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Martin</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="1"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-R6PoUb IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb dk90Ob hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/public-outreach" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/public-outreach" data-type="1" data-level="1">Public Outreach</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="1"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-R6PoUb IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb dk90Ob hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/publications" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/publications" data-type="1" data-level="1">Publications</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="1"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-R6PoUb IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><div class="j10yRb" role="presentation" title="Expand/Collapse" jsaction="click:Ptdedd" jsname="ix0Hvc"><svg class="dvmRw FWGjId" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" jsname="HIH2V" focusable="false"><g transform="translate(9.7,12) rotate(45)"><path class="K4B8Y" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g><g transform="translate(14.3,12) rotate(-45)"><path class="MrYMx" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g></svg></div><a class="aJHbb dk90Ob hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" aria-expanded="true" aria-haspopup="true" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research" data-type="1" data-level="1">Research</a></div></div><div class="oGuwee jymhMd Mkt3Tc" style="" jsname="QXE97" jsaction="transitionend:SJBdh" role="group"><ul class="VcS63b"><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/barber-research-observatory" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/barber-research-observatory" data-type="1" data-level="2">Barber Research Observatory</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><div class="j10yRb" role="presentation" title="Expand/Collapse" jsaction="click:Ptdedd" jsname="ix0Hvc"><svg class="dvmRw" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" jsname="HIH2V" focusable="false"><g transform="translate(9.7,12) rotate(45)"><path class="K4B8Y" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g><g transform="translate(14.3,12) rotate(-45)"><path class="MrYMx" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g></svg></div><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae" data-type="1" data-level="2">Eta Carinae</a></div></div><div class="oGuwee Mkt3Tc" style="display:none;" jsname="QXE97" jsaction="transitionend:SJBdh" role="group"><ul class="VcS63b"><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/a-map-of-the-4680-emission-around-the-central-star" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/a-map-of-the-4680-emission-around-the-central-star" data-type="1" data-level="3">A map of the 4680 emission around the central star.</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/improving-the-effective-spatial-resolution-of-the-hst-stis" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/improving-the-effective-spatial-resolution-of-the-hst-stis" data-type="1" data-level="3">Improving the Effective Spatial Resolution of the HST STIS</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/index-of-dataset-names" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/index-of-dataset-names" data-type="1" data-level="3">Index of Dataset Names</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/list-of-overexposed-spectra" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/list-of-overexposed-spectra" data-type="1" data-level="3">List of Overexposed Spectra</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/list-of-rows-at-slit-center" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/list-of-rows-at-slit-center" data-type="1" data-level="3">List of Rows at Slit Center</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/measuring-changes-in-brightness-of-the-inner-part-of-the-eta-carinae-nebula" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/measuring-changes-in-brightness-of-the-inner-part-of-the-eta-carinae-nebula" data-type="1" data-level="3">Measuring changes in brightness of the inner part of the Eta Carinae Nebula</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/problems-with-the-stis-ccd-err-array" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/problems-with-the-stis-ccd-err-array" data-type="1" data-level="3">Problems with the STIS CCD ERR Array</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/revision-history-for-eta-car-database" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/revision-history-for-eta-car-database" data-type="1" data-level="3">Revision History For Eta Car Database</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/sequencing-of-stis-observations" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/eta-carinae/sequencing-of-stis-observations" data-type="1" data-level="3">Sequencing of STIS Observations</a></div></div></li></ul></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf lhZOrc" aria-current="true"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" aria-selected="true" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/abundance-analysis-and-kinematics-of-high-galactic-latitude-b-stars" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/abundance-analysis-and-kinematics-of-high-galactic-latitude-b-stars" data-type="1" data-level="2">High Galactic Latitude B Stars</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/robotic-telescopes" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/robotic-telescopes" data-type="1" data-level="2">Robotic Telescopes</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><div class="j10yRb" role="presentation" title="Expand/Collapse" jsaction="click:Ptdedd" jsname="ix0Hvc"><svg class="dvmRw" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" jsname="HIH2V" focusable="false"><g transform="translate(9.7,12) rotate(45)"><path class="K4B8Y" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g><g transform="translate(14.3,12) rotate(-45)"><path class="MrYMx" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g></svg></div><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics" data-type="1" data-level="2">RR Lyrae Kinematics</a></div></div><div class="oGuwee Mkt3Tc" style="display:none;" jsname="QXE97" jsaction="transitionend:SJBdh" role="group"><ul class="VcS63b"><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/how-to-compute-a-star-s-space-velocity" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/how-to-compute-a-star-s-space-velocity" data-type="1" data-level="3">How to compute a star's space velocity</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/the-structure-of-the-milky-way-galaxy" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/the-structure-of-the-milky-way-galaxy" data-type="1" data-level="3">The Structure of the Milky Way Galaxy</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-are-kinematics" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-are-kinematics" data-type="1" data-level="3">What are "kinematics?"</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-is-an-rr-lyrae" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-is-an-rr-lyrae" data-type="1" data-level="3">What Is An RR Lyrae</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-we-learn-from-a-star-s-metal-content" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/rr-lyrae-kinematics/what-we-learn-from-a-star-s-metal-content" data-type="1" data-level="3">What we learn from a star's metal content</a></div></div></li></ul></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/supernova-impostors" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/supernova-impostors" data-type="1" data-level="2">Supernova Impostors</a></div></div></li><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="2"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-ibL1re IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); click:vHQTA(QwLHlb);"><div class="j10yRb" role="presentation" title="Expand/Collapse" jsaction="click:Ptdedd" jsname="ix0Hvc"><svg class="dvmRw" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" jsname="HIH2V" focusable="false"><g transform="translate(9.7,12) rotate(45)"><path class="K4B8Y" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g><g transform="translate(14.3,12) rotate(-45)"><path class="MrYMx" d="M-4.2 0 L4.2 0" stroke-width="2"/></g></svg></div><a class="aJHbb hDrhEe HlqNPb" jsname="QwLHlb" role="link" tabindex="0" data-navtype="1" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" href="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota" data-url="/a/uis.edu/john-c-martin-s-homepage/research/10-refracting-telescope-the-university-of-minnesota" data-type="1" data-level="2">University of Minnesota 10" Refracting Telescope</a></div></div><div class="oGuwee Mkt3Tc" style="display:none;" jsname="QXE97" jsaction="transitionend:SJBdh" role="group"><ul class="VcS63b"><li jsname="ibnC6b" data-nav-level="3"><div class="PsKE7e r8s4j-c5RTEf IKA38e baH5ib oNsfjf"><div class="I35ICb" jsaction="keydown:mPuKz(QwLHlb); 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click:KjsqPd; focusout:QZoaZ; mouseover:y0pDld; mouseout:dq0hvd;fv1Rjc:jbFSOd;CrfLRd:SzACGe;" class="CjVfdc"><div class="PPhIP rviiZ" jsname="haAclf"><div role="presentation" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od LRAOtb Znu9nd M9Bg4d" jscontroller="mxS5xe" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;" jsshadow aria-describedby="h.p_ID_32_l" aria-label="Copy heading link" aria-disabled="false" data-tooltip="Copy heading link" aria-hidden="true" data-tooltip-position="top" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><a class="FKF6mc TpQm9d" href="#h.p_ID_32" aria-label="Copy heading link" jsname="hiK3ld" role="button" aria-describedby="h.p_ID_32_l"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -11px"><svg class="OUGEr QdAdhf" width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg></span></span></a></div></div>The Origins and Evolutionary Status of B Stars Found Far From The Galactic Plane</div></h1><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="text-align: center;"><em>by</em></p><div id="h.p_ID_36" class="GV3q8e aP9Z7e"></div><h3 id="h.p_ID_36_l" dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q OmQG5e" style="text-align: center;" tabindex="-1"><div jscontroller="Ae65rd" jsaction="touchstart:UrsOsc; click:KjsqPd; focusout:QZoaZ; mouseover:y0pDld; mouseout:dq0hvd;fv1Rjc:jbFSOd;CrfLRd:SzACGe;" class="CjVfdc"><div class="PPhIP rviiZ" jsname="haAclf"><div role="presentation" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od LRAOtb Znu9nd M9Bg4d" jscontroller="mxS5xe" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;" jsshadow aria-describedby="h.p_ID_36_l" aria-label="Copy heading link" aria-disabled="false" data-tooltip="Copy heading link" aria-hidden="true" data-tooltip-position="top" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><a class="FKF6mc TpQm9d" href="#h.p_ID_36" aria-label="Copy heading link" jsname="hiK3ld" role="button" aria-describedby="h.p_ID_36_l"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -11px"><svg class="OUGEr QdAdhf" width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg></span></span></a></div></div>John C. Martin</div></h3><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="text-align: center;">Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy</p><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="text-align: center;">At the <span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwru.edu%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2j8IooWuiiVKJHmxHELaGL" target="_blank">Case Western Reserve Univesity</a></span>, <span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fburro.cwru.edu%2Fdept%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0gthd3ZHHTgsqXZcElF5XV" target="_blank">Warner & Swasey Observatory</a></span></p><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="text-align: center;">On April 24th, 2003</p><div id="h.p_ID_44" class="GV3q8e aP9Z7e"></div><h3 id="h.p_ID_44_l" dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q OmQG5e" style="text-align: center;" tabindex="-1"><div jscontroller="Ae65rd" jsaction="touchstart:UrsOsc; click:KjsqPd; focusout:QZoaZ; mouseover:y0pDld; mouseout:dq0hvd;fv1Rjc:jbFSOd;CrfLRd:SzACGe;" class="CjVfdc"><div class="PPhIP rviiZ" jsname="haAclf"><div role="presentation" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od LRAOtb Znu9nd M9Bg4d" jscontroller="mxS5xe" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;" jsshadow aria-describedby="h.p_ID_44_l" aria-label="Copy heading link" aria-disabled="false" data-tooltip="Copy heading link" aria-hidden="true" data-tooltip-position="top" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><a class="FKF6mc TpQm9d" href="#h.p_ID_44" aria-label="Copy heading link" jsname="hiK3ld" role="button" aria-describedby="h.p_ID_44_l"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -11px"><svg class="OUGEr QdAdhf" width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg></span></span></a></div></div>Dissertation Adviser: Dr. R. Earle Luck</div></h3><div id="h.p_ID_46" class="CobnVe aP9Z7e"></div><h2 id="h.p_ID_46_l" dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q JYVBee" tabindex="-1"><div jscontroller="Ae65rd" jsaction="touchstart:UrsOsc; click:KjsqPd; focusout:QZoaZ; mouseover:y0pDld; mouseout:dq0hvd;fv1Rjc:jbFSOd;CrfLRd:SzACGe;" class="CjVfdc"><div class="PPhIP rviiZ" jsname="haAclf"><div role="presentation" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od LRAOtb Znu9nd M9Bg4d" jscontroller="mxS5xe" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;" jsshadow aria-describedby="h.p_ID_46_l" aria-label="Copy heading link" aria-disabled="false" data-tooltip="Copy heading link" aria-hidden="true" data-tooltip-position="top" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><a class="FKF6mc TpQm9d" href="#h.p_ID_46" aria-label="Copy heading link" jsname="hiK3ld" role="button" aria-describedby="h.p_ID_46_l"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -11px"><svg class="OUGEr QdAdhf" width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg></span></span></a></div></div>Associated Papers</div></h2><ol class="n8H08c BKnRcf" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2006AJ....131.3047M%2Fabstract&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2J-d02Vq4fAC8CovWT344b" target="_blank">"The Origins and Evolutionary Status of B Stars Found Far From the Galactic Plane II: Stellar Kinematics and Final Analysis"</a></span></p><ol class="n8H08c BKnRcf" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="list-style-type: none;"><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">John C. Martin, 2006, AJ, 131, 2006</p></li></ul></li></ol></li></ol><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="list-style-type: none;"><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2006AJ....131.3047M%2Fabstract&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw2J-d02Vq4fAC8CovWT344b" target="_blank">ADS Entry</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2Fastro-ph%2F0603238&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3Ul8dbdsFrcURRifpb4AdZ" target="_blank">Here is a copy at the astro/ph preprint server</a></span></p></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="list-style-type: none;"><ol class="n8H08c BKnRcf" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">"The Origins and Evolutionary Status of B Stars Found Far From the Galactic Plane I: Composition and Spectral Features"</p><ol class="n8H08c BKnRcf" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="list-style-type: none;"><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">John C. Martin, 2004, AJ, 128, 2474</p></li></ul></li></ol></li></ol></li></ul><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="list-style-type: none;"><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="list-style-type: none;"><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 45pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-bib_query%3Fbibcode%3D2004AJ....128.2474M%26db_key%3DAST&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw3CA-BBB49RK2nYKCjyKFhW" target="_blank">ADS Entry</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 45pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2Fastro-ph%2F0408207&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw23GFvZgJ3AIJNm02NR5IPR" target="_blank">Here is a copy at the astro/ph preprint server</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 45pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2FAJ%2Fjournal%2Fissues%2Fv128n5%2F204139%2F204139.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0YclMVCcvpO-Qzqp59veTj" target="_blank">Paper @ AJ online (subscription required)</a></span></p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="list-style-type: none;"><ol class="n8H08c BKnRcf" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;" start="2"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">"The Masses Of The B-Stars In The High Galactic Latitude Eclipsing Binary IT Lib"</p><ol class="n8H08c BKnRcf" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="list-style-type: none;"><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">John C. Martin, 2003, PASP, 115, 49</p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2FPASP%2Fjournal%2Fissues%2Fv115n803%2F203009%2Fbrief%2F203009.abstract.html&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1J9Kd7eSxvlGHOmtCcPy2P" target="_blank">Here it is</a></span> at the PASP web site.</p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fxxx.lanl.gov%2Fabs%2Fastro-ph%2F0210607&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw1b4p-o8O6C1fwLAPEUp2v7" target="_blank">Pre-print</a></span> available on the LANL preprint server.</p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-bib_query%3Fbibcode%3D2003PASP..115...49M%26db_key%3DAST%26high%3D3faac8a18801453&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AOvVaw0Fa2C14B7us8cMI9FDXepv" target="_blank">Here</a></span> is the ADS entry.</p></li></ul></li></ol></li></ol></li></ul><div id="h.p_ID_76" class="CobnVe aP9Z7e"></div><h2 id="h.p_ID_76_l" dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q JYVBee" tabindex="-1"><div jscontroller="Ae65rd" jsaction="touchstart:UrsOsc; click:KjsqPd; focusout:QZoaZ; mouseover:y0pDld; mouseout:dq0hvd;fv1Rjc:jbFSOd;CrfLRd:SzACGe;" class="CjVfdc"><div class="PPhIP rviiZ" jsname="haAclf"><div role="presentation" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od LRAOtb Znu9nd M9Bg4d" jscontroller="mxS5xe" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;" jsshadow aria-describedby="h.p_ID_76_l" aria-label="Copy heading link" aria-disabled="false" data-tooltip="Copy heading link" aria-hidden="true" data-tooltip-position="top" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><a class="FKF6mc TpQm9d" href="#h.p_ID_76" aria-label="Copy heading link" jsname="hiK3ld" role="button" aria-describedby="h.p_ID_76_l"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -11px"><svg class="OUGEr QdAdhf" width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg></span></span></a></div></div>Executive Summary</div></h2><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">Since the discovery of faint blue stars at high galactic latitudes, which spectroscopically appear to be similar to Population I B stars, a debate has raged about their origin and characteristics. Their faint apparent magnitudes have been interpreted to place many of them several kiloparsecs above the galactic plane in the halo. Some have been thought to be too far from the galactic plane and moving too slowly to be young B stars which were ejected from the star forming regions of the disk. A sample of these stars, taken from the Hipparcos catalog, was observed at high spectroscopic dispersion (R=60000), analyzed for chemical composition, traced back in time along their trajectory in the galactic potential using their full computed space velocities (determined from radial velocity and proper motions), and investigated for other oddities including infrared flux excesses. </p><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">The results and conclusions drawn from this comprehensive survey include:</p><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="list-style-type: none;"><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">There are no massive Pop I stars in this sample that could have formed in situ in the galactic halo. Additionally there is no need to invoke this scenario as an explanation for B stars found far from the galactic plane since massive Population I runaway stars, BHB stars, and PAGB stars are able to account for all high galactic latitude B stars.</p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">There is remarkable consensus between this study and others that about 30% of the apparently “normal” B stars found far from the galactic plane are old low mass evolved stars. The remaining fraction (70%) are high mass Population I B stars which have been ejected from the disk.</p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">Combined, relative abundance analysis and analysis of full space velocities in a galactic potential model are very effective tools for determining the natures and origins of high galactic latitude B stars.</p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">Infrared excesses, which are normally associated with older evolved stars, are a relatively reliable way to quickly identify the most likely low mass evolved star candidates. The final release of the 2MASS data makes this tool more widely available for B stars with V magnitudes as faint as 13 or 14. Down the road, the data from SIRTF might be mined for this purpose as well.</p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">A majority of high galactic B stars with vsin(i) less than 50 km/s are older evolved stars. In fact, the proportion of stars with small projected rotational velocities is significantly smaller among runaway Pop I B Stars than for B stars in the field of the galactic disk. The reason for this is uncertain. The most likely explanation is that the ejection mechanism(s) which produce runaways somehow discriminate against slowly rotating B stars. </p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">Even though conventional wisdom dictates that all evolved stars should be slow rotators, there are PAGB stars which rotate much more rapidly than horizontal branch stars. Since almost nothing is known about the rotational properties of PAGB stars a survey is need to determine how many and what types of PAGB stars are rapid rotators. Better understanding of PAGB star rotation could lead to better understanding of the late stages of stellar evolution and the formation of planetary nebula.</p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">Since most runaways are observed near the apex of their trajectory and the distance of that point from the galactic plane correlates with ejection velocity, the volume occupied by a sample of runaway B stars has a strong influence on the distribution of ejection velocities observed in that sample . Future work with the aim of examining the distribution of ejection velocities for runaway stars should be designed to avoid the inherent biases that are present in a sample limited by volume. </p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">Runaway B stars ejected from the disk cannot presently be used to constrain the galactic potential in any meaningful way. There is too much uncertainty in the main sequence lifetimes and only the flight times of the stars closest to the galactic plane are sensitive to changes in the potential.</p></li></ul></li></ul><div id="h.p_ID_98" class="CobnVe aP9Z7e"></div><h2 id="h.p_ID_98_l" dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q JYVBee" tabindex="-1"><div jscontroller="Ae65rd" jsaction="touchstart:UrsOsc; click:KjsqPd; focusout:QZoaZ; mouseover:y0pDld; mouseout:dq0hvd;fv1Rjc:jbFSOd;CrfLRd:SzACGe;" class="CjVfdc"><div class="PPhIP rviiZ" jsname="haAclf"><div role="presentation" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od LRAOtb Znu9nd M9Bg4d" jscontroller="mxS5xe" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;" jsshadow aria-describedby="h.p_ID_98_l" aria-label="Copy heading link" aria-disabled="false" data-tooltip="Copy heading link" aria-hidden="true" data-tooltip-position="top" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><a class="FKF6mc TpQm9d" href="#h.p_ID_98" aria-label="Copy heading link" jsname="hiK3ld" role="button" aria-describedby="h.p_ID_98_l"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -11px"><svg class="OUGEr QdAdhf" width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg></span></span></a></div></div>The Dissertation</div></h2><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">This dissertation is being made available by the author (who holds non-exclusive rights to this document) to anyone who wishes to use it for educational or research purposes as long as proper citations and footnotes are made crediting the author. This document may not be reproduced or distributed for profit under penalty of US copyright law. </p><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">Copies of this dissertation can be found in the collections of the Case Western Reserve University Library (Cleveland, OH), the Library of the United States Naval Observatory (Washington, DC), and the UMI Dissertation Archives.</p><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">I <span style="font-family: 'Lato';"><strong>strongly</strong></span> suggest that you use the papers above as reference for scientific material and conclusions since they have been through peer review. I am providing PDFs of the chapters themselves only for the supplementary material and explanation which some people may find useful.</p><div id="h.p_ID_106" class="GV3q8e aP9Z7e"></div><h3 id="h.p_ID_106_l" dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q OmQG5e" tabindex="-1"><div jscontroller="Ae65rd" jsaction="touchstart:UrsOsc; click:KjsqPd; focusout:QZoaZ; mouseover:y0pDld; mouseout:dq0hvd;fv1Rjc:jbFSOd;CrfLRd:SzACGe;" class="CjVfdc"><div class="PPhIP rviiZ" jsname="haAclf"><div role="presentation" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od LRAOtb Znu9nd M9Bg4d" jscontroller="mxS5xe" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;" jsshadow aria-describedby="h.p_ID_106_l" aria-label="Copy heading link" aria-disabled="false" data-tooltip="Copy heading link" aria-hidden="true" data-tooltip-position="top" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><a class="FKF6mc TpQm9d" href="#h.p_ID_106" aria-label="Copy heading link" jsname="hiK3ld" role="button" aria-describedby="h.p_ID_106_l"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -11px"><svg class="OUGEr QdAdhf" width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg></span></span></a></div></div>Contents:</div></h3><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzX2JtckdDRVpYaDA/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Front matter</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzTnQwTVQ1QXZPZm8/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Table of Contents</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzNDFPYmhtb282VFE/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Chapter 1: Introduction</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzTTRrbnd5ZlhFc3M/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Chapter 2: The Sample & Observations</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzeElnRXlSWFpaTTA/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Chapter 3: Stellar Atmospheric Parameters</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzRkx4M1Iyb2ZJYlU/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Chapter 4: Abundance Analysis Tools</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzaXRjMW15TF8zSnM/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Chapter 5: Photospheric Elemental Abundances</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzTFQ5enA5enNuVzA/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Chapter 6: Stellar Kinematics</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzbUoyUkw0dEgyQlE/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Chapter 7: Data From Other Methods</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzSTJDOTFHaHg3MEU/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Chapter 8: Final Results and Conclusions</a></span></p></li><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 15pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;"><span class=" aw5Odc" style="text-decoration: underline;"><a class="XqQF9c" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzVgDCz7IZtzUjA1WTFwZEYtZmc/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank">Bibliography</a></span></p></li></ul><div id="h.p_ID_130" class="GV3q8e aP9Z7e"></div><h3 id="h.p_ID_130_l" dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q OmQG5e" tabindex="-1"><div jscontroller="Ae65rd" jsaction="touchstart:UrsOsc; click:KjsqPd; focusout:QZoaZ; mouseover:y0pDld; mouseout:dq0hvd;fv1Rjc:jbFSOd;CrfLRd:SzACGe;" class="CjVfdc"><div class="PPhIP rviiZ" jsname="haAclf"><div role="presentation" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od LRAOtb Znu9nd M9Bg4d" jscontroller="mxS5xe" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;" jsshadow aria-describedby="h.p_ID_130_l" aria-label="Copy heading link" aria-disabled="false" data-tooltip="Copy heading link" aria-hidden="true" data-tooltip-position="top" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><a class="FKF6mc TpQm9d" href="#h.p_ID_130" aria-label="Copy heading link" jsname="hiK3ld" role="button" aria-describedby="h.p_ID_130_l"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -11px"><svg class="OUGEr QdAdhf" width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg></span></span></a></div></div>Errata!</div></h3><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">This is a list of known errata in my diseration. They have not been corrected in the PDF files above or the archived copies.</p><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="list-style-type: none;"><ul class="n8H08c UVNKR" style="list-style-type: square; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding: 0;"><li dir="ltr" class="TYR86d zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 30pt;"><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q" style="margin-left: 0; padding-left: 0; text-align: left; text-indent: 0;">The oscillator strengths listed in the tables of atomic data in Chapter 5 are give as the <em>natural log (base e)</em> rather than the base 10 logarithm. This was corrected in the paper published for that data in the AJ.</p></li></ul></li></ul><div id="h.p_ID_136" class="GV3q8e aP9Z7e"></div><h3 id="h.p_ID_136_l" dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q OmQG5e" tabindex="-1"><div jscontroller="Ae65rd" jsaction="touchstart:UrsOsc; click:KjsqPd; focusout:QZoaZ; mouseover:y0pDld; mouseout:dq0hvd;fv1Rjc:jbFSOd;CrfLRd:SzACGe;" class="CjVfdc"><div class="PPhIP rviiZ" jsname="haAclf"><div role="presentation" class="U26fgb mUbCce fKz7Od LRAOtb Znu9nd M9Bg4d" jscontroller="mxS5xe" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;" jsshadow aria-describedby="h.p_ID_136_l" aria-label="Copy heading link" aria-disabled="false" data-tooltip="Copy heading link" aria-hidden="true" data-tooltip-position="top" data-tooltip-vertical-offset="12" data-tooltip-horizontal-offset="0"><a class="FKF6mc TpQm9d" href="#h.p_ID_136" aria-label="Copy heading link" jsname="hiK3ld" role="button" aria-describedby="h.p_ID_136_l"><div class="VTBa7b MbhUzd" jsname="ksKsZd"></div><span jsslot class="xjKiLb"><span class="Ce1Y1c" style="top: -11px"><svg class="OUGEr QdAdhf" width="22px" height="22px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" focusable="false"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg></span></span></a></div></div>Citing this Work</div></h3><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">This represents a lot of hard work on my part. If you use my dissertation itself, please cite it. I'd suggest:</p><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">Martin, J.C. 2003, PhD Thesis, Case Western Reserve University</p><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">Or in LaTeX:</p><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">\bibitem[Martin(2003)]{2003PhDT.........4M} Martin, J.~C.\ 2003, Ph.D.~Thesis, Case Western Reserve University</p><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q">Or you can cite one of the resulting peer-review publications (at top of the page).</p><p dir="ltr" class="CDt4Ke zfr3Q"><em>Last Updated 9 March 2006</em></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div><div class="Xpil1b xgQ6eb"></div><div jscontroller="j1RDQb" jsaction="rcuQ6b:rcuQ6b;MxH79b:JdcaS;FaOgy:XuHpsb;" class="dZA9kd ynRLnc" data-last-updated-at-time="1622217903965" data-is-preview="false"><div role="button" class="U26fgb JRtysb WzwrXb I12f0b K2mXPb zXBiaf ynRLnc" jscontroller="iSvg6e" jsaction="click:cOuCgd; mousedown:UX7yZ; mouseup:lbsD7e; mouseenter:tfO1Yc; mouseleave:JywGue; focus:AHmuwe; blur:O22p3e; contextmenu:mg9Pef;touchstart:p6p2H; 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