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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Attestations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attestations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attestations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-At_Ebla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Ebla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 At Ebla </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Ebla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_early_Mari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_early_Mari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 In early Mari </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_early_Mari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Among_Amorites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Among_Amorites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Among Amorites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Among_Amorites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Amorite_Mari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Amorite_Mari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 In Amorite Mari </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Amorite_Mari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Ugarit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Ugarit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 At Ugarit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Ugarit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_hunter_goddess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_hunter_goddess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.1 As hunter goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_hunter_goddess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_warrior_goddess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_warrior_goddess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.2 As warrior goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_warrior_goddess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_healer_goddess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_healer_goddess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.3 As healer goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_healer_goddess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_leonine_goddess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_leonine_goddess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.4 As leonine goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_leonine_goddess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_gender_non-conforming_goddess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_gender_non-conforming_goddess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.5 As gender non-conforming goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_gender_non-conforming_goddess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.5.1 Manifestations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_member_of_the_household_of_El" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_member_of_the_household_of_El"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.6 As member of the household of El </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_member_of_the_household_of_El-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_consort_of_Baal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_consort_of_Baal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.7 As consort of Baal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_consort_of_Baal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_the_"Name_of_Baal"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_the_"Name_of_Baal""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.7.1 As the "Name of Baal" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_the_"Name_of_Baal"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.8 Cult </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Emar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Emar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 At Emar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Emar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_warrior_goddess_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_warrior_goddess_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3.1 As warrior goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_warrior_goddess_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_hunter_goddess_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_hunter_goddess_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3.2 As hunter goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_hunter_goddess_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_consort_of_Baal_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_consort_of_Baal_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3.3 As consort of Baal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_consort_of_Baal_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3.4 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 In Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_warrior_goddess_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_warrior_goddess_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 As warrior goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_warrior_goddess_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_Qedešet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_Qedešet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 As Qedešet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_Qedešet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_healer_goddess_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_healer_goddess_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 As healer goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_healer_goddess_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_hunter_goddess_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_hunter_goddess_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 As hunter goddess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_hunter_goddess_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_consort_of_Set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_consort_of_Set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.5 As consort of Set </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_consort_of_Set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_the_"Face_of_Baal"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_the_"Face_of_Baal""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.5.1 As the "Face of Baal" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_the_"Face_of_Baal"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Canaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Canaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 In Canaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Canaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Phoenicia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Phoenicia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 In Phoenicia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Phoenicia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iconography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.1 Iconography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ʿAštart_Ḥor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ʿAštart_Ḥor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.2 ʿAštart Ḥor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ʿAštart_Ḥor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_the_"Name_of_Baal"_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_the_"Name_of_Baal"_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.3 As the "Name of Baal" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_the_"Name_of_Baal"_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Sidon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Sidon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.4 At Sidon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Sidon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Byblos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Byblos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.5 At Byblos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Byblos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tanit_and_ʿAštart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanit_and_ʿAštart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.5.1 Tanit and ʿAštart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanit_and_ʿAštart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Acre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Acre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.6 At Acre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Acre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Tyre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Tyre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.7 At Tyre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Tyre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronoë" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronoë"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.7.1 Astronoë </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronoë-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Egypt_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Egypt_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.8 In Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Egypt_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.9 In Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-At_Kition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Kition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.9.1 At Kition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Kition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Paphos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Paphos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.9.2 At Paphos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Paphos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Amathous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Amathous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.9.3 At Amathous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Amathous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Aegean_Sea_and_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Aegean_Sea_and_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.10 In the Aegean Sea and Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Aegean_Sea_and_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Rhodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Rhodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.10.1 In Rhodes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Rhodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Delos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Delos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.10.2 At Delos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Delos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Kos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Kos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.10.3 At Kos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Kos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.11 In Malta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.12 In Sicily </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Carthage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Carthage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.13 In Carthage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Carthage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.14 In Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Hispania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hispania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.15 In Hispania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hispania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Britannia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Britannia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1.16 In Britannia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Britannia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Rituals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2.1 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 In Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Israel_and_Judah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Israel_and_Judah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3.1 In Israel and Judah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Israel_and_Judah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Transjordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Transjordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3.2 In Transjordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Transjordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Philistia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Philistia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3.3 In Philistia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Philistia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_interpretations_of_biblical_Astaroth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_interpretations_of_biblical_Astaroth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Later interpretations of biblical Astaroth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_interpretations_of_biblical_Astaroth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Myths </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Myths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Myths subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-At_Ugarit_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Ugarit_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 At Ugarit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Ugarit_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ʿAṯtartu_and_Anat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ʿAṯtartu_and_Anat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 ʿAṯtartu and Anat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ʿAṯtartu_and_Anat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconceptions_in_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconceptions_in_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Misconceptions in scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconceptions_in_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Other associations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Astarte</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="عشتروت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عشتروت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Астарта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астарта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrate" title="Astrate – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Astrate" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Астарта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астарта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1tart%C3%A9" title="Aštarté – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aštarté" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Αστάρτη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστάρτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astart%C3%A9" title="Astarté – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astarté" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarto" title="Astarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="عشتروت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عشتروت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astart%C3%A9" title="Astarté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astarté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%8C" title="아스타르테 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아스타르테" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asytoret" title="Asytoret – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asytoret" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="עשתרת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עשתרת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astart%C3%AA" title="Astartê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Astartê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astart%C4%97" title="Astartė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astartė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astart%C3%A9" title="Astarté – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Astarté" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="アスタルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アスタルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astart%C3%A8" title="Astartè – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astartè" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte_(bogini)" title="Astarte (bogini) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astarte (bogini)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Астарта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астарта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="عشتروت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عشتروت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarta" title="Astarta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astarta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Астарта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астарта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astarte" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Астарта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астарта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA" title="عشتروت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عشتروت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E8%92%82" title="阿斯塔蒂 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Cuneiform" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of cuneiform script.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Astarte_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Astarte (disambiguation)">Astarte (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #800080; color: #FFFFFF;">Astarte</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of war, beauty, hunting, love</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Astarte_-_7th_cent_AD_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Sevilla-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Astarte_-_7th_cent_AD_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Sevilla-2.jpg/250px-Astarte_-_7th_cent_AD_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Sevilla-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Astarte_-_7th_cent_AD_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Sevilla-2.jpg/330px-Astarte_-_7th_cent_AD_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Sevilla-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Astarte_-_7th_cent_AD_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Sevilla-2.jpg/500px-Astarte_-_7th_cent_AD_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Sevilla-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1772" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Phoenician statuette figurine of ʿAštart from El Carambolo in Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cult center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">Planet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">possibly <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbols</th><td class="infobox-data">lion, horse, chariot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data">Epigeius/Ouranos and Ge/Gaea (Hellenised Phoenician tradition) <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ra_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ra (god)">Ra</a> (in Egyptian tradition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data">possibly <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> (Hadad)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201448–49,_61-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011208-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #800080; color: #FFFFFF;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mesopotamian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sumerian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hurrian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Ishara</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201474–75-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaushka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaushka">Shaushka</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201476–77-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Egyptian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Near Eastern Religions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">The Levant</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baʿal Berith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Ḥammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqod">Baʿal Marqod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrafa" title="Shadrafa">Shadrafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fertile_Crescent_myth_(Levantine)" title="Template:Fertile Crescent myth (Levantine)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fertile_Crescent_myth_(Levantine)" title="Template talk:Fertile Crescent myth (Levantine)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fertile_Crescent_myth_(Levantine)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fertile Crescent myth (Levantine)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:150%;white-space:normal;">Deities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Ancient Egyptian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Islamic_Arabian_deities" title="List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities">Arabian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Dhul_Khalasa" title="Demolition of Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(deity)" title="Gad (deity)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Religion" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamma_(goddess)" title="Adamma (goddess)">Adamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadabal" title="Hadabal">Hadabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAalabatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫalabatu">Ḫalabatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(deity)" title="Kura (deity)">Kura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saggar_(god)" title="Saggar (god)">Saggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elam#Religion" title="Elam">Elamite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahhunte" title="Nahhunte">Nahhunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napir" title="Napir">Napir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities" title="List of Hurrian deities">Hurrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allani" title="Allani">Allani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Hayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAepat" title="Ḫepat">Ḫepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutena_and_Hutellura" title="Hutena and Hutellura">Hutena and Hutellura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubaba_(goddess)" title="Kubaba (goddess)">Kubaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%A1u%E1%B8%AB" title="Kušuḫ">Kušuḫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelluri" title="Lelluri">Lelluri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> dynastic deities (<a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabarbi" title="Nabarbi">Nabarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninatta_and_Kulitta" title="Ninatta and Kulitta">Ninatta and Kulitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupatik" title="Nupatik">Nupatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir#In_Syria_and_Anatolia" title="Pinikir">Pirengir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arruma" title="Šarruma">Šarruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0imige" title="Šimige">Šimige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuwala">Šuwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takitu" title="Takitu">Takitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1mi%C5%A1u" title="Tašmišu">Tašmišu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilla_(deity)" title="Tilla (deity)">Tilla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Levantine (<a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Beliefs" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ugaritic_deities" title="List of Ugaritic deities">Ugaritic</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashima" title="Ashima">Ashima</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqod">Baʿal Marqod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrafa" title="Shadrafa">Shadrafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Mesopotamian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad/Ishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An/Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaruludu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaruludu">Asarluhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aya_(goddess)" title="Aya (goddess)">Aya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belet_Nagar" title="Belet Nagar">Belet Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki/Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manungal" title="Manungal">Manungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umugan" title="Šumugan">Šumugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabilsa%C4%9D" title="Pabilsaĝ">Pabilsag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wer_(god)" title="Wer (god)">Wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa" title="Zababa">Zababa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Template:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1092331828" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> Astarte (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈstɑːrtiː/</a>; Ἀστάρτη, Astartē) is the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Hellenized form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern goddess</a> ʿAṯtart. ʿAṯtart was the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic_languages" title="Northwest Semitic languages">Northwest Semitic</a> equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic_languages" title="East Semitic languages">East Semitic</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> Astarte was worshipped from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> through <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, and her name is particularly associated with her worship in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenician religion">Phoenicians</a>, though she was originally associated with <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> cities like <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201433–34,_36-6">[6]</a> She was also celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egypt</a>, especially during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Ramessides</a>, following the importation of foreign cults there. Phoenicians introduced her cult in their colonies on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic_language" title="Proto-Semitic language">Proto-Semitic</a> form of this goddess's name was ʿAṯtart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper199098-7">[7]</a> While earlier scholarship suggested that the name ʿAṯtart was formed by adding the Afroasiatic feminine suffix -t to the name of the deity <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> more recent views accept the names ʿAṯtar and ʿAṯtart as being etymologically related while considering the exact relationship between them to be unclear. The meaning of the names ʿAṯtar and ʿAṯtart are themselves still unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201433–38-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> vocalization ʿAštōret is in dispute: most scholars consider it as an artificial superimposition of the vowels of the Hebrew word bōšet ("shame") upon the consonants of the original name;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper199098-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999112–113-11">[11]</a> some other suggest it is a result of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shift" title="Canaanite shift">Canaanite shift</a> from /ā/ to /ō/ (despite the unexpected occurrence of the shift in this position),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1990-12">[12]</a> or, with an assumption of an early form *ʿAštārit, as a conventional occurrence of the shift -ā(r)i- to -ō(r)ē-.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999113-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> In various cultures Astarte was connected with some combination of the following spheres: <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>, royal power, beauty, healing and — especially in <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a> — hunting;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201445,_54-14">[14]</a> however, known sources do not indicate she was a <a href="/wiki/Fertility_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility goddess">fertility goddess</a>, contrary to opinions in early scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2013-15">[15]</a> Her symbol was the <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> and she was also often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> and by extension chariots. The dove might be a symbol of her as well, as evidenced by some Bronze Age cylinder seals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius201491-16">[16]</a> The only images identified with absolute certainty as Astarte are these depicting her as a combatant on horseback or in a chariot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius201492–93,_95-17">[17]</a> While many authors in the past asserted that she has been known as the deified morning and/or <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">evening star</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999109–110-18">[18]</a> it has been called into question if she had an astral character at all, at least in Ugarit and Emar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201435-19">[19]</a> God lists known from Ugarit and other prominent Bronze Age Syrian cities regarded her as the counterpart of Assyro-Babylonian goddess <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ištar">Ištar</a>, and of the Hurrian Ishtar-like goddesses <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Ishara</a> (presumably in her aspect of "lady of love") and <a href="/wiki/Shaushka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaushka">Shaushka</a>; in some cities, the western forms of the name and the eastern form "Ishtar" were fully interchangeable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201436,_74–77-20">[20]</a> In later times Astarte was worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. Her worship spread to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, where she may have been merged with an <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus#Bronze_Age" title="History of Cyprus">ancient Cypriot</a> goddess. This merged Cypriot goddess may have been adopted into the <a href="/wiki/Greek_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek pantheon">Greek pantheon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Dark Age</a> times to form <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. An outdated argument, however, postulates that Astarte's character was less erotic and more warlike than Ishtar originally was, perhaps because she was influenced by the Canaanite goddess <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a>, and that therefore Ishtar, not Astarte, was the direct forerunner of the Cypriot goddess. However, evidence from Iron Age Phoenicia show that Astarte became a more erotic goddess as opposed to her early Bronze Age worship in Ugarit and Syria, and that early attestations of Aphrodite, were more war-like. Greeks in classical, Hellenistic, and Roman times occasionally equated Aphrodite with Astarte and many other Near Eastern goddesses, in keeping with their frequent practice of <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">syncretizing</a> other deities with their own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudin2004-21">[21]</a> In addition, certain aspects of other Greek gods, such as <a href="/wiki/Astrateia" title="Astrateia">Artemis Astrateia</a> are hypothesized to be heavily influenced by Astarte. Major centers of Astarte's worship in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> city-states of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyre_(Lebanon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyre (Lebanon)">Tyre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>. Coins from Sidon portray a <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> in which a globe appears, presumably a stone representing Astarte. "She was often depicted on Sidonian coins as standing on the prow of a galley, leaning forward with right hand outstretched, being thus the original of all figureheads for sailing ships."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnaith1954103-22">[22]</a> In Sidon, she shared a temple with <a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a>. Coins from <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> show <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, Astarte, and <a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a> worshipped together. Other significant locations where she was introduced by Phoenician sailors and colonists were <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Cythera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> from which she became known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> as <a href="/wiki/Venus_Erycina" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus Erycina">Venus Erycina</a>. Three inscriptions from the <a href="/wiki/Pyrgi_Tablets" title="Pyrgi Tablets">Pyrgi Tablets</a> dating to about 500 BC found near <a href="/wiki/Caere" title="Caere">Caere</a> in <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a> mentions the construction of a shrine to Astarte in the temple of the local goddess <a href="/wiki/Uni_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uni (goddess)">Uni</a>-Astre (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866748597">.mw-parser-output .script-old-italic{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Italica Vetus","Italica Vetus SN",Cardo,FreeMono,"DejaVu Sans","Noto Sans Old Italic","Quivira","Aegean","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-old-italic[style*="direction: rtl"]{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Italica Vetus SN","Italica Vetus",Cardo,FreeMono,"DejaVu Sans","Noto Sans Old Italic","Quivira","Aegean","Segoe UI Historic"}</style>𐌔𐌄𐌓𐌕𐌔𐌀𐌋𐌀𐌉𐌍𐌖).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgostiniZavaroni2000-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloch-Smith2014186-24">[24]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> Astarte was worshipped alongside the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a>, and frequently appeared as a <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric</a> element in personal names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloch-Smith2014185–186-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iconography">edit</a>]</div> Iconographic portrayal of Astarte, very similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalinas_de_Frías2013-26">[26]</a> often depicts her <a href="/wiki/Naked" class="mw-redirect" title="Naked">naked</a> and in presence of <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, identified respectively with symbols of sexuality and war. She is also depicted as winged, carrying the <a href="/wiki/Solar_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar disk">solar disk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a> as a headdress, and with her lions either lying prostrate to her feet or directly under those.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelénMartín_Ceballos2002-27">[27]</a> Aside from the lion, she's associated to the <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a>. She has also been associated with botanic wildlife like the <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm tree</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus flower">lotus flower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVázquez_Hoys1998-28">[28]</a> A particular artistic motif assimilates Astarte to <a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a>, portraying her as riding a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a> that would represent a partner deity. Similarly, after the popularization of her worship in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, it was frequent to associate her with the <a href="/wiki/War_chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="War chariot">war chariot</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, as well as a kind of weapon, the <a href="/wiki/Crescent_axe" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescent axe">crescent axe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelénMartín_Ceballos2002-27">[27]</a> Within <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberian</a> culture, it has been proposed that native sculptures like those of <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Baza" title="Lady of Baza">Baza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Elche" title="Lady of Elche">Elche</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Cerro_de_los_Santos" title="Lady of Cerro de los Santos">Cerro de los Santos</a> might represent an Iberized image of Astarte or Tanit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVázquez_Hoys1998-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attestations">Attestations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attestations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Ebla">At Ebla</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: At Ebla">edit</a>]</div> The earliest record of ʿAṯtart is from <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> in the 3rd millennium BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201434-29">[29]</a> where her name is attested in the forms 𒀾𒁯𒋫 (Aštarta) and 𒅖𒁯𒋫 (Ištarta).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_early_Mari">In early Mari</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In early Mari">edit</a>]</div> The main cult centre of ʿAṯtart was <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, where early texts from her temple pre-dating the city's destruction by the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> record her name as 𒀭𒀸𒁯𒊏𒀜 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>ʿAṯtarat),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201441-30">[30]</a> who appears to have been distinguished from ʿAṯtart's East Semitic equivalent, the Mesopotamian goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Ištar</a>, at Mari.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201475–76-31">[31]</a> One text from Mari records that offerings were made to both ʿAṯtarat and the river-god Nārum together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201468-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Among_Amorites">Among <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Among Amorites">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Amorite_Mari">In Amorite Mari</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Amorite Mari">edit</a>]</div> The main cult centre of ʿAṯtart was still the city of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> during the Amorite period, when her name is attested as a theophoric element in personal names such as 𒀭𒀸𒁯𒋫𒍣 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>Aštart-azi, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtart is my strength'). However, her name was otherwise written in cuneiform using ideograms and without the feminine suffix -t, in the forms 𒀭𒀸𒁯 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>AŠ-DAR) and 𒀭𒈹 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>INANNA).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201476-33">[33]</a> A contemporary incantation against snakebites from Ugarit recorded the existence of a manifestation of ʿAṯtart who resided in Mari.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201476-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="At_Ugarit">At Ugarit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: At Ugarit">edit</a>]</div> At <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, the local variant of ʿAṯtart, 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 (ʿAṯtartu), was devoid of any astral aspects or associations with ʿAṯtar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201435–37-34">[34]</a> and she played a minor role in mythological texts, but was often mentioned in Ugaritic ritual and administrative texts, thus suggesting that she was important for the institution of the royalty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201438-35">[35]</a> ʿAṯtartu at Ugarit was associated with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a>, with Anat usually preceding ʿAṯtartu, and the two goddesses were often connected to each other through poetic parallelism. Both goddesses shared common traits such as perfect beauty, which characterised young goddesses, with the human Ḥuraya being compared to them in the text KTU 1.13 III using the terms 𐎄𐎋𐎟𐎐𐎓𐎎𐎟𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎐𐎓𐎎𐎅𐎟𐎋𐎎𐎟𐎚𐎒𐎎𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎚𐎒𐎎𐎅 (dāka nuʿmi ʿAnati nuʿmuha kama têsimi ʿAṯtarti têsimuha. <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'whose loveliness is like the loveliness of Anat, whose beauty is like the beauty of ʿAṯtartu'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2012-36">[36]</a> in which Anat and ʿAṯtartu were connected through poetic parallels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201464–65-37">[37]</a> Another trait which both Anat and ʿAṯtartu shared was their love of war, and their pairing appears to have been due to their common roles as beautiful hunters and warrior goddesses. The Ugaritic ʿAṯtartu nevertheless did not yet possess the erotic traits of the later Canaanite ʿAštart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201464–65-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_hunter_goddess">As hunter goddess</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: As hunter goddess">edit</a>]</div> In the text KTU 1.92, ʿAṯtartu is called 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎕𐎆𐎄𐎚 (ʿAṯtartu Ṣawwādatu, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtartu the huntress') in the lines 2-3, with the next line mentioning her as 𐎚𐎍𐎋𐎟𐎁𐎎𐎄𐎁𐎗 (taliku bi-madbari, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'going to the desert'). The following lines recorded that the goddess saw something whose name is lost due to damage to the text, and line 5 mentions that the deeps surge with water, which might either refer to a celestial sign or to a possible damp terrain where ʿAṯtartu was hunting. The lines 6-13 described ʿAṯtartu taking cover in the low ground and holding her weapons while hunting, and she finally slew an animal whose name is lost in line 14. Following this, ʿAṯtartu fed the animal she had slain to the gods <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201445–48-38">[38]</a> Thus, present in the Northwest Semitic goddess was present a trait which was also characteristic of the South Arabian masculine hypostasis of ʿAṯtar, in whose honour sacred hunts were performed as fertility rite. This hunter aspect of ʿAṯtartu later faded away by the 1st millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> In the later portion of the text KTU 1.92, ʿAṯtartu was given clothing, after which she is described as 𐎐𐎌𐎀𐎚𐎟𐎑𐎍𐎟𐎋𐎟𐎋𐎁𐎋𐎁𐎎 (nšʾat ẓl k kbkbm), meaning either raising a shadow like the stars, implying that ʿAṯtartu herself was brilliant and removed a shadow like the stars do, or as herself shining like the stars. This passage leads to another one in which <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> desires ʿAṯtartu for her beauty, and approaches her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201448-39">[39]</a> ʿAṯtartu also appears as a huntress in the text KTU 1.114, where she and her sister Anat are consistently described as hunting together and bringing back game whose meat they distributed to the gods. In this text, ʿAṯtartu is mentioned before Anat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201449–53-40">[40]</a> unlike most Ugaritic texts where this order is inverted, although the two goddesses are again connected through poetic parallels in the lines 10 to 11, reading 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎆𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎊𐎎𐎙𐎊𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎚𐎓𐎄𐎁𐎟𐎐𐎌𐎁𐎟𐎍𐎅𐎟𐎆𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎋𐎚𐎔 (ʿAṯtarta wa-ʿAnata yamġiyu ʿAṯtartu taʿdubu našabi lêhu wa-ʿAnatu katipa, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtartu and Anat he approached; ʿAṯtartu had prepared a steak for him, and Anat a tenderloin').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201464-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_warrior_goddess">As warrior goddess</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As warrior goddess">edit</a>]</div> Attestations of ʿAṯtartu as a warrior goddess at Ugarit are minimal, with the principal one being her role in the text KTU 1.2 I 40, where she and Anat together restrain Baal by holding, respectively, his left and right hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201455-42">[42]</a> This text also linked ʿAṯtartu and Anat through poetic parallelism in the lines 𐎊𐎎𐎐𐎅𐎟𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎚𐎜𐎃𐎄𐎟𐎌𐎎𐎀𐎍𐎅𐎟𐎚𐎜𐎃𐎄𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 (ymnh ʿAnatu tʾuḫd šmʾalh tʾuḫd ʿAṯtartu, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'His right hand Anat seized, His left hand ʿAṯtartu seized').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201464-41">[41]</a> The Ugaritic text KTU 1.86, the 𐎒𐎔𐎗𐎟𐎈𐎍𐎎𐎎 (Sipru Ḥulumīma, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Book of Dreams'), mentions the horses of ʿAṯtartu, which might possibly be another allusion to her role as a warrior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201455–56-43">[43]</a> Possibly due to her role as a goddess of warfare, ʿAṯtartu was sometimes mentioned alongside the god <a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a> in Ugaritic texts, such as in administrative documents, with jars of wine for the temples of ʿAṯtartu and of Resheph-gn being respectively mentioned immediately after each other in the text KTU 4.219, and in the text KTU 1.91's mentioning that the Rašpūma (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'plural Rašpus'). Moreover, the attribute animal of Resheph was the lion, which was analogous to the lioness being the symbol of the warrior goddess ʿAṯtartu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201465–66-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_healer_goddess">As healer goddess</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: As healer goddess">edit</a>]</div> In the text KTU 1.114, ʿAṯtartu and Anat also went to hunt for ingredients to cure the drunkenness of El, to whose household they belonged, and they are later mentioned in the narrative as applying the components of the cure to cause the healing, thus connecting the two goddesses with healing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201449–53-40">[40]</a> Among the Ugaritic incantations mentioning ʿAṯtartu are two where she is invoked to protect against snakebites: in the first incantation, from the text KTU 1.100, which is part of a sequence addressed to the sun-goddess <a href="/wiki/Shapash" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapash">Shapash</a> to be delivered to a succession of deities, she is mentioned immediately after Anat, and the two goddesses' names are combined in the form 𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎆𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎛𐎐𐎁𐎁𐎅 (ʿAnatu-wa-ʿAṯtartu ʾInbubaha, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Anat and ʿAṯtartu at ʾInbubu'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordreuilPardee2009192-45">[45]</a> and the incantation itself is intended to be delivered to Anat's home at ʾInbubu, thus putting ʿAṯtartu on a secondary level compared to Anat. ʿAṯtartu was also mentioned on the side of the tablet on which the inscription was written. In this incantation, the first instance of ʿAṯtartu was that of ʿAṯtartu of Ugarit, while the second one was ʿAṯtartu of Mari.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201440–41-46">[46]</a> In a second incantation against snakebites, from the text KTU 1.107, ʿAṯtartu was mentioned after Anat in a pairing of the two goddesses as part of a list also including pairings of Baal and <a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201441-30">[30]</a> A third incantation, from the text KTU 92.2016, either against fever or for good childbirth, mentioned 𐎁𐎓𐎍𐎟𐎖𐎄𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎁𐎐𐎅𐎗 (Baʿli qadišūma bi-nahri, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Baal and the holy ones in the river'), followed by 𐎐𐎃𐎍𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎁𐎟𐎗𐎈𐎁𐎐 (naḫla ʿAṯtarti bi-Raḥbāni, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the torrent of ʿAṯtartu, in the <a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Kabir_al-Shamali" title="Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali">Raḥbānu</a>'), itself in turn followed by 𐎁𐎊𐎎 (bi-Yammi, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'in the sea'), suggesting that this incantation alluded to three distinct water bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201441-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_leonine_goddess">As leonine goddess</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: As leonine goddess">edit</a>]</div> ʿAṯtartu's emblem was the lion, and she was explicitly called a lioness and a panther in the hymn RIH 98/02, which reads:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201471-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee201270–73-48">[48]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1143245455">.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation tr>td>.poem>p>span>i,.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation tr>td>.poem>p>span>span{line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation td{display:inline-block}@media only screen and (max-width:900px){.mw-parser-output .Verse_transliteration-translation td{display:block}}</style> <table class="Verse_transliteration-translation"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="padding-right:1em"> Ugaritic text <div style=""><div title="Ugaritic-language text"><div lang="uga"><div class="poem"> 𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎖𐎍𐎟𐎊𐎌𐎗𐎟 𐎛𐎏𐎎𐎗𐎟𐎍𐎁𐎛𐎟𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎍𐎁𐎛𐎟𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎚𐎋𐎌𐎄𐎟𐎍 𐎚𐎕𐎔𐎖𐎟𐎍𐎈𐎚𐎟𐎄𐎟𐎂𐎗𐎟𐎛𐎍 𐎐𐎎𐎗𐎟𐎈𐎘𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 𐎐𐎎𐎗𐎟𐎈𐎘𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎚𐎗𐎖𐎕 </div></div></div></div> </td> <td style="padding-right:1em"> Transliteration <div style="margin-left:1em;" class="poem"> šuma ʿAṯtarti qāla yašir ʾiḏmara šuma labʾi šuma takaššidu lê taṣpiq laḥata dā gūri ʾIli namiru ḥaṯiratu ʿAṯtartu namiru ḥaṯiratu tarquṣu </div> </td> <td>Translation <div style="margin-left:1em;" class="poem"> The name of ʿAṯtartu may my voice sing, May I praise the name of the lioness. O name, may you be victorious... May you shut the jaws of El's attackers. A mighty panther is ʿAṯtartu, A mighty panther that pounces. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The hymn especially emphasizes ʿAṯtartu and her name, with its mention of the goddess as "name" possibly being connected to her role as the Name-of-Baal, and the second line calls her a "lioness" while the fourth and fifth lines liken her to a panther. This association of ʿAṯtartu with the lion corroborates with significant comparative evidence from ancient West Asia and North Africa:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee201270–73-48">[48]</a> <ul><li>ʿAṯtartu's East Semitic equivalent, 𒀭𒀹𒁯 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Ištar</a>), also had a lion as her attribute animal;</li> <li>one of ʿAṯtartu's Egyptian hypostases, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a>, is depicted standing on a lion on a plaque where she is given the triple name of 𓈎𓂧𓈙𓏏𓆇𓉻𓏛𓊃𓍿𓂋𓏤𓏏𓆇𓂝𓈖𓍿𓇋𓏏𓆇𓆗 (Qdšt-ꜥsṯrt-ꜥnṯt, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Qetesh-ʿAṯtartu-Anat');<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1955-49">[49]</a></li> <li>ʿAṯtartu herself was identified with multiple lion-goddesses in Egypt;</li> <li>the Phoenician goddess <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a>, whose name was linked to that of ʿAṯtartu's later Phoenician iteration, ʿAštart, was represented with a lion's head;</li> <li>the masculine counterpart of ʿAṯtartu, ʿAṯtaru, was also called 𐎍𐎁𐎜 (labaʾu, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'lion').</li></ul> ʿAṯtartu in her form as a lioness might have been invoked as a theophoric element in the personal names 𐎌𐎎𐎍𐎁𐎛 (Šuma-labʾi, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Name of the Lioness'), and 𐎓𐎁𐎄𐎍𐎁𐎛𐎚 (ʿAbdi-Labiʾti, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Servant of the Lioness'), the latter of which holds the same meaning as the personal names 𒁹𒀴𒀀𒅆𒅕𒋾 (ʿAbdi-ʿAširti) and 𒁹𒀴𒀭𒈹 (ʿAbdi-ʿAštarti), both meaning "Servant of ʿAṯtartu."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201473-74-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_gender_non-conforming_goddess">As gender non-conforming goddess</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: As gender non-conforming goddess">edit</a>]</div> Although divine roles were often modelled on human ones, such as masculine gods in relation to patriarchy and kingship being represented like human men, and feminine goddesses in relation to marriage and domestic chores being represented like human women, the exceptional roles of ʿAṯtartu and ʿAnatu as hunter and warrior goddesses signalled them as being at odds with the social norms of the societies where human women were not supposed to hunt of which they were deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201457–58-51">[51]</a> This characterisation is made explicit in the myth of Aqhat, where Aqhat exclaims to Anat, 𐎅𐎚𐎟𐎚𐎕𐎄𐎐𐎟𐎚𐎛𐎐𐎘𐎚 (ht tṣdn tʾinṯt), meaning either "now do womenfolk hunt?" as a question, or "now womenfolk hunt!" sarcastically, to contrast her with human women, who were not supposed to hunt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201457–58-51">[51]</a> Thus, while Baal and Resheph were both hunter gods whose roles as such made them conform to masculine gender roles, the roles of ʿAṯtartu and Anat as hunter and warrior goddesses constituted an inversion with respect to the gender roles of human women. This made them role models and mentors, as Anat does in the story of Aqhat, in which she addresses him with the intimate term "my brother" and tells him that she will instruct him in hunting, thus being able to bond with the addressee and be present and active in him development into an accomplished hunter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201457–58-51">[51]</a> The episode of ʿAṯtartu performing filial duties by "shutting down the jaws" of the enemies of El was another case of gender inversion where the goddess successfully performed actions which among mortals were reserved for men only.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201469-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Manifestations">Manifestations</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Manifestations">edit</a>]</div> One of the manifestations of ʿAṯtartu attested in the Late Bronze Age was 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎃𐎗 (ʿAṯtartu Ḫurri), whose name has been variously interpreted as ʿAṯtartu of the Hurrians, ʿAṯtartu of the Grotto or Cavern, ʿAṯtartu of the Tomb(s), or ʿAṯtartu of the Window, and was also recorded at Ugarit in Akkadian as 𒀭𒌋𒁯 𒄯𒊑 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>ʿAṯtartu Ḫurri), and as 𒀭𒌋𒁯 𒄷𒊑 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>Ištar Ḫurri).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201476–77-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> Some Ugaritic texts identified ʿAṯtartu with the Hurrian goddesses 𒀭𒅖𒄩𒊏 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">ʾIšḫara</a>, called 𐎜𐎌𐎃𐎗𐎊 (ʾUšḫaraya) in Ugaritic),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201474–75-3">[3]</a> and 𒀭𒊭𒀀𒍑𒅗𒀀 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a>, called 𐎘𐎜𐎘𐎋 (Ṯaʾuṯka),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201474–74-53">[53]</a> and supporters of the interpretation of the name ʿAṯtartu Ḫurri as "ʿAṯtartu of the Hurrians" suggest that this manifestation of ʿAṯtartu was the one identified with the Hurrian goddess <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201476–77-4">[4]</a> Other possible manifestations of ʿAṯtartu at Ugarit might have included 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎐𐎄𐎗𐎂 (ʿAṯtartu ndrg) and 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎀𐎁𐎏𐎗 (ʿAṯtartu ʾabḏr), of still uncertain meaning, with the latter being affixed with the title 𐎖𐎄𐎌𐎚 (Qadišatu, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Holy One').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201440-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_member_of_the_household_of_El">As member of the household of El</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: As member of the household of El">edit</a>]</div> In in the hymn RIH 98/02, ʿAṯtartu is called on to "shut the jaw of El's attackers" in the line 𐎚𐎕𐎔𐎖𐎟𐎍𐎈𐎚𐎟𐎄𐎟𐎂𐎗𐎟𐎛𐎍 (taṣpiq laḥata dā gūri ʾIli, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'May she shut the jaw of El's attackers'), which finds a literary parallel in the <a href="/wiki/Tale_of_Aqhat" title="Tale of Aqhat">myth of Aqhat</a>, where the titular hero Aqhat is instructed to 𐎉𐎁𐎖𐎟𐎍𐎈𐎚𐎟𐎐𐎛𐎕𐎅 (ṭābiqu laḥatê nāʾiṣihu, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'shut the jaw of his (father's) detractors'), thus signaling ʿAṯtartu as performing filial duties by protecting El, the patriarch of whose household she was a member of.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201468–70-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_consort_of_Baal">As consort of Baal</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: As consort of Baal">edit</a>]</div> Although there is little to no evidence of ʿAṯtartu being explicitly considered the consort of Baal at Ugarit, the text KTU 1.114 did refer to Baal as sexually desiring ʿAṯtartu, with possible mention of a bed in line 32 of the text perhaps alluding to these two deities engaging in sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201459–60-56">[56]</a> Although the once widespread view that Anat was also a consort of Baal has recently fallen out of favour due to lack of evidence from Ugarit, indirect evidence, such as Egyptian adaptations of West Semitic myths in which both ʿAṯtartu and Anat were the consorts of Baal might constitute indirect evidence that this might also have been the case at Ugarit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201464–65-37">[37]</a> Sacrifice to ʿAṯtartu might have been included in the list of sacrifices for the family of Baal in the Ugaritic text KTU 1.148.16 possibly because ʿAṯtartu might have been regarded as the consort of Baal at Ugarit. Contemporary sources, including Egyptian adaptations of West Semitic myths which feature ʿAṯtartu and Anat as the brides of Baal, and later sources, such as the role of the Phoenician ʿAštart as the consort of Baal, also suggest that ʿAṯtartu was a consort of Baal, although this evidence is still very uncertain and this pairing appears to have been distinctly Levantine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201460-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="As_the_"Name_of_Baal"">As the "Name of Baal"</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: As the "Name of Baal"">edit</a>]</div> Another connection between ʿAṯtartu and Baal was through her name 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎁𐎓𐎍 (ʿAṯtartu šuma Baʿli, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtartu-Name-of-Baal'). This name defined the identity of the goddess as being in relation to Baal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201461–63-58">[58]</a> ʿAṯtartu's role as the Name-of-Baal might also have been connected to the use of Baal's name as a magical weapon, such as in the text KTU 1.2 IV 28, where one line reads 𐎁𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎚𐎂𐎓𐎗𐎎𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚 (bi-šumi tigʿaruma ʿAṯtartu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordreuilPardee2009162-59">[59]</a> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'By Name, ʿAṯtartu hexed (Yam)'), in reference to ʿAṯtartu invoking the power of Baal's name and his titles, such as 𐎀𐎍𐎛𐎊𐎐𐎟𐎁𐎓𐎍 (ʾalʾiyanu Baʿlu, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Mighty Baal') and 𐎗𐎋𐎁𐎟𐎓𐎗𐎔𐎚 (rākibu ʿurpati, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Rider of the Clouds'), to hex the god Yammu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis201163-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201463-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cult">Cult</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cult">edit</a>]</div> The Ugaritic deity-lists gave minimal importance to ʿAṯtartu in the realm of rituals, and she was the last mentioned in several of these, although she was nevertheless important politically for the ruling dynasty of Ugarit and the administration of that city-state, being thus associated with the institution of the monarchy. In one letter to the king of Ugarit concerning maritime commercial activities with Cyprus, the lines 6 to 9 read 𐎀𐎐𐎋𐎐𐎟𐎗𐎂𐎎𐎚𐎟𐎍𐎟𐎁𐎓𐎍𐎟𐎕𐎔𐎐𐎟𐎍𐎟𐎌𐎔𐎌𐎟𐎓𐎍𐎎𐎟𐎍𐎟𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎍𐎟𐎓𐎐𐎚𐎟𐎍𐎟𐎋𐎍𐎟𐎛𐎍𐎟𐎀𐎍𐎘𐎊 (ʾanākuna ragamtu lê Baʿli Ṣapuni lê Šapši ʿālami lê ʿAṯtarti lê ʿAnati lê Kulli ʾIlī ʾAlaṯiya, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'I do indeed speak to Baal Ṣapānu, to the Eternal Sun, to ʿAṯtartu, to Anat, to all the gods of Cyprus'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2014-62">[62]</a> placing Baal and ʿAṯtartu in the initial position and naming ʿAṯtartu first, before the other Ugaritic goddesses, indicating the political importance of ʿAṯtartu at Ugarit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201441–43-63">[63]</a> The temple of ʿAṯtartu was likely located within the city of Ugarit, perhaps within the complex of the city's royal palace itself, with administrative records mentioning the existence of cultic personnel devoted to the goddess at this temple, the Ugaritic Akkadian text RS 20.235 referring to a servant of the goddess and the text KTU 4.163 mentioning singers of ʿAṯtartu, while the text KTU 4.219 contains the record of a payment of silver for the temple of the goddess immediately before that of a payment for the temple of the god Resheph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201438–40-64">[64]</a> Ugaritic administrative texts also mentioned the use of wine in the royal rituals pertaining to ʿAṯtartu, with the ritual text KTU 1.112 mentioning the offering of a jar of wine to the goddess's manifestation of <a href="#ʿAṯtartu_Ḫurri">ʿAṯtartu Ḫurri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201438–40-64">[64]</a> The texts KTU 4.242 I 1 and 11 mention clothing for the statue of 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎌𐎄 (ʿAṯtartu Šadî,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002273–285-65">[65]</a><abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtartu of the field'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201439–40-66">[66]</a> who was identified with the North Syrian goddess 𒀭𒈹𒂔 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>Ištar Ṣēri, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Ištar of the steppe land'), with ʿAṯtartu Šadî herself being referred to as Ištar Ṣēri in Akkadian texts from Ugarit. Ištar Ṣēri was invoked as a divine witness in an oath between the kings of Ugarit and <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Kargamiš</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201443–44-67">[67]</a> further attesting of her importance for the royalty of Ugarit, and she appears to have been popular enough in northern Syria and the Hittite Empire that she was worshipped in Hatti, where her name was written as 𒀭𒈹𒆤 (Uliliyaš <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>Ištar).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201476-33">[33]</a> Although ʿAṯtartu had none of the erotic traits of her later Canaanite variant, ʿAṯtartu Šadî/Ištar Ṣēri was nevertheless present in <a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">hierogamy</a> royal entry rituals whereby a statue or a woman representing the goddess was inserted in the alcove of Ugarit's royal palace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201439–40-66">[66]</a> Due to these aspects of the goddess, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> texts from Ugarit and Emar identified ʿAṯtartu with her Mesopotamian counterpart Ištar, with the Akkadian milieu within which the Ugaritic texts were composed not distinguishing ʿAṯtartu from Ištar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201444-68">[68]</a> and the Akkadian text RS. 17.22 + 17.87 from Ugarit referred to a second temple of hers as the "kunaḫi-temple of Ištar."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201439-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="At_Emar">At Emar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: At Emar">edit</a>]</div> ʿAṯtart was imported from the Levant into the Amorite city-state of <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a> during the Late Bronze Age, where she received a major cult and possessed a temple at the highest point of the city of Emar itself, with a treasure of existing there of 𒀭𒈹 𒍅 (ʿAṯtartu ša āli, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtart of the City').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201444,_52-70">[70]</a> Like at Ugarit, she did not exhibit any astral traits and was not associated to her masculine counterpart, ʿAṯtar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201435–37-34">[34]</a> ʿAṯtart was worshipped at Emar, where, like at Mari, the name of the goddess was written in cuneiform using ideograms and without the feminine suffix -t, in the forms 𒀭𒀸𒁯 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>AŠ-DAR) and 𒀭𒈹 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>INANNA), while also appearing in ritual texts and onomastica there. ʿAṯtart at Emar was worshipped under various manifestations, such as:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <ul><li>ʿAṯtartu ša abī, variously interpreted as "ʿAṯtart of the Sea," ʿAṯtart as patron-goddess of the abû shrines and of the month Abî, or "ʿAṯtart of the fathers";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201467–68-71">[71]</a></li> <li>𒀭𒀹𒁯 𒀞 (ʿAṯtartu ša tāḫāzi, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtart of Battle');<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming1992213-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201456-73">[73]</a></li> <li>ʿAṯtartu ša duriši.(<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtart of Trampling')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_warrior_goddess_2">As warrior goddess</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: As warrior goddess">edit</a>]</div> ʿAṯtart's role as a warrior goddess is more attested at Emar due to the widespread reference of the manifestation of ʿAṯtart as 𒀭𒀹𒁯 𒀞 (ʿAṯtartu ša tāḫāzi, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtart of Battle'), who was also the main basis of the cult of this goddess at Emar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201456-73">[73]</a> The warrior role of ʿAṯtart at Emar is also attested in the use of her name as a theophoric element in personal names such as 𒀸𒋻𒋾 𒌨𒊕 (ʿAṯtartu-qarrād, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtart is a warrior') and ʿAṯtartu-lit (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtart is power').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201456-73">[73]</a> The cult of ʿAṯtartu ša tāḫāzi was performed by a priestess called the 𒈠𒀸𒅈𒌈 (mašʾartu), and the participants of her night festival were called the 𒇽𒎌 𒋫𒄩𒍣 (awīlû ša tāḫāzi, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'men of the battle').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201456-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming1992213-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_hunter_goddess_2">As hunter goddess</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: As hunter goddess">edit</a>]</div> ʿAṯtart's connection to hunting at Emar in ritual settings is recorded in a text mentioning 𒄿𒈾 𒌋𒐋 𒌓𒈪 𒍝𒁺 𒊭 𒀭𒀸𒁯 (ina 16 umi ṣadu ša <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>Aštart, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'on the 16th day is the hunt of ʿAṯtart'), that is the hunt of ʿAṯtart, which was performed on the 16th of the month of Abi. This ritual hunt was performed on the same day as the procession to her manifestation of the 𒀭𒀸𒋻 𒍝𒅈𒁀 (ʿAṯtar ṣarba, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Poplar ʿAṯtart') from "the storehouse", which ascribes to ʿAṯtart agricultural traits otherwise unknown of her elsewhere during the Bronze Age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201454-74">[74]</a> The line 𒄿𒈾 𒌋𒐋 𒌓𒈪 𒍝𒁺 𒊭 𒀭𒀸𒁯 also parallels the <a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaic</a> hallowed phrase 𐩺𐩥𐩣 𐩮𐩵 𐩮𐩺𐩵 𐩲𐩻𐩩𐩧 (ywm ṣd ṣyd ʿṯtr, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the day when he performed the hunt for ʿAṯtar'), used to refer to the ritual hunts performed for the South Arabian god <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar#In_South_Arabia" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a>, who was himself a masculine counterpart of ʿAṯtart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> Another Emarite text records that the hunt of ʿAṯtart was performed on the 16th of the month of Marzaḫāni, with the hunt of Baal being on the 17th of this same month, and both hunts being mentioned together in the texts from Emar, suggesting that the hunt of the goddess involved game or provisions, and that ʿAṯtart and Baal appeared together at Emar, likely under the influence of their pairing in the Levant; Baal himself appears as a hunter at Ugarit, but never alongside ʿAṯtart as he does at Emar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201454-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_consort_of_Baal_2">As consort of Baal</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: As consort of Baal">edit</a>]</div> Although it was the pairing of the Hurro-Syrian goddess <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAepat" title="Ḫepat">Ḫebat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> which was the principal divine couple at Emar, and despite there being no evidence yet that ʿAṯtart was explicitly paired with Baal at Emar as she was among the Canaanites, ʿAṯtart and Baal nevertheless had temples dedicated in common to both of them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201444-45-75">[75]</a> and a common cult to this pair is suggested from the appearance of their names as theophoric elements in the popular personal names 𒍪𒀸𒋻𒋾 (Zū-ʿAṯtarti, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'The one of ʿAṯtart') and 𒍪𒁀𒀪𒆷 (Zū-Baʿla, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'The one of Baal').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201458–59-76">[76]</a> There is nonetheless little beyond this curcumstantial evidence at Emar for any pairing of ʿAṯtart with Baal, which appears to have been a Levantine occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201444-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legacy">Legacy</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> The worship of ʿAṯtart in the Middle Euphrates region, including at Emar, lasted until the Late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> By the Iron Age, the name of ʿAṯtart appears to have become used to mean "goddess" in general, so that an Akkadian inscription from the city of <a href="/wiki/Anah" title="Anah">Ḫanat</a> referred to the goddess ʿAnat as 𒁉𒋥 𒀭𒁹𒁯𒈨𒌍 (gašrat ištarāti, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the strongest of the ʿAṯtarts (goddesses)').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201479-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Egypt">In Egypt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In Egypt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#decd87;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#decd87;;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eye of Horus"><img alt="Eye of Horus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/120px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/250px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pantheon">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh and Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek and Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu and Naunet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triad_(religion)" title="Triad (religion)">Triads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine#Elephantine_triad" title="Elephantine">Elephantine Triad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">A <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaset" title="Abaset">Abaset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Nefertari#Death_and_deification" title="Ahmose-Nefertari">Ahmose-Nefertari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu#Legacy" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apesh" title="Apesh">Apesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors of Maat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li></ul> B <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beset" class="mw-redirect" title="Beset">Beset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li></ul> C <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Ferryman" title="Celestial Ferryman">Celestial Ferrymana</a></li></ul> D <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefhor" title="Djedefhor">Djedefhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duamutef" class="mw-redirect" title="Duamutef">Duamutef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_(god)" title="Duau (god)">Duau</a></li></ul> G <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengen-Wer" title="Gengen-Wer">Gengen-Wer</a></li></ul> H <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Hapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmachis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmachis">Harmachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsomtus" title="Harsomtus">Harsomtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkhisesui" title="Henkhisesui">Henkhisesui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqaib#Legacy" title="Heqaib">Heqaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heru-ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Heru-ur">Heru-ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchai" title="Hutchai">Hutchai</a></li></ul> I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep#Deification" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imsety" class="mw-redirect" title="Imsety">Imsety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irer" title="Irer">Irer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li></ul> J <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Ammon">Jupiter Ammon</a></li></ul> K <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kagemni_I" title="Kagemni I">Kagemni I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereduankh" title="Khereduankh">Khereduankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolanthes" title="Kolanthes">Kolanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li></ul> M <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li></ul> N <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Nepit</a></li></ul> P <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a></li></ul> Q <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qebehsenuef" class="mw-redirect" title="Qebehsenuef">Qebehsenuef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li></ul> R <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt#Deity" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li></ul> S <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjem" title="Sedjem">Sedjem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehbui" title="Shehbui">Shehbui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li></ul> T <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teka-her" title="Teka-her">Teka-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li></ul> U <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li></ul> W <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li></ul> Y <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhekh" title="Akhekh">Akhekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx#Egypt" title="Sphinx">Criosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Set animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Characters</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djedi" title="Djedi">Djedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Locations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols and objects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anra_scarab" title="Anra scarab">Anra scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowroid" title="Cowroid">Cowroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqtet_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seqtet boat">Seqtet boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun#Ancient_Egypt" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Songs_of_Isis_and_Nephthys" title="Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys">Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Osiris" title="Mysteries of Osiris">Mysteries of Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Most_High_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Most High Goddess">Church of the Most High Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Kushite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:transparent;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/20px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/40px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Template:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Template talk:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stele_with_astarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Stele_with_astarte.jpg/250px-Stele_with_astarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Stele_with_astarte.jpg/330px-Stele_with_astarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Stele_with_astarte.jpg/500px-Stele_with_astarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Archer Astarte riding a horse on an Egyptian stele<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeclant1960Pl._1-78">[78]</a></figcaption></figure> ʿAṯtart was eventually imported into <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, where she was renowned as a West Semitic war-goddess and often appeared alongside ʿAnat, with the West Semitic association of the two goddesses having also been borrowed by the Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201456-73">[73]</a> Her cult is attested in Egypt from as early as the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> in the 15th century BC, and the goddess herself was attested under various manifestations, such as 𓉻𓂝𓊃𓍘𓇋𓂋𓏤 𓆼𓄿𓃭𓏤 (ꜥꜣstjr ḫꜣrw)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen1904-79">[79]</a> and 𓉻𓂝𓋴𓏭𓍘𓇌 𓆼𓏲𓃭𓏤 (ꜥꜣsyty ḫꜣwrw),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEv._Bergmann1886-80">[80]</a> that is the same form of the goddess whose name in Ugaritic was ʿAṯtart Ḫurri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur_Box_inscription_(inscription_close_up).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ur_Box_inscription_%28inscription_close_up%29.png/330px-Ur_Box_inscription_%28inscription_close_up%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ur_Box_inscription_%28inscription_close_up%29.png/500px-Ur_Box_inscription_%28inscription_close_up%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ur_Box_inscription_%28inscription_close_up%29.png/660px-Ur_Box_inscription_%28inscription_close_up%29.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ur_Box_inscription" title="Ur Box inscription">Ur Box inscription</a>, a dedication to Astarte by the daughter of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385857">.mw-parser-output .script-phoenician{font-family:"Noto Sans Phoenician",sans-serif}</style>𐤐𐤈𐤀𐤎‎ (Peṭ-ʾIsi, "Given by Isis")</figcaption></figure> The cult of ʿAṯtart would remain well-established in Late Period Egypt, during the 1st millennium BC, at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, where a significant community of Semitic origin had been living since the New Kingdom, and where a temple of the goddess was part of the city's temple of the god <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a>. From at least as early as the 6th century BC, ʿAṯtart was identified with the Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, and a 7th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Ur_Box_inscription" title="Ur Box inscription">ivory box</a> discovered at Ur and which had been dedicated to ʿAṯtart by the daughter of one an individual whose name, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤐𐤈𐤀𐤎‎ (Peṭ-ʾIsi), meant "Given by Isis", might have originated in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995319–329-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_warrior_goddess_3">As warrior goddess</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: As warrior goddess">edit</a>]</div> Under the 18th and 19th dynasties, ʿAṯtart was depicted either standing or on horseback and holding a sword and shield, and she was sometimes associated to the god <a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a> just like she was at Ugarit due to her warrior role, as attested through a stela of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> which includes a line mentioning both them together, 𓂋𓈙𓊪𓀭𓂝𓊃𓍘𓂋𓏤𓏏𓅱𓆗𓎛𓂝𓏲𓀠𓇋𓅓𓆑𓁷𓏤𓁹𓏏𓌸𓂋𓂋𓏏𓎟𓏏𓄣𓏤𓆑 (Ršp ꜥstjrtw ḥꜥw jmf ḥr jrt mrrt nbt jbf, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Resheph and ʿAṯtart were rejoicing in him doing all that his heart desired'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarille1942-82">[82]</a> and both deities were depicted and mentioned on a private votive stele found at the site of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_el-Borg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell el-Borg (page does not exist)">Tell el-Borg</a> in the Sinai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201465–66-44">[44]</a> During this period, some of the Levantine myths regarding ʿAṯtart were translated into <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a>, as attested by the fragmented Papyrus so-called of "ʿAṯtart and the Sea,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> the Egyptian translation of a West Semitic myth in which ʿAṯtart is called a nṯrt qndt nšny (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'furious and tempestuous goddess').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner193277–81-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201466–68-84">[84]</a> During the 20th dynasty, one of the inscriptions of Ramesses III recording his military victories against the Libyans mentioned ʿAnat and ʿAṯtart in a praise to the king, 𓏠𓈖𓍿𓅱𓀭𓃩𓂋𓎛𓈖𓂝𓆑𓐝𓋴𓎞𓇌𓀜𓏥𓎟𓂝𓈖𓍿𓏏𓆇𓆗𓂝𓊃𓍿𓇋𓂋𓏤𓍿𓏏𓆇𓆗𓈖𓆑𓐝𓇋𓆎𓐝𓌲 (Mnṯw Stẖ r ḥnꜥf m skw nb ꜥnṯt ꜥsṯjrṯt nf m jkm, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> '<a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a> and Set are with him in every battle; ʿAnat and ʿAṯtart are a shield to him');<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreastedAllen1932-85">[85]</a> and a poem contained the lines 𓂧𓏏𓏤𓆱𓏥𓏏𓄿𓇌𓎡𓅓𓂝𓏭𓂋𓎡𓄿𓃀𓏲𓍘𓏏𓆱𓂝𓈖𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆇𓆗𓂝𓊃𓍘𓏭𓂋𓏤𓍘𓇋𓏏𓆇𓆗 (ḏrwt n tꜣyk mꜥkꜣbwtjt ꜥntjt ꜥstyrtjt, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the yoke saddles of your chariot: they are ʿAnat and ʿAṯtart'), which likened his chariot to the two goddesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawsonPeet1933-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201464–65-37">[37]</a> ʿAṯtart was also worshipped at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hibis" title="Temple of Hibis">Temple of Hibis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kharga_Oasis" title="Kharga Oasis">Kharga Oasis</a>, where she is depicted, under the name 𓂝𓊃𓍿𓏏𓆇𓁐 (ꜥsṯt),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1953-87">[87]</a> three times on a 5th-century BC relief, followed by Resheph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic period</a>, ʿAṯtart was depicted on a chariot in a relief from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Edfu" title="Temple of Edfu">Temple of Edfu</a>, where she is called 𓂝𓊃𓍿𓂋𓂧𓏏𓆇𓁐 𓎛𓏌𓏏 𓊃𓐝𓊃𓐝𓃗𓏥 𓎟 𓅨𓂋𓇌𓏏𓆱 (ꜥsṯrdt ḥnwt smsmw nbt wryt, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtart, Mistress of Horses, Lady of the Chariot').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeclant1960-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_Qedešet">As Qedešet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: As Qedešet">edit</a>]</div> The Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a> 𓐪𓂧𓈙𓏏𓆇𓏏𓆗 (Qdšt), who was depicted on 19th and 20th dynasty Egyptian stelae as a naked goddess with a Hathoric hairstyle, standing on a powerful lion and holding flowers or snakes in her outstretched hands, and often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a> and Resheph, was a Levantine-Egyptian hypostasis of ʿAṯtart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudin2015-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_healer_goddess_2">As healer goddess</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: As healer goddess">edit</a>]</div> In a <a href="/wiki/London_Medical_Papyrus" title="London Medical Papyrus">medical papyrus</a> from the 14th century BC, which contains Northwest Semitic inscription written in <a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a>, the goddess, who is called Jsttr, appears as a healer, and is mentioned alongside Jšꜣmjnꜣ, that is the Northwest Semitic healer-god Eshmun, to whom she would be often found associated later in Iron Age Phoenicia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWreszinski1912151-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner1992-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201455-42">[42]</a> ʿAṯtart was still remembered as a huntress goddess during the Iron Age, and she was mentioned as such in a 5th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> incantation against scorpion stings inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)#Script" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hammamat" title="Wadi Hammamat">Wādī al-Ḥammāmāt</a>, whose text includes the lines kp-ʾbwy kp-Bʿl kp-ʿtr-ʾmy (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Hand of my father, hand of Baal, hand of ʿAttar my mother!') and ʾnpy-Bʿl ksy šʿ-ḥrtw ʾnpy-ṣydtʾ ʾnpy-Bʿl (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Face of Baal! Cover, coat his wounds (with spittle)! Face of the Huntress (and) face of Baal!').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVittmann1984-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner2001-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201454–55-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_hunter_goddess_3">As hunter goddess</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: As hunter goddess">edit</a>]</div> ʿAṯtart in the Wādī al-Ḥammāmāt text was referred to both as "ʿAttar my mother" and "the huntress", attesting of the continuation of the healer role of this goddess recorded since the Bronze Age at Ugarit, as well as of her pairing with Baal. The incantation's invocation of ʿAṯtart and Baal against the "enemy", that is the scorpion which has stung an individual, parallels the combat of these deities against cosmic or divine enemies in the Ugaritic texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201460-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_consort_of_Set">As consort of Set</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: As consort of Set">edit</a>]</div> In the 20th dynasty text, "<a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a>", ʿAnat and ʿAṯtart are referred to as divine daughters who are also the future wives of the god <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a>, whom the Egyptians identified with Baal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner193237–60-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201460-57">[57]</a> A Late Bronze Age seal from Egyptian-ruled Palestine discovered at the site of <a href="/wiki/Beitin" title="Beitin">Baytīn</a> represented ʿAṯtart as a warrior, and was inscribed with the name of the goddess, written as 𓂝𓊃𓍿𓏥𓁹𓍿 (ꜥsṯjrṯ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201456-73">[73]</a> In the story of "ʿAṯtart and the Sea," which is an Egyptian translation of a Levantine mythological tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a>, which in this story stood for the West Semitic divine council headed by El, initially offers tribute to the sea-god <a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a> to be given to him by the goddess <a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a>, and after this proves to be unsuccessful, they send him more appealing tribute to be delivered to him by ʿAṯtart, who weeps on being informed of this. When she goes to Yam, he sees her singing and laughing and addresses her as a nṯrt qndt nšny (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'furious and tempestuous goddess'), and then instructs her to ask the Ennead to give him their daughter, with ʿAṯtart's tribute being unsuccessful since it is followed by a conflict between Set and Yam following the Levantine tradition of the contest between Baal and Yammu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201466–67-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_the_"Face_of_Baal"">As the "Face of Baal"</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: As the "Face of Baal"">edit</a>]</div> ʿAṯtart was called "Face of Baal" (ʾnpy-Bʿl) in the Wādī al-Ḥammāmāt inscription, which defined the goddess as representing the presence of the god Baal, especially in his temple. This usage of the name of a deity to represent their presence is also attested among the Phoenicians, who called the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a> as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤐𐤍 𐤁𐤏𐤋‎‎‎ (panē Baʿl, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Face of <a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baal (Hammon)</a>'), and among Israelites, in the verse of Book of Psalms of the Bible reading הָב֣וּ לַֽ֭יהוָה כְּב֣וֹד שְׁמ֑וֹ (hāḇū <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a> kəḇōḏ šəmō, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Ascribe to Yahweh the glory due his name').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201461–63-58">[58]</a> In the 19th century, when <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a> excavated the ruins of Ḥammon, now <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> between <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, he found two Phoenician inscriptions dedicated to a certain sun deity nicknamed Ḥammon. which read:<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> LMLK'(Š)TRT'T ḤMN Translation: To Lord Ashtrt, Hammon (<a href="/wiki/Sun_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun goddess">sun goddess</a>) A debate between scholars took place over whether it was dedicated to "<a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a>-Astarte" or "Queen [Malik] Astarte". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Canaan">In Canaan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In Canaan">edit</a>]</div> Following the end of the Bronze Age, the <a href="/wiki/Canaan#Canaanites" title="Canaan">Canaanite peoples</a> during the Iron Age continued worshipping ʿAṯtart under the name of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (ʿAštart), who was a continuation of her Ugaritic form, ʿAṯtart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> During the 11th to 10th centuries BC, the early Canaanites invoked the lioness aspect of their variant of ʿAštart through inscriptions bearing the name <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤋𐤁𐤀𐤕‎‎‎ (ʿAbd-labʾit),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilikCross2003-99">[99]</a> meaning "Servant of the Lioness (that is, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Servant of ʿAštart'), on arrowheads along with the name <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤁𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤕‎ (Bin-ʿAnat), meaning "Son of Anat," implying that ʿAštart and ʿAnat were the patron-goddesses of the warriors who used these arrows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201473–74-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Phoenicia">In Phoenicia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In Phoenicia">edit</a>]</div> The Phoenician variant of ʿAštart was the goddess <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (ʿAštart).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernecke2013-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1990-12">[12]</a> By the time that the Canaanite <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician civilisation</a> had emerged in the 1st millennium BC, ʿAštart overshadowed the other Semitic goddesses in the Phoenician pantheon and had become the main personification of a less war-like and more sensual vitality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> Like her East Semitic equivalent, <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Ishtar</a>, the Phoenician ʿAštart was a complex goddess with multiple aspects: being the feminine principle of the life-giving force, ʿAštart was a fertility goddess who promoted love and sensuality, in which capacity she presided over the reproduction of cattle and family growth; the goddess was also the consort of the masculine principle of this life-giving force, variously personified as <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, who himself incarnated plant growth and presided over rain, water, springs, floods, and the sprouting and growth of cereals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński199559–65-102">[102]</a> This pairing of ʿAštart and Baal was later mentioned in the 1st century AD by <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byblos" title="Philo of Byblos">Philōn of Byblos</a>, who wrote about the goddess Astarte and Zeus (that is, Baal), called Adōdos (itself a Hellenisation of Phoenician Hadad) and Dēmarous, ruling over the land with the consent of <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Kronos</a> (that is, <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">ʾEl</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201460–61-103">[103]</a> As well as the goddess of carnal love and of fertility, ʿAštart was also a warrior goddess, although she no longer exhibited much of the hunter aspect of the Bronze Age ʿAṯtart, which had faded away so that by the 1st millennium BC the hunting scenes on the shrine of the Phoenician ʿAštart at the temple of Bustān aš-Šayḫ depicted her consort in the city-state of Ṣidōn, the god <a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a>, as a male hunter figure; ʿAštart was also a celestial goddess possessing astral traits and who was identified with the Morning Star, and occasionally to the Moon. The dove was a sacred animal of ʿAštart, as, like with her East Semitic equivalent Ishtar, was the lion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The cult of ʿAštart reached its highest level of prestige among the Phoenicians, in both mainland Phoenicia and thanks to the extensive maritime trade endeavours of the Phoenicians, in the Phoenician, and later Punic, colonies throughout the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">Mediterranean world</a>, with her worship being recorded in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, as well as in Punic Africa and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, with the oldest recorded mention of the Phoenician ʿAštart is from an 8th-century inscription from a bronze statuette, often called the <a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_El_Carambolo#Phoenician_statuette" title="Treasure of El Carambolo">Seville statuette</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_El_Carambolo#Phoenician_statuette" title="Treasure of El Carambolo">El Carambolo statuette</a>, which had been imported into <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> from mainland Phoenicia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> During the Hellenistic period, the Phoenicians identified their own goddess ʿAštart with the Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>) due to the influence of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a> on their own conceptualisations of the afterlife and salvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995319–329-81">[81]</a> Among the Phoenician and Punic personal names containing the name of ʿAštart were <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕𐤏𐤆‎ (ʿAštart-ʿaz, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAštart is my strength', already attested in Amorite Mari as 𒀭𒀸𒁯𒋫𒍣), <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>Aštart-azi, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤂𐤃𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (Gidd-ʿAštart).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński199559–65-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iconography_2">Iconography</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Iconography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagon_Museum,_Fertility_Figurine_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dagon_Museum%2C_Fertility_Figurine_%283%29.JPG/250px-Dagon_Museum%2C_Fertility_Figurine_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dagon_Museum%2C_Fertility_Figurine_%283%29.JPG/330px-Dagon_Museum%2C_Fertility_Figurine_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Dagon_Museum%2C_Fertility_Figurine_%283%29.JPG/500px-Dagon_Museum%2C_Fertility_Figurine_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Standard naked idols from Israel and Judea</figcaption></figure> ʿAštart was often depicted as a naked goddess because of her role as a fertility and sexuality goddess, and many terracotta figures of naked women found in <a href="/wiki/Israel_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel (region)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> were depictions of ʿAštart, although not every image of a naked woman from this location was a representation of her. ʿAštart was also depicted in the form of "concubines of the dead" statuettes placed in burials, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">sympathetic magic</a> figurines possessing fertile traits intended to ensure that women desiring to have children would become pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Jerusalem_Batch_2_(35).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/East_Jerusalem_Batch_2_%2835%29.jpg/250px-East_Jerusalem_Batch_2_%2835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/East_Jerusalem_Batch_2_%2835%29.jpg/330px-East_Jerusalem_Batch_2_%2835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/East_Jerusalem_Batch_2_%2835%29.jpg/500px-East_Jerusalem_Batch_2_%2835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>A modern reproduction af an ancient tablet depicting a naked woman standing of a horse</figcaption></figure> Images of an armed goddess might also have been representation of ʿAštart as a goddess of war and hunting, due to which she was often depicted on horseback or on a war chariot, sometimes holding an <a href="/wiki/Epsilon_axe" title="Epsilon axe">epsilon axe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> ʿAštart was often depicted with a "Hathoric" hairstyle, which connected her with the Phoenician ivory sculptures of the woman at the window and to amulets representing a goddess who was analogous to Qetesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> ʿAštart was also sometimes depicted surrounded by twin gods in some Phoenician coins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995283-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="ʿAštart_Ḥor">ʿAštart Ḥor</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: ʿAštart Ḥor">edit</a>]</div> Although the wooden throne upon which the Seville/El Carambolo Statuette rested had perished, its surviving bronze stool was inscribed with a dedication to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤇𐤓‎‎ (ʿAštart Ḥor), that is to the Phoenician form of the manifestation ʿAṯtartu Ḫurri already attested in pre-Phoenician times,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> or maybe associated with Ἀφροδίτης λιμνησία, Aphrodite of the salt marshes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr2013-105">[105]</a> The cult of ʿAštart Ḥor held a certain importance, especially as part of royal rituals, and her domains were located at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Šuksu</a>, and at Ṣaʾu, a town belonging to the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Siyannu" title="Siyannu">Siyannu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="As_the_"Name_of_Baal"_2">As the "Name of Baal"</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: As the "Name of Baal"">edit</a>]</div> Another manifestation of ʿAštart was <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤔𐤌 𐤁𐤏𐤋‎ (ʿAštart šim Baʿl, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAštart-Name-of-Baal'), who was the Phoenician form of 𐎓𐎘𐎚𐎗𐎚𐎟𐎌𐎎𐎟𐎁𐎓𐎍 (ʿAṯtartu šuma Baʿli, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAṯtart-Name-of-Baal') already attested in the Bronze Age at Ugarit. This name defined the identity of the goddess as being in relation to Baal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201463-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Sidon">At Sidon</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: At Sidon">edit</a>]</div> The worship of ʿAštart at the Phoenician city-state of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> dates from the Late Bronze Age, when her name was recorded in Hittite texts, Ugaritic epics, and evocatory formulae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The royal family of Ṣidōn worshipped ʿAštart, with several of its members bearing names in which the name of ʿAštart appears as a theophoric element, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤀𐤌𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎‎ (<a href="/wiki/Amoashtart" title="Amoashtart">ʾImmī-ʿAštart</a>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤁𐤃𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (<a href="/wiki/Bodashtart" title="Bodashtart">Bōd-ʿAštart</a>), and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎‎ (ʿAbd-ʿAštart), and her title of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤕‎ (milkōt, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Queen') being a theophoric element in the name of the 7th century BC Sidonian king <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤕‎ (<a href="/wiki/Abdi-Milkutti" title="Abdi-Milkutti">ʿAbd-milkōt</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Servant of the Queen').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dedicace_Bodashtart_AO_4838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dedicace_Bodashtart_AO_4838.jpg/250px-Dedicace_Bodashtart_AO_4838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dedicace_Bodashtart_AO_4838.jpg/330px-Dedicace_Bodashtart_AO_4838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dedicace_Bodashtart_AO_4838.jpg/500px-Dedicace_Bodashtart_AO_4838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5092" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption>Inscription dedicated to the goddess ʿAštart by the Sidonian king <a href="/wiki/Bodashtart" title="Bodashtart">Bodashtart</a></figcaption></figure> The kings of Ṣidōn from the 5th century BC, such as <a href="/wiki/Eshmunazar_I" title="Eshmunazar I">Eshmunazar I</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Tabnit" title="Tabnit">Tabnit I</a>, included "priest of ʿAštart" as part of their royal titulatory, and while Tabnit I's son, <a href="/wiki/Eshmunazar_II" title="Eshmunazar II">Eshmunazar II</a>, who died when he was 14 years old, did not hold the title of "priest of ʿAštart," his mother <a href="/wiki/Amoashtart" title="Amoashtart">Amoashtart</a> was "priestess of ʿAštart." Before his death, Eshmunazar II and Amoashtart had built a sanctuary of ʿAštart at Ṣidōn ʾArṣ Yam (Sidon-Land-by-the-Sea), another sanctuary in the city's district of šmm ʾdrm (the Lofty Heavens), and a third sanctuary for ʿAštart šim Baʿl, with Eshmunazar II's cousin and successor <a href="/wiki/Bodashtart" title="Bodashtart">Bodashtart</a> having expanded the sanctuary of Ṣidōn ʾArṣ Yam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> As attested by three statuettes of children inscribed with dedications reading <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤋𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤋𐤀𐤃𐤍𐤉 𐤋𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍‎‎ (la-ʿAštart la-ʾadōniy la-ʾEšmūn, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'to ʿAštart, to his Lord, to Eshmun'), which mention ʿAštart along with Eshmun, the 6th to 4th century <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Eshmun" title="Temple of Eshmun">temple</a> of this god at Bustān aš-Šayḫ where these statuettes were found was in fact a common sanctuary of Eshmun and ʿAštart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> A large shrine to ʿAštart was located on the eastern side of the sanctuary, below the platform upon which the temple proper rested, and it contained a paved waterpool and a stone throne flanked with sphinxes dedicated to the Sidonian ʿAštart, which itself rested against the background wall, which was decorated with hunting scenes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995154–168-106">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:As-Julia_Maesa-Sidon_AE30_BMC_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/As-Julia_Maesa-Sidon_AE30_BMC_300.jpg/250px-As-Julia_Maesa-Sidon_AE30_BMC_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/As-Julia_Maesa-Sidon_AE30_BMC_300.jpg/330px-As-Julia_Maesa-Sidon_AE30_BMC_300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/As-Julia_Maesa-Sidon_AE30_BMC_300.jpg/500px-As-Julia_Maesa-Sidon_AE30_BMC_300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>A Sidonian <a href="/wiki/As_(Roman_coin)" title="As (Roman coin)">As</a> of <a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a>, depicting "Car of Astarte", four palm branches protruding from roof</figcaption></figure> During the period of the middle <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, a Sidonian coin of the Roman empress <a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a> was issued bearing the image of ʿAštart resting her right arm on a cross-headed standard and holding a ship's <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> in her left hand while crowned by the Roman goddess of victory, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Byblos">At Byblos</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: At Byblos">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afqa_Remains_of_Temple_and_Cave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Afqa_Remains_of_Temple_and_Cave.jpg/250px-Afqa_Remains_of_Temple_and_Cave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Afqa_Remains_of_Temple_and_Cave.jpg/330px-Afqa_Remains_of_Temple_and_Cave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Afqa_Remains_of_Temple_and_Cave.jpg/500px-Afqa_Remains_of_Temple_and_Cave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The remains of Astarte Temple and the <a href="/wiki/Afqa" title="Afqa">Afqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">grotto</a> (source of <a href="/wiki/Adonis_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonis River">Adonis River</a>) in the background</figcaption></figure> The temple of ʿAštart at <a href="/wiki/Afqa" title="Afqa">Afqa</a>, in the territory of the city-state of Byblos, was one of the most renowned sanctuaries in ancient Phoenicia, located at the source of the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_River" title="Abraham River">Adonis river</a>, where, according to <a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melitōn of Sardis</a>, was the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, whose blood turned the river's water red when he died there; according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Melito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudo-Melito (page does not exist)">Pseudo-Melito</a>, this was the location of the tomb of Tammuz; and this temple was believed in ancient times to have been built by the legendary Cypriot king <a href="/wiki/Cinyras" title="Cinyras">Kinuras</a>, and it contained a waterpool, as well as pipelines which were used for lustrations linked to the cultic practises, and sacred prostitution, which was a typical part of the cult of ʿAštart, was also performed there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995105-108-107">[107]</a> ʿAštart of Afqa, who possessed erotic traits, was a goddess of the planet Venus as the Evening Star which brought together the sexes. This goddess later identified in Graeco-Roman times with the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Urania" title="Aphrodite Urania">Aphrodite Urania</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Celestial Aphrodite').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995105-108-107">[107]</a> By the Hellenistic period, the goddess <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤁𐤏𐤋𐤕 𐤂𐤁𐤋‎ (<a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿlat Gubal</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Lady of Byblos') had become explicitly assimilated to ʿAštart, and therefore to the Greek ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗ (<a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphroditē</a>), with whom ʿAštart was herself equated, at Byblos, as well as at Afqa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński199570–79-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995105-108-107">[107]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, a phenomenon would take place at site of the temple of Afqa whereby a bright and fiery star-like object would be shot up from the top of a Lebanese mountain and would fall into the Adonis river. Pilgrims would gather at the temple on days of this occurrence, and would throw precious objects, such as gold- and silverworks or <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">sea silk</a> into the waterpool of the temple as offerings: the offerings which sunk into the water were believed to have been accepted by ʿAštart while the ones which floated were considered to have been rejected by the goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995105-108-107">[107]</a> The Roman emperor Constantine I ordered the destruction of the temple of Afqa, although Zosimus and <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a> in the 5th century AD recorded that pilgrims still gathered at the site of the temple to make offerings on the days when the luminous phenomenon would occur. The temple building itself was permanently destroyed in an earthquake during the 6th century AD, although it remained a popular sacred site connected to fertility until recent times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995105-108-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Tanit_and_ʿAštart">Tanit and ʿAštart</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Tanit and ʿAštart">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarepta_Tanit_Inscription.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sarepta_Tanit_Inscription.png/220px-Sarepta_Tanit_Inscription.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sarepta_Tanit_Inscription.png/330px-Sarepta_Tanit_Inscription.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sarepta_Tanit_Inscription.png/440px-Sarepta_Tanit_Inscription.png 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>The inscription from Serepta mentioning Tanit-ʿAštart</figcaption></figure> Although the goddess <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤕𐤍𐤕‎ (<a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tinnit</a>), whose first attestation was from the city of <a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a>, has been argued to have been a hypostasis of ʿAštart in older scholarship,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995199-215-109">[109]</a> the two goddesses to have been nevertheless possibly distinguished from each other in inscriptions. However, the evidence for so is still ambiguous and the name Tinnit might itself have been a title which was attributed to multiple deities, including to ʿAštart. One inscription from Sarepta recording the dedication of a statue to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤕𐤍𐤕𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (Tinnit-ʿAštart) nevertheless suggests some form of identification between Tanit and ʿAštart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201462-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Acre">At Acre</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: At Acre">edit</a>]</div> ʿAštart held high importance in the religious structure of the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, where she was identified with the Greek goddess Aphrodite in Graeco-Roman times, when she was the patron-goddess of the city's public baths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995281–282-111">[111]</a> ʿAštart of Acre was depicted as Aphrodite on coins of the city from the 3rd century AD, where she was represented with a <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a> to her right, and the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a>, the son of Aphrodite, riding a dolphin to her left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995281–282-111">[111]</a> The goddess was however most often depicted on the coins of Acre under the traits of the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a> in the latter's role as the patron goddess of a municipality, in which capacity she was represented as seated on a rock, wearing a crown made of crenellated towers, and placing one foot on the shoulder of a young swimmer who personnified the river Orontes, although the swimmer in the coins of Acre stood for the river-god Belus, that is the present-day <a href="/wiki/Na%27aman_River" title="Na'aman River">Nahr al-Naʿāmayn</a>, and he held a reed and leans over an amphora, with a crocodile beneath him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995281–282-111">[111]</a> Under the reign of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Publius Licinius Valerianus</a>, ʿAštart was depicted coins similarly to a Syrian goddess, with a calathus hat, and seated between two lions like <a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">ʿAttarʿatta</a>, with her right hand in a blessing position and her left one holding a flower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995281–282-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="At_Tyre">At Tyre</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: At Tyre">edit</a>]</div> The goddess ʿAštart held high prestige in the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, where she was a dynastic goddess, as attested by the names of the 10th to 9th century BC Tyrian kings <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤁𐤃𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (<a href="/wiki/Abdastartus" title="Abdastartus">ʿAbd-ʿAštart</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov2000357-112">[112]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤌𐤕𐤍𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (Mattan-ʿAštart),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov2000321-113">[113]</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕𐤀𐤌‎‎ (<a href="/wiki/Astarymus" title="Astarymus">ʿAštart-ʾImmī</a>);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahmalkov2000390-114">[114]</a> the king <a href="/wiki/Hiram_I" title="Hiram I">Hiram I</a> allegedly built a new temple for ʿAštart and Melqart, and the later king <a href="/wiki/Ithobaal_II" title="Ithobaal II">Ithobaal II</a> held the title of "priest of ʿAštart" before he ascended to the throne of Tyre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> At Tyre, ʿAštart was closely associated to the god <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a> and was his consort, a custom which was carried on by the colonists who set out from Tyre to establish themsselves throughout the Mediterranean sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> At the site of Ḫirbat aṭ-Ṭayibā, to the south of Tyre, a stone "<a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Astarte" class="mw-redirect" title="Throne of Astarte">throne of Astarte</a>" with an inscription (<a href="/wiki/Kanaan%C3%A4ische_und_Aram%C3%A4ische_Inschriften" title="Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften">KAI</a> 17) was dedicated to ʿAštart in a sacred site located in the middle of the fields of the one who offered the dedication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995226–243-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavilaZuckerman1993-116">[116]</a> In the Tyrian town of <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Ḥamon</a>, ʿAštart formed a triad with the god Milk-ʿAštart and the Angel of Milk-ʿAštart,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995271–274-117">[117]</a> and the city's sanctuary of Milk-ʿAštart contained a dedication to ʿAštart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> In the 7th century BC, the warrior goddess role of ʿAštart was invoked in the <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon%27s_Treaty_with_Ba%27al_of_Tyre" title="Esarhaddon's Treaty with Ba'al of Tyre">treaty</a> between the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> and the Tyrian king <a href="/wiki/Baal_I" title="Baal I">Baal I</a> in a line reading 𒀭𒊍𒋻𒌓 𒀸 𒋫𒄩𒍣 𒆗𒉌 𒄑𒉼𒆪𒉡 𒇷𒅖𒄵 𒀸 𒉺𒅁𒆷𒉽𒆪𒉡 𒀸 𒇷𒊺𒅆𒅁𒆪𒉡 (<a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">ᴰ</a>Astartu ina tāḫāzi danni qaštakunu lišbir ina šapla nakrikunu lišēšibkunu, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'May ʿAštart break your bow in the thick of battle, and have you crouch at the feet of your enemy').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpolaWatanabe198822–27-118">[118]</a> This description of ʿAštart paralleled that of the Mesopotamian Ishtar, who was given the title of 𒁁𒀖 𒉠 𒌋 𒀞 (belet qabli u tāhāzi, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Lady of Battle and War').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201457-119">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BronzeCoinTyreRomanEmperorHadrian_GallicaBNF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BronzeCoinTyreRomanEmperorHadrian_GallicaBNF.jpg/250px-BronzeCoinTyreRomanEmperorHadrian_GallicaBNF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BronzeCoinTyreRomanEmperorHadrian_GallicaBNF.jpg/330px-BronzeCoinTyreRomanEmperorHadrian_GallicaBNF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/BronzeCoinTyreRomanEmperorHadrian_GallicaBNF.jpg/500px-BronzeCoinTyreRomanEmperorHadrian_GallicaBNF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>A Bronze coin from Tyre from the time of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a> (left) and Astarte on a <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a> holding a crown in her right hand and a scepter in her left hand (right)<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> The association between ʿAštart and Melqart at Tyre continued until the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Roman period</a>, and an inscription from the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a> mentions the goddess ʿAštart, under the name of the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a>, along with Melqart, under the name of <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Astronoë">Astronoë</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Astronoë">edit</a>]</div> ʿAštart was sometimes worshipped at Tyre under the name of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤍𐤉‎ (ʿAštārōniy), which was a form of her name where the feminine suffix -t had been replaced by the adjectival suffix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤍𐤉-‎ (-ōniy).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> According to the 6th century AD <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Scholarch" title="Scholarch">scholarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a>, Astronoë was the "mother of the gods", and had fallen in love with a young hunter, Eshmun of <a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a>, who castrated himself to escape her, but whom the goddess resurrected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The name of Astronoë was given to a Tyrian port, and she was mentioned in a Tyrian inscription from the 1st century AD after "Hercules", that is Melqart. The name Astronoë is also recorded from <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> in the eastern Mediterranean, and from <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in the western Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Egypt_2">In Egypt</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: In Egypt">edit</a>]</div> Due to the influence of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a>, the Phoenicians who lived in Egypt during the Hellenistic period continued the identification of ʿAštart with Isis, in which capacity they worshipped this latter goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995319–329-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Cyprus">In Cyprus</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: In Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arheologicheski-Astarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arheologicheski-Astarte.jpg/250px-Arheologicheski-Astarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arheologicheski-Astarte.jpg/330px-Arheologicheski-Astarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arheologicheski-Astarte.jpg/500px-Arheologicheski-Astarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Figurine of Astarte from Cyprus, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Museum" title="Cyprus Museum">Cyprus Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>.</figcaption></figure> The worship of ʿAštart is widely attested in ancient <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, where she had been assimilated to the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> from early times, due to which many early shrines of Aphrodite in Cyprus showed partial Phoenician influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_plaque-AO_11459-IMG_0706-white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ivory_plaque-AO_11459-IMG_0706-white.jpg/250px-Ivory_plaque-AO_11459-IMG_0706-white.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ivory_plaque-AO_11459-IMG_0706-white.jpg/330px-Ivory_plaque-AO_11459-IMG_0706-white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ivory_plaque-AO_11459-IMG_0706-white.jpg/500px-Ivory_plaque-AO_11459-IMG_0706-white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>The "woman at the window" on an ivory plaque from <a href="/wiki/Arslan_Tash" title="Arslan Tash">Arslan Tash</a></figcaption></figure> The Cypriot ʿAštart was already depicted in Phoenician ivory sculptures and in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a> (7) of the Bible, and was likely referred by the Greeks as ΠΑΡΑΚΥΠΤΟΥΣΑ (parakuptousa, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Peeper') and by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> as the Venus prōspiciēns of <a href="/wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus" title="Salamis, Cyprus">Salamis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="At_Kition">At Kition</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: At Kition">edit</a>]</div> A shrine of ʿAštart stood at <a href="/wiki/Bamboula_(Kition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboula (Kition)">the Bamboula site</a> in ancient Kition, which has yielded a 4th-century BC alabaster tablet on which were recorded the expenses of the shrine over the course of a whole month as well as a mention of ʿAštart by her common title of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤕 𐤒𐤃𐤔𐤕‎‎ (milkōt qdšt, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Holy Queen').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The inhabitants of the Kition identified ʿAštart with the Greek goddess Aphrodite Urania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995105-108-107">[107]</a> Under the rule of the kingdom of Kition, a big Phoenician archive was installed in <a href="/wiki/Idalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Idalion">Idalion</a>; most of the archive is economic, but some of it is religious, and one of the ostraca records ʿAštart and <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a> in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merzeah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merzeah (page does not exist)">Merzeah</a> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%97_(%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1)" class="extiw" title="he:מרזח (טקס)">he</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmadasi_GuzzoZamora_López2020-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="At_Paphos">At Paphos</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: At Paphos">edit</a>]</div> In Cyprus, ʿAštart was identified during the 3rd century BC with the Greek goddess ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗ ΠΑΦΙΑ (Aphroditē Paphia, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Aphrodite of Paphos'), who was worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>, as recorded by a dedicatory inscription to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤐𐤐‎ (ʿštrt pp, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAštart of Paphos').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlouschz194295–96-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="At_Amathous">At Amathous</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: At Amathous">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_86_(from_Cyprus).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_86_%28from_Cyprus%29.png/250px-Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_86_%28from_Cyprus%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_86_%28from_Cyprus%29.png/330px-Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_86_%28from_Cyprus%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_86_%28from_Cyprus%29.png/500px-Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_86_%28from_Cyprus%29.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>One of <a href="/wiki/Kition_Tariffs" title="Kition Tariffs">Kition Tariffs</a>, which deals with the expenses of the temple of Astarte in Kition by month</figcaption></figure> The goddess ʿAštart was the main deity of the city of <a href="/wiki/Amathus" title="Amathus">Amathous</a>, where stood one of the most famous temples of hers at the top of the acropolis of the city. The temple of ʿAštart of Amathous was erected in the 8th century BC, when the city was under Tyrian influence, with the presence of two Phoenician graffiti and Phoenician-type anthropoid sarcophagi at Amathous and Kition attesting of the existence of a Phoenician community living in these cities. The shrine of Amathous, like most Cypriot shrines of ʿAštart, thus exhibited partial Phoenician influences, such as worship halls, courtyards, and altars within a <a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">temenos</a>, and it was only in the 1st century AD that it was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Greek-style temple</a>. During the 6th and 5th centuries BC, local hand-made votive figurines were associated to Phoenician-type small moulded plates depicting ʿAštart as a naked standing goddess holding her breasts, as well as to small Greek-type <a href="/wiki/Kore_(sculpture)" title="Kore (sculpture)">korai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> Two dedications offered by Androcles, the last king of Amathous, some time between 330 and 310 BC, respectively to the goddesses ΚΥΠΡΙΣ (Kupris, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Goddess of Cyprus') and ΚΥΠΡΙΑ ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΗ (Kupria Aphroditē, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Aphrodite of Cyprus'), as well as two monumental limestone vases have been found at the site of the shrine of Amathous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Graeco-Roman</a> authors had claimed that it was forbidden to spill blood in the temple of Amathous, remains of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrifices</a> provided evidence that goats and sheep were the main animals offered in sacrifice at the shrine ʿAštart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> According to the Roman authors <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, the inhabitants of Cyprus considered the shrine of Venus, that is, ʿAštart) at Amathous as one of the three most reverend sites on Cyprus, along with Paphos and Salamis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_the_Aegean_Sea_and_Greece">In the Aegean Sea and Greece</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: In the Aegean Sea and Greece">edit</a>]</div> The name of the goddess ʿAštart was used as a theophoric element in several personal names, attested at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias" title="Aphrodisias">Aphrodisias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, in their Hellenised forms and including the element ΣΤΡΑΤ- (Strat-, from ʿAštart).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="In_Rhodes">In Rhodes</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: In Rhodes">edit</a>]</div> At <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kanaan%C3%A4ische_und_Aram%C3%A4ische_Inschriften" title="Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften">KAI</a> 44, one of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Phoenician-Greek_bilingual_inscriptions" title="Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions">Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions</a>), the full title of one of the temple attendants who participated of the cult of Melqart, the miqim ʾelīm, bore the title of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤌𐤕𐤓𐤇 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤍𐤉‎ (mtrḥ ʿštrny, possibly meaning "ʿAštartean husband").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser197032-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="At_Delos">At Delos</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: At Delos">edit</a>]</div> A Sidonian woman is recorded as having honoured ʿAštart, assimilated to the Egyptian Isis, in the official <a href="/wiki/Serapeum" title="Serapeum">Serapeum</a> of Delos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="At_Kos">At Kos</h6>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: At Kos">edit</a>]</div> At <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a>, a Phoenician thiasote took ʿAštart and Zeus Soter (that is, Baal Mahalāk, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Baal of the Crossings (of the Sea)') as his patron deities, and a son of the Sidonian king <a href="/wiki/Abdalonymus" title="Abdalonymus">Abdalonymus</a> dedicated a piece of maritime art to the goddess ʿAštart-Aphrodite for the life of the sailors (<a href="/wiki/Kanaan%C3%A4ische_und_Aram%C3%A4ische_Inschriften" title="Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften">KAI</a> 292).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Malta">In Malta</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: In Malta">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malta_-_Tas-Silg_-_027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Malta_-_Tas-Silg_-_027.jpg/250px-Malta_-_Tas-Silg_-_027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Malta_-_Tas-Silg_-_027.jpg/330px-Malta_-_Tas-Silg_-_027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Malta_-_Tas-Silg_-_027.jpg/500px-Malta_-_Tas-Silg_-_027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The remains of a megalithic temple in Tas-Silġ, which later became a temple of Astarte</figcaption></figure> In the late 8th century BC, Phoenicians repurposed an old <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> structure at <a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malta_(island)" title="Malta (island)">island of Malta</a> into a temple of ʿAštart where offerings were given to her by readjusting its walls, placing their altar on an older altar stone, building several shrines, and placing there large numbers of votive gifts, especially Hellenistic-style statues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The sanctuary of ʿAštart at Tas-Silg was of large dimensions, being 100 metres wide, and was renowned in antiquity for its great wealth. The Tas-Silġ temple has yielded many Punic inscriptions dating from the 5th to 1st centuries BC containing short dedications to ʿAštart, who was there identified with the Greek supreme goddess ΗΡΑ (<a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hēra</a>) and later with the Italic Juno, due to which <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> later referred to it as the fānum Iūnōnis, "the temple of Juno".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> A temple of ʿAštart also existed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Sicily">In Sicily</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: In Sicily">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erice_-_Italy_(14848569009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Erice_-_Italy_%2814848569009%29.jpg/250px-Erice_-_Italy_%2814848569009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Erice_-_Italy_%2814848569009%29.jpg/330px-Erice_-_Italy_%2814848569009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Erice_-_Italy_%2814848569009%29.jpg/500px-Erice_-_Italy_%2814848569009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the castle which was built on ʿštrt ʾrk/Venus Erycina temple<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></figcaption></figure> ʿAštart worshipped in Sicily at the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Erice" title="Monte Erice">Mount Eryx</a>, where stood a temple a goddess, on a rocky outcrop which domonates from its north-east the city of <a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a>, which itself was a town which had once belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Elymians" title="Elymians">Elymians</a> and was an ally of the Phoenicians settled at <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Moṭwē</a> before becoming a Punic fort during the 4th to 3rd century BC. The temple of Mount Eryx was initially dedicated to an indigenous goddess named in Oscan inscriptions as 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌀𐌔 𐌇𐌄𐌓𐌖𐌊𐌉𐌍𐌀 (Herentas Herukina), who was later identified with ʿAštart, and later to the Greek Aphrodite and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Venus_Erycina" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus Erycina">Venus Erycina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> themselves called the temple of Mount Eryx the "Veneris fānum", <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'temple of Venus', and according to a Roman coin from the 1st century BC, it had four columns, the mountain itself was surrounded by a wall, so that the shrine could only reached by passing through a monumental gate. <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Claudius Aelianus</a> recounted a legend, according to which the Veneris fānum possessed an open-air altar from which all the sacrifices offered to the goddess during the day would disappear during the night and would be replaced with <a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a> and fresh herbs, which was similar to some characteristics of the cult of the Cypriot ʿAštart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> Older coins depicted the goddess of Eryx with a <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a>, which was an attribute of the Levantine ʿAštart, as well as with the Greek Erōs, the son of Aphrodite, and a <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>, which was commonly found within Phoenician religion and thus showed the presence of West Asian influences on her. Later coins represent her wearing a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> Another typically Levantine aspect of the cult of the ʿAštart of Eryx was the practise of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">sacred prostitution</a>, which was carried out by the "servants" of the goddess. Sacred prostitution at the Veneris fānum was well known enough in antiquity that <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Titus Maccius Plautus</a> recorded an old man's advice to a pimp in which he mentioned that courtesans at the shrine would earn large amounts of money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The worship of this goddess later spread to the <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Graeco-Roman world">Graeco-Roman world</a>, where her worship is attested at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Dikaiarkhia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potenza" title="Potenza">Potentia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>. In the Punic world, she was worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Karalis</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, where two inscriptions refer to the ʿAštart of Eryx, as well as at <a href="/wiki/Thibilis" title="Thibilis">Thibilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%27Daourouch" title="M'Daourouch">Madaure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca Veneria</a>, which was well known in ancient times for its practise of sacred prostitution,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> which was performed there by the "Pūnicae fēminae" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Carthaginian women').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995486–489-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Carthage">In Carthage</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: In Carthage">edit</a>]</div> In Carthage and in Phoenico-Punic Africa in general, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a> appears to have displaced ʿAštart and taken over her roles, due to which she became called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤕𐤍𐤕 𐤐𐤍 𐤁𐤏𐤋‎ (Tinnit panē Baʿl, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Tanit-Face-of-Baal'), who was often paired with the supreme Carthaginian god <a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baal Hammon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201462-110">[110]</a> Although the goddess ʿAštart held lesser importance in North Africa, she was worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>, where her cult was imported directly from Phoenicia, especially from Tyre and Ṣidōn, as well as from Eryx.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> A 7th century BC golden medallion from Carthage mentioned the goddess ʿAštart alongside an individual named Pygmalion to whom the medallion belonged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> During the Punic period, ʿAštart was connected to the worship of Eshmun, as she was in the Sidonian temple at Bustān aš-Šayḫ, and she was herself worshipped under the name of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤄𐤀𐤃𐤓𐤕‎ (ʿAštart ha-ʾaddīrōt, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Mighty ʿAštart'). ʿAštart, like Tanit, possessed a temple of her own in the city of Carthage, which was located in the city's centre. It was likely the warrior form of the goddess who was worshipped in this temple, since her weapons and chariot were kept there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The Punic general <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> invoked ʿAštart, referring to her in Greek as Hera, as one of the many deities he took as witness in the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian%E2%80%93Carthaginian_Treaty" title="Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty">treaty</a> he concluded with the king Philip V of Macedon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> During the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC, a temple to the Egyptian goddess Isis, identified to ʿAštart, existed at Carthage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995319–329-81">[81]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">destruction of Carthage</a> and its annexation by the Roman Republic at the end of the Punic Wars, the Romans continued the worship of ʿAštart under the name of Iūnō Caelestis, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Celestial Juno'), and when they rebuilt Carthage in 123 BC, they initially named it <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Junonia" title="Colonia Junonia">Junonia</a> after Juno Caelestis, that is, after ʿAštart. The Romans also rebuilt the temple of ʿAštart and dedicated it to Juno Caelestis, who was thus a Roman continuation of the initial Punic cult of ʿAštart, and a distinct goddess from the native Roman Juno Regina. During the Roman period, ʿAštart was still worshipped under her Phoenician name at <a href="/wiki/Thuburbo_Majus" title="Thuburbo Majus">Thuburbo Maius</a>, where she was identified with Juno Caelestis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The identification of ʿAštart with the Egyptian Isis continued in the formerly Punic territories of North Africa after the Roman conquest, and several <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Temple of Isis (disambiguation)">Isea</a> existed in the region under Roman rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995319–329-81">[81]</a> Roman writers mentioned that Africans worshipped "Iūnō Poena", <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Carthaginian Juno', who arrived from the East and whose favourite place to stay was Carthage; <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> in the 2nd century AD noted the parallels between the African Caelestis and the Levantine ʿAštart; <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a> in the 2nd to 3rd century AD mentioned a goddess ΟΥΡΑΝΙΑ (Ourania, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Celestial One'), who was worshipped by the Carthaginians and the Libyans, and whose name he recorded as ΑΣΤΡΟΑΡΧΗ (Astroarkhē, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Queen of the Stars'), which was both a deformation and reinterpretation of the name of ʿAštart; and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis</a> recorded that Punic people called Juno "Astarte", that is ʿAštart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The worship of ʿAštart-Caelestis held an exceptional importance at <a href="/wiki/Mididi" title="Mididi">Mididi</a>, where she was called by her Phoenician-Punic name, and was called the "wife of Baal", as recorded in a neo-Punic inscription reading <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤌𐤒𐤃𐤔 𐤁𐤍𐤀 𐤋𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤔𐤕 𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤁𐤍𐤀 𐤁𐤏𐤋𐤀 𐤄𐤌𐤉𐤃𐤃𐤌‎‎‎ (mqdš bnʾ lʿštrt št Bʿl bnʾ bʿlʾ hMyddm, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Sanctuary for ʿAštart consort of Baal: the citizens of Mididi built (it)') Attesting of her primacy at Mididi was a stela discovered there, with the goddess being depicted on its pediment, while on its lower level was the African Saturn (that is, <a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baal Hammon</a>), to whose right was the goddess <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Kubeleya</a> seated on her lion, who was herself identified at Mididi with ʿAštart, and not with Tanit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201460-57">[57]</a> The Roman temple of Juno Caelestis, according to the 5th century AD Bishop of Carthage, <a href="/wiki/Quodvultdeus" title="Quodvultdeus">Quodvultdeus</a>, was of large proportions, and was surrounded by shrines to various deities associated to the goddess, and the 5th century AD Bishop of Byzacena <a href="/wiki/Victor_Vitensis" title="Victor Vitensis">Victor Vitensis</a> described it as being located near the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Antoninus" title="Baths of Antoninus">Baths of Antoninus</a>; the temple had already been desecrated under the reign of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Flavius Theodosius</a>, and it was finally destroyed in 421 AD following unrest by the pagan population of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Italy">In Italy</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: In Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrgi_sanctuary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pyrgi_sanctuary.png/250px-Pyrgi_sanctuary.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pyrgi_sanctuary.png/330px-Pyrgi_sanctuary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pyrgi_sanctuary.png/500px-Pyrgi_sanctuary.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>A view in the sanctuary in Pyrgi, which included a temple to Astarte (as mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrgi_Tablets" title="Pyrgi Tablets">Pyrgi Tablets</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmadasi_Guzzo2010469-126">[126]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> identified ʿAštart with their own goddess 𐌖𐌍𐌉 (<a href="/wiki/Uni_(mythology)" title="Uni (mythology)">Uni</a>), as attested by the <a href="/wiki/Pyrgi_Tablets" title="Pyrgi Tablets">gold tablets</a> discovered in 1964 at the site of renowned sanctuary built in the 6th century BC to the goddess Uni in the town of <a href="/wiki/Pyrgi" title="Pyrgi">Pyrgi</a>, the port of the Etruscan city-state of <a href="/wiki/Caere" title="Caere">Cisra</a>. Uni was associated to the god <a href="/wiki/Tinia" title="Tinia">Tinia</a>, who was the Etruscan equivalent of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and was assimilated to Melqart, with the divine couple of Uni and Tinia being thus assimilated to the Phoenician-Punic divine couple of ʿAštart and Melqart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The gold tablets from the Pyrgi renowned were engraved with <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a> and Phoenician-Punic inscriptions recording the dedication of a cult centre to ʿAštart by the king Tiberius Velianas of Cisra, who ruled around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BC, on "the day of the burial of the god (Melqart)." The practise of this cult to the Phoenician-Punic by an Etruscan king might have been the result of a possible treaty with Carthage, and the rites practised at the shrine of Pyrgi included sacred prostitution, performed by the "scorta Pyrgensia", the prostitutes of Pyrgi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The shrine of Pyrgi was a wealthy one, as evidenced by the 1500 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talents</a> which <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Syracuse" title="Dionysius I of Syracuse">Dionysios I</a> of Syracuse looted from it in 384 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Hispania">In Hispania</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: In Hispania">edit</a>]</div> As attested by the Seville/El Carambolo Statuette, imported from the Levant to Hispania, the Phoenician activities in the Mediterranean had spread the cult of ʿAštart till Hispania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The worship of ʿAštart also continued in Hispania after it was conquered by the Romans, with the goddess being there also called Juno, and the existence of a temple and an altar to "Juno," that is to ʿAštart, is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Artemidorus" title="Artemidorus">Artemidōros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a>. One Latin inscription from the Roman imperial period refers to a priest named Herculis whose father was named Junonis, reflecting the Punic association of "Hercules" (Melqart) and "Juno" (ʿAštart).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The "Islands of Hera," or "Islands of Juno," located in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, as well as the island of Junonia in the Atlantic Ocean and the "Cape of Hera" or "Cape of Juna" (presently <a href="/wiki/Cape_Trafalgar" title="Cape Trafalgar">Cape Trafalgar</a>), also owed their names to ʿAštart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Britannia">In Britannia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: In Britannia">edit</a>]</div> Under the Roman Empire, the cult of ʿAštart had spread till the foot of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, where she was invoked using her Phoenician name and associated to the "Tyrian Hercules," that is to Melqart, thus being a continuation of the close connection between Melqart and ʿAštart, and attesting of the Phoenician origin of this cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rituals">Rituals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Rituals">edit</a>]</div> A typically Levantine aspect of the cult of ʿAštart was the practise of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">sacred prostitution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> which was performed by specific categories of her temples' clergy who were exercised this function on a permanent basis. The different categories of sacred prostitutes were the:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995451–463-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995486–489-125">[125]</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤋𐤌𐤕‎ (ʿlmt, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'nubile girls'), who were sometimes simply called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤀𐤌𐤕 𐤔 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (ʾmt š ʿAštart, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'servants of ʿAštart');</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤊𐤋𐤁𐤌‎ (klbm, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'dogs'), who were male sacred prostitutes who engaged in homosexual intercourse;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤂𐤓𐤌‎ (grm, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'young men' or <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'whelps'), who were later called <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤁𐤃 𐤁𐤕 𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (ʿbd bt ʿAštart, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'servants of the Temple of ʿAštart').</li></ul> The practise of sacred prostitution is attested at the temple of ʿAštart in Byblos, and sacred prostitutes and "whelps" are recorded at the temples of ʿAštart at Afqa and Baalbek until the 4th century AD. The practise is also recorded in Cyprus, especially at Paphos, Amathous, and Kition, and in Sicily, at Eryx, from where two sacred prostitutes of Carthaginian origin are known by name: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤀𐤓𐤔𐤕𐤁𐤏𐤋‎ (ʾArišut-Baʿl, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Desired object of Baal') and her daughter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤀𐤌𐤕𐤌𐤋𐤒𐤓𐤕‎ (ʾAmot-Milqart, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Servant of Milqart').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995486–489-125">[125]</a> Sacred prostitution in the honour of ʿAštart was also practised at Carthage, as well as at Sicca Veneria, which was renowned for its sacred prostitution rituals, and sacred prostitution might have also been performed at some brothels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995486–489-125">[125]</a> The Phoenician imagery of "the woman at the window", as well as the "Peeper" of Cyprus, the Venus prōspiciēns of Salamis, as well as the El Carambolo statuette depicting a naked ʿAštart and some specific feminine images were semantically connected to sacred prostitution performed in the honour of ʿAštart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995486–489-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legacy_2">Legacy</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Other ancient Mediterranean peoples considered ʿAštart to be the supreme goddess of the Phoenicians, due to which several of them identified her with their own supreme goddess, with the Greeks identifying her with <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>, the Etruscans with <a href="/wiki/Uni_(mythology)" title="Uni (mythology)">Uni</a>, and the Romans with (<a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The Graeco-Romans Hellenised the name of ʿAštart as ΑΣΤΑΡΤΗ (Astartē), which they in turn Latinized as "Astarte", and identified her with their own goddesses Aphrodite and <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, due to her erotic aspect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> In the writings of the 1st century AD Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, the goddess Venus mentioned the Cypriot shrine of ʿAštart at Amathous among her most famous temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> The name ʿAštart's variant of ʿAštārōniy was Hellenised as ΑΣΤΡΟΝΟΗ (Astronoë) under the influence of the Greek term αστρον (astron, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'constellation'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Palestine">In Palestine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: In Palestine">edit</a>]</div> The goddess <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕‎ (ʿAštart) appears to have disappeared from most of inland Palestine during the Iron Age due to the ruling classes of the states in the region no longer identifying with the practise of hunting, so that her cult became restricted to the coastal areas such as in Philistia, where it enjoyed high prestige until the Graeco-Roman period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a> One ceramic box from the 9th century discovered at the site of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Rehov" title="Tel Rehov">Tel Rehov</a> was topped with a leonine figure, suggesting it was the emblematic animal of ʿAṯtart/ʿAštart, with an open mouth and dangling tongue lying in a prone position with its front limbs outstretched and of its paws placed, claws extended, each over a human head. Below the animal is a large opening which either was modelled on the entrance of a shrine or was intended to be a receptacle for a divine image: the leonine animal, who was depicted as imposing its power against the human figures, might have guarded the shrine against human intrusion, and might thus have represented the passage recorded earlier in Ugaritic texts as 𐎚𐎕𐎔𐎖𐎟𐎍𐎈𐎚𐎟𐎄𐎟𐎂𐎗𐎟𐎛𐎍 (taṣpiq laḥata dā gūri ʾIli, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'May she (ʿAṯtart) shut the jaw of El's attackers').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201470-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Israel_and_Judah">In Israel and Judah</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: In Israel and Judah">edit</a>]</div> Following the trend of the disappearance of the worship of ʿAštart in inland Palestine, the state-level cult of this goddess was absent from Israelite and Judahite records from an early date, and she seems to have become one of many former gods demoted to the status of entities and powers of blessing under the control of the Israelite national god <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. As such the plural form of ʿAštart's name, עַשְׁתָּרוֹת (ʿAštārōṯ), became used as a term for goddesses and for fertility, while her role as a deity of warfare was absorbed by Yahweh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201478–80-129">[129]</a> The worship of ʿAštart might nevertheless have survived as a minor and popular, but not royal, cult among the Israelite population, with the practice of hunting for undomesticated animals to be sacrificed being restricted to the family and local shrines, but not at the state level. The influence of the Neo-Assyrian Ishtar later increased the influence of this cult within the Israelite religion, so that the Ishtar-influenced Israelite ʿAštart might have been the same goddess referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_(antiquity)" title="Queen of Heaven (antiquity)">Queen of Heaven</a> (מְלֶכֶת הַשָּׁמַיִם, Məleḵeṯ haš-Šāmayīm) by the Judahite prophet <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201481–82-130">[130]</a> The Bible claims that the Israelite king <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> introduced the worship of the Phoenician ʿAštart, called עַשְׁתֹּרֶת (ʿAštōreṯ) in <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic text</a> vocalization, in his kingdom, although it is uncertain whether this claim rests on any historical basis or if it was made retroactively as a reaction against Phoenician religious imports. The cult of the Phoenician ʿAštart appears to have nevertheless enjoyed some level of royal support during the later periods of the Israelite kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201480–81-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Transjordan">In Transjordan</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: In Transjordan">edit</a>]</div> Although an <a href="/wiki/Ammon" title="Ammon">Ammonite</a> seal dedicated to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226385857" />𐤏𐤔𐤕𐤓𐤕 𐤁𐤑𐤃𐤍‎ (ʿAštart bi-Ṣidōn, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ʿAštart in Sidon') was found in Sidon, she appears to have been absent from Ammon itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201490-132">[132]</a> Like in Israel and Ammon, there is no evidence of any cult of ʿAštart in <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> or <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201490-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="In_Philistia">In Philistia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: In Philistia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> records that the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> displayed the armour of the dead Israelite king <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> in their temple of "Ashteroth", due to her role as a goddess of war and as the consort of Baal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201457-119">[119]</a> The inhabitants of the Philistine city-state of <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> worshipped ʿAštart and identified her with the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Urania" title="Aphrodite Urania">Aphrodite Urania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995105-108-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_interpretations_of_biblical_Astaroth">Later interpretations of biblical Astaroth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Later interpretations of biblical Astaroth">edit</a>]</div> In some <a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic">kabbalistic</a> texts and in medieval and renaissance occultism (ex. <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Abramelin" title="The Book of Abramelin">The Book of Abramelin</a>), the name Astaroth was assigned to a male demon bearing little resemblance to the figure known from antiquity. For the use of the Hebrew plural form ʿAštārōṯ in this sense, see <a href="/wiki/Astaroth" title="Astaroth">Astaroth</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myths">Myths</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Myths">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baal_Cycle" title="Baal Cycle">Baal Cycle</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Ugarit_2">At Ugarit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: At Ugarit">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Cycle" title="Baal Cycle">Baʿal Epic</a> of Ugarit, ʿAṯtartu is one of the allies of the eponymous hero. With the help of Anat she stops him from attacking the messengers who deliver the demands of <a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins200743-133">[133]</a> and later assists him in the battle against the sea god, possibly "exhorting him to complete the task" during it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011210-134">[134]</a> It's a matter of academic debate if they were also viewed as consorts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201459–60-56">[56]</a> Their close relation is highlighted by the epithet "face of Baal" or "of the name of Baal."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011-135">[135]</a> A different narrative, so-called "Myth of Astarte the huntress" casts ʿAṯtartu herself as the protagonist, and seemingly deals both with her role as a goddess of the hunt stalking game in the steppe, and with her possible relationship with Baal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201448–49-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ʿAṯtartu_and_Anat">ʿAṯtartu and Anat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: ʿAṯtartu and Anat">edit</a>]</div> Fragmentary narratives describe ʿAṯtartu and <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> hunting together. They were frequently treated as a pair in cult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201449–51-137">[137]</a> For example, an incantation against snakebite invokes them together in a list of gods who asked for help.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdel_Olme_Lete2013198-138">[138]</a> Texts from Emar, which are mostly of ritual nature unlike narrative ones known from Ugarit, indicate that ʿAṯtartu was a prominent deity in that city as well, and unlike in Ugarit, she additionally played a much bigger role in cult followings than Anat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201434-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Misconceptions_in_scholarship">Misconceptions in scholarship</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Misconceptions in scholarship">edit</a>]</div> While the association between ʿAṯtartu and Anat is well attested, primary sources from Ugarit and elsewhere provide no evidence in support of the misconception that Athirat (<a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>) and ʿAṯtartu were ever conflated, let alone that Athirat was ever viewed as Baal's consort like ʿAṯtartu possibly was. Scholar of Ugaritic mythology and the Bible Steve A. Wiggins in his monograph A Reassessment of Asherah: With Further Considerations of the Goddess notes that such arguments rest on scarce biblical evidence (which indicates at best a confusion between obscure terms in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007117-139">[139]</a> rather than between unrelated deities in Canaanite or Bronze Age Ugaritic religion) sums up the issue with such claims: "(...) Athtart begins with an ayin, and Athirat with an aleph. (...) Athtart appears in parallel with Anat in texts (...), but Athirat and Athtart do not occur in parallel."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins200757,_fh._124;_p._169-140">[140]</a> God lists from Ugarit indicate that ʿAṯtartu was viewed as analogous to Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> and Hurrian <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Ishara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201474–75-3">[3]</a> but not Athirat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_associations">Other associations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Other associations">edit</a>]</div> Hittitologist <a href="/wiki/Gary_Beckman" title="Gary Beckman">Gary Beckman</a> pointed out the similarity between Astarte's role as a goddess associated with horses and chariots to that played in <a href="/wiki/Hittite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite religion">Hittite religion</a> by another "Ishtar type" goddess, <a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a>, introduced to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199939-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allat" class="mw-redirect" title="Allat">Allat</a> and Astarte may have been conflated in <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>. On one of the tesserae used by the Bel Yedi'ebel for a religious banquet at the temple of Bel, the deity Allat was given the name Astarte ('štrt). The assimilation of Allat to Astarte is not surprising in a milieu as much exposed to Aramaean and Phoenician influences as the one in which the Palmyrene theologians lived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeixidor197960-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, in his On Isis and Osiris, indicates that the King and Queen of Byblos, who, unknowingly, have the body of Osiris in a <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">pillar</a> in their hall, are Melcarthus (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a>) and Astarte (though he notes some instead call the Queen Saosis or Nemanūs, which Plutarch interprets as corresponding to the Greek name Athenais).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths1970325–327-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucian of Samosata">Lucian of Samosata</a> asserted that, in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Ṣidōn</a>, the temple of Astarte was sacred to <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In Greek mythology Europa was a Phoenician princess whom <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, having transformed himself into a white bull, abducted, and carried to Crete. <a href="/wiki/Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron">Byron</a> used the name Astarte in his poem <a href="/wiki/Manfred" title="Manfred">Manfred</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Zadig" title="Zadig">Zadig</a>; or, The Book of Fate (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Zadig ou la Destinée; 1747), a <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a> and work of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_fiction" title="Philosophical fiction">philosophical fiction</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, Astarté is a woman, a queen of Babylon reduced to slavery, who finds her first and only love: Zadig.</li> <li>The name Astarte was given to a massive post-starburst galaxy during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_noon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmic noon (page does not exist)">cosmic noon</a> (the peak of the star formation rate density).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamed2021-145">[145]</a></li> <li>German author <a href="/wiki/Jason_Dark" title="Jason Dark">Jason Dark</a> featured Astarte in his long-running novel series <a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_(German_fiction)" title="John Sinclair (German fiction)">John Sinclair</a>, in which she is said to be identical with <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a>. She is depicted as a villain and the historical consort of Baal.</li> <li>Astarte appears as a playable Avenger-class Servant in <a href="/wiki/Fate/Grand_Order" title="Fate/Grand Order">Fate/Grand Order</a> (2015), with her name stylized as "Ashtart". However, she first introduces herself as "Space Ishtar", and only reveals her true name after her third Ascension.</li> <li>There is an Idol House of Astarte in the Agatha Christie story "<a href="/wiki/The_Thirteen_Problems" title="The Thirteen Problems">The Idol House of Astarte</a>".</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000" title="Warhammer 40,000">Warhammer 40,000</a> setting, the High Gothic (stand-in used in place of Latin) name of the Imperial Space Marines is the Adeptus Astartes, named for one of their creators, Amar Astarte, an immortal human.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/40px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/60px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/120px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Attar (god)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Ishara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Kushan_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nana (Kushan goddess)">Nana (Kushan goddess)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Ishtar" title="Star of Ishtar">Star of Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201448–49,_61-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201448–49,_61_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 48–49, 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2011208-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2011208_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2011">Lewis 2011</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201474–75-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201474–75_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201474–75_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201474–75_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201476–77-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201476–77_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201476–77_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201476–77_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-79">cb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-80">cc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-81">cd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-82">ce</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-83">cf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-84">cg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-85">ch</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-86">ci</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-87">cj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-88">ck</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-89">cl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipiński1995128–154_5-90">cm</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipiński1995">Lipiński 1995</a>, pp. 128–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201433–34,_36-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201433–34,_36_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 33–34, 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper199098-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper199098_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper199098_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooper1990">Cooper 1990</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201433–38-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201433–38_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 33–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica_(Israel)" title="Encyclopaedia Biblica (Israel)">Encyclopaedia Biblica</a>. Vol. sextus (ʿEBED Ad ZARETHAN). Institutum Bialik. 1971. p. 407.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Biblica&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Institutum+Bialik&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H6253">Ashtoreth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999112–113-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999112–113_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999">van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999</a>, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1990-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1990_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1990_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooper1990">Cooper 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999113-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999113_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999">van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201445,_54-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201445,_54_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 45, 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2013-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2013_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2013">Schmitt 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius201491-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelius201491_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelius2014">Cornelius 2014</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius201492–93,_95-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornelius201492–93,_95_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornelius2014">Cornelius 2014</a>, pp. 92–93, 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999109–110-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999109–110_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999">van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201435-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201435_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201436,_74–77-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201436,_74–77_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 36, 74–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudin2004-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudin2004_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudin2004">Budin 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnaith1954103-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnaith1954103_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnaith1954">Snaith 1954</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgostiniZavaroni2000-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgostiniZavaroni2000_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAgostiniZavaroni2000">Agostini & Zavaroni 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloch-Smith2014186-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloch-Smith2014186_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBloch-Smith2014">Bloch-Smith 2014</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloch-Smith2014185–186-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloch-Smith2014185–186_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBloch-Smith2014">Bloch-Smith 2014</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalinas_de_Frías2013-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalinas_de_Frías2013_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalinas_de_Frías2013">Salinas de Frías 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelénMartín_Ceballos2002-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelénMartín_Ceballos2002_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelénMartín_Ceballos2002_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelénMartín_Ceballos2002">Belén & Martín Ceballos 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVázquez_Hoys1998-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVázquez_Hoys1998_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVázquez_Hoys1998_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVázquez_Hoys1998">Vázquez Hoys 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201434-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201434_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201434_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201441-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201441_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201441_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201441_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201475–76-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201475–76_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 75–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201468-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201468_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201476-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201476_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201476_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201476_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201435–37-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201435–37_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201435–37_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 35–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201438-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201438_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2012-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardee2012_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPardee2012">Pardee 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201464–65-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201464–65_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201464–65_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201464–65_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201464–65_37-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201445–48-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201445–48_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 45–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201448-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201448_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201449–53-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201449–53_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201449–53_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 49–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201464-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201464_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201464_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201455-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201455_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201455_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201455–56-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201455–56_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201465–66-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201465–66_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201465–66_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordreuilPardee2009192-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordreuilPardee2009192_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBordreuilPardee2009">Bordreuil & Pardee 2009</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201440–41-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201440–41_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201471-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201471_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee201270–73-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardee201270–73_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardee201270–73_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPardee2012">Pardee 2012</a>, pp. 70–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1955-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1955_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1955">Edwards 1955</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201473-74-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201473-74_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 73-74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201457–58-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201457–58_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201457–58_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201457–58_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201469-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201469_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201474–74-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201474–74_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 74–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201440-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201440_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201468–70-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201468–70_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 68–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201459–60-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201459–60_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201459–60_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201460-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201460_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201460_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201460_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201460_57-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201461–63-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201461–63_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201461–63_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 61–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBordreuilPardee2009162-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBordreuilPardee2009162_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBordreuilPardee2009">Bordreuil & Pardee 2009</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis201163-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis201163_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2011">Lewis 2011</a>, p. 63.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201463-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201463_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201463_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2014-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardee2014_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPardee2014">Pardee 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201441–43-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201441–43_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 41–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201438–40-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201438–40_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201438–40_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPardee2002273–285-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPardee2002273–285_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPardee2002">Pardee 2002</a>, pp. 273–285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201439–40-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201439–40_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201439–40_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201443–44-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201443–44_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201444-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201444_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201444_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201439-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201439_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201444,_52-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201444,_52_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 44, 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201467–68-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201467–68_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming1992213-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming1992213_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming1992213_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFleming1992">Fleming 1992</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201456-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201456_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201456_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201456_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201456_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201456_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201456_73-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201454-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201454_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201454_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201444-45-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201444-45_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 44-45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201458–59-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201458–59_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201479-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201479_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2014">Smith 2014</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeclant1960Pl._1-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeclant1960Pl._1_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeclant1960">Leclant 1960</a>, Pl. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadsen1904-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadsen1904_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadsen1904">Madsen 1904</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEv._Bergmann1886-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEv._Bergmann1886_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFv._Bergmann1886">v. 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Vol. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interpreter%27s+Bible&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Snaith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeixidor1979" class="citation book cs1">Teixidor, Javier (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TccUAAAAIAAJ">The Pantheon of Palmyra</a>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05987-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05987-0"><bdi>978-90-04-05987-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pantheon+of+Palmyra&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05987-0&rft.aulast=Teixidor&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTccUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFv._Bergmann1886" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_von_Bergmann_(%C3%84gyptologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst von Bergmann (Ägyptologe)">v. Bergmann, E.</a> [in German] (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/rectrav1886/download-193-212.pdf">"Inschriftliche Denkmäler der Sammlung Ägyptischer Alterthümer des Österreichischen Kaiserhauses"</a> [Inscribed Monuments from the Collection of Egyptian Antiquities of the Austrian Imperial Family] (PDF). Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes [Collection of Works Relating to Egyptian and Assyrian Philology and Archaeology]. 7. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Vieweg_Verlag" title="Springer Vieweg Verlag">Vieweg Verlag</a>: 177–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11588%2Fdiglit.12254.20">10.11588/diglit.12254.20</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recueil+de+travaux+relatifs+%C3%A0+la+philologie+et+%C3%A0+l%27arch%C3%A9ologie+%C3%A9gyptiennes+et+assyriennes&rft.atitle=Inschriftliche+Denkm%C3%A4ler+der+Sammlung+%C3%84gyptischer+Alterth%C3%BCmer+des+%C3%96sterreichischen+Kaiserhauses&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=1886&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11588%2Fdiglit.12254.20&rft.aulast=v.+Bergmann&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fdiglit%2Frectrav1886%2Fdownload-193-212.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999" class="citation book cs1">van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionary-of-deities-and-demons-in-the-bible">Dictionary Of Deities And Demons In The Bible</a> (2nd ed.). Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+Of+Deities+And+Demons+In+The+Bible&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft.au=Becking%2C+Bob&rft.au=van+der+Horst%2C+Pieter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionary-of-deities-and-demons-in-the-bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVarille1942" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Varille" title="Alexandre Varille">Varille, Alexandre</a> (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/41/4/">"La grande stèle d'Aménophis II à Giza"</a> [The large stela of Amenhotep II at Giza]. <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_de_l%27Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27arch%C3%A9ologie_orientale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale">Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale</a> [Bulletin of the French Institute of Oriental Archeology]. 41 (1942). <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>: <a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais_d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie_Orientale" title="Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale">Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale</a>: 31–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbifao.1942.2018">10.3406/bifao.1942.2018</a>. Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.atitle=La+grande+st%C3%A8le+d%27Am%C3%A9nophis+II+%C3%A0+Giza&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1942&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbifao.1942.2018&rft.aulast=Varille&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifao.egnet.net%2Fbifao%2F41%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVázquez_Hoys1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vázquez Hoys, Ana María (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:Aldaba-1998-30-7040/Manos_Astarte.pdf">"En manos de Astarté, la Abrasadora"</a> [In the hands of Astarte, the Scorching] (PDF). Aldaba (in Spanish) (30). <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Educaci%C3%B3n_a_Distancia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia">Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia</a>: 89–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5944%2Faldaba.30.1998.20444">10.5944/aldaba.30.1998.20444</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-7925">0213-7925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aldaba&rft.atitle=En+manos+de+Astart%C3%A9%2C+la+Abrasadora&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5944%2Faldaba.30.1998.20444&rft.issn=0213-7925&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1zquez+Hoys&rft.aufirst=Ana+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-spacio.uned.es%2Ffez%2Feserv%2Fbibliuned%3AAldaba-1998-30-7040%2FManos_Astarte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVittmann1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Vittmann" class="extiw" title="de:Günter Vittmann">Vittmann, Günter</a> [in German] (1984). "Ein Zauberspruch gegen Skorpione im Wadi Hammamat" [A Spell against Scorpions in Wadi Hammamat]. In <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz-Josef_Thissen" class="extiw" title="de:Heinz-Josef Thissen">Thissen, Heinz-J.</a> [in German]; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Theodor_Zauzich" class="extiw" title="de:Karl-Theodor Zauzich">Zauzich, Karl-Th.</a> [in German] (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2131047">Grammata demotika: Festschrift für Erich Lüddeckens zum 15. Juni 1983</a> [Grammata demotika: Festschrift for Erich Lüddeckens on June 15, 1983] (in German). <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: Gisela Zauzich Verlag. p. 245-256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-924-15101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-924-15101-0"><bdi>978-3-924-15101-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ein+Zauberspruch+gegen+Skorpione+im+Wadi+Hammamat&rft.btitle=Grammata+demotika%3A+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Erich+L%C3%BCddeckens+zum+15.+Juni+1983&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg%2C+Germany&rft.pages=245-256&rft.pub=Gisela+Zauzich+Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3-924-15101-0&rft.aulast=Vittmann&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2131047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiggins2007" class="citation book cs1">Wiggins, S. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1307031">A Reassessment of Asherah: With Further Considerations of the Goddess</a>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-717-9"><bdi>978-1-59333-717-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reassessment+of+Asherah%3A+With+Further+Considerations+of+the+Goddess&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-717-9&rft.aulast=Wiggins&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1307031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWreszinski1912" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wreszinski" title="Walter Wreszinski">Wreszinski, Walter</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b29005115_0002">Der Londoner medizinische Papyrus (Brit. Museum nr. 10,059) und der Papyrus Hearst: in Transkription, Übersetzung Kommentar</a> [The London Medical Papyrus (Brit. Museum n. 10,059) and the Hearst Papyrus: in Transcription, Translation Commentary] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Londoner+medizinische+Papyrus+%28Brit.+Museum+nr.+10%2C059%29+und+der+Papyrus+Hearst%3A+in+Transkription%2C+%C3%9Cbersetzung+Kommentar&rft.place=Leipzig%2C+Germany&rft.pub=J.+C.+Hinrichs%27sche+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Wreszinski&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb29005115_0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZernecke2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zernecke, Anna Elise (2013). "The Lady of the Titles: The Lady of Byblos and the Search for her "True Name"". Die Welt des Orients. 43 (2): 227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13109%2Fwdor.2013.43.2.226">10.13109/wdor.2013.43.2.226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-2547">0043-2547</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23608857">23608857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Orients&rft.atitle=The+Lady+of+the+Titles%3A+The+Lady+of+Byblos+and+the+Search+for+her+%22True+Name%22&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0043-2547&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23608857%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13109%2Fwdor.2013.43.2.226&rft.aulast=Zernecke&rft.aufirst=Anna+Elise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaressy1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_%C3%89mile_Jules_Daressy" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Émile Jules Daressy">Daressy, Georges</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVYPAQAAMAAJ">Statues de Divinités, (CGC 38001-39384)</a>. Vol. II. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statues+de+Divinit%C3%A9s%2C+%28CGC+38001-39384%29&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Imprimerie+de+l%27Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Daressy&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVYPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarden1980" class="citation book cs1">Harden, Donald (1980). The Phoenicians (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin (publisher)">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-021375-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-021375-9"><bdi>0-14-021375-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-14-021375-9&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchermTast1996" class="citation book cs1">Scherm, Gerd; Tast, Brigitte (1996). Astarte und Venus. Eine foto-lyrische Annäherung. Schellerten: Tast. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88842-603-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-88842-603-0"><bdi>3-88842-603-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astarte+und+Venus.+Eine+foto-lyrische+Ann%C3%A4herung&rft.place=Schellerten&rft.pub=Tast&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-88842-603-0&rft.aulast=Scherm&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Tast%2C+Brigitte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstarte" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astarte&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2048-astarte-worship-among-the-hebrews">Jewish Encyclopedia - Astarte worship among the Hebrews</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Semitic_and_Mesopotamian_religion156" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_mythology" title="Template:Middle Eastern mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_mythology" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Semitic_and_Mesopotamian_religion156" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> religion</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashima" title="Ashima">Ashima</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baʿal Berit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Ḥammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqod">Baʿal Marqod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin/Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elohim#Canaanite_religion" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu/Apsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki/Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna/Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummu" title="Mummu">Mummu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egyptian_religion506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Template:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Template talk:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egyptian religion footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Egyptian_religion506" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Djed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/175px-Djed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/263px-Djed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Djed.svg/350px-Djed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="390" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh and Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek and Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu and Naunet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triad_(religion)" title="Triad (religion)">Triads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephantine#Elephantine_triad" title="Elephantine">Elephantine Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaset" title="Abaset">Abaset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose-Nefertari#Death_and_deification" title="Ahmose-Nefertari">Ahmose-Nefertari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu#Legacy" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apesh" title="Apesh">Apesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors of Maat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li>B</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beset" class="mw-redirect" title="Beset">Beset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li>C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Ferryman" title="Celestial Ferryman">Celestial Ferryman</a></li> <li>D</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefhor" title="Djedefhor">Djedefhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duamutef" class="mw-redirect" title="Duamutef">Duamutef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_(god)" title="Duau (god)">Duau</a></li> <li>G</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities of the underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengen-Wer" title="Gengen-Wer">Gengen-Wer</a></li> <li>H</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Hapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmachis" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmachis">Harmachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsomtus" title="Harsomtus">Harsomtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkhisesui" title="Henkhisesui">Henkhisesui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqaib#Legacy" title="Heqaib">Heqaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heru-ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Heru-ur">Heru-ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchai" title="Hutchai">Hutchai</a></li> <li>I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep#Deification" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imsety" class="mw-redirect" title="Imsety">Imsety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irer" title="Irer">Irer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li> <li>J</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Ammon">Jupiter Ammon</a></li> <li>K</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagemni_I" title="Kagemni I">Kagemni I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereduankh" title="Khereduankh">Khereduankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolanthes" title="Kolanthes">Kolanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li>M</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li> <li>N</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Nepit</a></li> <li>P</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahhotep" title="Ptahhotep">Ptahhotep</a></li> <li>Q</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebehsenuef" class="mw-redirect" title="Qebehsenuef">Qebehsenuef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li>R</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt#Deity" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li>S</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjem" title="Sedjem">Sedjem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehbui" title="Shehbui">Shehbui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li> <li>T</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teka-her" title="Teka-her">Teka-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li> <li>U</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li> <li>W</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li> <li>Y</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhekh" title="Akhekh">Akhekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx#Egypt" title="Sphinx">Criosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedi" title="Djedi">Djedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols and objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anra_scarab" title="Anra scarab">Anra scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowroid" title="Cowroid">Cowroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun#Ancient_Egypt" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Songs_of_Isis_and_Nephthys" title="Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys">Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Osiris" title="Mysteries of Osiris">Mysteries of Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Related religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Most_High_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Most High Goddess">Church of the Most High Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Kushite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Set" title="Temple of Set">Temple of Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 44 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-fbgzj","wgBackendResponseTime":319,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.478","walltime":"2.824","ppvisitednodes":{"value":45777,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":569032,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":51208,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":325037,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2247.034 1 -total"," 27.09% 608.700 289 Template:Sfn"," 17.41% 391.101 138 Template:Lang"," 7.65% 171.917 28 Template:Cite_book"," 7.59% 170.472 178 Template:Translit"," 6.32% 142.112 1 Template:Infobox_deity"," 5.78% 129.787 1 Template:Reflist"," 5.77% 129.594 87 Template:Lit"," 5.39% 121.014 24 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.55% 102.131 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.367","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19902901,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgostiniZavaroni2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmadasi_Guzzo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmadasi_GuzzoZamora_López2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelénMartín_Ceballos2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloch-Smith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordreuilPardee2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreastedAllen1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornelius2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaressy1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavilaZuckerman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawsonPeet1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamed2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarden1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrahmalkov2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeclant1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipiński1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadsen1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilikCross2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParpolaWatanabe1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalinas_de_Frías2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchermTast1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlouschz1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnaith1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugimoto2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeixidor1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarille1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVittmann1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVázquez_Hoys1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWreszinski1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZernecke2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdel_Olme_Lete2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFv._Bergmann1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Word\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Egyptian religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Egyptian religion footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Cuneiform\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Fcn\"] = 1,\n [\"Fertile Crescent myth (Levantine)\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 137,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 87,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Middle Eastern deities\"] = 1,\n [\"Middle Eastern mythology\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc\"] = 4,\n [\"Script\"] = 52,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 289,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 34,\n [\"Special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Strong-number\"] = 1,\n [\"Translit\"] = 178,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Verse transliteration-translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Vn\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource1911Enc\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-58799fd575-5lfk2","timestamp":"20250409114050","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Astarte","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astarte","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q130274","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q130274","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-24T03:48:49Z","dateModified":"2025-03-13T14:42:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d6\/Astarte_-_7th_cent_AD_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Sevilla-2.jpg","headline":"Middle Eastern goddess, worshipped from the Bronze Age through classical antiquity"}</script> </body> </html>