallion, on the south of the river. In 2008, Sunderland City Council offered the residents of Sunderland the opportunity to vote on the design of the bridge. The choices were a 180-metre (590 ft) iconic <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a>, which would result in a temporary increase in <a href="/wiki/Council_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Council tax">council tax</a>, or a simple <a href="/wiki/Road_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Road bridge">box structure</a> which would be within the council's budget.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The results of the consultation were inconclusive, with residents keen to have an iconic bridge, but reluctant to have a subsequent increase in tax to fund it.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Regardless of the ultimate design of the new bridge, the landing point will be the former Grove Cranes site in <a href="/wiki/Pallion" title="Pallion">Pallion</a>. Plans for this site focus around the creation of a new residential area, with homes, community buildings, commercial and retail space.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former">Former</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Former">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major">Major</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Major">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipbuilding_during_the_First_World_War_Q20119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Shipbuilding_during_the_First_World_War_Q20119.jpg/220px-Shipbuilding_during_the_First_World_War_Q20119.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Shipbuilding_during_the_First_World_War_Q20119.jpg/330px-Shipbuilding_during_the_First_World_War_Q20119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Shipbuilding_during_the_First_World_War_Q20119.jpg/440px-Shipbuilding_during_the_First_World_War_Q20119.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>A group of boys who worked on the construction of a Standard ship at a yard in Sunderland during the First World War</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radiant_II_is_launched_into_the_River_Wear_(14508024713).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Radiant_II_is_launched_into_the_River_Wear_%2814508024713%29.jpg/220px-Radiant_II_is_launched_into_the_River_Wear_%2814508024713%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Radiant_II_is_launched_into_the_River_Wear_%2814508024713%29.jpg/330px-Radiant_II_is_launched_into_the_River_Wear_%2814508024713%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Radiant_II_is_launched_into_the_River_Wear_%2814508024713%29.jpg/440px-Radiant_II_is_launched_into_the_River_Wear_%2814508024713%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>A ship (Radiant II) launched into the River Wear by <a href="/wiki/Austin_%26_Pickersgill" title="Austin & Pickersgill">Austin & Pickersgill</a>, 29 March 1961</figcaption></figure> Once hailed as the "Largest Shipbuilding Town in the World",<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> ships were built on the Wear from at least 1346<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> onwards and by the mid-18th century Sunderland was one of the chief shipbuilding towns in the country. <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Docks" title="Sunderland Docks">Sunderland Docks</a> was the home of operations for the <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> industry on <a href="/wiki/Wearside" title="Wearside">Wearside</a>. The Port of Sunderland was significantly expanded in the 1850s with the construction of Hudson Dock to designs by River Wear Commissioner's Engineer John Murray, with consultancy by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> One famous vessel was the <a href="/wiki/Torrens_(clipper_ship)" title="Torrens (clipper ship)">Torrens</a>, the clipper in which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a> sailed,<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> and on which he began his first novel.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> She was one of the most famous ships of her time<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> and can claim to be the finest ship ever launched from a Sunderland yard. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_(9105585273).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg/220px-An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg/330px-An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg/440px-An_Aerial_view_of_Sunderland_%289105585273%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Docks" title="Sunderland Docks">Sunderland Docks</a> in 1969</figcaption></figure> Between 1939 and 1945 the Wear yards launched 245 merchant ships totalling 1.5 million tons, a quarter of the merchant tonnage produced in the UK at this period.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Competition from overseas caused a downturn in demand for Sunderland built ships toward the end of the 20th century. The last shipyard in Sunderland closed on 7 December 1988.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Sunderland, part of the Durham coalfield, has a coal-mining heritage that dates back centuries. At its peak in 1923, 170,000 miners were employed in County Durham alone,<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> as labourers from all over Britain, including many from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, entered the region. As demand for coal slipped following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, mines began to close across the region, causing mass unemployment. The last <a href="/wiki/Coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mine">coal mine</a> closed in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The site of the last coal mine, <a href="/wiki/Wearmouth_Colliery" class="mw-redirect" title="Wearmouth Colliery">Wearmouth Colliery</a>, is now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a>, and a miner's <a href="/wiki/Davy_lamp" title="Davy lamp">Davy lamp</a> monument stands outside of the ground to honour the site's mining heritage. Documentation relating to the region's coalmining heritage are stored at the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England_Mining_Archive_and_Resource_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="North East England Mining Archive and Resource Centre">North East England Mining Archive and Resource Centre</a> (NEEMARC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minor">Minor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Minor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_Liebherr_Riverside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Sunderland_Liebherr_Riverside.jpg/220px-Sunderland_Liebherr_Riverside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Sunderland_Liebherr_Riverside.jpg/330px-Sunderland_Liebherr_Riverside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c2/Sunderland_Liebherr_Riverside.jpg/440px-Sunderland_Liebherr_Riverside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Liebherr" title="Liebherr">Liebherr</a> crane factory is the last remaining heavy industry on the River Wear in Sunderland.</figcaption></figure> As with the coal-mining and shipbuilding, overseas competition has forced the closure of all of Sunderland's glass-making factories. <a href="/wiki/Corning_Glass_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning Glass Works">Corning Glass Works</a>, in Sunderland for 120 years, closed on 31 March 2007<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> and in January 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Pyrex" title="Pyrex">Pyrex</a> manufacturing site also closed,<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> bringing to an end commercial glass-making in the city. However, there has been a modest rejuvenation with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/National_Glass_Centre" title="National Glass Centre">National Glass Centre</a> which, amongst other things, provides international glass makers with working facilities and a shop to showcase their work, predominantly in the artistic rather than functional field. In 1855, <a href="/wiki/John_Candlish" title="John Candlish">John Candlish</a> opened a bottleworks, producing glass bottles, with 6 sites at nearby <a href="/wiki/Seaham" title="Seaham">Seaham</a> and at Diamond Hall, Sunderland. <a href="/wiki/Vaux_Breweries" title="Vaux Breweries">Vaux Breweries</a> was established in the town centre in the 1880s and for 110 years was a major employer. Following a series of consolidations in the British <a href="/wiki/Brewing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewing industry">Brewing industry</a>, however, the brewery was finally closed in July 1999.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Vaux in Sunderland and <a href="/wiki/Wards_Brewing_Company" title="Wards Brewing Company">Wards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> had been part of the Vaux Group, but with the closure of both breweries it was re-branded The Swallow Group, concentrating on the hotel side of the business. This was subject to a successful take-over by <a href="/wiki/Whitbread" title="Whitbread">Whitbread PLC</a> in the autumn of 2000.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> It is now a brownfield site and this is a derelict site in an urban area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Sunderland" title="List of schools in Sunderland">List of schools in Sunderland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Sunderland_Sports_Buildings,_Chester_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079145.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/University_of_Sunderland_Sports_Buildings%2C_Chester_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079145.jpg/220px-University_of_Sunderland_Sports_Buildings%2C_Chester_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079145.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/University_of_Sunderland_Sports_Buildings%2C_Chester_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079145.jpg/330px-University_of_Sunderland_Sports_Buildings%2C_Chester_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079145.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/University_of_Sunderland_Sports_Buildings%2C_Chester_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079145.jpg/440px-University_of_Sunderland_Sports_Buildings%2C_Chester_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2079145.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>University of Sunderland</figcaption></figure> Sunderland Polytechnic was founded in 1969, becoming the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">University of Sunderland</a> in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The institution currently has over 17,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The university is split into two campuses; the City Campus (site of the original Polytechnic) is just to the west of the city centre, as is the main university library and the main administrative buildings. The 'Award-Winning' St Peter's Riverside Campus is located on the north banks of the river Wear, next to the National Glass Centre and houses the School of Business, Law and Psychology, as well as Computing and Technology and The Media Centre.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The University of Sunderland was named the top university in England for providing the best student experience by <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Higher_Education_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times Higher Education Supplement">The Times Higher Education Supplement</a> (THES) in 2006. Since 2001 Sunderland has been named the best new university in England by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> and Government performance indicators showed Sunderland as the best new university in England for the quality, range and quantity of its research.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_College" title="Sunderland College">Sunderland College</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> establishment with campuses located at the Bede centre on <a href="/wiki/A690" class="mw-redirect" title="A690">Durham Road</a>, Hylton, Doxford International Business Park and 'Phoenix House' in the city centre. It has over 14,000 students, and based on exam results is one of the most successful colleges.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> St Peter's Sixth Form College, next to St Peter's Church and the University, opened in September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The college is a partnership between the three Sunderland North schools and City of Sunderland College.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> There are eighteen <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> in the Sunderland area, predominantly comprehensives. According to exam results, the most successful was <a href="/wiki/St_Robert_of_Newminster_Catholic_School" title="St Robert of Newminster Catholic School">St Robert of Newminster Catholic School</a>, a coeducational secondary school and sixth form in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> However, comprehensive schools also thrive, notably the Roman Catholic single-sex schools <a href="/wiki/St_Anthony%27s_Girls%27_Catholic_Academy" title="St Anthony's Girls' Catholic Academy">St Anthony's</a> (for girls) and <a href="/wiki/St_Aidan%27s_Catholic_School" class="mw-redirect" title="St Aidan's Catholic School">St Aidan's</a> (for boys). Both continue to attain high exam results. There are seventy-six <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary schools</a> in Sunderland. According to the 'Value Added' measure, the most successful is Mill Hill Primary School, in <a href="/wiki/Doxford_Park" title="Doxford Park">Doxford Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Transport in Tyne and Wear">Transport in Tyne and Wear</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_and_light_rail">Heavy and light rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Heavy and light rail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_station_Metro_platforms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sunderland_station_Metro_platforms.jpg/220px-Sunderland_station_Metro_platforms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sunderland_station_Metro_platforms.jpg/330px-Sunderland_station_Metro_platforms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sunderland_station_Metro_platforms.jpg/440px-Sunderland_station_Metro_platforms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sunderland railway and Metro station</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland railway station">Sunderland station</a> is served by four <a href="/wiki/Train_operating_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Train operating companies">train operating companies</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_(train_operating_company)" title="Grand Central (train operating company)">Grand Central</a> operates five direct inter-city trains to <a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">London King's Cross</a> Monday-Saturday, with four on Sunday, taking about 3 hours 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Trains" title="Northern Trains">Northern Trains</a> provides services between <a href="/wiki/Nunthorpe_railway_station" title="Nunthorpe railway station">Nunthorpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_railway_station" title="Middlesbrough railway station">Middlesbrough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitby_railway_station" title="Whitby railway station">Whitby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexham_railway_station" title="Hexham railway station">Hexham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a> operates a daily inter-city return service to London King's Cross, via Newcastle and <a href="/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">York</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Passenger_Transport_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive">Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive</a> owns and operates the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_%26_Wear_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne & Wear Metro">Tyne & Wear Metro</a>, under the Nexus brand. The city has several stops on the Green line between <a href="/wiki/South_Hylton_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hylton metro station">South Hylton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Airport_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Airport metro station">Newcastle Airport</a>, including at <a href="/wiki/Seaburn_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaburn metro station">Seaburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadium of Light metro station">Stadium of Light</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Peters_station" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peters station">St Peters</a> before the city's main station with the <a href="/wiki/Park_Lane_Interchange" title="Park Lane Interchange">Park Lane Interchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="University metro station">University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millfield_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Millfield metro station">Millfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallion_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallion metro station">Pallion</a>. Trains run every 12–15 minutes, depending on the time of day, at each of the nine stations.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></li></ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:788px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto;direction:rtl"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_Metro_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="‪The Green Line simplified with dashed lines for omitted stations‬"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sunderland_Metro_Map.png/780px-Sunderland_Metro_Map.png" decoding="async" width="780" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Sunderland_Metro_Map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="130" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_Metro_Map.png" title="File:Sunderland Metro Map.png"> </a></div>The Green Line simplified with dashed lines for omitted stations</div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle</a> is a 30-minute Metro or train ride from Sunderland city centre, which facilitates connecting services to London King's Cross every half hour that take approximately 2 hours 45 minutes. It also provides regular services to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_railway_station" title="Glasgow Central railway station">Glasgow Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_railway_station" title="Leeds railway station">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly">Manchester Piccadilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Lime_Street_railway_station" title="Liverpool Lime Street railway station">Liverpool Lime Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">Birmingham New Street</a> and beyond. Sunderland station opened in 1879<a href="#cite_note-disused-stations.org.uk-157">[156]</a> and completely redesigned for England's <a href="/wiki/1966_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 World Cup">1966 World Cup</a> footfall to get to <a href="/wiki/Roker_Park" title="Roker Park">Roker Park</a>. It is underground<a href="#cite_note-disused-stations.org.uk-157">[156]</a> and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_%26_Wear_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne & Wear Metro">Tyne & Wear Metro</a> in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> In March 2014, Metro owner Nexus proposed an extension of the network by an 'on-street' tram link which would connect north to <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a> and Doxford Park to the west.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pallion_station_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pallion_station_02.jpg/220px-Pallion_station_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pallion_station_02.jpg/330px-Pallion_station_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pallion_station_02.jpg/440px-Pallion_station_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Pallion Metro station</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sunderland railway station's connections </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Operators</th> <th>Services</th> <th>Lines</th> <th>Terminus</th> <th>Other stations </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Trains" title="Northern Trains">Northern Trains</a> </td> <td>An hourly service</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durham_Coast_Line" title="Durham Coast Line">Durham Coast Line</a> (DCL), <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Valley_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne Valley Line">Tyne Valley Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esk_Valley_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Esk Valley Line">Esk Valley Line</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexham_railway_station" title="Hexham railway station">Hexham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunthorpe_railway_station" title="Nunthorpe railway station">Nunthorpe</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_railway_station" title="Newcastle railway station">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_railway_station" title="Hartlepool railway station">Hartlepool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_railway_station" title="Middlesbrough railway station">Middlesbrough</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Trains" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Central Trains">Grand Central Trains</a> </td> <td>Five (four on Sunday) trains per day</td> <td>DCL (south), Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line and the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> (ECML)</td> <td>It is a terminus and <a href="/wiki/London_Kings_Cross_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Kings Cross railway station">London Kings Cross</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eaglescliffe_railway_station" title="Eaglescliffe railway station">Eaglescliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northallerton_railway_station" title="Northallerton railway station">Northallerton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirsk_railway_station" title="Thirsk railway station">Thirsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_railway_station" title="York railway station">York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a> </td> <td>A single daily weekday service</td> <td>DCL (north) and ECML</td> <td>It is a terminus and Kings Cross</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_railway_station" title="Peterborough railway station">Peterborough</a> (London-bound only), York, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_railway_station" title="Darlington railway station">Darlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham_railway_station" title="Durham railway station">Durham</a> and Newcastle </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Tyne and Wear Metro</a> </td> <td>Up to five (four on evening and Sunday services) trains per hour on</td> <td>Green Line</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Airport_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Airport metro station">Newcastle Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Hylton_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hylton metro station">South Hylton</a></td> <td>Newcastle </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riverside_path_and_Northern_Spire,_Sunderland_(geograph_5963579).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riverside_path_and_Northern_Spire%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_5963579%29.jpg/220px-Riverside_path_and_Northern_Spire%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_5963579%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riverside_path_and_Northern_Spire%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_5963579%29.jpg/330px-Riverside_path_and_Northern_Spire%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_5963579%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riverside_path_and_Northern_Spire%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_5963579%29.jpg/440px-Riverside_path_and_Northern_Spire%2C_Sunderland_%28geograph_5963579%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Spire" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Spire">Northern Spire</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_roads_in_sunderland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Main_roads_in_sunderland.jpg/220px-Main_roads_in_sunderland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Main_roads_in_sunderland.jpg/330px-Main_roads_in_sunderland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/Main_roads_in_sunderland.jpg/440px-Main_roads_in_sunderland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the main roads through Sunderland</figcaption></figure> There are five main roads which connect the city: <ul><li>The city's main road is the <a href="/wiki/A19_road" title="A19 road">A19</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a> running north-to-south west of the city, crossing the River Wear at Hylton. The road goes links <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> with the north of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a> to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>; it passes <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool" title="Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees" title="Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> and <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> to <a href="/wiki/A168_road" title="A168 road">A168</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1M</a>. The A19 originally ran through Sunderland city centre until a bypass was built in the 1970s, renaming the old route to the A1018.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/A690_road" title="A690 road">A690</a> Durham Road terminates in the city centre and runs to <a href="/wiki/Crook,_County_Durham" title="Crook, County Durham">Crook, County Durham</a>, via the city of Durham.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/A1231_road" title="A1231 road">A1231</a> (Sunderland Highway) begins in the city centre, crosses the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra_Bridge" title="Queen Alexandra Bridge">Queen Alexandra Bridge</a> and runs west through <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Washington, Tyne and Wear">Washington</a> to the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1</a>. Most of this road is <a href="/wiki/National_speed_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="National speed limit">national speed limit</a> <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/A1018_road" title="A1018 road">A1018</a> and <a href="/wiki/A183_road_(England)" title="A183 road (England)">A183</a> roads both start in the centre of South Shields and enter Sunderland from the north, before merging to cross the Wearmouth Bridge. The A1018 follows a direct route from Shields to Sunderland, the A183 follows the coast. After crossing the bridge, the A1018 follows a relatively straight path to the south of Sunderland where it merges with the A19. The A183 becomes Chester Road and heads west out of the city to the A1 at <a href="/wiki/Chester-le-Street" title="Chester-le-Street">Chester-le-Street</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Autumn 2007, the Southern Radial Route was opened. This is a bypass of the A1018 through Grangetown and Ryhope – a stretch that commonly suffered from <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">congestion</a>, especially during <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">rush hour</a>. The bypass starts just south of Ryhope and runs parallel to the cliff tops into Hendon, largely avoiding residential areas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> The Sunderland strategic transport corridor project is an ongoing investment to the city's road infrastructure. The scheme improves transport links around the city, ensuring continuous dual carriageway between the A19 road and the port of Sunderland, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Spire" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Spire">Northern Spire</a> bridge built over the Wear between Pallion (south) and Castletown (north). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Buses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buses_in_Park_Lane_Interchange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748466.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Buses_in_Park_Lane_Interchange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748466.jpg/220px-Buses_in_Park_Lane_Interchange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748466.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Buses_in_Park_Lane_Interchange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748466.jpg/330px-Buses_in_Park_Lane_Interchange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748466.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Buses_in_Park_Lane_Interchange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748466.jpg/440px-Buses_in_Park_Lane_Interchange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748466.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Go North East buses at Park Lane Interchange</figcaption></figure> The majority of bus services in Sunderland are provided by <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_North_East" title="Stagecoach North East">Stagecoach in Sunderland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go_North_East" title="Go North East">Go North East</a>, with a handful of services provided by <a href="/wiki/Arriva_North_East" title="Arriva North East">Arriva North East</a>. Cross-country and inter-city routes are operated mainly by <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(Europe)" title="Megabus (Europe)">Megabus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> A multimillion-pound <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport interchange</a> at <a href="/wiki/Park_Lane_Interchange" title="Park Lane Interchange">Park Lane</a> was opened on 2 May 1999 by the then <a href="/wiki/Brookside_(television_programme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookside (television programme)">Brookside</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Starke_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Starke (actor)">Michael Starke</a>. With 750,000 passengers per year, it is the busiest bus and coach station in Britain after <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Victoria Coach Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">Central London</a> and has won several awards for innovative design.<a href="#cite_note-didyouknow-162">[161]</a> A new Metro station was built underneath the bus concourse to provide a direct interchange as part of the extension to South Hylton in 2002. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> There are a number of cycle routes that run through and around Sunderland. The <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Network" title="National Cycle Network">National Cycle Network</a> National Route 1 runs from Ryhope in the south, through the centre of the city and then along the coast towards South Shields. Britain's most popular long-distance <a href="/wiki/Segregated_cycle_facilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregated cycle facilities">cycle route</a> – The 'C2C' <a href="/wiki/Sea_to_Sea_Cycle_Route" title="Sea to Sea Cycle Route">Sea to Sea Cycle Route</a> – traditionally starts or ends when the cyclist dips their wheel in the sea on Roker beach. The '<a href="/wiki/W2W" class="mw-redirect" title="W2W">W2W</a>' 'Wear-to-<a href="/wiki/Walney" class="mw-redirect" title="Walney">Walney</a>' route and the 'Two-Rivers' (Tyne and Wear) route also terminate in Sunderland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Arrows_Sunderland_Airshow_2009_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Red_Arrows_Sunderland_Airshow_2009_%282%29.jpg/220px-Red_Arrows_Sunderland_Airshow_2009_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Red_Arrows_Sunderland_Airshow_2009_%282%29.jpg/330px-Red_Arrows_Sunderland_Airshow_2009_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Red_Arrows_Sunderland_Airshow_2009_%282%29.jpg/440px-Red_Arrows_Sunderland_Airshow_2009_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>The Red Arrows display team perform at the 2009 Sunderland International Airshow</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport" title="Newcastle International Airport">Newcastle Airport</a> is a 55-minute Metro ride from Sunderland city centre; there is a Metro train connecting with the airport every 12–15 minutes in both directions until about 11 pm, Monday-Sunday. <a href="/wiki/Teesside_International_Airport" title="Teesside International Airport">Teesside International Airport</a> can be reached in less than one hour by car. Each year on the last weekend in July, the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_International_Airshow" title="Sunderland International Airshow">Sunderland International Airshow</a>. It took place primarily along the sea front at Roker and Seaburn. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port">Port</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Port">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sunderland_harbour.jpg/220px-Sunderland_harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sunderland_harbour.jpg/330px-Sunderland_harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sunderland_harbour.jpg/440px-Sunderland_harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Sunderland harbour viewed from the north dock</figcaption></figure> The Port of Sunderland is the second largest municipally-owned port in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-pos1-163">[162]</a> The port offers a total of 17 quays,<a href="#cite_note-pos-quays-164">[163]</a> which handle cargoes including forest products, non-ferrous metals, steel, aggregates and refined oil products, limestone, chemicals and maritime cranes.<a href="#cite_note-pos1-163">[162]</a> It also handles offshore supply vessels and has ship repair and <a href="/wiki/Drydock" class="mw-redirect" title="Drydock">drydocking</a> facilities. The river berths are deepwater and <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a>, while the South Docks are entered via a lock with an 18.9-metre (62 ft) beam restriction.<a href="#cite_note-pos-southdock-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect_and_accent">Dialect and accent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dialect and accent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Mackem</a></div> The dialect of Sunderland is known as <a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Mackem</a>, and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Mackem dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> population. Although the accent has much in common with <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a>, the dialect spoken in Newcastle, there are some distinctive differences. A few Sunderland dialect words: <ul><li>Nee – No</li> <li>Bosh – Problem</li> <li>Marra – Mate</li> <li>Ha'way – Come on (Not to be confused with Geordie's Howay)</li> <li>Knack – Hurt</li> <li>Git – Very (Used to emphasize something so 'very good' becomes 'git good')</li> <li>Claes – Clothes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attractions_and_events">Attractions and events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Attractions and events">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_Marina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4068800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sunderland_Marina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4068800.jpg/148px-Sunderland_Marina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4068800.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sunderland_Marina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4068800.jpg/222px-Sunderland_Marina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4068800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sunderland_Marina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4068800.jpg/296px-Sunderland_Marina_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4068800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="710" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_Museum_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501440.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Glass_Museum_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501440.jpg/136px-Glass_Museum_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501440.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Glass_Museum_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501440.jpg/204px-Glass_Museum_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501440.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Glass_Museum_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501440.jpg/272px-Glass_Museum_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_501440.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hylton_Castle_In_The_Summer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hylton_Castle_In_The_Summer.jpg/138px-Hylton_Castle_In_The_Summer.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hylton_Castle_In_The_Summer.jpg/207px-Hylton_Castle_In_The_Summer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hylton_Castle_In_The_Summer.jpg/276px-Hylton_Castle_In_The_Summer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1196" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:109px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_-_Mowbray_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_514186.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_-_Mowbray_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_514186.jpg/146px-Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_-_Mowbray_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_514186.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_-_Mowbray_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_514186.jpg/219px-Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_-_Mowbray_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_514186.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_-_Mowbray_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_514186.jpg/292px-Museum_and_Winter_Gardens_-_Mowbray_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_514186.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top: the marina; the <a href="/wiki/National_Glass_Centre" title="National Glass Centre">National Glass Centre</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens" title="Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens">Museum and Winter Gardens</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mowbray_Park" title="Mowbray Park">Mowbray Park</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Hylton_Castle" title="Hylton Castle">Hylton Castle</a></div></div></div></div> Notable attractions for visitors to Sunderland include the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Hylton_Castle" title="Hylton Castle">Hylton Castle</a> and the beaches of Roker and Seaburn. The <a href="/wiki/National_Glass_Centre" title="National Glass Centre">National Glass Centre</a> opened in 1998, reflecting Sunderland's distinguished history of glass-making.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens" title="Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens">Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens</a>, on Borough Road, was the first municipally funded museum in the country outside London.<a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[64]</a> It houses a comprehensive collection of the locally produced <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Lustreware" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland Lustreware">Sunderland Lustreware</a> pottery. The City Library Arts Centre, on Fawcett Street, housed the Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art until the library was closed in January 2017. The library service was relocated to the Museum and Winter Gardens and the Gallery for Contemporary Art transferred to Sunderland University.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Every year the city hosts a large <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> memorial service, the largest in the UK outside <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Sunderland celebrates an annual Restaurant week, where city centre restaurants provide some of the best plates at low costs.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_art">Literature and art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Literature and art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderlandstreets2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sunderlandstreets2.jpg/220px-Sunderlandstreets2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sunderlandstreets2.jpg/330px-Sunderlandstreets2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sunderlandstreets2.jpg/440px-Sunderlandstreets2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Sunniside district in the city centre</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> was a frequent visitor to the area. He wrote most of <a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky</a> at <a href="/wiki/Whitburn,_South_Tyneside" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitburn, South Tyneside">Whitburn</a> as well as "<a href="/wiki/The_Walrus_and_the_Carpenter" title="The Walrus and the Carpenter">The Walrus and the Carpenter</a>".<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Some parts of the area are also widely believed to be the inspiration for his Alice in Wonderland stories, such as Hylton Castle and Backhouse Park.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> There is a statue to Carroll in Whitburn library. Lewis Carroll was also a visitor to the Rectory of Holy Trinity Church, Southwick; then a township independent of Sunderland. Carroll's connection with Sunderland, and the area's history, is documented in <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Talbot" title="Bryan Talbot">Bryan Talbot</a>'s 2007 graphic novel <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Sunderland" title="Alice in Sunderland">Alice in Sunderland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> More recently, Sunderland-born <a href="/wiki/Terry_Deary" title="Terry Deary">Terry Deary</a>, writer of the series of <a href="/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(book_series)" title="Horrible Histories (book series)">Horrible Histories</a> books, has achieved fame and success, and many others such as thriller writer <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Quigley" title="Sheila Quigley">Sheila Quigley</a>, are following his lead.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> The Salford-born painter <a href="/wiki/L._S._Lowry" title="L. S. Lowry">L. S. Lowry</a> was a frequent visitor, staying in the Seaburn Hotel in Sunderland.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> Many of his paintings of seascapes and shipbuilding are based on Wearside scenes. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Gallery_for_Contemporary_Art" title="Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art">Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art</a> on Fawcett Street and <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens" title="Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens">Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens</a> showcase exhibitions and installations from up-and-coming and established artists alike, with the latter holding an extensive collection of Lowry. The National Glass Centre on Liberty Way also exhibits a number of glass sculptures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media,_film_and_television">Media, film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Media, film and television">edit</a>]</div> Sunderland has a local newspapers: the daily evening tabloid The <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Echo" title="Sunderland Echo">Sunderland Echo</a>, founded in 1873. It also has its own commercial station, <a href="/wiki/Nation_Radio_North_East" title="Nation Radio North East">Nation Radio North East</a>, formerly known as Sun FM, an independent station but now owned by <a href="/wiki/Nation_Broadcasting" title="Nation Broadcasting">Nation Broadcasting</a> who acquired the station from the <a href="/wiki/UKRD_Group" title="UKRD Group">UKRD Group</a>, a student-led community radio station, <a href="/wiki/Spark_Sunderland" title="Spark Sunderland">Spark</a>, and a hospital radio station – <a href="/wiki/Radio_Sunderland_for_Hospitals" title="Radio Sunderland for Hospitals">Radio Sunderland for Hospitals</a>, and can receive other north-eastern independent radio stations <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_North_East" title="Hits Radio North East">Hits Radio North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_North_East" title="Greatest Hits Radio North East">Greatest Hits Radio North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_North_East" title="Capital North East">Capital North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_North_East" title="Smooth North East">Smooth North East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_North_East" title="Heart North East">Heart North East</a>. The regional BBC radio station is <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Newcastle" title="BBC Radio Newcastle">BBC Radio Newcastle</a>. The city is covered by <a href="/wiki/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria" title="BBC North East and Cumbria">BBC North East and Cumbria</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Tees_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne Tees Television">Tyne Tees</a> franchise, which has a regional office in the university's media centre.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Sunderland's inaugural film festival took place in December 2003 at the Bonded Warehouse building on Sunderland riverside, in spite of the lack of any cinema facilities in the city at that time, featuring the films of local and aspiring directors as well as re-showings of acclaimed works, such as <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bleasdale" title="Alan Bleasdale">Alan Bleasdale</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Monocled_Mutineer" title="The Monocled Mutineer">The Monocled Mutineer</a>, accompanied by analysis.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> By the time of the second festival commencing on 21 January 2005, a new cinema multiplex had opened in Sunderland to provide a venue which allowed the festival to showcase over twenty films. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music,_dance_and_kites">Music, dance and kites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Music, dance and kites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bands_and_musicians_from_Yorkshire_and_North_East_England" title="Bands and musicians from Yorkshire and North East England">Bands and musicians from Yorkshire and North East England</a></div> Sunderland musicians that have gone on to reach international fame include <a href="/wiki/Dave_Stewart_(Eurythmics)" title="Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)">Dave Stewart</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eurythmics" title="Eurythmics">Eurythmics</a> and all four members of <a href="/wiki/Kenickie" title="Kenickie">Kenickie</a>, whose vocalist <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Laverne" title="Lauren Laverne">Lauren Laverne</a> later became known as a TV presenter. In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground music</a> scene in Sunderland has helped promote the likes of <a href="/wiki/Frankie_%26_the_Heartstrings" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankie & the Heartstrings">Frankie & the Heartstrings</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Futureheads" title="The Futureheads">the Futureheads</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgins" title="The Golden Virgins">the Golden Virgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_Music" title="Field Music">Field Music</a>. Other Mackem musicians include punk rockers <a href="/wiki/The_Toy_Dolls" class="mw-redirect" title="The Toy Dolls">the Toy Dolls</a> ("Nellie the Elephant", December 1984); oi! punk band <a href="/wiki/Red_Alert_(band)" title="Red Alert (band)">Red Alert</a>; melodic hardcore punk band <a href="/wiki/Leatherface_(band)" title="Leatherface (band)">Leatherface</a>; the lead singer of dance outfit <a href="/wiki/Olive_(band)" title="Olive (band)">Olive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ann_Boyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Ann Boyle">Ruth Ann Boyle</a> ("You're Not Alone", May 1997); and <a href="/wiki/A_Tribe_of_Toffs" title="A Tribe of Toffs">A Tribe of Toffs</a> ("<a href="/wiki/John_Kettley_is_a_Weatherman" class="mw-redirect" title="John Kettley is a Weatherman">John Kettley is a Weatherman</a>", December 1988). In May 2005, Sunderland played host to <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Big_Weekend" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Weekend">Big Weekend</a> concert at <a href="/wiki/Herrington" title="Herrington">Herrington Country Park</a>, attended by 30,000 visitors and which featured <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasabian" title="Kasabian">Kasabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/KT_Tunstall" title="KT Tunstall">KT Tunstall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Brothers">Chemical Brothers</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Eyed Peas">the Black Eyed Peas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> The Sunderland <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a>, home to <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_AFC" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland AFC">Sunderland AFC</a>, is recognised internationally as a major stadium concert venue. Headlining acts have included <a href="/wiki/Oasis_(band)" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Take_That" title="Take That">Take That</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_(singer)" title="Pink (singer)">Pink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Leon" title="Kings of Leon">Kings of Leon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers" title="Red Hot Chili Peppers">Red Hot Chili Peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bon_Jovi" title="Bon Jovi">Bon Jovi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/One_Direction" title="One Direction">One Direction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foo_Fighters" title="Foo Fighters">Foo Fighters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>. The Empire Theatre sometimes plays host to music acts. Independent, a city-centre <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclub</a>/music venue, satisfies underground music lovers. The Manor Quay' the students' union nightclub on St Peter's Riverside at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">University of Sunderland</a>, has also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max%C3%AFmo_Park" title="Maxïmo Park">Maxïmo Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/911_(UK_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="911 (UK band)">911</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Levellers_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levellers (band)">the Levellers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girls_Aloud" title="Girls Aloud">Girls Aloud</a>. In 2009, the club was taken into private ownership under the name Campus and hosted <a href="/wiki/N-Dubz" title="N-Dubz">N-Dubz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Colour_Scene" title="Ocean Colour Scene">Ocean Colour Scene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Boots" title="Little Boots">Little Boots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Numan" title="Gary Numan">Gary Numan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Showaddywaddy" title="Showaddywaddy">Showaddywaddy</a> but has since been returned to the university.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The former students' union Wearmouth Hall hosted <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_Beehive" title="Voice of the Beehive">Voice of the Beehive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers" title="Manic Street Preachers">Manic Street Preachers</a>, The Primitives and Radiohead before closing in 1992. Since 2009, Sunderland: Live in the City has played host to a series of free and ticketed live music events throughout venues in the city centre. In 2013, local band Frankie and The Heartstrings opened a temporary pop up record store in the city, Pop Recs Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Initially only intended to remain open for a fortnight, the store remains open and has hosted live performances from acts including <a href="/wiki/The_Cribs" title="The Cribs">the Cribs</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Vaccines" title="The Vaccines">the Vaccines</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Charlatans_(English_band)" title="The Charlatans (English band)">the Charlatans</a>. Sunderland also hosts the free International Festival of Kites, Music and Dance, which attracts kite-makers from around the world to Northumbria Playing Fields, Washington. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatres_and_performance_venues">Theatres and performance venues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Theatres and performance venues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sunderland_Empire.jpg/170px-Sunderland_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sunderland_Empire.jpg/255px-Sunderland_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sunderland_Empire.jpg/340px-Sunderland_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The Sunderland Empire</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Empire_Theatre" title="Sunderland Empire Theatre">Sunderland Empire Theatre</a> opened in 1907 on High Street West in the city centre. It is the largest theatre in between <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and completed a comprehensive refurbishment in 2004. Operated by international entertainment group <a href="/wiki/Live_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Live Nation">Live Nation</a>, the Empire is the only theatre between <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> with sufficient capacity to accommodate large <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> productions.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> It is where British comic actor <a href="/wiki/Sid_James" title="Sid James">Sid James</a> died of a heart attack whilst on stage in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The Bunker is the only venue in Sunderland where you can rehearse, record, learn and perform, all in one location. Born as a youth project in 1980, finally settling in its current home in 1983,<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> new music talent can practice and perform in the same building that has hosted gigs by <a href="/wiki/The_Clash" title="The Clash">The Clash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bjork" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjork">Bjork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chumbawamba" title="Chumbawamba">Chumbawamba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bragg" title="Billy Bragg">Billy Bragg</a>. The Bunker has a history synonymous with the development of music making in the North East. Independent is popular grass roots music venue in Sunderland, nurturing young talent, supporting bands and giving people a stage to play their first ever show. Open since the early 2000s it has played host to not only a range of up-and coming talent, but acts such as <a href="/wiki/The_Zutons" title="The Zutons">The Zutons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamie_T" title="Jamie T">Jamie T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaxons" title="Klaxons">Klaxons</a> or local heroes such as <a href="/wiki/The_Futureheads" title="The Futureheads">The Futureheads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_Music" title="Field Music">Field Music</a>. The Fire Station is a live music and performance auditorium that complements its Edwardian neighbour, the Empire Theatre. It is operated by Sunderland Culture. In 2017 the Sunderland MAC Trust restored Sunderland’s 1908 Central Fire Station, vacant since 1992, and converted it into a cultural hub with dance and literacy studios, teaching rooms and a bar/restaurant. The Fire Station auditorium is a 500 seat/800 standing venue attached to the restored building which opened in December 2021. The Royalty Theatre on <a href="/wiki/A183_road_(England)" title="A183 road (England)">Chester Road</a> is the home to the amateur Royalty Theatre Group who also put on a number of low-budget productions throughout the year. Film producer <a href="/wiki/David_Parfitt" title="David Parfitt">David Parfitt</a> belonged to this company and is now a patron of the theatre.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sunniside,_Sunderland" title="Sunniside, Sunderland">Sunniside</a> area plays host to a number of smaller theatrical workshops and production houses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom">List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom</a></div> Sunderland is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-Harbin-Sunderland_link-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sunderland_Echo-185">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a>, France<a href="#cite_note-Archant_twinning_3-186">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-DCsite-187">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, Germany<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></li></ul> Sunderland is the only non-capital city that is twinned with Washington, D.C., as it includes the town of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Washington, Tyne and Wear">Washington</a>, the ancestral home of George Washington's family.<a href="#cite_note-DCsite-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadium_of_Light,_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5813943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stadium_of_Light%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5813943.jpg/220px-Stadium_of_Light%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5813943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stadium_of_Light%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5813943.jpg/330px-Stadium_of_Light%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5813943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stadium_of_Light%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5813943.jpg/440px-Stadium_of_Light%2C_Sunderland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5813943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a></figcaption></figure> The city is well known for its passion for football. The <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team, <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C." title="Sunderland A.F.C.">Sunderland A.F.C.</a> was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> in 1890. <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C._supporters" title="Sunderland A.F.C. supporters">Sunderland supporters</a> are one of the oldest fan bases in England: in 2019 it was reported that despite being in <a href="/wiki/EFL_League_One" title="EFL League One">League One</a>, Sunderland's average gates were higher than those of such teams as <a href="/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais" title="Olympique Lyonnais">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli" class="mw-redirect" title="S.S.C. Napoli">Napoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/A.S._Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Roma">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia_CF" title="Valencia CF">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juventus_FC" title="Juventus FC">Juventus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FC_Porto" title="FC Porto">Porto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> After relegations from the <a href="/wiki/FA_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="FA Premier League">FA Premier League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/EFL_Championship" title="EFL Championship">EFL Championship</a>, documented in the streaming series <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_%27Til_I_Die" title="Sunderland 'Til I Die">Sunderland 'Til I Die</a> the club played four consecutive seasons in <a href="/wiki/EFL_League_One" title="EFL League One">EFL League One</a>. It has played in the <a href="/wiki/EFL_Championship" title="EFL Championship">EFL Championship</a> since the 2022-23 season. It is based at the 49,000-seat <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a>, which was opened in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Sunderland AFC's longest stadium occupancy so far was of <a href="/wiki/Roker_Park" title="Roker Park">Roker Park</a> for 99 years beginning in 1898, with relocation taking place due to the stadium's confined location and the need to build an all-seater stadium. <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C._Women" title="Sunderland A.F.C. Women">Sunderland A.F.C. Women</a> is one of the north-east's top women's football teams. They currently play in the 2nd tier of English women's football – <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Championship_(England)" title="Women's Championship (England)">Women's Championship (England)</a>. The city also has three non-league sides, <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Ryhope_Community_Association_F.C." title="Sunderland Ryhope Community Association F.C.">Sunderland Ryhope Community Association F.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ryhope_Colliery_Welfare_F.C." title="Ryhope Colliery Welfare F.C.">Ryhope Colliery Welfare F.C.</a>, both of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_League_Division_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League Division One">Northern League Division One</a> as well as Sunderland West End FC of the <a href="/wiki/Wearside_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Wearside League">Wearside League</a>, who play at the Ford Quarry Complex. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby_and_Cricket">Rugby and Cricket</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Rugby and Cricket">edit</a>]</div> Sunderland's amateur <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">Rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> clubs are both based in <a href="/wiki/Ashbrooke" title="Ashbrooke">Ashbrooke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> The Ashbrooke ground was opened on 30 May 1887. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boxing_&_MMA">Boxing & MMA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Boxing & MMA">edit</a>]</div> Sunderland has a vibrant combat sports community with a number of active clubs such as Sunderland Amateur Boxing Club, Lambton Street ABC and Roker Rough House. <a href="/wiki/Kiaran_MacDonald" title="Kiaran MacDonald">Kiaran MacDonald</a> picked up a silver at both the 2022 European Championships and Commonwealth Games.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Other talented boxers from Sunderland include former Olympians <a href="/wiki/Tony_Jeffries" title="Tony Jeffries">Tony Jeffries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Kelly_(boxer)" title="Josh Kelly (boxer)">Josh Kelly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hardy" title="Billy Hardy">Billy Hardy</a>, and Layla Straughan.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Notable Mixed Martial Artists who have competed out of Sunderland are Andy Ogle, Ian Freeman, Phil De Fries, Mick Parkin, Alex Enlund and Ross Pearson. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swimming">Swimming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Swimming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderland_Aquatic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1665091.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sunderland_Aquatic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1665091.jpg/330px-Sunderland_Aquatic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1665091.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sunderland_Aquatic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1665091.jpg/495px-Sunderland_Aquatic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1665091.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Sunderland_Aquatic_Centre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1665091.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Sunderland Aquatic Centre, located next to the Stadium of Light, holds the only Olympic-sized swimming pool in North-East England.</figcaption></figure> On 18 April 2008, the Sunderland Aquatic Centre was opened. Constructed at a cost of £20 million, it is the only Olympic sized 50 m pool between <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and has six diving boards, which stand at 1 m, 3 m and 5 m.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> The Crowtree Leisure Centre has also played host to a number of important boxing matches and snooker championships including the 2003 Snooker World Trickshot and Premier League Final. In September 2005, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> TV cameras captured international boxing bouts featuring local boxers <a href="/wiki/David_Dolan" title="David Dolan">David Dolan</a>, Stuart Kennedy and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Jeffries" title="Tony Jeffries">Tony Jeffries</a>. The latter became Sunderland's first Olympic medallist when he won a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_medal" title="Bronze medal">bronze medal</a> in the light heavyweight boxing category for <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2008_Beijing_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Beijing Olympic Games">2008 Beijing Olympic Games</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Athletics">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, the British leg of the 2023 World Triathlon Championship Series was hosted in Sunderland, bringing elite swim, bike, run to Sunderland. The beach front at <a href="/wiki/Roker" title="Roker">Roker</a> welcomed the triathletes from around the world as well as thousands of amateur participants over the weekend of 29–30 July 2023 for a festival of swim, bike, and run.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> Sunderland Harriers Athletics Club based at Silksworth Sports Complex. 800 m runner Gavin Massingham represented the club at the AAA Championships in 2005. The first Sunderland city 10 km was held in 2011, with just over 1500 taking part. By 2021 the Sunderland City Runs welcomed 4000 participants to the city streets in a celebration of running across a range of distances. Entrants can choose the flat and fast 10K, a spring Half-Marathon, or the Active Sunderland Big 3K. On 25 June 2006, the first Great Women's Run took place along Sunderland's coastline. Among the field which lined up to start the race were Olympic silver medallists <a href="/wiki/Sonia_O%27Sullivan" title="Sonia O'Sullivan">Sonia O'Sullivan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gete_Wami" title="Gete Wami">Gete Wami</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, who eventually won the race. The race quickly became an annual fixture in the city's sporting schedule, with races in 2007 and 2008. In 2009, the race will be relaunched as the <a href="/wiki/Great_North_10K" title="Great North 10K">Great North 10K</a> Run, allowing male competitors to take part for the first time, on 12 July.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notable residents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sunderland" title="List of people from Sunderland">List of people from Sunderland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:EnglandNorthEast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EnglandNorthEast.png/23px-EnglandNorthEast.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EnglandNorthEast.png/34px-EnglandNorthEast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EnglandNorthEast.png/45px-EnglandNorthEast.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="247" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_East_England" title="Portal:North East England">North East England portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day_Dip" title="Boxing Day Dip">Sunderland's Boxing Day dip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_North_Dock_Tufa" class="mw-redirect" title="The North Dock Tufa">The North Dock Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_dates_in_the_history_of_Sunderland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important dates in the history of Sunderland">List of important dates in the history of Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Monkey" title="The New Monkey">The New Monkey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> This article is primarily about the built-up area, which does not have legal city status of itself, but is widely regarded as a city since it is the main and nominate settlement in the City of Sunderland local government area, which is the area which formally holds city status. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/northeastengland/">"North East England (United Kingdom): Counties and Unitary Districts & Settlements - Population Statistics, Charts and Map"</a>. www.citypopulation.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=North+East+England+%28United+Kingdom%29%3A+Counties+and+Unitary+Districts+%26+Settlements+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Charts+and+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fuk%2Fnortheastengland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunderland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved 3 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+telegraph&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Nissan%27s+Sunderland+factory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fmotoring%2Fcar-manufacturers%2Fnissan%2F9753733%2FThe-history-of-Nissans-Sunderland-factory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunderland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.localhistories.org/sunderland.html">"A History of Sunderland"</a>. localhistories.org. 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=localhistories.org&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Sunderland&rft.date=2021-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.localhistories.org%2Fsunderland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunderland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_White2004" class="citation web cs1">Laura White (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125122303/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/Centre-will-be-a-glass.817088.jp">"Centre will be a glass act again"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunderland+Triathlon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunderland.triathlon.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunderland" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/wear/hi/front_page/newsid_9393000/9393838.stm">"Great North 10K moves"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 28 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Great+North+10K+moves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fwear%2Fhi%2Ffront_page%2Fnewsid_9393000%2F9393838.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASunderland" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sunderland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sunderland">Sunderland</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Sunderland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Sunderland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Sunderland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Washington, Tyne and Wear">Washington</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Sunderland<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester-le-street" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester-le-street">Chester-le-street</a>.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaham" title="Seaham">Seaham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easington,_County_Durham" title="Easington, County Durham">Easington</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_Sunderland" title="Template:City of Sunderland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_of_Sunderland" title="Template talk:City of Sunderland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_Sunderland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of Sunderland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">City of Sunderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Washington, Tyne and Wear">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton-le-Spring" title="Houghton-le-Spring">Houghton-le-Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetton-le-Hole" title="Hetton-le-Hole">Hetton-le-Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springwell_Village" title="Springwell Village">Springwell Village</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Sunderland_City_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_the_Sunderland_City_Council.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Sunderland_City_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_the_Sunderland_City_Council.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_Sunderland_City_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_the_Sunderland_City_Council.svg/200px-Arms_of_the_Sunderland_City_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1131" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_360,_Sunderland" title="Academy 360, Sunderland">Academy 360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_House_School" title="Argyle House School">Argyle House School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biddick_Academy" title="Biddick Academy">Biddick Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_View_Enterprise_Academy" title="Castle View Enterprise Academy">Castle View Enterprise Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Sunderland" title="Christ's College, Sunderland">Christ's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farringdon_Community_Academy" title="Farringdon Community Academy">Farringdon Community Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetton_Academy" title="Hetton Academy">Hetton Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepier_School" title="Kepier School">Kepier School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth_Academy" title="Monkwearmouth Academy">Monkwearmouth Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxclose_Community_Academy" title="Oxclose Community Academy">Oxclose Community Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_House_Academy" title="Red House Academy">Red House Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Aidan%27s_Catholic_Academy" title="St Aidan's Catholic Academy">St Aidan's Catholic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anthony%27s_Girls%27_Catholic_Academy" title="St Anthony's Girls' Catholic Academy">St Anthony's Girls' Catholic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Robert_of_Newminster_Catholic_School" title="St Robert of Newminster Catholic School">St Robert of Newminster Catholic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhill_View_Academy" title="Sandhill View Academy">Sandhill View Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southmoor_Academy" title="Southmoor Academy">Southmoor Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_College" title="Sunderland College">Sunderland College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornhill_Academy" title="Thornhill Academy">Thornhill Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">University of Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venerable_Bede_Church_of_England_Academy" title="Venerable Bede Church of England Academy">Venerable Bede Church of England Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Academy,_Sunderland" title="Washington Academy, Sunderland">Washington Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_Park" title="Barnes Park">Barnes Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnison_School" title="Donnison School">Donnison School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_Sunderland" title="City Hall, Sunderland">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Museum_and_Winter_Gardens" title="Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens">Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penshaw_Monument" title="Penshaw Monument">Penshaw Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrington_Country_Park" title="Herrington Country Park">Herrington Country Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mowbray_Park" title="Mowbray Park">Mowbray Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Glass_Centre" title="National Glass Centre">National Glass Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roker_Park_(park)" title="Roker Park (park)">Roker Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Empire_Theatre" title="Sunderland Empire Theatre">Sunderland Empire Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Monkwearmouth" title="St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth">St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_International_Airshow" title="Sunderland International Airshow">Sunderland International Airshow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Old_Hall" title="Washington Old Hall">Washington Old Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth_railway_station" title="Monkwearmouth railway station">Monkwearmouth Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Aquatic_Centre" title="Sunderland Aquatic Centre">Sunderland Aquatic Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridges" title="The Bridges">The Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWT_Washington" title="WWT Washington">WWT Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel_Square" title="Keel Square">Keel Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Spire_Bridge" title="Northern Spire Bridge">Northern Spire Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_of_Light" title="Beacon of Light">Beacon of Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doxford_International_Business_Park" title="Doxford International Business Park">Doxford International Business Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Motor_Manufacturing_UK" title="Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK">Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridges" title="The Bridges">The Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunniside,_Sunderland" title="Sunniside, Sunderland">Sunniside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleries_Shopping_Centre,_Washington" title="Galleries Shopping Centre, Washington">The Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaux_Site" title="Vaux Site">Vaux Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Echo" title="Sunderland Echo">Sunderland Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Radio_North_East" title="Nation Radio North East">Sun FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_Sunderland" title="Spark Sunderland">Spark Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunderland_Global_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunderland Global Media (page does not exist)">Sunderland Global Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Twinned places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C." title="Sunderland A.F.C.">Sunderland A.F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C._Women" title="Sunderland A.F.C. Women">Sunderland A.F.C. Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tyne_and_Wear&#124;link=Tyne_and_Wear_Ceremonial_county_of_Tyne_and_Wear" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tyne_and_Wear" title="Template:Tyne and Wear"><abbr title="View this 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/County_Flag_of_Tyne_%26_Wear.png/46px-County_Flag_of_Tyne_%26_Wear.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_East_England" title="Portal:North East England">North East England Portal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">City of Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">City of Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birtley,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Birtley, Tyne and Wear">Birtley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaydon" title="Blaydon">Blaydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Boldons" title="The Boldons">Boldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebburn" title="Hebburn">Hebburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetton-le-Hole" title="Hetton-le-Hole">Hetton-le-Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton-le-Spring" title="Houghton-le-Spring">Houghton-le-Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killingworth" title="Killingworth">Killingworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbenton" title="Longbenton">Longbenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Ryton, Tyne and Wear">Ryton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynemouth" title="Tynemouth">Tynemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Tyne_%26_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, Tyne & Wear">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whickham" title="Whickham">Whickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_Bay" title="Whitley Bay">Whitley Bay</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Tyne and Wear">List of civil parishes in Tyne and Wear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="List of museums in Tyne and Wear">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Tyne and Wear">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Tyne_and_Wear" title="List of people from Tyne and Wear">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="List of places in Tyne and Wear">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tyne_and_Wear_settlements_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tyne and Wear settlements by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Tyne and Wear">SSSIs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Populated_coastal_places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coastal_settlements" title="Template:Coastal settlements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coastal_settlements" title="Template talk:Coastal settlements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal_settlements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal settlements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Populated_coastal_places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_coastal_places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Category:Populated coastal places in Tyne and Wear">Populated coastal places</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> Anticlockwise <a href="/wiki/Roker" title="Roker">Roker</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa;width:10em;"><div> Wearmouth, Sunderland </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> Clockwise <a href="/wiki/Hendon,_Sunderland" title="Hendon, Sunderland">Hendon</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Template:Places in Tyne and Wear"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Template talk:Places in Tyne and Wear"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Places in Tyne and Wear"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_in_Tyne_and_Wear" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places in <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bensham" title="Bensham">Bensham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Quay" title="Bill Quay">Bill Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birtley,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Birtley, Tyne and Wear">Birtley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaydon" title="Blaydon">Blaydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_Hill" title="Carr Hill">Carr Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopwell" title="Chopwell">Chopwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdene" title="Chowdene">Chowdene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deckham" title="Deckham">Deckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunston,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Dunston, Tyne and Wear">Dunston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Felling, Tyne and Wear">Felling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibblesworth" title="Kibblesworth">Kibblesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamesley" title="Lamesley">Lamesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leam_Lane_Estate" title="Leam Lane Estate">Leam Lane Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Fell" title="Low Fell">Low Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marley_Hill" title="Marley Hill">Marley Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelaw" title="Pelaw">Pelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlands_Gill" title="Rowlands Gill">Rowlands Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Ryton, Tyne and Wear">Ryton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenside,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Greenside, Tyne and Wear">Greenside</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwell,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Saltwell, Tyne and Wear">Saltwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_Hill" title="Sheriff Hill">Sheriff Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Valley" title="Team Valley">Team Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardley,_Gateshead" title="Wardley, Gateshead">Wardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whickham" title="Whickham">Whickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windy_Nook" title="Windy Nook">Windy Nook</a></li> <li>Whitehills Estate</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Newcastle upon Tyne">City of Newcastle upon Tyne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Hill" title="Arthur's Hill">Arthurs Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battlefield,_Newcastle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battlefield, Newcastle (page does not exist)">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benwell_and_Scotswood" title="Benwell and Scotswood">Benwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Callerton" title="Black Callerton">Black Callerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakelaw" title="Blakelaw">Blakelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blucher,_Newcastle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blucher, Newcastle (page does not exist)">Blucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenkley" title="Brenkley">Brenkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Village" title="Brunswick Village">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byker" title="Byker">Byker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_House_Estate" title="Chapel House Estate">Chapel House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_City_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle upon Tyne City Centre">City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Park" title="Cochrane Park">Cochrane Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowgate,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Cowgate, Newcastle upon Tyne">Cowgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxlodge" title="Coxlodge">Coxlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Dene, Newcastle upon Tyne">Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Denton, Newcastle upon Tyne">Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton_Burn" title="Denton Burn">Denton Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinnington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Dinnington, Tyne and Wear">Dinnington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Denton" title="East Denton">East Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elswick,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Elswick, Tyne and Wear">Elswick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairways,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairways, Newcastle upon Tyne (page does not exist)">Fairways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawdon" title="Fawdon">Fawdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenham" title="Fenham">Fenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Great_Park" title="Newcastle Great Park">Great Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket,_Newcastle" title="Haymarket, Newcastle">Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazlerigg" title="Hazlerigg">Hazlerigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne">Heaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne">High Heaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Kenton, Newcastle upon Tyne">Kenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Park" title="Kingston Park">Kingston Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemington" title="Lemington">Lemington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manors,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manors, Newcastle upon Tyne (page does not exist)">Manors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburn" title="Newburn">Newburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kenton" title="North Kenton">North Kenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouseburn" title="Ouseburn">Ouseburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parklands,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Parklands, Newcastle upon Tyne">Parklands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandyford,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Sandyford, Newcastle upon Tyne">Sandyford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benwell_and_Scotswood" title="Benwell and Scotswood">Scotswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shieldfield" title="Shieldfield">Shieldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slatyford" title="Slatyford">Slatyford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">South Gosforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spital_Tongues" title="Spital Tongues">Spital Tongues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throckley" title="Throckley">Throckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbottle" title="Walbottle">Walbottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkergate" title="Walkergate">Walkergate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walkerville,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walkerville, Newcastle upon Tyne (page does not exist)">Walkerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Denton, Newcastle upon Tyne">West Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">West Jesmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerhope" title="Westerhope">Westerhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Westgate, Newcastle upon Tyne">Westgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingrove,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Wingrove, Newcastle upon Tyne">Wingrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolsington" title="Woolsington">Woolsington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_North_Tyneside" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside">Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_Bay" title="Whitley Bay">Whitley Bay</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backworth" title="Backworth">Backworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaumont_Park,_Tyne_and_Wear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beaumont Park, Tyne and Wear (page does not exist)">Beaumont Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Benton, Tyne and Wear">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burradon,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Burradon, Tyne and Wear">Burradon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullercoats" title="Cullercoats">Cullercoats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earsdon" title="Earsdon">Earsdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Hall" title="Forest Hall">Forest Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdon" title="Howdon">Howdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killingworth" title="Killingworth">Killingworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbenton" title="Longbenton">Longbenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkseaton" title="Monkseaton">Monkseaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Murton, Tyne and Wear">Murton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="New York, Tyne and Wear">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Park,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Northumberland Park, Tyne and Wear">Northumberland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Preston, Tyne and Wear">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaton_Burn" title="Seaton Burn">Seaton Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiremoor" title="Shiremoor">Shiremoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Island,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="St Mary's Island, Tyne and Wear">St Mary's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynemouth" title="Tynemouth">Tynemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellfield" title="Wellfield">Wellfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_Lodge" title="Whitley Lodge">Whitley Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideopen" title="Wideopen">Wideopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willington_Quay" title="Willington Quay">Willington Quay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_South_Tyneside" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside">Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebburn" title="Hebburn">Hebburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Boldons" title="The Boldons">The Boldons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockley_Whins" title="Brockley Whins">Brockley Whins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleadon" title="Cleadon">Cleadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harton,_South_Shields" title="Harton, South Shields">Harton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsden,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Marsden, Tyne and Wear">Marsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkton,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkton, Tyne and Wear">Monkton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyne_Dock" title="Tyne Dock">Tyne Dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Harton" title="West Harton">West Harton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westoe,_South_Tyneside" class="mw-redirect" title="Westoe, South Tyneside">Westoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitburn,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Whitburn, Tyne and Wear">Whitburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">City of Sunderland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hetton-le-Hole" title="Hetton-le-Hole">Hetton-le-Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton-le-Spring" title="Houghton-le-Spring">Houghton-le-Spring</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Washington, Tyne and Wear">Washington</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashbrooke" title="Ashbrooke">Ashbrooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes,_Sunderland" title="Barnes, Sunderland">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopwearmouth" title="Bishopwearmouth">Bishopwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdon" title="Burdon">Burdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carley_Hill" title="Carley Hill">Carley Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castletown,_Sunderland" title="Castletown, Sunderland">Castletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilton_Moor" title="Chilton Moor">Chilton Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claxheugh" title="Claxheugh">Claxheugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox_Green,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Cox Green, Tyne and Wear">Cox Green</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Downhill,_Sunderland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Downhill, Sunderland (page does not exist)">Downhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxford_Park" title="Doxford Park">Doxford Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easington_Lane" title="Easington Lane">Easington Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Rainton" title="East Rainton">East Rainton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elstob_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elstob Farm (page does not exist)">Elstob Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farringdon,_Sunderland" title="Farringdon, Sunderland">Farringdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatfield" title="Fatfield">Fatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_Houses" title="Fence Houses">Fence Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Estate" title="Ford Estate">Ford Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulwell,_Sunderland" title="Fulwell, Sunderland">Fulwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilley_Law" title="Gilley Law">Gilley Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grangetown,_Sunderland" title="Grangetown, Sunderland">Grangetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindon,_Sunderland" title="Grindon, Sunderland">Grindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harraton" title="Harraton">Harraton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Hill" title="Hastings Hill">Hastings Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendon,_Sunderland" title="Hendon, Sunderland">Hendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herrington" title="Herrington">Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Moorsley" title="High Moorsley">High Moorsley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hill_View,_Sunderland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hill View, Sunderland (page does not exist)">Hill View</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hollycarrside&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hollycarrside (page does not exist)">Hollycarrside</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humbledon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humbledon (page does not exist)">Humbledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylton_Castle_(suburb)" title="Hylton Castle (suburb)">Hylton Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leechmere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leechmere (page does not exist)">Leechmere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marley_Pots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marley Pots (page does not exist)">Marley Pots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Rainton" title="Middle Rainton">Middle Rainton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millfield,_Sunderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Millfield, Sunderland">Millfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth" title="Monkwearmouth">Monkwearmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbottle,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Newbottle, Tyne and Wear">Newbottle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Haven,_Sunderland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Haven, Sunderland (page does not exist)">North Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hylton" title="North Hylton">North Hylton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallion" title="Pallion">Pallion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennywell" title="Pennywell">Pennywell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penshaw" title="Penshaw">Penshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Philadelphia, Tyne and Wear">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Farm" title="Plains Farm">Plains Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickleton" title="Rickleton">Rickleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhouse,_Sunderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Redhouse, Sunderland">Redhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roker" title="Roker">Roker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryhope" title="Ryhope">Ryhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaburn" title="Seaburn">Seaburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaburn_Dene" title="Seaburn Dene">Seaburn Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiney_Row" title="Shiney Row">Shiney Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silksworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Silksworth">Silksworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Bents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Bents (page does not exist)">South Bents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hylton" title="South Hylton">South Hylton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwick,_Sunderland" title="Southwick, Sunderland">Southwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springwell,_Sunderland" title="Springwell, Sunderland">Springwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springwell_Village" title="Springwell Village">Springwell Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_City_Centre" title="Sunderland City Centre">Sunderland City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Docks" title="Sunderland Docks">Sunderland Docks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunniside,_Sunderland" title="Sunniside, Sunderland">Sunniside</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_End_Farm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Town End Farm (page does not exist)">Town End Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorney_Close" title="Thorney Close">Thorney Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunstall,_Sunderland" title="Tunstall, Sunderland">Tunstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warden_Law" title="Warden Law">Warden Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherwack" title="Witherwack">Witherwack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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