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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Contact_Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Contact_Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Contact Lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Contact_Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuksu_Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuksu_Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kuksu Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuksu_Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_Canyon:_village_houses_/_sweat_lodges_for_ceremony_and_purification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Canyon:_village_houses_/_sweat_lodges_for_ceremony_and_purification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Indian Canyon: village houses / sweat lodges for ceremony and purification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Canyon:_village_houses_/_sweat_lodges_for_ceremony_and_purification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_narratives_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_narratives_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sacred narratives and mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_narratives_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_era_(1769–1833)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_era_(1769–1833)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mission era (1769–1833)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_era_(1769–1833)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_and_property_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_and_property_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Land and property disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_and_property_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secularization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Secularization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Burial practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Burial_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Burial practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Burial_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sacred_sites_and_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_sites_and_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sacred sites and importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_sites_and_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day_burial_and_sacred_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day_burial_and_sacred_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Present day burial and sacred sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day_burial_and_sacred_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revitalizing_and_reclaiming_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revitalizing_and_reclaiming_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Revitalizing and reclaiming heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revitalizing_and_reclaiming_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_People_Organizing_for_Change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_People_Organizing_for_Change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Indian People Organizing for Change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_People_Organizing_for_Change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sogorea_Te_Land_Trust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sogorea_Te_Land_Trust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Sogorea Te Land Trust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sogorea_Te_Land_Trust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Loss of recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Present day subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Ohlone_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Ohlone_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Contemporary Ohlone groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Ohlone_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvaging_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvaging_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Salvaging records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvaging_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Ohlone_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Ohlone_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable Ohlone people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Ohlone_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ohlone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="أولون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أولون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Олані – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Олані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ohlone" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muwekma_Ohlone" title="Muwekma Ohlone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muwekma Ohlone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ohlone" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlonoj" title="Ohlonoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ohlonoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlones" title="Ohlones – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ohlones" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costanoan" title="Costanoan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Costanoan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ohlone" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ohlone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ohlone" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Охлони – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Охлони" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="اولون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اولون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone_(volk)" title="Ohlone (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ohlone (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E6%97%8F" title="オローニ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オローニ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ohlone" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ohlone" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Олони – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Олони" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ohlone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costanoan" title="Costanoan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Costanoan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q598406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone_people&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone people</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American people of the Northern California coast</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ohlone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ohlone (disambiguation)">Ohlone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Ohlone (Costanoan) People</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohlone_color_map_bands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ohlone_color_map_bands.svg/220px-Ohlone_color_map_bands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ohlone_color_map_bands.svg/330px-Ohlone_color_map_bands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ohlone_color_map_bands.svg/440px-Ohlone_color_map_bands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Ohlone peoples and their neighbors</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1770: <i>10,000–20,000</i><br />1800: <i>3000</i><br />1852: <i>864–1000</i><br />2000: <i>1500–2000+</i><br />2010: <i>3,853</i><sup id="cite_ref-2010_Census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010_Census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2020: <i>3,993</i><sup id="cite_ref-2020_Census_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><small>California: <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley" title="Santa Clara Valley">Santa Clara Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">East Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay" title="Monterey Bay">Monterey Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salinas_Valley" title="Salinas Valley">Salinas Valley</a></small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Ohlone (Costanoan)</a>: <br /> <small><a href="/wiki/Awaswas_language" title="Awaswas language">Awaswas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalon_language" title="Chalon language">Chalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_language" title="Chochenyo language">Chochenyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karkin_language" title="Karkin language">Karkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutsun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutsun">Mutsun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramaytush_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaytush language">Ramaytush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamyen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen language">Tamyen</a></small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a> (formerly), <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of California</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ohlone</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">oh-<span style="font-size:90%">LOH</span>-nee</i></a>), formerly known as <b>Costanoans</b> (from Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">costeño</i></span> meaning 'coast dweller'), are a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> coast. When Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the area along the coast from <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> through <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay" title="Monterey Bay">Monterey Bay</a> to the lower <a href="/wiki/Salinas_Valley" title="Salinas Valley">Salinas Valley</a>. At that time they spoke a variety of related languages. The <a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Ohlone languages</a> make up a sub-family of the <a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian language</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older proposals place Utian within the <a href="/wiki/Penutian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Penutian language">Penutian language</a> phylum, while newer proposals group it as <a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-colonial">pre-colonial</a> times, the Ohlone lived in more than 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohlone_villages" title="List of Ohlone villages">distinct landholding groups</a>, and did not view themselves as a single unified group. They lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering, in the typical ethnographic California pattern. The members of these various bands interacted freely with one another. The Ohlone people practiced the <a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a> religion. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a>, the northern California region was one of the most densely populated regions north of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the arrival of Spanish colonizers to the area in 1769 vastly changed tribal life forever. The Spanish constructed <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">missions</a> along the California coast with the objective of <a href="/wiki/Christianizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianizing">Christianizing</a> the native people and culture. Between the years 1769 and 1834, the number of Indigenous Californians dropped from 300,000 to 250,000. After California entered into the Union in 1850, the state government perpetrated massacres against the Ohlone people. Many of the leaders of these massacres were rewarded with positions in state and federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These massacres have been described as <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. Many are now leading a push for cultural and historical recognition of their tribe and what they have gone through and had taken from them.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ohlone living today belong to various geographically distinct groups, most of which are still in their original home territory, though not all; none are currently <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribes</a>. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Tamien_people" title="Tamien people">Tamien Nation</a> are direct lineal descendants from Tamien speaking villages of the Santa Clara Valley. The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe has members from around the San Francisco Bay Area, and is composed of documented descendants of the Ohlones/Costanoans from the San Jose, Santa Clara, and San Francisco missions. The Ohlone/Costanoan Esselen Nation, consisting of descendants of intermarried <a href="/wiki/Rumsen_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumsen tribe">Rumsen</a> Costanoan and <a href="/wiki/Esselen" title="Esselen">Esselen</a> speakers of Mission San Carlos Borromeo, are centered at Monterey. The <a href="/wiki/Amah_Mutsun" class="mw-redirect" title="Amah Mutsun">Amah Mutsun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q111585476#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q111585476"><span title=""Amah Mutsun" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span> tribe are descendants of <a href="/wiki/Mutsun_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutsun tribe">Mutsun</a> Costanoan speakers of Mission San Juan Bautista, inland from Monterey Bay. Most members of another group of Rumsien language, descendants from Mission San Carlos, the Costanoan Rumsien Carmel Tribe of Pomona/Chino, now live in southern California. These groups and others with smaller memberships (<i>See groups listed under "<a href="#Present_day">Present day</a>" below</i>) are separately petitioning the federal government for tribal recognition. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_Latham" title="Robert Gordon Latham">Robert Gordon Latham</a> originally used the term "Costanoan" to refer to the linguistically similar but ethnically diverse Native American tribes in the San Francisco Bay Area.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was based on the name of a group of Ramaytush speakers in the area of <a href="/wiki/Mission_Dolores" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Dolores">Mission Dolores</a> first mentioned in 1850 as "<i>Olhones</i> or <i>Costanos</i>". Based on the former, American anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Hart_Merriam" title="Clinton Hart Merriam">Clinton Hart Merriam</a> referred to the Costanoan groups as "Olhonean" in the early 20th century in his posthumously published field notes,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually, the term "Ohlone" has been adopted by most ethnographers, historians, and writers of popular literature.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choris_Ohlone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Choris_Ohlone.jpg/220px-Choris_Ohlone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Choris_Ohlone.jpg/330px-Choris_Ohlone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Choris_Ohlone.jpg/440px-Choris_Ohlone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9861" data-file-height="5593" /></a><figcaption>Ohlone people painted by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Choris" title="Louis Choris">Louis Choris</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Contact_Lifestyle">Pre-Contact Lifestyle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Contact Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ohlone inhabited fixed village locations, moving temporarily to gather seasonal foodstuffs like <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a> and berries. The Ohlone people lived in Northern California from the northern tip of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula" title="San Francisco Peninsula">San Francisco Peninsula</a> down to northern region of <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a>, and from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Diablo_Range" title="Diablo Range">Diablo Range</a> in the east. Their vast region included the San Francisco Peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley" title="Santa Clara Valley">Santa Clara Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains" title="Santa Cruz Mountains">Santa Cruz Mountains</a>, Monterey Bay area, as well as present-day <a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa County</a> and the Salinas Valley. Prior to Spanish contact, the Ohlone formed a complex association of approximately 50 different "nations or tribes" with about 50 to 500 members each, with an average of 200. Over 50 distinct Ohlone tribes and villages have been recorded. The Ohlone villages interacted through trade, intermarriage and ceremonial events, as well as some <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/internecine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:internecine">internecine</a> conflict. Cultural arts included <a href="/wiki/Basket-weaving" class="mw-redirect" title="Basket-weaving">basket-weaving</a> skills, seasonal ceremonial dancing events, female <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a>, ear and nose piercings, and other ornamentation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohlone_hut(replica).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ohlone_hut%28replica%29.jpg/170px-Ohlone_hut%28replica%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ohlone_hut%28replica%29.jpg/255px-Ohlone_hut%28replica%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ohlone_hut%28replica%29.jpg/340px-Ohlone_hut%28replica%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Replica of Ohlone Hut in the graveyard of <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Mission San Francisco de Asís">Mission San Francisco de Asís</a>, San Francisco</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ohlone subsisted mainly as <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> and in some ways <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvesters</a>. "A rough husbandry of the land was practiced, mainly by annually setting of fires to burn-off the old growth in order to get a better yield of seeds—or so the Ohlone told early explorers in <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo County</a>."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Their staple diet consisted of crushed acorns, <a href="/wiki/Beaked_hazel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaked hazel">nuts</a>, grass seeds, and berries, although other vegetation, hunted and trapped game, fish and seafood (including <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a> from the San Francisco Bay and Pacific Ocean), were also important to their diet. These food sources were abundant in earlier times and maintained by careful work, and through active management of all the natural resources at hand.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals in their mild climate included the <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">elk</a> (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>. The streams held <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, trout, steelhead, <a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stickleback" title="Stickleback">stickleback</a>. Birds included plentiful <a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_quail" title="California quail">quail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl" title="Great horned owl">great horned owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-shafted_flicker" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-shafted flicker">red-shafted flickers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downy_woodpecker" title="Downy woodpecker">downy woodpeckers</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_goldfinch" title="American goldfinch">goldfinches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellow-billed_magpie" title="Yellow-billed magpie">yellow-billed magpies</a>. Waterfowl were the most important birds in the people's diet, which were captured with nets and decoys. The Chochenyo traditional narratives refer to ducks as food, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cresp%C3%AD" title="Juan Crespí">Juan Crespí</a> observed in his journal that geese were stuffed and dried "to use as decoys in hunting others".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along the ocean shore and bays, there were also <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, and at one time thousands of <a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">sea lions</a>. In fact, there were so many sea lions that according to Crespi it "looked like a pavement" to the incoming Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, along the bayshore and valleys, the Ohlone constructed dome-shaped houses of woven or bundled mats of tules, 6 to 20 feet (1.8 to 6 m) in diameter. In hills where <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens">redwood</a> trees were accessible, they built conical houses from redwood bark attached to a frame of wood. Residents of Monterey recall Redwood houses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of the main village buildings, the <a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">sweat lodge</a> was low into the ground, its walls made of earth and roof of earth and brush. They built <a href="/wiki/Balsa_(ship)" title="Balsa (ship)">boats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Schoenoplectus_acutus" title="Schoenoplectus acutus">tule</a> to navigate on the bays propelled by double-bladed paddles.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, men did not wear clothing in warm weather. In cold weather, they might don animal skin capes or feather capes. Women commonly wore deerskin aprons, <a href="/wiki/Tule" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule">tule</a> skirts, or shredded bark skirts. On cool days, they also wore animal skin capes. Both wore ornamentation of necklaces, shell beads and abalone pendants, and bone wood earrings with shells and beads. The ornamentation often indicated status within their community.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A full list of their <a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">ethnobotany</a> can be found in the Native American Ethnobiology Database<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohlone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ohlone.jpg/220px-Ohlone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ohlone.jpg/330px-Ohlone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ohlone.jpg/440px-Ohlone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>Ohlone dancers drawn by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gottlieb_Tilesius_von_Tilenau" title="Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau">Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau</a></figcaption></figure><p> They use the roots of many species of <a href="/wiki/Carex" title="Carex">Carex</a> for basketry.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuksu_Religion">Kuksu Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kuksu Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers are sensitive to limitations in historical knowledge, and careful not to place the spiritual and religious beliefs of all Ohlone people into a single unified worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the displacement of Indian people in the Missions between 1769 and 1833, cultural groups are working as ethnographers to discover for themselves their ancestral history, and what that information tells about them as a cultural group. Their religion is different depending on the band referred to, although they share components of their worldview.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-contact spiritual beliefs of the Ohlone were not recorded in detail by missionaries. The Ohlone probably practiced <i><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></i>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> shared by many Central and Northern California tribes. Although, it is also possible that the Ohlone people learned Kuksu from other tribes while at the missions. Kuksu included elaborate acting and dancing ceremonies in traditional costume, an annual mourning ceremony, puberty <a href="/wiki/Rites_of_passage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rites of passage">rites of passage</a>, intervention with the spirit world and an all-male society that met in subterranean dance rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuksu was shared with other indigenous ethnic groups of Central California, such as their neighbors the <a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esselen" title="Esselen">Esselen</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Maidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a>, and northernmost <a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a>. However Kroeber observed less "specialized <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a>" in the Ohlone, which he termed one of the "southern Kuksu-dancing groups", in comparison to the <a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Maidu</a> and groups in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a>; he noted "if, as seems probable, the southerly Kuksu tribes (the Miwok, Costanoans, Esselen, and northernmost Yokuts) had no real society in connection with their Kuksu ceremonies."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conditions upon which the Ohlone joined the Spanish missions are subject to debate. Some have argued that they were forced to convert to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, while others have insisted that forced baptism was not recognized by the Catholic Church. All who have looked into the matter agree, however, that baptized Indians who tried to leave mission communities were forced to return. The first conversions to Catholicism were at Mission San Carlos Borromeo, alias Carmel, in 1771. In the San Francisco Bay area the first baptisms occurred at Mission San Francisco in 1777. Many first-generation Mission Era conversions to Catholicism were debatably incomplete and "external".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coiffures_du_danse_Choris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coiffures_du_danse_Choris.jpg/220px-Coiffures_du_danse_Choris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coiffures_du_danse_Choris.jpg/330px-Coiffures_du_danse_Choris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coiffures_du_danse_Choris.jpg/440px-Coiffures_du_danse_Choris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Watercolor of traditional Ohlone headdresses by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Choris" title="Louis Choris">Louis Choris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It is apparent that the pre-contact Ohlone had distinguished medicine persons among their tribe. Some of these people healed through the use of herbs, and some were shamans who were believed to heal through their ability to contact the spirit world.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2002_144–155_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2002_144–155-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some shamans typically engaged in more ritualistic healing in the form of dancing, ceremony, and singing.<sup id="cite_ref-Teixiera_1991_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teixiera_1991-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some shamans were also believed to be able to tell and influence the future, therefore they were equally able to bring about fortune and misfortune among the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2002_144–155_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2002_144–155-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Canyon:_village_houses_/_sweat_lodges_for_ceremony_and_purification"><span id="Indian_Canyon:_village_houses_.2F_sweat_lodges_for_ceremony_and_purification"></span>Indian Canyon: village houses / sweat lodges for ceremony and purification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indian Canyon: village houses / sweat lodges for ceremony and purification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additionally, some Ohlone bands built prayer houses, also called <a href="/wiki/Sweat_lodge" title="Sweat lodge">sweat lodges</a>, for ceremonial and spiritual purification purposes. These lodges were built near stream banks because water was believed to be capable of great healing. Men and women would gather in the sweat lodges to "cleanse, purify, and empower themselves" for a task like hunting and spirit dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-Teixiera_1991_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teixiera_1991-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there is a place located in Hollister called <a href="/wiki/Indian_Canyon,_California" title="Indian Canyon, California">Indian Canyon</a>, where a traditional sweat lodge, or Tupentak, has been built for the same ceremonial purposes. Along with the development of the sweat lodge in the early 1990s, the construction of an upen- tah-ruk, or round house/assembly house, was underway as well. These areas are meant to provide a gathering place for tribal meetings, traditional dances and ceremonies, and education activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Sayers_1994_350–355_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayers_1994_350–355-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian Canyon is an important place because it is open to all Native American groups in the United States and around the world as a place to hold traditional native practices without federal restrictions. Indian Canyon is also home to many Ohlone people, specifically of the Mutsun band, and serves as an educational, cultural, and spiritual environment for all visitors. Indian Canyon allows Natives to reclaim their heritage and implement their ancestral beliefs and practices into their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Sayers_1994_350–355_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayers_1994_350–355-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_narratives_and_mythology">Sacred narratives and mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sacred narratives and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Christian_Nahl_-_Indian_Family_on_San_Francisco_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Charles_Christian_Nahl_-_Indian_Family_on_San_Francisco_Bay.jpg/220px-Charles_Christian_Nahl_-_Indian_Family_on_San_Francisco_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Charles_Christian_Nahl_-_Indian_Family_on_San_Francisco_Bay.jpg/330px-Charles_Christian_Nahl_-_Indian_Family_on_San_Francisco_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Charles_Christian_Nahl_-_Indian_Family_on_San_Francisco_Bay.jpg/440px-Charles_Christian_Nahl_-_Indian_Family_on_San_Francisco_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of an Ohlone family in a wooden boat on the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>. (c. 1870's; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Christian_Nahl" title="Charles Christian Nahl">Charles Christian Nahl</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The storytelling of sacred narratives has been an important component of Ohlone indigenous culture for thousands of years, and continues to be of importance today. The narratives often teach specific moral or spiritual lessons, and are illustrative of the cultural, spiritual, and religious beliefs of the tribe. Because not all the Ohlone bands shared a unified identity, and therefore have varying religious and spiritual beliefs, the stories are unique to the tribe. Today, sacred narratives are still an important part of the Ohlone culture. Only a minimal number of sacred stories have survived Spanish colonization during the 1700s and 1800s due to ethnographic efforts in the Missions. Many Ohlone bands refer to anthropologic records to reconstruct their sacred narratives because some Ohlone people living in the missions acted as "professional consultants" for anthropologic research, and therefore told their past stories.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem with this type of recording is that the stories are not always complete due to translation differences where meaning can be easily misunderstood. </p><p>Therefore, many Ohlone bands today feel responsible for re-adopting these narratives and discussing them with cultural representatives and other Ohlone people to decide what their meanings are. This process is important because the Ohlone can further piece together a cultural identity of their past ancestors, and ultimately for themselves as well. Additionally, through knowing sacred narratives and sharing them with the public through live performances or storytelling, the Ohlone people are able to create an awareness that their cultural group is not extinct, but actually surviving and wanting recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ohlone folklore and legend centered around the Californian <a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">culture heroes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)" title="Coyote (mythology)">Coyote</a> trickster spirit, as well as Eagle and Hummingbird (and in the Chochenyo region, a falcon-like being named Kaknu). The Coyote spirit was clever, wily, lustful, greedy, and irresponsible. He often competed with Hummingbird, who despite his small size regularly got the better of him.<sup id="cite_ref-tales_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tales-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ohlone <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation stories</a> mention that the world was covered entirely in water, apart from a single peak <i>Pico Blanco</i> near <a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Diablo" title="Mount Diablo">Mount Diablo</a> in the northern Ohlone's version) on which Coyote, Hummingbird, and Eagle stood. Humans were the descendants of Coyote.<sup id="cite_ref-tales_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tales-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yokuts_Louis_Choris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Yokuts_Louis_Choris.jpg/220px-Yokuts_Louis_Choris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Yokuts_Louis_Choris.jpg/330px-Yokuts_Louis_Choris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Yokuts_Louis_Choris.jpg/440px-Yokuts_Louis_Choris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>Ohlone or <a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a> hunters painted by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Choris" title="Louis Choris">Louis Choris</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_era">Pre-Columbian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The predominant theory regarding the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_migration_and_settlement_of_the_Americas_from_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia">settlement of the Americas</a> date the original migrations from Asia to around 20,000 years ago across the <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Bering Strait land bridge</a>, but one anthropologist, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Sadovszky" title="Otto von Sadovszky">Otto von Sadovszky</a>, claims that the Ohlone and some other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">northern California tribes</a> descend from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberians</a> who arrived in California by sea around 3,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some anthropologists think that these people migrated from the San Joaquin–Sacramento River system and arrived into the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Areas in about the 6th century CE, displacing or assimilating earlier <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a>-speaking populations of which the Esselen in the south represent a remnant. Datings of ancient <a href="/wiki/Emeryville_Shellmound" title="Emeryville Shellmound">shell mounds in Emeryville</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Newark,_California" title="Newark, California">Newark</a> and suggest the villages at those locations were established about 4000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through shell mound dating, scholars noted three periods of ancient Bay Area history, as described by F.M. Stanger in <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Peninsula</i></span>: "Careful study of artifacts found in central California mounds has resulted in the discovery of three distinguishable epochs or cultural 'horizons' in their history. In terms of our time-counting system, the first or 'Early Horizon' extends from about 4000 BCE to 1000 BCE in the Bay Area and to about 2000 BCE in the Central Valley. The second or Middle Horizon was from these dates to 700 CE, while the third or Late Horizon, was from 700 CE to the coming of the Spaniards in the 1770s."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What makes these epochs unique? (May 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_era_(1769–1833)"><span id="Mission_era_.281769.E2.80.931833.29"></span>Mission era (1769–1833)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mission era (1769–1833)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohlone_Indians_in_a_Tule_Boat_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ohlone_Indians_in_a_Tule_Boat_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_1822.jpg/220px-Ohlone_Indians_in_a_Tule_Boat_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ohlone_Indians_in_a_Tule_Boat_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_1822.jpg/330px-Ohlone_Indians_in_a_Tule_Boat_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ohlone_Indians_in_a_Tule_Boat_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_1822.jpg/440px-Ohlone_Indians_in_a_Tule_Boat_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2641" /></a><figcaption>Three Ohlone people in a <a href="/wiki/Tule" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule">tule</a> boat in the San Francisco Bay, painted by Louis Choris in 1816</figcaption></figure> <p>The arrival of missionaries and Spanish colonizers in the mid-1700s had a negative impact on the Ohlone people who inhabited Northern California. The Ohlone territory consisted of the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula down to Big Sur in the south. There were more than fifty Ohlone landholding groups prior to the arrival of the Spanish Missionaries. The Ohlone were able to thrive in this area by hunting, fishing, and gathering, in the typical pattern found in California coastal tribes. Each of the Ohlone villages interacted with each other through trade, intermarriage, and ceremonial events, as well as through occasional conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ohlone culture was relatively stable until the first Spanish soldiers and missionaries arrived with the double-purpose of Christianizing the Native Americans by building a series of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">missions</a> and of expanding Spanish territorial claims. The Rumsien were the first Ohlone people to be encountered and documented in Spanish records when, in 1602, explorer <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a> reached and named the area that is now <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a> in December of that year. Despite Vizcaíno's positive reports, nothing further happened for more than 160 years. It was not until 1769 that the next Spanish expedition arrived in Monterey, led by <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a>. This time, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California#Military_districts" title="Spanish missions in California">military expedition</a> was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missionaries, whose purpose was to establish a chain of missions to bring Christianity to the native people. Under the leadership of Father <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a>, the missions introduced Spanish religion and culture to the Ohlone.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_Santa_Clara_Indian_quarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mission_Santa_Clara_Indian_quarters.jpg/220px-Mission_Santa_Clara_Indian_quarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mission_Santa_Clara_Indian_quarters.jpg/330px-Mission_Santa_Clara_Indian_quarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mission_Santa_Clara_Indian_quarters.jpg/440px-Mission_Santa_Clara_Indian_quarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2845" data-file-height="2130" /></a><figcaption>Indian quarters at <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Mission Santa Clara de Asís">Mission Santa Clara de Asís</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish mission culture soon disrupted and undermined the Ohlone social structures and way of life. Under Father Serra's leadership, the Spanish Franciscans erected seven missions inside the Ohlone region and brought most of the Ohlone into these missions to live and work. The missions erected within the Ohlone region were: <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Carlos_Borrom%C3%A9o_de_Carmelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo">Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo</a> (founded in 1770), <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Mission San Francisco de Asís">Mission San Francisco de Asís</a> (founded in 1776), <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Mission Santa Clara de Asís">Mission Santa Clara de Asís</a> (founded in 1777), <a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Cruz" title="Mission Santa Cruz">Mission Santa Cruz</a> (founded in 1791), <a href="/wiki/Mission_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Soledad" title="Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad">Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad</a> (founded in 1791), <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_(California)" title="Mission San José (California)">Mission San José</a> (founded in 1797), and <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Bautista" title="Mission San Juan Bautista">Mission San Juan Bautista</a> (founded in 1797). The Ohlone who went to live at the missions were called <a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a>, and also "neophytes." They were blended with other Native American ethnicities such as the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok" title="Coast Miwok">Coast Miwok</a> transported from the North Bay into the Mission San Francisco and Mission San José.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish military presence was established at two Presidios, the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_Monterey,_California" title="Presidio of Monterey, California">Presidio of Monterey</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco" title="Presidio of San Francisco">Presidio of San Francisco</a>, and mission outposts, such as <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_y_San_Pablo_Asistencia" title="San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia">San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia</a> founded in 1786. The Spanish soldiers traditionally escorted the Franciscans on missionary outreach daytrips but declined to camp overnight. For the first twenty years, the missions accepted a few converts at a time, slowly gaining population. Between November 1794 and May 1795, a large wave of Bay Area Native Americans were <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> and moved into Mission Santa Clara and Mission San Francisco, including 360 people to Mission Santa Clara and the entire Huichun village populations of the East Bay to Mission San Francisco. In March 1795, this migration was followed almost immediately by the worst-seen epidemic, as well as food shortages, resulting in alarming statistics of death and escapes from the missions. In pursuing the runaways, the Franciscans sent neophytes first and (as a last resort) soldiers to go round up the runaway "Christians" from their relatives, and bring them back to the missions. By running to tribes outside of the missions, escapees and those sent to bring them back to the mission spread illness outside of the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indians did not thrive when the missions expanded both their populations and operations in their geographical areas. "A total of 81,000 Indians were baptized and 60,000 deaths were recorded".<sup id="cite_ref-Bean_1994_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bean_1994-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of death varied, but most were the result of European diseases such as smallpox, measles, and diphtheria against which the Indians had no natural immunity. Other causes were a drastic diet change from hunter and gatherer fare to a diet high in carbohydrates and low in vegetables and animal protein, harsh lifestyle changes, and unsanitary living conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bean_1994_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bean_1994-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_and_property_disputes">Land and property disputes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Land and property disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Spanish rule, the intent for the future of the mission properties is difficult to ascertain. Property disputes arose over who owned the mission (and adjacent) lands, between the Spanish crown, the Catholic Church, the Natives and the Spanish settlers of <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>: There were "heated debates" between "the Spanish State and ecclesiastical bureaucracies" over the government authority of the missions. Setting the precedent in an interesting petition to the Governor in 1782, the Franciscan priests claimed the "Missions Indians" owned both land and cattle, and they represented the Natives in a petition against the San Jose settlers. The fathers mentioned the "Indians' crops" were being damaged by the San Jose settlers' livestock and also mentioned settlers "getting mixed up with the livestock belonging to the Indians from the mission." They also stated the Mission Indians had property and rights to defend it: "Indians are at liberty to slaughter such (San Jose pueblo) livestock as trespass unto their lands." "By law", the mission property was to pass to the Mission Indians after a period of about ten years, when they would become Spanish citizens. In the interim period, the Franciscans were mission administrators who held the land in trust for the Natives.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secularization">Secularization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secularization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1834, the Mexican government ordered all Californian missions to be <a href="/wiki/Mexican_secularization_act_of_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican secularization act of 1833">secularized</a> and all mission land and property (administered by the Franciscans) turned over to the government for redistribution. At this point, the Ohlone were supposed to receive land grants and property rights, but few did and most of the mission lands went to the secular administrators. In the end, even attempts by mission leaders to restore native lands were in vain. Before this time, 73 Spanish land grants had already been deeded in all of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, but with the new régime most lands were turned into Mexican-owned rancherias. The Ohlone became the laborers and <i>vaqueros</i> (cowboys) of Mexican-owned rancherias.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival">Survival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isabel_Meadows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Isabel_Meadows.jpg/220px-Isabel_Meadows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Isabel_Meadows.jpg/330px-Isabel_Meadows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Isabel_Meadows.jpg/440px-Isabel_Meadows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Meadows" title="Isabel Meadows">Isabel Meadows</a>, considered the last fluent speaker of an Ohlone language</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ohlone eventually regathered in multi-ethnic rancherias, along with other Mission Indians from families that spoke the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok" title="Coast Miwok">Coast Miwok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok" title="Bay Miwok">Bay Miwok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Miwok" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Miwok">Plains Miwok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a>, and Esselen languages. Many of the Ohlone that had survived the experience at Mission San Jose went to work at <i>Alisal Rancheria</i> in <a href="/wiki/Pleasanton,_California" title="Pleasanton, California">Pleasanton</a>, and <i>El Molino</i> in <a href="/wiki/Niles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Niles, California">Niles</a>. Communities of mission survivors also formed in <a href="/wiki/Sunol,_California" title="Sunol, California">Sunol</a>, Monterey and <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bautista,_California" title="San Juan Bautista, California">San Juan Bautista</a>. In the 1840s a wave of United States settlers encroached into the area, and California became annexed to the United States. The new settlers brought in new diseases to the Ohlone.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ohlone lost the vast majority of their population between 1780 and 1850, because of an abysmal birth rate, high infant mortality rate, diseases and social upheaval associated with European immigration into California. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hardeman_Burnett" title="Peter Hardeman Burnett">Peter Hardeman Burnett</a>, the state's first governor, was an open advocate of exterminating local California Indian tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By all estimates, the Ohlone were reduced to less than ten percent of their original pre-mission era population. By 1852 the Ohlone population had shrunk to about 864–1,000, and was continuing to decline. By the early 1880s, the northern Ohlone were virtually entirely gone, and the southern Ohlone people were severely impacted and largely displaced from their communal land grant in the <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Valley,_San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmel Valley, San Diego, California">Carmel Valley</a>. To call attention to the plight of the California Indians, Indian Agent, reformer, and popular novelist <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hunt_Jackson" title="Helen Hunt Jackson">Helen Hunt Jackson</a> published accounts of her travels among the Mission Indians of California in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considered the last fluent speaker of an Ohlone language, <a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsien</a>-speaker Isabel Meadows died in 1939. Descendants are reviving Rumsien, Mutsun, and Chochenyo.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial_practices">Burial practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Burial practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_sites_and_importance">Sacred sites and importance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sacred sites and importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arrival of the Spanish in the 1776 decelerated the culture, sovereignty, religion, and language of the Ohlone. Before the Spanish invasion, the Ohlone had an estimated 500 shellmounds lining the sea and shores of the San Francisco Bay. Shellmounds are essentially Ohlone habitation sites where peopled lived and died and often buried. The mounds consist predominately of molluscan shells, with lesser amounts mammal and fish bone, vegetal materials and other organic material deposited by the Ohlone for thousands of years. These shellmounds are the direct result of village life. Archaeologists have examined the mounds and often refer to them as "middens," or "kitchen midden" meaning an accumulation of refuse. </p><p>One theory is that the massive amount of shellfish remains represent Ohlone ritual behavior, whereas they would spend months mourning their dead and feasting on large amounts of shellfish which were disposed of ever growing the girth and height of the mound.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Shellmounds were once found all over the San Francisco Bay area near marshlands, creeks, wetlands, and rivers. San Bruno Mountain is home to the nation's largest intact shellmound. These mounds are also thought to have served a practical purpose as well, since these shellmounds were usually near waterways or the ocean, they protected the village from high tide as well as to provide high ground for line of sight navigation for watercraft on San Francisco Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Emeryville_Shellmound" title="Emeryville Shellmound">Emeryville Shellmound</a> is a site standing at over 60 feet (18 m) tall and 350 feet (105 m) in diameter, and was believed to be occupied between 400 and 2800 years ago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Ohlone burial practices changed over time with cremation being preferred before the arrival of the Spanish. Once the cremation was complete the loved ones and friends would place ornaments as well as other valuables as an offering to the dead. Ohlone believed that this would give them good fortune in the afterlife. Many of these artifacts have been found in and around the shellmounds. They often include a wide variety of shell beads and ornaments as well as frequently used everyday items such as stone and bone tools. These burials also showcase genealogies and territorial rights. The mounds were seen as a cultural statement because the villages on top were clearly visible and their sacred aura was very dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day_burial_and_sacred_sites">Present day burial and sacred sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Present day burial and sacred sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>West Berkeley Shellmound</b> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/West_Berkeley_Shellmound" title="West Berkeley Shellmound">West Berkeley Shellmound</a>, located in Berkeley, California, is thought to be the site of the earliest known habitation in the San Francisco Bay Area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was mostly removed by the early 20th century, but human remains and artifacts are still found in the area during construction projects. Local Ohlone groups have fought to have a portion of it protected and returned to their use. </p><p><b>Glen Cove</b> (Sogorea Te') </p><p>The City of <a href="/wiki/Vallejo,_California" title="Vallejo, California">Vallejo, California</a> built Glen Cove Waterfront Park after years of protests from Ohlone people and their allies that the location was a sacred site known as Sogorea Te', one of the last native village sites in the San Francisco Bay that had escaped urban development.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Santa Cruz</b> </p><p>A 6,000-year-old grave site was found at a KB Home construction site in the city of Santa Cruz. Protestors have picketed at the front gate of the Branciforte Creek construction site, holding signs, handing out flyers and engaging passersby to call attention to the site.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>San Jose</b> </p><p>Ohlone remains were discovered in 1973 near Highway 87 during housing development. Some remains were removed during the construction of the highway.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mt._Umunhum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Umunhum">Mount Umunhum</a> (Dove Mountain) is the physical foundation of Tamien Nation oral narrative of the Great Flood - Tamien Nation's most sacred landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Fremont</b> </p><p>Construction crews at a Van Daele Homes luxury housing development unearthed 32 sets of Ohlone remains in 2017. The remains were reburied on-site under the supervision of a native consultant.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revitalizing_and_reclaiming_heritage">Revitalizing and reclaiming heritage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Revitalizing and reclaiming heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The determination and passion to preserve sacred ground is largely influenced by the desire to revive and preserve the Ohlone cultural heritage. Natives today are engaging in extensive cultural research to bring back knowledge, narratives, beliefs, and practices of the post-contact days with the Spanish. The Spanish eradicated and stripped the Ohlones of their cultural heritage by causing the death of ninety percent of the population, and forcing cultural assimilation with military fortification and Catholic reform. After the arrival of the Americans, many land grants were contested in court. Preserving their burial sites is a way to gain acknowledgment as a cultural group.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Site CA-SCL-732- Kaphan Umux or Three Wolves Site</b> </p><p>The Muwekma Ohlone tribe are active participants in the revival of Ohlone people across the East and South Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key to their success is in their involvement in unearthing and analyzing their ancestral remains in ancient burial sites, which allows them to "recapture their history and to reconstruct the present and future of their people".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only some sacred cultural narratives survive through the recording of stories told from various Ohlone elders living in the missions between 1769 and 1833. This makes analyzing pre-contact Ohlone sites so difficult because so much of the symbolism and ritual are unknown. Therefore, the Muwekma see their participation in archeological projects as a way to bring tribal members together as a unified community, and as a way to reestablish the link between the Ohlone people today and their pre-contact ancestors through their ability to analyze remains and be coauthors in the archeological reports.<sup id="cite_ref-Field_2003_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One major archeological site the Muwekma tribe actively helped excavate is the burial site CA-SCL-732 in San Jose, dating between 1500 and 2700 BCE. In this burial site, excavated in 1992, the remains of three ritually buried wolves were found among human remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Field_2003_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other grave site, the skeletal remains of two more wolves were found with "braided, uncured yucca or soap root fiber cordage around their necks".<sup id="cite_ref-Field_2003_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were many other fragments of remains of animals like deer, squirrel, mountain lion, grizzly bear, fox, badger, blue goose, and elk found as well. From the excavations it is clear that the animals were ritually buried, along with beads and other ornamentations.<sup id="cite_ref-Field_2003_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the truth may not be known about exactly what these findings mean, the Muwekma and the archeological team analyzed the ritual burial of the animal remains as a way to learn what they may tell about the Ohlone cosmology and cultural system before pre-contact influence. One way the team did this was using known narratives of the Ohlone, as ascribed by previous ethnographers who recorded the sacred narratives of various Ohlone elders in the missions across the Bay, well as the narratives telling of other central California cosmologies to make references about what the meaning of the possible kinship between the animals and the Ohlone in these burials were. Together the archeological team made three hypotheses: animals served as "moieties, clans, lineages, families, and so on," animals were "dream helpers," or personal spirit allies for individuals, and lastly, the animals were representations of "sacred deity-like figures".<sup id="cite_ref-Field_2003_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Field_2003-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_People_Organizing_for_Change">Indian People Organizing for Change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indian People Organizing for Change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indian People Organizing for Change (IPOC) is a community-based organization in the San Francisco Bay Area. Its members, including Ohlone organization members and conservation activists, work together in order to accomplish social and environmental justice within the Bay Area American Indian community. Current projects include the preservation of Bay Area shellmounds, which are the sacred burial sites of the Ohlone Nation, whose homeland is the San Francisco Bay Area. Currently, IPOC has spread awareness throughout the community through shellmounds walks and has advocated for the preservation of sacred burial sites in the Emeryville Mall, Glen Cove Site, Hunters Point in San Francisco, just to name a few.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sogorea_Te_Land_Trust">Sogorea Te Land Trust</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sogorea Te Land Trust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sogorea_Te_Land_Trust" title="Sogorea Te Land Trust">Sogorea Te Land Trust</a></div> <p>The Sogorea Te Land Trust is a <a href="/wiki/Land_trust" title="Land trust">land trust</a> founded by members of IPOC in 2012 with the goals of returning traditionally <a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a> lands in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> stewardship and cultivating more active, reciprocal relationships with the land.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also started a project called the Shuumi Land Tax, which asks that non-indigenous people living on Ohlone land to pay dues for the land that they live on.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tax has no legal ramifications and no connection with the United States government or <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>, but the organization prefers this term (as opposed to merely calling contributions <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donations</a>) as it asserts indigenous <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Costanoan is an externally applied name (<a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>). The Spanish explorers and settlers referred to the native groups of this region collectively as the <i>Costeños</i> (the "coastal people") circa 1769. Over time, the English-speaking settlers arriving later <a href="/wiki/Anglicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicized">Anglicized</a> the word <i>Costeños</i> into the name of <i>Costanoans.</i> (The suffix "-an" is English). For many years, the people were called the Costanoans in English language and records.<sup id="cite_ref-Teix-pg4_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teix-pg4-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1960s, the name of Ohlone has been used by some of the members and the popular media to replace the name <i>Costanoan.</i> <i>Ohlone</i> might have originally derived from a Spanish rancho called <i>Oljon</i>, and referred to a single band who inhabited the Pacific Coast near <a href="/wiki/Pescadero,_California" title="Pescadero, California">Pescadero</a> Creek. Teixeira traced the name <i>Ohlone</i> through the mission records of Mission San Francisco, Bancroft's <i>Native Races</i>, and Frederick Beechey's Journal regarding a visit to the Bay Area in 1826–27. <i>Oljone</i>, <i>Olchones</i> and <i>Alchones</i> are spelling variations of <i>Ohlone</i> found in Mission San Francisco records. However, because of its tribal origin, Ohlone is not universally accepted by the native people, and some members prefer to either to continue to use the name Costanoan or to revitalize and be known as the <i>Muwekma</i>. Teixeira maintains Ohlone is the common usage since 1960, which has been traced back to the Rancho Oljon on the Pescadero Creek. Teixeira states in part: "A tribe that once existed along the San Mateo County coast." Milliken states the name came from: "A tribe on the lower drainages of San Gregorio Creek and Pescadero Creek on the Pacific Coast".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions">Divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohlone_villages" title="List of Ohlone villages">List of Ohlone villages</a></div> <p>Linguists identified eight regional, linguistic divisions or subgroups of the Ohlone, listed below from north to south:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></b> (<i>also called Carquin</i>): The Karkin resided on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Carquinez_Strait" title="Carquinez Strait">Carquinez Strait</a>. The name of the <a href="/wiki/Carquinez_Strait" title="Carquinez Strait">Carquinez Strait</a> derives from their name. Karkin was a dialect quite divergent from the rest of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></b> (<i>also called Chocheño, Chocenyo and East Bay Costanoan</i>): The Chochenyo speaking tribal groups resided in the East Bay, primarily in what is now <a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda County</a> and the western (bayshore) portion of Contra Costa County.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush" title="Ramaytush">Ramaytush</a></b> (<i>also called San Francisco Costanoan</i>): The Ramaytush resided between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific, in the area which is now San Francisco and San Mateo Counties. The <a href="/wiki/Yelamu" title="Yelamu">Yelamu</a> grouping of the Ramaytush included the villages surrounding Mission Dolores, Sitlintac and Chutchui on Mission Creek, Amuctac and Tubsinte in Visitation Valley, Petlenuc from near the Presidio, and to the southwest, the villages of Timigtac on Calera Creek and Pruristac on San Pedro Creek in modern-day Pacifica.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen">Tamyen</a></b> (<i>also called Tamien, Thamien, and Santa Clara Costanoan</i>): The Tamyen resided on Coyote Creek and <a href="/wiki/Calaveras_Reservoir" title="Calaveras Reservoir">Calaveras Creek</a>, and the language was spoken in the Santa Clara Valley. (Linguistically, Chochenyo, Tamyen and Ramaytush were very close, perhaps to the point of being dialects of a single language.) The Tamyen village was near the original site of the first Mission Santa Clara located on the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_(California)" title="Guadalupe River (California)">Guadalupe River</a>; Father Pena mentioned in a letter to Junípero Serra that the area around the mission was called Thamien by the Ohlone.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></b> (<i>also called Santa Cruz Costanoan</i>): Local bands of Awaswas speakers resided on the Santa Cruz coast and adjacent Santa Cruz Mountains between Point Año Nuevo and the <a href="/wiki/Pajaro_River" title="Pajaro River">Pajaro Rivers</a> (Davenport and Aptos).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mutsun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutsun">Mutsun</a></b> (<i>also called Mutsen, San Juan Bautista Costanoan</i>): A number of distinct local territorial tribes of Mutsun speakers lived in the Hollister Valley (along the lower <a href="/wiki/San_Benito_River" title="San Benito River">San Benito River</a>, middle Pajaro River, and San Felipe Creek) and along nearby creeks of the eastern Coast Range valleys (including San Luis and Ortigalita creeks).</li> <li><b>Rumsien</b> (<i>also called Rumsen, Carmel or Carmeleno</i>): A few independent Rumsien-speaking local territorial tribes resided from the <a href="/wiki/Pajaro_River" title="Pajaro River">Pajaro River</a> to Point Sur, and the lower courses of the Pajaro, as well as the lower <a href="/wiki/Salinas_River_(California)" title="Salinas River (California)">Salinas</a>, Sur and <a href="/wiki/Carmel_River_(California)" title="Carmel River (California)">Carmel Rivers</a> (San Carlos, Carmel, and Monterey Counties).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></b> (<i>also called Soledad</i>): Local bands of Chalon speakers resided along the upper course of the San Benito River and farther east in the Coast Range valleys of Silver and Cantua creeks. Kroeber also mapped them on the middle course of the Salinas River, but some recent studies give that area to the Esselen people.</li></ul> <p>These division designations are mostly derived from selected local tribe names. They were first offered in 1974 as direct substitutes for Kroeber's earlier designations based upon the names of local Spanish missions. The spellings are anglicized from forms first written down (often with a variety of spellings) by Spanish missionaries and soldiers who were trying to capture the sounds of languages foreign to them.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the divisions there were over 50 Ohlone tribes and villages who spoke the Ohlone-Costanoan languages in 1769, before being absorbed into the Spanish Missions by 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loss_of_recognition">Loss of recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Loss of recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kroeber" title="Alfred Kroeber">Alfred Kroeber</a>, then director of the <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_A._Hearst_Museum_of_Anthropology" title="Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology">Hearst Museum of Anthropology</a>, declared the tribe extinct, which directly led to its losing federal recognition and land rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_day">Present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohlone_costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ohlone_costume.jpg/220px-Ohlone_costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ohlone_costume.jpg/330px-Ohlone_costume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ohlone_costume.jpg/440px-Ohlone_costume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>An Ohlone family in traditional regalia in San Francisco, 2015</figcaption></figure><p>The Mutsun (of Hollister and Watsonville), The Lisjan Ohlone, The <a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamien</a> Nation, Ramaytush Ohlone and the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe (of the San Francisco Bay Area) are among the surviving groups of Ohlone today. The Esselen Nation also describes itself as Ohlone/Costanoan, although they historically spoke both the southern Costanoan (Rumsien) and an entirely different <a href="/wiki/Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan language</a> Esselen. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Ohlone_groups">Contemporary Ohlone groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Contemporary Ohlone groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ohlone tribes with <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">petitions for Federal Recognition</a> pending with the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> are:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamien_people" title="Tamien people">Tamien Nation</a></b>, Southern San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Santa Clara County</li></ul> <dl><dd>All enrolled Tamien Nation citizens have <i>direct</i> lineages from historic Tamien villages verified by a certified genealogist and are direct lineal dependents of/or are on the California Judgment Fund Rolls (CJFR) of 1953 and 1972, and have Certificates of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB) issued by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tamien Nation elders were also subject to the Indian Relocation Act of 1956 (also known as Public Law 959) implemented by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The Tamien Nation citizens are "living Indians" who continue to hunt, fish, gather Indigenous foods, process and eat acorns and participate in their religious ceremonies.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_SF_20181008-5101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_SF_20181008-5101.jpg/220px-Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_SF_20181008-5101.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_SF_20181008-5101.jpg/330px-Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_SF_20181008-5101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_SF_20181008-5101.jpg/440px-Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_SF_20181008-5101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4775" data-file-height="3402" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe attend a proclamation of the first official <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Day_(United_States)" title="Indigenous Peoples' Day (United States)">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a> in San Francisco, October 2018.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muwekma_Ohlone_Tribe" title="Muwekma Ohlone Tribe">Muwekma Ohlone Tribe</a></b>, San Francisco Bay Area:</li></ul> <dl><dd>With 397 enrolled members in 2000, the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe comprises "all of the known surviving Native American lineages aboriginal to the San Francisco Bay region who trace their ancestry through the Missions Dolores, Santa Clara and San Jose" and who descend from members of the historic Federally Recognized <a href="/wiki/Verona_Band_of_Alameda_County" title="Verona Band of Alameda County">Verona Band of Alameda County</a>. On 21 September 2006, they received a favorable opinion from the U.S. District in Washington, D.C., of their court case to expedite the reaffirmation of the tribe as a federally recognized tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Muwekma_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muwekma-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_California_Indian_Policy#Efforts_of_the_ACCIP" title="Advisory Council on California Indian Policy">Advisory Council on California Indian Policy</a> has assisted in their case. They lost the case in 2011, and have filed an appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Amah Mutsun Band of Ohlone/Costanoan Indians</b>, Woodside:</li></ul> <dl><dd>The <a href="/wiki/Amah_Mutsun" class="mw-redirect" title="Amah Mutsun">Amah Mutsun</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q111585476#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q111585476"><span title=""Amah Mutsun" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span> band has over 500 enrolled members and comprises "various surviving lineages who spoke the Hoomontwash or Mutsun Ohlone language." The majority descend from the native people baptized at Mission San Juan Bautista.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_American_Repatriation_%26_Burial_at_Presidio_of_Monterey_4_(37169639393).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Native_American_Repatriation_%26_Burial_at_Presidio_of_Monterey_4_%2837169639393%29.jpg/220px-Native_American_Repatriation_%26_Burial_at_Presidio_of_Monterey_4_%2837169639393%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Native_American_Repatriation_%26_Burial_at_Presidio_of_Monterey_4_%2837169639393%29.jpg/330px-Native_American_Repatriation_%26_Burial_at_Presidio_of_Monterey_4_%2837169639393%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Native_American_Repatriation_%26_Burial_at_Presidio_of_Monterey_4_%2837169639393%29.jpg/440px-Native_American_Repatriation_%26_Burial_at_Presidio_of_Monterey_4_%2837169639393%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Louise Miranda Ramirez, chairwoman of the Ohlone Costanoan Esselen Nation presided over the re-burial of Ohlone and Esselen remains found at the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_Monterey,_California" title="Presidio of Monterey, California">Presidio of Monterey</a></figcaption></figure><b>Ohlone/Costanoan Esselen Nation</b>, Monterey and San Benito Counties:</li></ul> <dl><dd>The Ohlone/Costanoan Esselen Nation has approximately 500 enrolled members. Their tribal council claims enrolled membership is currently at approximately 500 people from thirteen core lineages that trace direct descendancy to the Missions San Carlos and Soledad. The tribe was formerly federally recognized as the "Monterey Band of Monterey County" (1906–1908). Approximately 60% reside in Monterey and San Benito Counties.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Costanoan Band of Carmel Mission Indians</b>, Monrovia.</li> <li><b>Costanoan Ohlone Rumsen-Mutsen Tribe</b>, Watsonville.</li> <li><b>Costanoan-Rumsen Carmel Tribe</b>, Pomona/Chino Offices, from Carmel, Monterey Bay Area.</li> <li><b>Indian Canyon Mutsun Band of Costanoan, Mutsun Indians, Chalon</b>, South of Hollister, San Benito County, Only federally recognized "Indian Country" between Sonoma and Santa Barbara along central coastal California.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Indian Country", land held in trust recognizing Indian People<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Ohlone population in 1769: <br />Various expert opinions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Population</th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td>7,000</td> <td>Alfred Kroeber (1925)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000 or more</td> <td>Richard Levy (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-Levy,_1978:486_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy,_1978:486-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26,000 including Salinans<br />"Northern Mission Area"</td> <td>Sherburne Cook (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OhlonePopulation5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/OhlonePopulation5.png/300px-OhlonePopulation5.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/OhlonePopulation5.png/450px-OhlonePopulation5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/OhlonePopulation5.png/600px-OhlonePopulation5.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Ohlone/Costanoan population over time.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Published estimates of the pre-contact Ohlone population in 1769 range between 7,000<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 26,000 combined with Salinans.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians differ widely in their estimates, as they do with the entire <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Native_California" title="Population of Native California">population of Native California</a>. However, modern researchers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2014)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that American anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_L._Kroeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred L. Kroeber">Alfred L. Kroeber</a>'s projection of 7,000 Ohlone "Costanoans" was much too low. Later researchers such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_L._Levy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard L. Levy (page does not exist)">Richard Levy</a> estimated "10,000 or more" Ohlone.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy,_1978:486_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy,_1978:486-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest estimate comes from <a href="/wiki/Sherburne_F._Cook" title="Sherburne F. Cook">Sherburne F. Cook</a>, who in later life concluded there were 26,000 Ohlone and Salinans in the "Northern Mission Area". Per Cook, the "Northern Mission Area" means "the region inhabited by the Costanoans and Salinans between San Francisco Bay and the headwaters of the Salinas River. To this may be added for convenience the local area under the jurisdiction of the San Luis Obispo even though there is an infringement of the Chumash." In this model, the Ohlone people's territory was one half of the "Northern Mission Area". It was however known to be more densely populated than the southern Salinan territory, per Cook: "The Costanoan density was nearly 1.8 persons per square mile with the maximum in the Bay region. The Esselen was approximately 1.3, the Salinan must have been still lower." We can estimate that Cook meant about 18,200 Ohlone based on his own statements (70% of "Northern Mission Area"), plus or minus a few thousand margin for error, but he does not give an exact number.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ohlone population after contact in 1769 with the Spaniards spiralled downwards. Cook describes rapidly declining indigenous populations in California between 1769 and 1900, in his posthumously published book, <i>The Population of the California Indians, 1769–1970.</i> Cook states in part: "Not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident." The population had dropped to about 10% of its original numbers by 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population stabilized after 1900, and as of 2005 there were at least 1,400 on tribal membership rolls.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Ohlone languages</a></div> <p>The Ohlone language family is commonly called "Costanoan", sometimes "Ohlone". Ohlone is classified with Miwok under the label <a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a>. The controversial <a href="/wiki/Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> language phylum groups the Utian languages with other languages spoken in California, Oregon, and Washington. The most recent work suggests that Ohlone, Miwok, and Yokuts may all be sub-families within a single <a href="/wiki/Yok-Utian_languages" title="Yok-Utian languages">Yok-Utian</a> language family.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eight dialects or languages of Ohlone have been recorded: <a href="/wiki/Awaswas_language" title="Awaswas language">Awaswas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalon_language" title="Chalon language">Chalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_language" title="Chochenyo language">Chochenyo</a> (aka Chocheño), <a href="/wiki/Karkin_language" title="Karkin language">Karkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramaytush_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaytush language">Ramaytush</a>, Rumsen, and <a href="/wiki/Tamyen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen language">Tamyen</a>. Of these, Chochenyo, Mutsun, and Rumsen are seeing <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revival</a> by Ohlone tribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salvaging_records">Salvaging records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Salvaging records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chroniclers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chroniclers">chroniclers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnohistorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnohistorian">ethnohistorians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguist">linguists</a> of the Ohlone population began with: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_L._Kroeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred L. Kroeber">Alfred L. Kroeber</a> who researched the California natives and authored a few publications on the Ohlone from 1904 to 1910, and <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Hart_Merriam" title="Clinton Hart Merriam">C. Hart Merriam</a> who researched the Ohlone in detail from 1902 to 1929. This was followed by <a href="/wiki/John_Peabody_Harrington" title="John Peabody Harrington">John P. Harrington</a> who researched the Ohlone languages from 1921 to 1939, and other aspects of Ohlone culture, leaving volumes of field notes at his death. Other research was added by Robert Cartier, Madison S. Beeler, and <a href="/wiki/Sherburne_F._Cook" title="Sherburne F. Cook">Sherburne F. Cook</a>, to name a few. In many cases, the Ohlone names they used vary in spelling, translation and tribal boundaries, depending on the source. Each tried to <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicle</a> and interpret this complex society and language(s) before the pieces vanished.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was noticeable competition and some disagreement between the first scholars: Both Merriam and Harrington produced much in-depth Ohlone research in the shadow of the highly published Kroeber and competed in print with him. In the <i>Editor's Introduction</i> to <i>Merriam (1979)</i>, Robert F. Heizer (as the protege of Kroeber and also the curator of Merriam's work) states "both men disliked A. L. Kroeber." Harrington, independently working for the Smithsonian Institution cornered most of the Ohlone research as his own specialty, was "not willing to share his findings with Kroeber ... Kroeber and his students neglected the Chumash and Costanoans, but this was done because Harrington made it quite clear that he would resent Kroeber's 'muscling in.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent Ohlone historians who have published new research are Lauren Teixeira, Randall Milliken and Lowell J. Bean. They all note the availability of mission records which allows for continual research and understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Ohlone_people">Notable Ohlone people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notable Ohlone people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1777: Xigmacse, chief of the local Yelamu tribe at the time of the establishment of the Mission San Francisco, and thus the earliest known San Francisco leader.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1779: Baltazar, baptized from the Rumsen village of Ichxenta in 1775, he became the first Indian <i>alcalde</i> of Mission San Carlos in 1778. After his wife and child died, he fled to the Big Sur coast in 1780 to lead the first extensive Ohlone resistance to colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1791: Charquin, a chief of the Quiroste tribe, began leading an active resistance against the mission system soon after being baptized. After his capture in 1793, the Quirostes continued their resistance, ultimately launching the only direct attack on a Spanish mission in that December. Charquin escaped in 1795 and then was recaptured in 1796 and sent to the San Diego Presidio where he died two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1807: Hilarion and George (their baptismal names) were two Ohlone men from the village <a href="/wiki/Pacifica,_California" title="Pacifica, California">Pruristac</a> who served as <i>alcaldes</i> (mayors) of the Mission San Francisco in 1807. As such, they were at the beginning of a long line of <a href="/wiki/Mayors_of_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors of San Francisco">Mayors of San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1877: Lorenzo Asisara was a Mission Santa Cruz man who provided three surviving narratives about life at the mission, primarily from stories told to him by his own father.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1913: Barbara Solorsano, died 1913, Mutsun linguistic consultant to C. Hart Merriam 1902–04, from San Juan Bautista.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1930: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascencion_Solorsano_de_Cervantes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascencion Solorsano de Cervantes (page does not exist)">Ascencion Solorsano de Cervantes</a>, died 1930, renowned Mutsun doctor, principal linguistic and cultural informant to J. P. Harrington.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1934: Jose Guzman, died 1934, he was one of the principal Chochenyo linguistic and cultural consultants to J. P. Harrington.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Meadows" title="Isabel Meadows">Isabel Meadows</a>, died 1939, the last fluent speaker of Rumsen and a primary Rumsen consultant to J.P. Harrington.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006: Ralph Allan Espinoza, Director and founder of the only non-profit, Native American affiliated food bank in the U.S., "God Provides - Pomona Valley Food Bank" located in Pomona, California.</li> <li>2016: Ann Marie Sayers, Mustun Ohlone leader, tribal chair of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Canyon,_California" title="Indian Canyon, California">Indian Canyon, California</a>, the only federally recognized Indian country from Sonoma to Santa Barbara.</li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Guerrero" title="Tommy Guerrero">Tommy Guerrero</a>, San Francisco musician, composer, and professional skateboarder.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" 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ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2010_Census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010_Census_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf">"2010 Census CPH-T-6. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.census.gov&rft.atitle=2010+Census+CPH-T-6.+American+Indian+and+Alaska+Native+Tribes+in+the+United+States+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fcen2010%2Fcph-t%2Ft-6tables%2FTABLE%2520%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020_Census-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDDHCA2020.T01001?t=2954&g=040XX00US06&d=DEC%20Detailed%20Demographic%20and%20Housing%20Characteristics%20File%20A">"2020 Census Detailed Demographic and Housing Characteristics File A. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020"</a>. <i>www.census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.census.gov&rft.atitle=2020+Census+Detailed+Demographic+and+Housing+Characteristics+File+A.+American+Indian+and+Alaska+Native+Tribes+in+the+United+States+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%2FDECENNIALDDHCA2020.T01001%3Ft%3D2954%26g%3D040XX00US06%26d%3DDEC%2520Detailed%2520Demographic%2520and%2520Housing%2520Characteristics%2520File%2520A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callaghan 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/cst">Ohlone, Northern</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/css">Ohlone, Southern</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolin1978" class="citation book cs1">Margolin, Malcolm (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ohlonewayindianl00marg_0"><i>The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area</i></a>. Berkeley, California: Heyday Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0930588014" title="Special:BookSources/978-0930588014"><bdi>978-0930588014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ohlone+Way%3A+Indian+Life+in+the+San+Francisco-Monterey+Bay+Area&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=Heyday+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0930588014&rft.aulast=Margolin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fohlonewayindianl00marg_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2017" class="citation web cs1">Wolf, Jessica (August 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/revealing-the-history-of-genocide-against-californias-native-americans">"Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans"</a>. <i>UCLA Newsroom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Revealing+the+history+of+genocide+against+California%27s+Native+Americans&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.ucla.edu%2Fstories%2Frevealing-the-history-of-genocide-against-californias-native-americans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKAMALAKANTHAN2014" class="citation web cs1">KAMALAKANTHAN, PRASHANTH (November 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/11/ohlone-san-francisco-cultural-center/">"The Ohlone people were forced out of San Francisco. Now they want part of their land back"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=The+Ohlone+people+were+forced+out+of+San+Francisco.+Now+they+want+part+of+their+land+back&rft.date=2014-11-22&rft.aulast=KAMALAKANTHAN&rft.aufirst=PRASHANTH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2014%2F11%2Fohlone-san-francisco-cultural-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham,_R._G.1856" class="citation journal cs1">Latham, R. G. (1856). "On the Languages of Northern, Western and Central America". <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>: 82–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Languages+of+Northern%2C+Western+and+Central+America&rft.pages=82-84&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Latham%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam,_C._Hart1967" class="citation journal cs1">Merriam, C. Hart (1967). Robert F. Heizer (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucas068-003.pdf">"Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, III: Central California Indian Tribes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of California Archaeological Survey Reports</i>. <b>68</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Archaeological+Survey+Reports&rft.atitle=Ethnographic+Notes+on+California+Indian+Tribes%2C+III%3A+Central+California+Indian+Tribes&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Merriam%2C+C.+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu%2Fanthpubs%2Fucb%2Ftext%2Fucas068-003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolla2011" class="citation book cs1">Golla, Victor (2011). <i>California Indian Languages</i>. University of California Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520266674" title="Special:BookSources/9780520266674"><bdi>9780520266674</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppmrt">10.1525/j.ctt1ppmrt</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Indian+Languages&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctt1ppmrt%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780520266674&rft.aulast=Golla&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For habitation region, Kroeber, 1925:462. For population and village count, Levy, 1978:485; also cited by Teixeira, 1997:1. Names of villages, Milliken, 1995:231–261, Appendix 1, "Encyclopedia of Tribal Groups". Intermarriages, internecine conflict and tribal trade, Milliken, 1995:23–24. Basket-weaving, body ornamentation and trade, Teixeira, 1997:2–3; also Milliken, 1995:18. Seasonal dancing ceremonies, Milliken, 1995:24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Controlled burning as harvesting, Brown 1973:3,4,25; Levy 1978:491; Stanger, 1969:94; Bean and Lawton, 1973:11,30,39 (Lewis). Quotation, "A rough husbandry of the land", Brown 1973:4. Seafood, nuts and seeds, Levy 1978:491–492. Trapped small animals, Milliken, 1995:18. Food maintenance and natural resource management, Teixeira, 1997:2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All the animals, except waterfowl and quail, Teixeira, 1997:2. Waterfowl and quail, Levy 1978:291. Quotation from Crespi, Bean, 1994:15–16. Ducks in Chochenyo lore, Bean, 1994:106 & 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quotation from Crespi, "sea lion pavement" Teixeira, 1997:2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tule rush houses, redwood houses and sweat lodges, Teixeira, 1997:2. Redwood houses in Monterey, Kroeber, 1925:468. Tule boats, Kroeber, 1925:468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clothing and ornamentation, Teixeira, 1997:2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/50/">"Tribe: Costanoan (430 documented plant uses)"</a>. <i>naeb.brit.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naeb.brit.org&rft.atitle=Tribe%3A+Costanoan+%28430+documented+plant+uses%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaeb.brit.org%2Fuses%2Ftribes%2F50%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/51/">"Tribe: Costanoan (Olhonean) (6 documented plant uses)"</a>. <i>naeb.brit.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naeb.brit.org&rft.atitle=Tribe%3A+Costanoan+%28Olhonean%29+%286+documented+plant+uses%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaeb.brit.org%2Fuses%2Ftribes%2F51%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240–255, page 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScolari2005" class="citation journal cs1">Scolari, P. (2005). "Photographs Link Ohlone Past and Present". <i>News from Native California</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 20–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+from+Native+California&rft.atitle=Photographs+Link+Ohlone+Past+and+Present&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=20-21&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Scolari&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2003" class="citation journal cs1">Field, L.W. (2003). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"What it Must Have Been Like!": Critical Considerations of Pre-Contact Ohlone Cosmology as Interpreted through Central California Ethnohistory". <i>Wíčazo Ša Review</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 95–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwic.2003.0013">10.1353/wic.2003.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161232627">161232627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo+%C5%A0a+Review&rft.atitle=%22What+it+Must+Have+Been+Like%21%22%3A+Critical+Considerations+of+Pre-Contact+Ohlone+Cosmology+as+Interpreted+through+Central+California+Ethnohistory&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-126&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwic.2003.0013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161232627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=L.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bear Shamanism, Kroeber, 1925:472. Observation that Kuksu may have been learned at missions, Kroeber, 1925:470. Kuksu description and ceremony types, Kroeber, 1907b, online as <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/ric">The Religion of the Indians of California</a></i>; See also: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maidu.com/maidu/maiduculture/kuksu.html">The Kuksu Cult - paraphrased from Kroeber</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311094423/http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/ric">Archived</a> March 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroeber, 1925:445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Costo & Costo, 1987, develop the argument for forced conversion; Sandos, 2004, emphasizes conversion through the attractions of modern technology and music; Milliken, 1995:67, discusses first baptisms and conversions to Catholicism at Mission San Francisco; Bean, 1994:279–281 discusses first-generation conversions to Catholicism as incomplete and external.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2002_144–155-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2002_144–155_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2002_144–155_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, C.R. (2002). "Ohlone Medicinal Uses of Plants". <i>Gathering of Voices: The Native Peoples of the California Central Coast</i>: 144–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gathering+of+Voices%3A+The+Native+Peoples+of+the+California+Central+Coast&rft.atitle=Ohlone+Medicinal+Uses+of+Plants&rft.pages=144-155&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teixiera_1991-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teixiera_1991_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teixiera_1991_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeixiera1991" class="citation journal cs1">Teixiera, Lauren (1991). "Access to information on the Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay area: a descriptive guide to research". <i>Master's Thesis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Master%27s+Thesis&rft.atitle=Access+to+information+on+the+Costanoan%2FOhlone+Indians+of+the+San+Francisco+and+Monterey+Bay+area%3A+a+descriptive+guide+to+research.&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Teixiera&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayers_1994_350–355-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sayers_1994_350–355_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sayers_1994_350–355_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayers1994" class="citation book cs1">Sayers, Anne (1994). <i>In Breath So It Is in Spirit:The Story of Indian Canyon</i>. Ballena. pp. 350–355.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Breath+So+It+Is+in+Spirit%3AThe+Story+of+Indian+Canyon&rft.pages=350-355&rft.pub=Ballena&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ramirez, Louise (2003). "The Ohlone/Costanoan-Esselen Nation of Monterey, California: Dispossession, Federal Neglect, and the Bitter Irony of the Federal Acknowledgment Process". <i>Wíčazo Ša Review</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 47–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwic.2003.0015">10.1353/wic.2003.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153762399">153762399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo+%C5%A0a+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ohlone%2FCostanoan-Esselen+Nation+of+Monterey%2C+California%3A+Dispossession%2C+Federal+Neglect%2C+and+the+Bitter+Irony+of+the+Federal+Acknowledgment+Process&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=47-71&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwic.2003.0015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153762399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamirez2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ramirez, Louise (2003). "The Ohlone/Costanoan-Esselen Nation of Monterey, California:Dispossession, Federal Neglect, and the Bitter Irony of the Federal Acknowledgment Process". <i>Wíčazo Ša Review</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 41–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwic.2003.0015">10.1353/wic.2003.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153762399">153762399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo+%C5%A0a+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ohlone%2FCostanoan-Esselen+Nation+of+Monterey%2C+California%3ADispossession%2C+Federal+Neglect%2C+and+the+Bitter+Irony+of+the+Federal+Acknowledgment+Process&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41-77&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwic.2003.0015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153762399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tales-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tales_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tales_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coyote, Eagle, and Hummingbird tales, Kroeber, 1907a:199–202, <i>Costanoan Rumsien</i>, online as <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/scc">Indian Myths of South Central California</a></i>; also Kroeber, 1925:472–473. Chochenyo Kaknu tales, Bean (Harrington), 1994:106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimes_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilliter1985" class="citation news cs1">Billiter, Bill (January 1, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-01-me-10267-story.html">"3,000-Year-Old Connection Claimed : Siberia Tie to California Tribes Cited"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141128090656/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-01-01/local/me-10267_1_tribes">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Some of the California Indian tribes that are descended from Russian Siberians, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Sadovszky" title="Otto von Sadovszky">Von Sadovszky</a> said, are the Wintuan, of the Sacramento Valley, the Miwokan, of the area north of San Francisco, and the Costanoan, of the area south of San Francisco.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=3%2C000-Year-Old+Connection+Claimed+%3A+Siberia+Tie+to+California+Tribes+Cited&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft.aulast=Billiter&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-01-01-me-10267-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For origin, arrival and displacement based on "linguistic evidence" in 500 CE per Levy, 1978:486, also Bean, 1994:xxi (cites Levy 1978). For Shell Mound dating, F.M. Stanger 1968:4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F.M. Stanger 1968:4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeixeira1991" class="citation book cs1">Teixeira, Lauren (1991). <i>Access to information on the Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay area: a descriptive guide to research</i>. Masters Thesis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Access+to+information+on+the+Costanoan%2FOhlone+Indians+of+the+San+Francisco+and+Monterey+Bay+area%3A+a+descriptive+guide+to+research.&rft.pub=Masters+Thesis&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Teixeira&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Spanish missionaries and colonization, Teixeira, 1997:3; Fink, 1972:29–30. For Sebastian Vizcaíno documenting Ohlone in 1602, Levy:486 (mentions "Rumsien were the first"); Teixeira, 1997:15; also Fink, 1972:20–22. For Mission Chain leaders Serra and Portolà arrival by foot in Monterey in 1769, see Fink, 1972:29–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mission name list only; dates from Wikipedia related article. Milliken 1995:69–70 discusses neophytes, mentions "first neophyte marriages" in 1778. For list of ethnicity at each mission: Levy, 1976:486. For Mission San Francisco details: Cook, 1976b:27–28. For detailed tribal migration records: Milliken, 1995:231–261, Appendix I, "Encyclopedia of Tribal Groups".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For events of 1795–1796, Milliken, 1995:129–134 ("Mass Migration in Winter of 1794–95"). For runaways, Milliken, 1995:97 (cites Fages, 1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bean_1994-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bean_1994_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bean_1994_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBean1994" class="citation book cs1">Bean, John (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ohlonepastpresen00bean"><i>The Ohlone Past and Present: Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay Region</i></a></span>. Menlo Park: Bellena.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ohlone+Past+and+Present%3A+Native+Americans+of+the+San+Francisco+Bay+Region&rft.place=Menlo+Park&rft.pub=Bellena&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bean&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fohlonepastpresen00bean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For "heated debates" between church and state, Milliken, 1995:2n. For petition of 1782, Indians vs. settlers of San Jose, with quotations, see Milliken, 1995:72–73 (quoting Murguia and Pena [1782] 1955:400). For law of Spanish citizenship, and Franciscans held the land in trust for "10 years", see Beebe, 2001:71; Bean, 1994:243; and Fink, 1972:63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fink, 1972:64: "Land grants were scarce; In 1830 only 50 private ranches were held in Alta California, of which 7 were in the Monterey region." For number of land grants, see Cowan 1956:139–140. For Mission secularizarion to rancherias, Teixeira, 1997:3; Bean, 1994:234; Fink, 1972:63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teixeira, 1997:3–4, "Historical Overview".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakemore" class="citation web cs1">Blakemore, Erin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/californias-little-known-genocide">"California's Little-Known Genocide"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=California%27s+Little-Known+Genocide&rft.aulast=Blakemore&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fcalifornias-little-known-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For population estimates, Cook, 1976a:183, 236–245. For decline and displacement, Cook, 1976a, all of California; Cook, 1976b all of California; Milliken, 1995 San Francisco Bay Area in detail. For Helen Hunt Jackson's account, Jackson, 1883.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Rumsien revival and Isabella Meadows, see Hinton 2001:432. For Mutson and Chochenyo revival, see external links, language revival. See also Blevins 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartier" class="citation web cs1">Cartier, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417103612/http://www.santacruzpl.org/history/articles/248/">"Santa Cruz County History - Spanish Period & Earlier"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santacruzpl.org/history/articles/248/">the original</a> on April 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Santa+Cruz+County+History+-+Spanish+Period+%26+Earlier.&rft.aulast=Cartier&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santacruzpl.org%2Fhistory%2Farticles%2F248%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2003" class="citation book cs1">Field, Les (2003). <i>Unacknowledged Tribes, Dangerous Knowledge: The Muwekma Ohlone and How Indian Identities Are "Known"</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unacknowledged+Tribes%2C+Dangerous+Knowledge%3A+The+Muwekma+Ohlone+and+How+Indian+Identities+Are+%22Known%22.&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeizer1971" class="citation book cs1">Heizer, Robert (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/californiaindia00heiz"><i>The California Indians; a Source Book</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+California+Indians%3B+a+Source+Book&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Heizer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaliforniaindia00heiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidjojo2012" class="citation news cs1">Widjojo, Irma (June 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2012/06/17/controversial-glen-cove-waterfront-park-opens-to-protest/">"Controversial Glen Cove Waterfront Park opens to protest"</a>. Vallejo Times-Herald<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Controversial+Glen+Cove+Waterfront+Park+opens+to+protest&rft.date=2012-06-17&rft.aulast=Widjojo&rft.aufirst=Irma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesheraldonline.com%2F2012%2F06%2F17%2Fcontroversial-glen-cove-waterfront-park-opens-to-protest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverty2003" class="citation book cs1">Laverty, Phillip (2003). <i>The Ohlone/Costanoan-Esselen Nation of Monterey, California: Dispossession, Federal Neglect, and the Bitter Irony of the Federal Acknowledgment Process</i>. Wíčazo Ša Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ohlone%2FCostanoan-Esselen+Nation+of+Monterey%2C+California%3A+Dispossession%2C+Federal+Neglect%2C+and+the+Bitter+Irony+of+the+Federal+Acknowledgment+Process&rft.pub=W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo+%C5%A0a+Review&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Laverty&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt" class="citation news cs1">Hewitt, Christopher. "Ohlone Shellmound Buried Beneath the Emeryville Shopping Center". <i>Sevenponds</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sevenponds&rft.atitle=Ohlone+Shellmound+Buried+Beneath+the+Emeryville+Shopping+Center.&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2016/08/17/ohlone-burial-ground-disturbed-in-south-bay-solar-panel-project/">"Ohlone Burial Ground Possibly Disturbed by South Bay Solar Panel Project"</a>. August 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ohlone+Burial+Ground+Possibly+Disturbed+by+South+Bay+Solar+Panel+Project&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanfrancisco.cbslocal.com%2F2016%2F08%2F17%2Fohlone-burial-ground-disturbed-in-south-bay-solar-panel-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamien.org/cultural-resources">"Sacred & Cultural Landscapes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+%26+Cultural+Landscapes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamien.org%2Fcultural-resources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abc7news.com/indian-burial-ground-fremont-housing/2336282/">"EXCLUSIVE: Developer uncovers Ohlone Indian remains, I-Team investigates"</a>. August 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EXCLUSIVE%3A+Developer+uncovers+Ohlone+Indian+remains%2C+I-Team+investigates&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabc7news.com%2Findian-burial-ground-fremont-housing%2F2336282%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolin1978" class="citation book cs1">Margolin, Malcolm (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ohlonewayindianl00marg_0"><i>The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area</i></a></span>. Berkeley: Heyday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780930588014" title="Special:BookSources/9780930588014"><bdi>9780930588014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ohlone+Way%3A+Indian+Life+in+the+San+Francisco-Monterey+Bay+Area.&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Heyday&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780930588014&rft.aulast=Margolin&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fohlonewayindianl00marg_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebor2022" class="citation web cs1">Tebor, Celina (April 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2022/03/31/california-san-francisco-muwekma-ohlone-tribe/7226103001/">"The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe was declared 'extinct' in the 1920s. New DNA research says otherwise"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=The+Muwekma+Ohlone+Tribe+was+declared+%27extinct%27+in+the+1920s.+New+DNA+research+says+otherwise.&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft.aulast=Tebor&rft.aufirst=Celina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2022%2F03%2F31%2Fcalifornia-san-francisco-muwekma-ohlone-tribe%2F7226103001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField" class="citation book cs1">Field, Les. <i>"What Must It Have Been Like!": Critical Considerations of Precontact Ohlone Cosmology as Interpreted through Central California Ethnohistory</i>. Wíčazo Ša Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22What+Must+It+Have+Been+Like%21%22%3A+Critical+Considerations+of+Precontact+Ohlone+Cosmology+as+Interpreted+through+Central+California+Ethnohistory.&rft.pub=W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo+%C5%A0a+Review&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Field_2003-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Field_2003_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field_2003_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field_2003_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field_2003_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Field_2003_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2003" class="citation book cs1">Field, Les (2003). <i>What Must It Have Been Like!": Critical Considerations of Precontact Ohlone Cosmology as Interpreted through Central California Ethnohistory</i>. Wíčazo Ša Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Must+It+Have+Been+Like%21%22%3A+Critical+Considerations+of+Precontact+Ohlone+Cosmology+as+Interpreted+through+Central+California+Ethnohistory.&rft.pub=W%C3%AD%C4%8Dazo+%C5%A0a+Review&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould" class="citation web cs1">Gould, Corrina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipocshellmoundwalk.homestead.com/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Indian People Organizing for Change." Indian People Organizing for Change"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Indian+People+Organizing+for+Change.%22+Indian+People+Organizing+for+Change.&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Corrina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipocshellmoundwalk.homestead.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKost2017" class="citation news cs1">Kost, Ryan (November 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Indigenous-women-lead-effort-to-reclaim-ancestral-12384730.php">"Indigenous women lead effort to reclaim ancestral lands"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Indigenous+women+lead+effort+to+reclaim+ancestral+lands&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Kost&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfchronicle.com%2Fbayarea%2Farticle%2FIndigenous-women-lead-effort-to-reclaim-ancestral-12384730.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalmas2018" class="citation web cs1">Dalmas, Jeremy (April 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalw.org/post/native-americans-ask-east-bay-residents-pay-tax-land#stream/0">"Native Americans ask East Bay residents to pay 'tax' on land"</a>. <i>KALW Local Public Radio 91.7 San Francisco</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KALW+Local+Public+Radio+91.7+San+Francisco&rft.atitle=Native+Americans+ask+East+Bay+residents+to+pay+%27tax%27+on+land&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft.aulast=Dalmas&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalw.org%2Fpost%2Fnative-americans-ask-east-bay-residents-pay-tax-land%23stream%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teix-pg4-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teix-pg4_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teixeira, 1997:4, "The Term 'Costanoan/Ohlone'".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opinions and quotations, Teixeira 1997:4; Milliken, 1995:249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, 1978:485–486; Teixeira, 1997:37–38, "Linguistics"; and Milliken, 1995:24–26, "Linguistic Landscape". The latter two both cite Levy 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beeler, 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For language in general, see Forbes, 1968:184; also Milliken 2006 "Ethnohistory". For Father Pena letter, see Hylkema 1995:20; for close relationship among Chochenyo, Tamyen, and Ramaytush, see Callaghan 1997:44; location indicated on a map by Kroeber 1925:465</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heizer 1974:3; Milliken 1995:xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milliken, 1995:231–261 Appendix 1, "Encyclopedia of Tribal Groups".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2022" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Patricia Leigh (December 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/11/arts/design/hearst-museum-ohlone-cafe-repatriate-medina.html">"Indigenous Founders of a Museum Cafe Put Repatriation on the Menu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Founders+of+a+Museum+Cafe+Put+Repatriation+on+the+Menu&rft.date=2022-12-11&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F11%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fhearst-museum-ohlone-cafe-repatriate-medina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://500nations.com/tribes/Tribes_Petitions.asp">500 Nations Web Site - Petitions for Federal Recognition</a>; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011025205646/http://fourdir.com/costanoans.htm">Costanoans by Four Directions Institute</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> quoting Sunderland, Larry, <i>Native American Historical Data Base (NAHDB)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muwekma-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muwekma_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509075105/http://www.muwekma.org/news/index.html">"The Muwekma Ohlone - News"</a>. <i>www.muwekma.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muwekma.org/news/index.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.muwekma.org&rft.atitle=The+Muwekma+Ohlone+-+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muwekma.org%2Fnews%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSue_Dremann2011" class="citation news cs1">Sue Dremann (December 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/show_story.php?id=8259">"Local Native American tribe seeks identity: Muwekma Ohlone lose federal court battle over official recognition of tribe"</a>. <i>PleasantonWeekly.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PleasantonWeekly.com&rft.atitle=Local+Native+American+tribe+seeks+identity%3A+Muwekma+Ohlone+lose+federal+court+battle+over+official+recognition+of+tribe&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft.au=Sue+Dremann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pleasantonweekly.com%2Fnews%2Fshow_story.php%3Fid%3D8259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amah-Mutsun Tribe Website; Leventhal and all, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esselennation.com/OCENToday.html">Ohlone/Costanoan Esselen Nation Today</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208132719/http://www.esselennation.com/OCENToday.html">Archived</a> 2006-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. File retrieved November 30, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiancanyonlife.org/">"Indian Canyon -- Honor the Past to Shape the Future"</a>. <i>indiancanyonlife.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiancanyonlife.org&rft.atitle=Indian+Canyon+--+Honor+the+Past+to+Shape+the+Future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiancanyonlife.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021105528/https://www.water.ca.gov/LegacyFiles/tribal/docs/maps/CaliforniaIndianTribalHomelands24x30_20110719.pdf">"California Indian Tribal Homelands and Trust Land Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.water.ca.gov/LegacyFiles/tribal/docs/maps/CaliforniaIndianTribalHomelands24x30_20110719.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Indian+Tribal+Homelands+and+Trust+Land+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.water.ca.gov%2FLegacyFiles%2Ftribal%2Fdocs%2Fmaps%2FCaliforniaIndianTribalHomelands24x30_20110719.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroeber, 1925:464. Kroeber says he was generalizing each "dialect group" had 1,000 people each in this model, and he only counted seven dialects. By his own methodology, his estimate should be 8,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (April 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy,_1978:486-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy,_1978:486_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy,_1978:486_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, 1978:486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook 1976b:42–43. In his earlier articles, Cook had estimated 10,000–11,000 (see 1976a:183, 236–245) but later retracted it as too low.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For pre-contact population estimate, population infobox sources; For post-contact population estimates, Cook, 1976a:105, 183, 236–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kroeber, 1925:464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook 1976b:42-43. Note the number of 26,000 includes Salinans</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For definition of 'Northern Mission area", Cook, 1976b:20. For density of populations, Cook, 1976a:187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For quotation, see Cook, 1976b:200. For population in 1848, see Cook, 1976a:105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For tribal membership rolls, Muwekma Ohlone Tribe homepage, 397 members; Amah-Mutsun Band homepage, over 500 members; and Ohlone/Costanoan—Esselen Nation homepage, approximately 500 members.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Utian and Penutian classification: Levy, 1978:485–486 (citing Kroeber), Callaghan 1997, Golla 2007. Yok-Utian as a taxonomic category: Callaghan 1997, 2001; Golla 2007:76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians and research years, Teixeira, 1997, biographical articles; notably page 34: "John Peabody Harrington". Variances in data and interpretation can be noted in main published references Kroeber, Merriam, Harrington, Cook.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quotation "both men disliked Kroeber" said by Heizer, in "Editor's Intro" of Merriam (1979). Quotes Harrington's "cornering research" and "Harrington ... would resent Kroeber's 'muscling in'" said by Heizer 1975, in Bean:xxiii–xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See books by Teixeira, Milliken and Bean.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cultures.com/features/Muwekma/history_04s.html">"The Muwekma Ohlone"</a>. <i>cultures.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cultures.com&rft.atitle=The+Muwekma+Ohlone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultures.com%2Ffeatures%2FMuwekma%2Fhistory_04s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milliken 1987:28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milliken, 1995:115-120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milliken, 1995:206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castillo in Yamane 2002:51–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teixeira, 1997:33, 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bean, 1994:133, 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bean, 1994:101–107; Teixeira, 1997:35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinton 2001:430 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nq5dzUTSiBsC&pg=PA430">[1]</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bean, Lowell John, ed. 1994. <i>The Ohlone: Past and Present Native Americans of the San Francisco Bay Region.</i> Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press Publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87919-129-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87919-129-5">0-87919-129-5</a>. Includes Leventhal et al., <i>Ohlone Back from Extinction</i>.</li> <li>Bean, Lowell John and Lawton, Harry. 1976. "Some Explanations for the Rise of Cultural Complexity in Native California with Comments on Proto-Agriculture and Agriculture". in <i>Native Californians: A Theoretical Retrospective</i>.</li> <li>Beebe, Rose Marie. 2001. <i>Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535–1846.</i> Heyday Books, Berkeley, co-published with University of Santa Clara. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890771-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-890771-48-1">1-890771-48-1</a>.</li> <li>Beeler, Madison S. 1961. "Northern Costanoan". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, 27: 191–197.</li> <li>Blevins, Juliette, and Monica Arellano. 2004. "Chochenyo Language Revitalization: A First Report". Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, January 2004, in Oakland, California.</li> <li>Blevins, Juliette, and Victor Golla. 2005. "A New Mission Indian Manuscript from the San Francisco Bay Area". <i>Boletin: The Journal of the California Mission Studies Association</i>, 22: 33–61.</li> <li>Brown, Alan K. 1974. <i>Indians of San Mateo County</i>, in <i>La Peninsula:Journal of the San Mateo County Historical Association</i>, Vol. XVII No. 4, Winter 1973–1974.</li> <li>Brown, Alan K. 1975. <i>Place Names of San Mateo County</i>, San Mateo County Historical Association.</li> <li>Callaghan, Catherine A. 1997. "Evidence for Yok-Utian". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, 63: 18–64.</li> <li>Callaghan, Catherine A. 2001. "More Evidence for Yok-Utian: A Reanalysis of the Dixon and Kroeber Sets". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>, 67: 313–345.</li> <li>Cartier, Robert, <i>et al.</i> 1991. <i>An Overview of Ohlone Culture.</i> Cupertino, California: De Anza College. Reprinted from a 1991 report titled "Ethnographic Background" as prepared with Laurie Crane, Cynthia Janes, Jon Reddington, and Allika Ruby, ed.</li> <li>Cook, Sherburne F. 1976a. <i>The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization.</i> Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03143-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03143-1">0-520-03143-1</a>. Originally printed in <i>Ibero-Americana</i>, 1940–1943.</li> <li>Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. <i>The Population of the California Indians, 1769–1970.</i> Berkeley, California: University of California Press, June 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02923-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02923-2">0-520-02923-2</a>.</li> <li>Costo, Rupert and <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Henry_Costo" title="Jeannette Henry Costo">Jeannette Henry Costo</a>. 1987. <i>The Missions of California: A Legacy of Genocide.</i> San Francisco: Indian Historian Press.</li> <li>Cowan, Robert G. 1956. <i>Ranchos of California: a list of Spanish concessions, 1775–1822, and Mexican grants, 1822–1846</i>. Fresno, California: Academy Library Guild.</li> <li>Fink, Augusta. 1972. <i>Monterey, The Presence of the Past.</i> San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-877010720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-877010720-4">978-877010720-4</a></li> <li>Forbes, Jack. 1968. <i>Native Americans of California and Nevada</i>. Naturegraph Publishers, Berkeley.</li> <li>Golla, Victor. 2007. "Linguistic Prehistory" in <i>California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity</i>, pp. 71–82. Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, editors. New York: Altamira Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0872-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0872-1">978-0-7591-0872-1</a>.</li> <li>Heizer, Robert F. 1974. <i>The Costanoan Indians</i>. California History Center Local History Studies Volume 18. Cupertino, California: De Anza College.</li> <li>Hinton, Leanne. 2001. <i>The Ohlone Languages</i>, in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nq5dzUTSiBsC&pg=PA425">The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice</a></i>, pp. 425–432. Emerald Group Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-349354-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-349354-4">0-12-349354-4</a>.</li> <li>Hughes, Richard E. and Randall Milliken. 2007. "Prehistoric Material Conveyance". In <i>California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity</i> Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, eds. pp. 259–272. New York and London: Altamira Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0872-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0872-1">978-0-7591-0872-1</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, Helen Hunt. 1883. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportonconditi00jackgoog">Report on the Condition and Needs of the Mission Indians of California</a>.</i> Washington, D.C.: Govt. Printing Office. LCC 02021288</li> <li>Hylkema, Mark. 1995. <i>Archaeological Investigations at the Third Location of Mission Santa Clara De Assis: The Murguia Mission 1781–1818</i>. California Department of Transportation Report for site CA-SCL-30/H.</li> <li>Kroeber, Alfred L. 1907a, "Indian Myths of South Central California". <i>University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology</i> 4:167-250. Berkeley. On-line at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/scc">Sacred Texts Online</a>.</li> <li>Kroeber, Alfred L. 1907b, "The Religion of the Indians of California". <i>University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology</i> 4:6. Berkeley, sections titled "Shamanism", "Public Ceremonies", "Ceremonial Structures and Paraphernalia", and "Mythology and Beliefs"; available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/ric">Sacred Texts Online</a></li> <li>Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. <i>Handbook of the Indians of California</i>. Washington, D.C.: <i>Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin</i> No. 78.</li> <li>Levy, Richard. 1978. "Costanoan" in <i>Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8 (California)</i>, pp. 485–495. William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-004578-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-004578-9">0-16-004578-9</a>/0160045754.</li> <li>Merriam, Clinton Hart. 1979. <i>Indian Names for Plants and Animals among Californian and other Western North American Tribes.</i> Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press Publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87919-085-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87919-085-X">0-87919-085-X</a></li> <li>Milliken, Randall. 1987. <i>Ethnohistory of the Rumsen</i>. Papers in Northern California Anthropology No. 2. Salinas, California: Coyote Press.</li> <li>Milliken, Randall. 1995. <i>A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910.</i> Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press Publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87919-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87919-132-5">0-87919-132-5</a> (alk. paper)</li> <li>Milliken, Randall. 2008. <i>Native Americans at Mission San Jose.</i> Banning, California: Malki-Ballena Press Publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87919-147-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87919-147-4">978-0-87919-147-4</a> (alk. paper)</li> <li>Milliken, Randall, Richard T. Fitzgerald, Mark G. Hylkema, Randy Groza, Tom Origer, David G. Bieling, Alan Leventhal, Randy S. Wiberg, Andrew Gottsfield, Donna Gillete, Viviana Bellifemine, Eric Strother, Robert Cartier, and David A. Fredrickson. 2007. "Punctuated Culture Change in the San Francisco Bay Area". <i>California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity</i> Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar, eds. pp. 99–124. New York and London: Altamira Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0872-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0872-1">978-0-7591-0872-1</a>.</li> <li>Moratto, Michael, ed. 1984. <i>California Archaeology</i>. New York: Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-506180-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-506180-3">0-12-506180-3</a></li> <li>Sandos, James A. 2004. <i>Converting California: Indians and Franciscans in the Missions</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10100-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10100-7">0-300-10100-7</a></li> <li>Stanger, Frank M., ed. 1968. <i>La Peninsula</i> Vol. XIV No. 4, March 1968.</li> <li>Stanger, Frank M. and Alan K. Brown. 1969. <i>Who Discovered the Golden Gate?: The Explorers' Own Accounts.</i> San Mateo County Historical Association.</li> <li>Teixeira, Lauren. 1997. <i>The Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area, A Research Guide.</i> Menlo Park, California: Ballena Press Publication. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87919-141-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87919-141-4">0-87919-141-4</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kroeber, Alfred L. (ed.). 1925. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bulletin781925smit#page/462/mode/2up">The Costanoans</a></i>. Chapter 31. pp. 462–473 in <i>Handbook of Indians of California</i>. Also available as: Washington, D.C.: <i>Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78</i>, 1925.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ohlone" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ohlone">Ohlone</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Tribal websites</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.costanoanrumsen.org/about.html">Costanoan Rumsen Carmel Tribe Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813232939/http://www.costanoanrumsen.org/about.html">Archived</a> August 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icimedia.com/costanoan/index.html">Amah-Mutsun Tribe Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohlonecostanoanesselennation.org">Ohlone Costanoan Esselen Nation Tribal Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiancanyon.org/">Costanoan-Ohlone Indian Canyon Resource</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309031636/http://www.indiancanyon.org/">Archived</a> 2017-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muwekma.org/index.html">Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Website</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/costanoan/costanoanindiantribe.html">Costanoan Indian Tribe</a>, Access Genealogy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120803141737/http://www.islaiscreek.org/ohlonehistorybackground.html">Overview of Yelamu Ohlone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060709220747/http://www.spn.usace.army.mil/archaeology/rockremoval/4.0historicbkrd.htm">Historic Background</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pleasantonweekly.com/news/show_story.php?id=8259">Muwekma Ohlone lose federal court battle over official recognition of tribe</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/california-ohlone-offer-welcome-support-lakota-child-rescue-080158219.html">"California Ohlone Offer Welcome and Support to Lakota and Child Rescue Project at Historic Meeting"</a>. <i>Yahoo! News</i>. July 23, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=California+Ohlone+Offer+Welcome+and+Support+to+Lakota+and+Child+Rescue+Project+at+Historic+Meeting&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fcalifornia-ohlone-offer-welcome-support-lakota-child-rescue-080158219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOhlone" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ohlone" title="Template:Ohlone"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ohlone" title="Template talk:Ohlone"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ohlone" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ohlone"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ohlone_(Costanoan)_Indigenous_people_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ohlone</a> (Costanoan) <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of California">Indigenous people of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffcc;;width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Awaswas people">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumsen_people" title="Rumsen people">Rumsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutsun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutsun people">Mutsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush" title="Ramaytush">Ramaytush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamien_people" title="Tamien people">Tamyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verona_Band_of_Alameda_County" title="Verona Band of Alameda County">Verona Band of Alameda County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelamu" title="Yelamu">Yelamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohlone_villages" title="List of Ohlone villages">List of tribes and villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffcc;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_traditional_narratives" title="Ohlone traditional narratives">Traditional narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunting and gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffcc;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_languages" title="Ohlone languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas_language" title="Awaswas language">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_language" title="Chalon language">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_language" title="Chochenyo language">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_language" title="Karkin language">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutsun_language" title="Mutsun language">Mutsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush_dialect" title="Ramaytush dialect">Ramaytush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumsen_language" title="Rumsen language">Rumsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamien_language" title="Tamien language">Tamyen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=California&#124;link=California_Indigenous_peoples_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#deb887;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=California&#124;link=California_Indigenous_peoples_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomawi" title="Achomawi">Achomawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acjachemen" title="Acjachemen">Acjachemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwahnechee" title="Ahwahnechee">Ahwahnechee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi" title="Atsugewi">Atsugewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok" title="Bay Miwok">Bay Miwok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saklan_tribe" title="Saklan tribe">Saklan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_people" title="Chimariko people">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok" title="Coast Miwok">Coast Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_River_Athapaskan_peoples" title="Eel River Athapaskan peoples">Eel River Athapaskans</a> (Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen" title="Esselen">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa" title="Hupa">Hupa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chilula" title="Chilula">Chilula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whilkut" title="Whilkut">Whilkut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk" title="Karuk">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahto" title="Cahto">Cahto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu" title="Kawaiisu">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizh" title="Kizh">Kizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a> (Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok" title="Lake Miwok">Lake Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattole" title="Mattole">Mattole</a> (Bear River)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechoopda" title="Mechoopda">Mechoopda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a> (Klamath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_people" title="Mono people">Mono</a> (Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan" title="Nisenan">Nisenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki" title="Nomlaki">Nomlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kucadikadi" title="Kucadikadi">Kucadikadi</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ohlone</a> <ul><li>Costanoan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush" title="Ramaytush">Ramaytush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a> (Yuma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_people" title="Shasta people">Shasta</a> (Konomihu, Okwanuchu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a> (Fernandeño)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha" title="Timbisha">Timbisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa" title="Tolowa">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a> (Gabrieliño)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal" title="Tübatulabal">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_and_Sierra_Miwok" title="Plains and Sierra Miwok">Plains and Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanyume" title="Vanyume">Vanyume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu" title="Wintu">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiyot" title="Wiyot">Wiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukchumni" title="Wukchumni">Wukchumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_people" title="Yana people">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki_people" title="Yuki people">Yuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598406#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598406#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1044515/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85033230">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165949721">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb165949721">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567980505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&oldid=1252553622">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohlone&oldid=1252553622</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ohlone" title="Category:Ohlone">Ohlone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mission_Indians" title="Category:Mission Indians">Mission 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