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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Kalamkari</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="قلم كاري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلم كاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Քալամքարի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քալամքարի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80" title="কলমকাৰী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কলমকাৰী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Каламкар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каламкар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamkari" title="Kalamkari – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kalamkari" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قلمکاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلمکاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamkari" title="Kalamkari – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kalamkari" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Ղալամքարի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղալամքարի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="कलमकारी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कलमकारी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಲಾಂಕಾರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲಾಂಕಾರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="കലംകാരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കലംകാരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Калямкари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калямкари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قلم کاری – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قلم کاری" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கலம்காரி கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலம்காரி கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="కలంకారీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కలంకారీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="กลัมการี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลัมการี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="قلم کاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قلم کاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17146207#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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#b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kalamkari#Article_name_issue" title="Talk:Kalamkari">talk page</a>. 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kalamkari%22">"Kalamkari"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kalamkari%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kalamkari%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kalamkari%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kalamkari%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kalamkari%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalamkari_painting_of_Lord_Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0b/Kalamkari_painting_of_Lord_Vishnu.jpg/288px-Kalamkari_painting_of_Lord_Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0b/Kalamkari_painting_of_Lord_Vishnu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><i>Kalamkari</i> painting of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Lord Vishnu</a> lying on the serpent <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Ananta</a>, displayed at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kalamkari</b> is an ancient textile printing art that finds its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian state">Indian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. The ancient textile printing art form is believed to have evolved about 3000 years ago in Andhra Pradesh. Kalamkari gained popularity in the south of India during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>. <i>Kalam</i> implies 'pen' and <i>Kari</i> means 'art', a name given by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> when they discovered the art during their reign over the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan region</a>. Only <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dyes</a> are used in <i>Kalamkari</i>, which involves twenty-three steps.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two main styles of Kalamkari. The block printed that is practised in the town of <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a> and the hand painted style that is largely practised in the town of <a href="/wiki/Srikalahasti" title="Srikalahasti">Srikalahasti</a>, both located in Andhra Pradesh. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasti_Kalamkari" title="Srikalahasti Kalamkari">Srikalahasti style of Kalamkari</a>, where the "<i>kalam</i>" or pen is used for freehand drawing of the subject and filling in the colours, is entirely hand worked. It is produced in <a href="/wiki/Srikalahasti" title="Srikalahasti">Srikalahasti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati district</a> of Andhra Pradesh. This style flourished in temples centred on creating unique religious identities, appearing on scrolls, temple hangings, <a href="/wiki/Temple_car" title="Temple car">chariot</a> banners as well as depictions of <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> and scenes taken from the Hindu epics (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Purana</a>). The style owes its present status to <a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a> who popularised the art as the first chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Handicrafts_Board" title="All India Handicrafts Board">All India Handicrafts Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pedana_Kalamkari" title="Pedana Kalamkari">Machilipatnam style of Kalamkari</a> or Pedana Kalamkari work involves vegetable <a href="/wiki/Dyed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyed">dyed</a> block-painting of a <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is produced at the town of <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krishna_district" title="Krishna district">Krishna district</a> of Andhra Pradesh. It was registered as one of the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">geographical indication</a> from Andhra Pradesh under <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a> goods by <i>Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-GI_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, Kalamkari used to be termed as <i><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Pattachitra</a></i>, an art form still found in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and other parts of India and Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<i>Pattachitra</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: पट्टचित्र) translates to "patta", meaning "cloth", with "chitra" meaning "picture".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paintings made on fabric and fabric scrolls are mentioned in ancient <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Southern India was under <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">medieval Islamic rule</a>, the term Kalamkari was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> words <i>kalam</i>, which means "pen", and <i>kari</i>, which means "craftsmanship". This term became popular under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Golconda sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIOS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dashavatara_de_kalamkari,_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dashavatara_de_kalamkari%2C_British_Museum.jpg/197px-Dashavatara_de_kalamkari%2C_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dashavatara_de_kalamkari%2C_British_Museum.jpg/296px-Dashavatara_de_kalamkari%2C_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Dashavatara_de_kalamkari%2C_British_Museum.jpg/394px-Dashavatara_de_kalamkari%2C_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="2707" /></a><figcaption>Kalamkari textile depicting <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Lord Vishnu's</a> dashavtaras as well as <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Śiva</a> lingam, at <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kalamkari is an ancient textile printing art form that evolved about 3000 years ago in the state of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of a resist dyed piece of cloth on a silver vase at the ancient site of <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> confirms that the tradition of Kalamkari is very ancient. Kalamkari style of architecture originated in <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">machilipatnam</a>. Musicians and painters, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Chitrakar" title="Chitrakar">chitrakars</a></i>, moved from village to tell the village dwellers the stories of Hindu mythology. They illustrated their accounts using large bolts of canvas painted on the spot with simple means and dyes extracted from plants. Similarly, the ones found in Hindu temples are large panels of Kalamkari depicting the episodes of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, similar to Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a> paintings. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalamkari_Rumal_MET_Rumal_MMA_1928.159.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kalamkari_Rumal_MET_Rumal_MMA_1928.159.2.jpg/207px-Kalamkari_Rumal_MET_Rumal_MMA_1928.159.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kalamkari_Rumal_MET_Rumal_MMA_1928.159.2.jpg/311px-Kalamkari_Rumal_MET_Rumal_MMA_1928.159.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kalamkari_Rumal_MET_Rumal_MMA_1928.159.2.jpg/414px-Kalamkari_Rumal_MET_Rumal_MMA_1928.159.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption><i>Kalamkari Rumal</i> at <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure><p>The Mughals who patronised this craft in the Coromandel and Golconda province called the practitioners of this craft "Qualamkars", from which the term "Kalamkari" evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pedana_Kalamkari" title="Pedana Kalamkari">Pedana Kalamkari</a> craft made in <a href="/wiki/Pedana" title="Pedana">Pedana</a> nearby <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krishna_district" title="Krishna district">Krishna district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, evolved under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golkonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda">Golconda sultanate</a>. Owing to the said patronage, this school was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian art</a> under <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-NIOS_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Srikalahasti Kalamkari</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Srikalahasti_Kalamkari" title="Srikalahasti Kalamkari">Srikalahasti Kalamkari</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalamkari_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kalamkari_painting.jpg/220px-Kalamkari_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kalamkari_painting.jpg/330px-Kalamkari_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kalamkari_painting.jpg/440px-Kalamkari_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Kalamkari artisan painting in <a href="/wiki/Srikalahasti" title="Srikalahasti">Srikalahasti</a> style. </figcaption></figure> <p>The Kalahasti style is produced in <a href="/wiki/Srikalahasti" title="Srikalahasti">Srikalahasti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tirupati_district" title="Tirupati district">Tirupati district</a>. A "<i>kalam</i>" or pen is used for freehand drawing of the subject and filling in the colours and is entirely hand worked. This style flourished in temples centred on creating unique religious identities, appearing on scrolls, temple hangings, <a href="/wiki/Temple_car" title="Temple car">chariot</a> banners as well as depictions of <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deities</a> and scenes taken from the Hindu epics. As a result it has a distinct religious identity and thrives on mythological themes. The attractive blend of colours on the fabrics usually portrays characters from the Indian mythology, with the divinity figures of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> as the main source of inspiration. The Kalahasti artists generally depict on the cloth the deities, scenes from the epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and other mythological classics mainly producing scrolls, temple backcloths, wall hangings, chariot banners and the like. </p><p>In ancient times, the common man learned of gods and goddesses, and of their mythical character from these paintings. Groups of singers, musicians and painters, called chitrakattis, moved from village to village narrating the great stories of the Hindu mythology. Progressively, during the course of history, they illustrated their accounts using large bolts of canvas painted on the spot with rudimentary means and dyes extracted from plants. Thus, it is believed, was born the first Kalamkari.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was registered as one of the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">geographical indication</a> from Andhra Pradesh, under <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicraft</a> goods by <i>Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999</i>. </p><p><b>Machilipatnam</b> <b>Kalamkari</b> <b>(Pedana Kalamkari)</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pedana_Kalamkari" title="Pedana Kalamkari">Pedana Kalamkari</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalamkar-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kalamkar-03.jpg/213px-Kalamkar-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kalamkar-03.jpg/320px-Kalamkar-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Kalamkar-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Block used for <a href="/wiki/Pedana_Kalamkari" title="Pedana Kalamkari">Machilipatnam</a> style.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pedana" title="Pedana">Pedana</a> is a small town just 13 km from <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a>. The Machilipatnam paintings, on the other hand are Persian in character because of the patronage and proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Golconda" title="Sultanate of Golconda">Golconda Sultanate</a>. Hence they were forbidden to use religious motifs of Hinduism. The traditional block prints in this art largely use <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persian</a> motifs like interlacing pattern of leaves and flowers , the cartwheel, different forms of the lotus flower, creepers, birds like parrots and peacock, and other intricate leaf designs. One very popular subject with them is the tree of life. Their chief production is in the field of table and bed linen, curtain lengths, dress material, scarves, file and bag covers, cushion covers and wall hangings. With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> conquered the region in 1687, a new style emerged in Machilipatnam work which represented personal portraits of the emperors along with panels depicting sagas of their rule and daily life, and the richness of their courts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_forms">Middle forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the term was also used to refer to the making of any cotton fabric patterned through the medium of vegetable dyes by free-hand and block-printing, produced in many regions of India. In places where the fabric is block printed, the <i>kalam</i> (pen) is used to draw finer details and for application of some colours.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first step in creating Kalamkari is steeping it in <a href="/wiki/Astringent" title="Astringent">astringents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">buffalo</a> milk and then drying it under the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-MetMuseum_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetMuseum-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the red, black, brown, and violet portions of the designs are outlined with a mordant and cloth are then placed in a bath of <a href="/wiki/Alizarin" title="Alizarin">alizarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MetMuseum_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetMuseum-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next step is to cover the cloth, except for the parts to be dyed blue, in wax, and immerse the cloth in indigo dye. The wax is then scraped off and the remaining areas are painted by hand,<sup id="cite_ref-MetMuseum_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetMuseum-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to Indonesian <i><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a></i>. </p><p>To create design contours, artists use a <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a> <a href="/wiki/Branch" title="Branch">stick</a> pointed at one end with a bundle of fine hair attached to this pointed end to serve as the brush or pen.<sup id="cite_ref-IndianHeritage_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndianHeritage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pen is soaked in a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">jaggery</a> and water; one by one these are applied, then the vegetable dyes are added. </p><p>In Iran, the fabric is printed using patterned wooden stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colour_fixing">Colour fixing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colour fixing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyes for the cloth are obtained by extracting colours from various roots, leaves, and mineral salts of iron, tin, copper, and <a href="/wiki/Alum" title="Alum">alum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IndianHeritage_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndianHeritage-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various effects are obtained by using <a href="/wiki/Cow_dung" title="Cow dung">cow dung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a>, plants and crushed flowers to obtain <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dye</a>. Along with buffalo milk, <a href="/wiki/Myrobalan" title="Myrobalan">myrobalan</a> is used in <i>kalamkari</i>. Myrobalan is also used to remove the odd smell of buffalo milk. The fixing agents available in the myrobalan can easily fix the dye or colour of the <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> while treating the fabric. Alum is used in making natural dyes and also while treating the fabric. Alum ensures the stability of the colour in Kalamkari fabric. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kalamkari specifically depicts epics such as the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. However, there are recent applications of the Kalamkari technique to depict Buddha and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> art forms.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent times, many aesthetically good figures such as musical instruments, small animals, flowers, Buddha and few Hindu symbols, like <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> are also introduced to Kalamkari<i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_day">Modern day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary kalamkari techniques show various departures from the past. In Masulipatnam, mordant is now uniformly printed with a block. Indigo dyeing has been given up and the application of the wax resist by kalam has also disappeared. The mordant for outlining in black remains unchanged, but iron acetate has replaced indigo for dyeing the larger areas black, despite its known corrosive qualities. Yellow dyes are made from dried flowers called aldekai (Telugu) or kadukai (Tamil) of the myrobalam, Terminalia chebula.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nowadays, in India, silk, mulmul, cotton, and synthetic saris are also sold with Kalamkari print. Printing is a much easier task than traditional Kalamkari work. Kalamkari <a href="/wiki/Dupatta" title="Dupatta">dupattas</a> and blouse pieces are popular among Indian women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palampore" title="Palampore">Palampore</a> – bedcovers and wall hangings made using the kalamkari technique</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utsavpedia.com/motifs-embroideries/kalamkari-art/">"Kalamkari: An Ancient Style of Hand Painting"</a>. <i>Utsavpedia</i> (Circular reference). 12 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Barnes, Ruth (ed.). <i>Textiles in Indian Ocean Societies</i>. Routledge. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/113443040X" title="Special:BookSources/113443040X"><bdi>113443040X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Far-flung+fabrics+%E2%80%93+Indian+textiles+in+ancient+maritime+trade&rft.btitle=Textiles+in+Indian+Ocean+Societies&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=113443040X&rft.au=Ray%2C+Himanshu+Prabha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevare,_Hema2009" class="citation book cs1">Devare, Hema (2009). "Cultural implications of the Chola maritime fabric trade with Southeast Asia". In Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (eds.). <i>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia</i>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9812309372" title="Special:BookSources/978-9812309372"><bdi>978-9812309372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+implications+of+the+Chola+maritime+fabric+trade+with+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=Nagapattinam+to+Suvarnadwipa%3A+Reflections+on+the+Chola+Naval+Expeditions+to+Southeast+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9812309372&rft.au=Devare%2C+Hema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIOS-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIOS_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIOS_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Indian Painting". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nios.ac.in/media/documents/SecICHCour/English/CH.11.pdf"><i>Indian Culture and Heritage</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Delhi: National Institute of Open Schooling. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Painting&rft.btitle=Indian+Culture+and+Heritage&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Open+Schooling&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnios.ac.in%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2FSecICHCour%2FEnglish%2FCH.11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chitrolekha.com/V5/n2/08_Kalamkari.pdf">"Kalamkari, the Art of Painting with Natural Dyes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chitrolekha+International+Magazine+on+Art+and+Design&rft.atitle=Kalamkari%2C+the+Art+of+Painting+with+Natural+Dyes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chitrolekha.com%2FV5%2Fn2%2F08_Kalamkari.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatnagar" class="citation web cs1">Bhatnagar, Parul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/65619463?access_key=key-1i4e4emilphei76vaxgl">"Kalamkari"</a>. <i>Traditional Indian Costumes and Textiles</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Traditional+Indian+Costumes+and+Textiles&rft.atitle=Kalamkari&rft.aulast=Bhatnagar&rft.aufirst=Parul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Ffullscreen%2F65619463%3Faccess_key%3Dkey-1i4e4emilphei76vaxgl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starofmysore.com/kalamkari-sarees-and-their-evolution/">"Kalamkari Sarees and Their Evolution"</a>. <i>Star of Mysore</i>. 17 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+of+Mysore&rft.atitle=Kalamkari+Sarees+and+Their+Evolution&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstarofmysore.com%2Fkalamkari-sarees-and-their-evolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetMuseum-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MetMuseum_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetMuseum_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MetMuseum_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSardar,_Marika2003" class="citation web cs1">Sardar, Marika (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/intx/hd_intx.htm">"Indian Textiles: Trade and Production"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Indian+Textiles%3A+Trade+and+Production&rft.date=2003-10&rft.au=Sardar%2C+Marika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fintx%2Fhd_intx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IndianHeritage-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IndianHeritage_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IndianHeritage_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indian-heritage.org/painting/kalamkri.html">"Paintings: Kalamkari Paintings"</a>. <i>Indian Heritage</i>. April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Heritage&rft.atitle=Paintings%3A+Kalamkari+Paintings&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indian-heritage.org%2Fpainting%2Fkalamkri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeld,_Colbert_C.2006" class="citation book cs1">Held, Colbert C. (2006). <i>Middle East patterns: places, peoples, and politics</i>. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4170-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-4170-1"><bdi>0-8133-4170-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+patterns%3A+places%2C+peoples%2C+and+politics&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8133-4170-1&rft.au=Held%2C+Colbert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaidu2015" class="citation news cs1">Naidu, T. Appala (20 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/p-varun-kumar-comes-up-with-a-buddha-series-in-kalamkari/article7444368.ece">"Techie's Twist to Kalamkari"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Techie%27s+Twist+to+Kalamkari&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.aulast=Naidu&rft.aufirst=T.+Appala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fp-varun-kumar-comes-up-with-a-buddha-series-in-kalamkari%2Farticle7444368.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKossak,_Steven1997" class="citation book cs1">Kossak, Steven (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74"><i>Indian court painting, 16th-19th century</i></a>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870997831" title="Special:BookSources/0870997831"><bdi>0870997831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+court+painting%2C+16th-19th+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0870997831&rft.au=Kossak%2C+Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F12335%2Frec%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKalamkari" class="Z3988"></span> (see index: p. 148–152)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kalamkari</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Leheria">Leheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">Mordant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye_printing" title="Reactive dye printing">Reactive dye printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">Resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_dyeing" title="Ring dyeing">Ring dyeing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibori" title="Shibori">Shibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/100px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/150px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/200px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dye" title="Acid dye">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye" title="Reactive dye">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_dye" title="Solvent dye">Solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_dye" title="Substantive dye">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dye" title="Sulfur dye">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">Disperse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_printing" title="Discharge printing">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional textile dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cochineal" title="Armenian cochineal">Armenian cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanguinaria" title="Sanguinaria">Bloodroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilin" title="Brazilin">Brazilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Dye" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcein" title="Orcein">Cudbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechu" title="Catechu">Cutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyewoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclura_tinctoria" title="Maclura tinctoria">Fustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genista_tinctoria" title="Genista tinctoria">Dyer's broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haematoxylum_campechianum" title="Haematoxylum campechianum">Logwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">Madder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric#Dye" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reseda_(plant)" title="Reseda (plant)">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">Woad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_use_of_saffron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade and use of saffron">Use of saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dyes_of_the_Scottish_Highlands" title="Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands">Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Craft dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dylon" title="Dylon">Dylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi_(company)" title="Lumi (company)">Inkodye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procion" title="Procion">Procion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rit_(dye)" title="Rit (dye)">Rit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Glossary of dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">List of dyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&oldid=1253180891">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalamkari&oldid=1253180891</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textile_arts_of_India" title="Category:Textile arts 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