CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ba" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Күпер — Википедия</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )bawikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","ғинуар","февраль","март","апрель","май","июнь","июль","август","сентябрь","октябрь","ноябрь","декабрь"],"wgRequestId":"9de6cf6b-45eb-4d85-a127-2d2dd0c546fc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Күпер","wgTitle":"Күпер","wgCurRevisionId":1279588,"wgRevisionId":1279588,"wgArticleId":6745,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Википедия:Сығанаҡтарға һылтанмалары булмаған мәҡәләләр","Күперҙәр тураһында тамамланмаған мәҡәләләр","Ҡалыптар:Эске һылтанмалар","Ҡалыптар:Ҡалыптар өсөн","Күперҙәр"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ba","wgPageContentLanguage":"ba","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName" :"Күпер","wgRelevantArticleId":6745,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ba","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ba"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12280","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.0"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.editZeroSection", "ext.gadget.directLinkToCommons","ext.gadget.sidebarRelated","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ba&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ba&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ba&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Afek231.jpg/1200px-Afek231.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Afek231.jpg/800px-Afek231.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Afek231.jpg/640px-Afek231.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Күпер — Википедия"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ba.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Үҙгәртергә" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Википедия (ba)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ba.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ba"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Википедия — Atom каналы" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D2%BA%D1%83%D2%A3%D2%93%D1%8B_%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Күпер rootpage-Күпер skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Эстәлеккә күсергә</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Төп меню" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Төп меню</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Төп меню</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Навигация </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Баш биткә күсергә [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Баш бит</span></a></li><li id="n-index" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81"><span>Алфавитлы күрһәткес</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D2%A1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ағымдағы ваҡиғалар тураһында белешмә мәғлүмәт"><span>Ағымдағы ваҡиғалар</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-articles" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-articles" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Мәҡәләләр </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-featured" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Һайланған</span></a></li><li id="n-good" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%AF%D2%A1%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Яҡшы</span></a></li><li id="n-quality" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Сифатлы</span></a></li><li id="n-1000" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:1000_%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99"><span>1 000 мотлаҡ</span></a></li><li id="n-10000" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0"><span>10 000 әһәмиәтле</span></a></li><li id="n-Башҡортнамә" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%88_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Башҡортнамә</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%AF%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Яңы биттәр</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Осраҡлы һайланған битте ҡарарға [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Осраҡлы мәҡәлә</span></a></li><li id="n-URL-ҡыҫҡартыу" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UrlShortener"><span>URL ҡыҫҡартыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-participation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-participation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ҡатнашыу </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99" title="Проект буйынса нимә эшләй алыуығыҙ һәм ҡайҙа нимә барлығы тураһында белешмә"><span>Берләшмә</span></a></li><li id="n-forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9"><span>Ҡоролтай</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D2%BA%D1%83%D2%A3%D2%93%D1%8B_%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Һуңғы үҙгәртеүҙәр исемлеге [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Һуңғы үҙгәртеүҙәр</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99" title="«Википедия» буйынса белешмә"><span>Белешмә</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupportregional" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D2%A1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%BC"><span>Матди ярҙам</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Википедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ru.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ирекле энциклопедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ba.svg" width="118" height="11" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.6875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%AD%D2%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Википедия эсендә эҙләү [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Эҙләү</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Википедия эсендә эҙләү" aria-label="Википедия эсендә эҙләү" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Википедия эсендә эҙләү [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Махсус:Эҙләү"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Эҙләргә</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Измените внешний вид страницы, размер, ширину и цвет шрифта." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba" class=""><span>Иғәнә</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ" class=""><span>Теркәлеү</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Танылыу</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Шәхси ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Ҡатнашыусы менюһы" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba"><span>Иғәнә</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Теркәлеү</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Танылыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Танылмаған мөхәррирҙәр өсөн бит <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" aria-label="Мөхәррирләү тураһында ентеклерәк"><span>Күберәк белергә</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%A8%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88%D3%A9%D0%BC" title="Был IP-адрестан яһалған төҙәтеүҙәр [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Өлөш</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%98%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="IP-адресығыҙ өсөн фекер алышыу бите [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eйәшерергә\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"ba\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Йөкмәткеһе</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башы</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Төҙөлөшө" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Төҙөлөшө"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Төҙөлөшө</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Төҙөлөшө-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Тарих" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Тарих"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Тарих</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Тарих-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Фольклорҙа" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Фольклорҙа"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Фольклорҙа</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Фольклорҙа-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Күперҙәр_проектлау" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Күперҙәр_проектлау"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Күперҙәр проектлау</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Күперҙәр_проектлау-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Классификация" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Классификация"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Классификация</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Классификация-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Классификация бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Классификация-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Төрҙәре_буйынса" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Төрҙәре_буйынса"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Төрҙәре буйынса</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Төрҙәре_буйынса-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Үткәреүсәнлек_буйынса" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Үткәреүсәнлек_буйынса"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Үткәреүсәнлек буйынса</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Үткәреүсәнлек_буйынса-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Күтәрелә_торған_күперҙәр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Күтәрелә_торған_күперҙәр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Күтәрелә торған күперҙәр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Күтәрелә_торған_күперҙәр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Иҫкәрмәләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Иҫкәрмәләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Күпер</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Икенсе телдәге мәҡәләгә күсегеҙ. 176 телдә уҡырға була" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-176" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">176 тел</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brug" title="Brug — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brug" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCcke" title="Brücke — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brücke" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B5%E1%8B%AD" title="ድልድይ — амхарский" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድልድይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puent" title="Puent — арагонский" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Puent" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogogo" title="Ogogo — оболо" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ogogo" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="оболо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="पुल — ангика" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पुल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%B1" title="جسر — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%AB%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܓܫܪܐ — арамейский" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܫܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="арамейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="كوبرى — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوبرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte" title="Ponte — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ponte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka" title="Chaka — аймара" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chaka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="аймара" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rp%C3%BC" title="Körpü — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Körpü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88" title="کؤرپو — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کؤرپو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreteg" title="Kreteg — балийский" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kreteg" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="балийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%97lpts" title="Tėlpts — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tėlpts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulay" title="Tulay — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tulay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambatan" title="Jambatan — West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Jambatan" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мост — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мост" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мост — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мост" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasak" title="Sasak — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sasak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мост — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="पुल — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पुल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="সেতু — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেতু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ཟམ་པ། — тибетский" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟམ་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тибетский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont" title="Pont — бретонский" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pont" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most" title="Most — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Most" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Хүүргэ — бурятский" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүүргэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="бурятский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont" title="Pont — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pont" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B2_(gi%C3%B3ng-d%C3%A9%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3k_gi%C3%A9k-g%C3%A1iu)" title="Giò (gióng-dé̤ṳk giék-gáiu) — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giò (gióng-dé̤ṳk giék-gáiu)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="ТӀай — чеченский" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ТӀай" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чеченский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulay" title="Tulay — себуано" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tulay" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуано" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3xov%C3%B4ho%27o" title="Hóxovôho'o — шайенский" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hóxovôho'o" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="шайенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پرد — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most" title="Most — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Most" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2st" title="Mòst — кашубский" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mòst" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="кашубский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%95%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кĕпер — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кĕпер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont" title="Pont — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pont" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro" title="Bro — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bro" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCcke" title="Brücke — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brücke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%B1rd" title="Pırd — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pırd" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AD%CF%86%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Γέφυρα — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γέφυρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bridge" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto" title="Ponto — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ponto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puente" title="Puente — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Puente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sild" title="Sild — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sild" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubi" title="Zubi — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zubi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puenti" title="Puenti — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Puenti" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84" title="پل — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silta" title="Silta — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Silta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sild" title="Sild — выруский" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sild" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="выруский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont" title="Pont — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pont" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont" title="Pont — Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pont" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%AAge" title="Brêge — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brêge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droichead" title="Droichead — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Droichead" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%8B" title="橋 — гань" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="橋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="гань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pon" title="Pon — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drochaid" title="Drochaid — гэльский" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Drochaid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="гэльский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte" title="Ponte — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ponte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="پۊرد — Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="پۊرد" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvorasa" title="Yvorasa — гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvorasa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droghad" title="Droghad — мэнский" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Droghad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="мэнский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="גשר — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גשר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="सेतु — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेतु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul" title="Pul — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pul" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most" title="Most — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Most" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3st" title="Móst — верхнелужицкий" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Móst" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="верхнелужицкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pon" title="Pon — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%ADd" title="Híd — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Híd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB" title="Կամուրջ — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կամուրջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte" title="Ponte — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ponte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jematan" title="Jematan — ибанский" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jematan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ибанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jembatan" title="Jembatan — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jembatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangtay" title="Rangtay — илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rangtay" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto" title="Ponto — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ponto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BA" title="Brú — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte" title="Ponte — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ponte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AD%E1%92%8D%E1%91%8E%E1%99%B3%E1%90%8A%E1%91%A6_%E1%93%82%E1%90%B1%E1%91%8E%E1%93%AF%E1%92%AA%E1%94%AA%E1%91%A6" title="ᑭᒍᑎᙳᐊᑦ ᓂᐱᑎᓯᒪᔪᑦ — инуктитут" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑭᒍᑎᙳᐊᑦ ᓂᐱᑎᓯᒪᔪᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="инуктитут" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%8B" title="橋 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="橋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brij" title="Brij — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Brij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cripu" title="cripu — ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cripu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreteg" title="Kreteg — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kreteg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ხიდი — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasukka" title="Tasukka — кабильский" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasukka" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondoloko" title="Kondoloko — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kondoloko" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1byiek" title="A̱byiek — тьяп" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱byiek" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="тьяп" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarambah" title="Jarambah — Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jarambah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80" title="Көпір — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көпір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಸೇತುವೆ — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೇತುವೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EB%9F%89" title="교량 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%94%D8%AF%D9%95%D9%84" title="کٔدٕل — кашмири" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کٔدٕل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмири" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir" title="Pir — курдский" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons" title="Pons — корнский" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pons" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BF%D2%AF%D1%80%D3%A9" title="Көпүрө — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көпүрө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons" title="Pons — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pons" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte" title="Ponte — ладино" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ponte" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладино" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9ck_(Architektur)" title="Bréck (Architektur) — люксембургский" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bréck (Architektur)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Муьгъ — лезгинский" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Муьгъ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6gk_(bouwwerk)" title="Brögk (bouwwerk) — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brögk (bouwwerk)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_(costruzion)" title="Pont (costruzion) — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pont (costruzion)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbagba" title="Gbagba — лингала" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Gbagba" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лингала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A7" title="ຂົວ — лаосский" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຂົວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаосский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltas" title="Tiltas — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tiltas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilts" title="Tilts — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tilts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetezana" title="Tetezana — малагасийский" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tetezana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian" title="Titian — минангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Titian" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мост — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="പാലം — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Гүүр — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гүүр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="पूल — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पूल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambatan" title="Jambatan — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jambatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puonte" title="Puonte — мирандский" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Puonte" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мирандский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တံတား — бирманский" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တံတား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCch" title="Brüch — нижненемецкий" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Brüch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нижненемецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brogge_(bouwwark)" title="Brogge (bouwwark) — нижнесаксонский" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Brogge (bouwwark)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="нижнесаксонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="पुल — непальский" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="ता — неварский" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brug_(bouwwerk)" title="Brug (bouwwerk) — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brug (bouwwerk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bru" title="Bru — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bru" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro" title="Bro — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bro" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont" title="Pont — Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pont" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2nt" title="Pònt — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pònt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4_(%D0%B0%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Хид (арæзтад) — осетинский" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хид (арæзтад)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2" title="ਪੁਲ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCcke" title="Brücke — Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Brücke" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brij" title="Brij — Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Brij" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most" title="Most — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Most" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DD%AA" title="پݪ — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte" title="Ponte — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaka" title="Chaka — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod" title="Pod — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pod" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apunti" title="Apunti — арумынский" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Apunti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мост — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мост" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Міст — русинский" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Міст" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="русинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Күргэ — саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Күргэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponti" title="Ponti — сицилийский" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ponti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig" title="Brig — шотландский" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Brig" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8F%D9%84" title="پُل — синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پُل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most" title="Most — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Most" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="පාලම් — сингальский" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාලම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bridge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most" title="Most — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Most" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most" title="Most — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Most" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambuko" title="Zambuko — шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zambuko" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buundo" title="Buundo — сомали" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Buundo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ura" title="Ura — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мост — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A4%C3%A4ch" title="Brääch — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Brääch" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasak" title="Sasak — сунданский" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sasak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунданский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro" title="Bro — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bro" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraja" title="Daraja — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Daraja" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாலம் — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/alup_(%E6%A9%8B%E6%A8%91)" title="alup (橋樑) — Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="alup (橋樑)" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8" title="వంతెన — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వంతెన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Пул — таджикский" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สะพาน — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สะพาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulay" title="Tulay — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tulay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BC" title="Köprü — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köprü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Күпер — татарский" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күпер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Міст — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8F%D9%84" title="پُل — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پُل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBprik" title="Koʻprik — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻprik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte" title="Ponte — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ponte" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sild" title="Sild — вепсский" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sild" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="вепсский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_(giao_th%C3%B4ng)" title="Cầu (giao thông) — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cầu (giao thông)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_(so_l%27_aiwe)" title="Pont (so l' aiwe) — валлонский" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pont (so l' aiwe)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валлонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulay" title="Tulay — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tulay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%A5" title="桥 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="桥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC" title="Бурм — калмыцкий" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Бурм" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="калмыцкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ხინჯი — мегрельский" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ხინჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="мегрельский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7" title="בריק — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בריק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af%C3%A1r%C3%A1" title="Afárá — йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Afárá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%8B" title="橋 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="橋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%8B" title="橋 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="橋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%B4_(kau-thong)" title="Kiô (kau-thong) — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiô (kau-thong)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%8B" title="橋 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="橋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmCabeko" title="UmCabeko — зулу" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmCabeko" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12280#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башҡа телдәргә һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтеү" class="wbc-editpage">Һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтергә</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Исем арауыҡтары"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эстәлек битен ҡарау [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Бит</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF:%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" rel="discussion" title="Биттең эстәлеге тураһында фекерләшеү [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Телде үҙгәртергә" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">башҡортса</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ҡарауҙар"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80"><span>Уҡыу</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit" title="Был битте үҙгәртеү [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit" title="Биттең сығанаҡ кодын үҙгәртеү [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодты үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=history" title="Биттең төҙәтеүҙәр журналы [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Тарих</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ҡоралдар"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ҡоралдар</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ғәмәлдәр </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80"><span>Уҡыу</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit" title="Был битте үҙгәртеү [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit" title="Биттең сығанаҡ кодын үҙгәртеү [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодты үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=history"><span>Тарих</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дөйөм </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Был биткә һылтанған барлыҡ биттәрҙең исемлеге [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Был биткә һылтанмалар</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" rel="nofollow" title="Был бит һылтанған биттәрҙәге һуңғы үҙгәртеүҙәр [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Бәйле үҙгәртеүҙәр</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Барлыҡ махсус биттәр исемлеге [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Махсус биттәр</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&oldid=1279588" title="Биттең был өлгөһөнә даими һылтанма"><span>Даими һылтанма</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=info" title="Был бит тураһында ентекләберәк"><span>Бит мәғлүмәттәре</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&page=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&id=1279588&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Был биттән нисек өҙөмтә яһау тураһында мәғлүмәт"><span>Биттән өҙөмтә яһарға</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fba.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259A%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580"><span>Ҡыҫҡа URL алыу</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fba.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259A%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580"><span>QR код алыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Баҫтырыу/сығарыу </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:Collection&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80"><span>Китап төҙөү</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF форматында йөкләү</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&printable=yes" title="Биттең ҡағыҙға баҫтырыу өсөн өлгөһө [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Баҫтырыу өлгөһө</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Башҡа проекттарҙа </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bridge" hreflang="en"><span>Викимилек</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12280" title="Мәғлүмәт һаҡлағысына бәйле элементҡа һылтанма [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Викимәғлүмәт элементы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ҡоралдар"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедия — ирекле энциклопедия мәғлүмәте</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ba" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Afek231.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Afek231.jpg/220px-Afek231.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Afek231.jpg/330px-Afek231.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Afek231.jpg/440px-Afek231.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Күпер</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Күпер</b> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0" title="Йылға">йылға</a>, соҡор йәки башҡа бер ҡаршылыҡ аша сығыу өсөн һалынған ҡоролма. Юл аша һалынған күпер юл үткәргес тип атала.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Юл аша төҙөлгән күпер, тимер юлдар юл үткәргес тип атала, йырын йәки тарлауыҡ аша — виадук. Күпер- кешелектең иң боронғо уйлап табыған инженер ҡоролмаларын береһе.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Викитека_ЭСБЕ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Викитека_ЭСБЕ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Төҙөлөшө"><span id=".D0.A2.D3.A9.D2.99.D3.A9.D0.BB.D3.A9.D1.88.D3.A9"></span>Төҙөлөшө</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Төҙөлөшө бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=1" title="Төҙөлөшө бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[Файл:Suspension bridge pattern german1.png|мини|250пкс|слева|Схема конструкции <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Висячий мост (был бит юҡ)">висячего моста</a>.]] </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Suspension_bridge_pattern_german1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Suspension_bridge_pattern_german1.png/250px-Suspension_bridge_pattern_german1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Suspension_bridge_pattern_german1.png/375px-Suspension_bridge_pattern_german1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Suspension_bridge_pattern_german1.png/500px-Suspension_bridge_pattern_german1.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Опоры моста: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Устои (был бит юҡ)">устои</a> жёлтые, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бык (опора) (был бит юҡ)">быки</a> — красные.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ҡағиҙә булараҡ, күперҙәр аралыҡ ҡоролмаларынан (ябайлаштырылған — аралыҡ) һәм терәк ҡоролмаларҙан тора. Шпангоут структуралары йөктәрҙе ҡабул итеү һәм уларҙы терәккә күсереү өсөн ҡулланыла; уларҙа юл, йәйәүлеләр үткәүеле, торба һ. б. булыуы мөмкин. Шпангоут ҡоролмаларынан күпер нигеҙенә йөктәрҙе күсереүҙе хуплай. </p><p>Шпангоут ҡоролмалары йөк ташыусы ҡоролмаларҙан тора: балкалар, трустар, диафрагмалар (арҡыры нурҙар) һәм юлдың ғәмәлдәге плитаһы. Шпангоут структураларының статик схемаһы аркалы, балкалы, каркаслы, трослы йәки берләштерелеүе мөмкин; конструкцияһы буйынса күперҙең төрөн билдәләй. Ғәҙәттә шпангоут ҡоролмалары рецилинар, ләкин кәрәк саҡта (мәҫәлән, юл үткәүелдәрен һәм юл киҫелештәрен төҙөгәндә) уларға ҡатмарлы форма бирелә: спираль формалы, түңәрәк һ. б. </p><p>Шпангоут структуралары терәк-таяныстар ярҙамында хуплана, уларҙың һәр береһе нигеҙҙән һәм терәк өлөшөнән тора. Терәгенең формалары бик күп төрлө булыуы мөмкин. Аралыҡ терәге үгеҙҙәр, яр буйы — бағаналар тип атала. Фундаменттар күперҙе яр буйҙары менән тоташтырыу өсөн ҡулланыла. </p><p>Күперҙәр өсөн материалдар — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Металл">металл</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Ҡорос">ҡорос</a> һәм алюмин солосы), тимер-бетон, бетон, тәбиғи таш, ағас, арҡандар. </p><p>Күпер схемаһы — хисапланған аралыҡтарҙың үлсәмдәре эҙмә-эҙлекле күрһәтелгән формула — аралыҡ структураларының терәк өлөштәренең үҙәктәре араһындағы алыҫлыҡ. Бер-бер артлы бер нисә ярҙамсы өлөш бер үк ҙурлыҡта булһа, һәр береһенең күләме буйынса күбәйгән һан күрһәтелгән. Мәҫәлән, (уйҙырма «күпер») күпер схемаһы 5+3х10+4 м күперҙең беренсе арауығында 5 метр, киләһе өс — 10 метр һәм бишенсе — 4 метр арауығы булыуын аңлата. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Тарих"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.85"></span>Тарих</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Тарих бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=2" title="Тарих бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%B9.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%B9.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%B9.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B9_(%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0)" title="Әй (йылға)">Әй</a> йылғаһы аша күпер. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Круковский Михаил Антонович">М. А. Круковский</a> фотоһы, 1908 йыл.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Дим">Дим</a> йылғаһы аша күпер. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Круковский Михаил Антонович">М. А. Круковский</a> фотоһы, 1908 йыл.</figcaption></figure> <p>Йылға аша бүрәнә һалып күпер эшләү боронғо заманда уҡ билдәле булған. Һуңынан төҙөлөш материалы итеп таш ҡулланғандар. Бындай күперҙәрҙе ҡол биләүселек ҡоролошонда төҙөгәндәр. Баштараҡ күпер терәген, һуңғарак бөтә конструкцияны таштан эшләгәндәр. Күпер төҙөүҙә <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Боронғо Рим">Боронғо Римлеләр</a> ҙур уңыштарға ирешә. Улар көмбәҙ формаһындағы күпер төҙөй һәм төҙөлөштә <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Цемент">цемент</a> ҡуллана. Күперҙәр (дөрөҫөрәге <i>акведуки</i>) <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Рим">Рим</a> ҡалаһын һыу менән тәьмин итеү өсөн файҙаланылған. <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Боронғо Рим">Боронғо Рим</a> күперҙәре бөгөнгө көнгә тиклем һаҡланған. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Урта быуаттар">Урта быуаттарҙа</a> <a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ҡала">ҡалалар</a> һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0" title="Сауҙа">сауҙа</a> үҫеше күперҙәр төҙөүгә ихтыяжды арттыра. Инженер аҡылы киң арала һөҙәк көмбәҙле, тарыраҡ терәүле күперҙәр төҙөргә мөмкинлек бирә. </p><p><a href="/wiki/XVIII_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XVIII быуат">XVIII быуат</a> аҙағында күпер төҙөлөшөндә <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Металл">металл</a> ҡулланалар. Беренсе металдан эшләнгән күпер <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бөйөк Британия">Бөйөк Британияла</a> Северн йылғаһы аша <a href="/wiki/1779" class="mw-redirect" title="1779">1779</a> йылда һалына. </p><p>Ун алты-ун етенсе быуаттарҙа ҙур суднолар үтә алған тағы ла ҙурыраҡ күперҙәр кәрәк була. XVIII быуатта күпер арауығының бейеклеге 100 метрҙан ашыуға етә. Нева аша бер аркалы Иван Кулибиндың ағас күпер проекты тормошҡа ашырылмай ҡала. </p><p>XVIII быуат аҙағынан металл төҙөлөш өсөн ҡулланыла. Беренсе металл күпер <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бөйөк Британия">Бөйөк Британияның</a> Колебрукдейл ҡалаһында Северн йылғаһында 1779 йылда төҙөлә. Уның арауығының бейеклеге яҡынса 30 метр тәшкил итә, түшәмдәре суйын аркалар була. </p><p>XIX быуатта тимер юлдарының барлыҡҡа килеүе ҙур йөктәргә сыҙамлы күперҙәр төҙөүҙе талап итә, был күпер төҙөлөшөн үҫтереүгә этәргес бирә. Яйлап күпер төҙөлөшөндә төп материалдар сифатында ҡорос һәм тимер раҫлана. Густав Эйфель 1877 йылда Португалияла Дуро йылғаһы аша суйын аркалы күпер төҙөй. Был күпер арауығының бейеклеге 160 метр тәшкил итә. XIX быуат аҙағында Европала иң оҙоно булып Сызрандағы Волга аша Николай Аполлонович Белелюбский проекты буйынса төҙөлгән һәм оҙонлоғо 1443 м булған күпер тора. 1900 йылда Париждағы Бөтә донъя күргәҙмәһендә миҙал Красноярскиҙағы Йәнәсәй аша күпер менән бүләкләнә (Проскуряков Лавр Дмитриевич проекты буйынса). </p><p>XX быуатта тимер-бетондан күперҙәр төҙөлә башлай. Был материал ҡорос менән ыңғай сағыштырыла, сөнки даими буяу талап ителмәй. Нур арауығында 50 метрға тиклем тимер-бетон ҡулланылған, Аркалы — 250 метрға тиклем. Металл ҡулланылыуын дауам итә — XX быуатта ҙур металл күперҙәр төҙөлә — Канадалағы Изге Лаврентий йылғаһы аша нурлы күперҙәр (оҙонлоғо 549 м), АҠШ-та Килл ван Килл боғаҙы аша (503,8 м), шулай уҡ АҠШ-тың Сан-Франциско ҡалаһындағы «Алтын ҡапҡа» күпере (төп аралыҡ оҙонлоғо 1280 м). </p><p>Беҙҙең замандың иң ҙур күперҙәре, шул иҫәптән донъялағы иң бейек Миё Виадукт һәм Акаши-Кайкё күпере (төп аралыҡ оҙонлоғо — 1991 м), тросҡа ҡарай һәм аҫылмалы. Аҫылмалы шпангоут ҡоролмалары иң ҙур арауыҡтарҙы ҡапларға мөмкинлек бирә. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Фольклорҙа"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8C.D0.BA.D0.BB.D0.BE.D1.80.D2.99.D0.B0"></span>Фольклорҙа</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Фольклорҙа бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=3" title="Фольклорҙа бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Көнсығыш славяндарҙың эпостарында һәм әкиәттәрендә Смородина йылғаһы аша Калинов күпере барлыҡҡа килә, ул, бер аңлатма буйынса, тереләр донъяһын үлгәндәр донъяһы менән бәйләй. «Күперҙәр төҙөү» идиомаһы «танышыу, кәрәкле бәйләнештәр урынлаштырыу» тигәнде аңлата, ә «күперҙәрҙе яндырыу» — ниһайәт, кем менәндер бәйләнештәрҙе өҙөү, сигенеү мөмкинлегенән мәхрүм итеү тигәнде аңлата. Файҙаһыҙ аргумент тураһында әйтергә мөмкин: күперҙәге ике кәзә кеүек. Башҡорт халҡының «Ҡуҙыйкүрпәс менән Маянһылыу» эпосында: </p> <table style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; border-style:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:30px; vertical-align:top; padding-right:10px;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="«"><img alt="«" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Aquote1.png/30px-Aquote1.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Aquote1.png 1.5x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="30" /></span></span> </td> <td><span style="font-style:italic"><cite>Ҡуҙыйкүрпәс атаһының көмөш көҙгөһөн ташлап ебәргәйне...,диңгеҙ аша бөгөлөп-һығылып торған күпер һалынды, ти<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</cite></span> </td> <td style="width:30px; vertical-align:bottom; padding-left:10px;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="»"><img alt="»" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Aquote2.png/30px-Aquote2.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Aquote2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="30" /></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Күперҙәр_проектлау"><span id=".D0.9A.D2.AF.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D2.99.D3.99.D1.80_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.83"></span>Күперҙәр проектлау</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Күперҙәр проектлау бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=4" title="Күперҙәр проектлау бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Күперҙәрҙә ортотроп плиталар ҡулланыла<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Бөрйән районының Байназар ауылындағы күпер</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Классификация"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Классификация</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Классификация бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=5" title="Классификация бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ваҡытлыса күперҙәр. Улар һыу өҫтөндә ҡалҡып, йөҙөп йөрөүсе күперҙәр. Понтон күперҙәр тип йөрөтөлә. </p><p>Күперҙәр шулай уҡ ике, өс һәм күп тороҡло була. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Төрҙәре_буйынса"><span id=".D0.A2.D3.A9.D1.80.D2.99.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5_.D0.B1.D1.83.D0.B9.D1.8B.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.B0"></span>Төрҙәре буйынса</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Төрҙәре буйынса бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=6" title="Төрҙәре буйынса бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Үткәреүсәнлек буйынса күперҙәр түбәндәгеләргә бүленә: </p> <ul><li>Тимер юл күпере</li> <li>Автомобиль транспорты өсөн күпер</li> <li>Метро күперҙәре</li> <li>Ер өҫтөнән йәйәүлеләр өсөн үткәргестәр</li> <li>Велосипедтар үтерлек күперҙәр</li> <li><b> Ҡатнаш күперҙәр </b> (мәҫәлән, автомобиль һәм тимер юлы).</li> <li>Һыу аша һалынған үткәргестәр (<a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия">Ирландияла</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия">Германияла</a> тәпәш караптар өсөн төҙөлгән).</li></ul> <p>Шулай уҡ торба үткәргестәре күперҙәре лә бар. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Рига ҡалаһындағы Көнбайыш Двина аша тимер юл күпере"><img alt="Рига ҡалаһындағы Көнбайыш Двина аша тимер юл күпере" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/200px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/300px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/400px-%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Рига ҡалаһындағы <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Көнбайыш Двина">Көнбайыш Двина</a> аша тимер юл күпере</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Gorskii_20246u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Шуя аша һалынған тимер юл күпере, Карелия"><img alt="Шуя аша һалынған тимер юл күпере, Карелия" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gorskii_20246u.jpg/200px-Gorskii_20246u.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gorskii_20246u.jpg/300px-Gorskii_20246u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gorskii_20246u.jpg/400px-Gorskii_20246u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3329" data-file-height="2967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Шуя аша һалынған тимер юл күпере, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Карелия">Карелия</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Jalak%C3%A4ijate_pais-sild_Liivi_j%C3%B5el_Koluvere_m%C3%B5isas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Лоде ҡәлғәһе. Лийви йылғаһы аша йәйәүлеләр өсөн быуа-күпер, Эстония"><img alt="Лоде ҡәлғәһе. Лийви йылғаһы аша йәйәүлеләр өсөн быуа-күпер, Эстония" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jalak%C3%A4ijate_pais-sild_Liivi_j%C3%B5el_Koluvere_m%C3%B5isas.jpg/200px-Jalak%C3%A4ijate_pais-sild_Liivi_j%C3%B5el_Koluvere_m%C3%B5isas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jalak%C3%A4ijate_pais-sild_Liivi_j%C3%B5el_Koluvere_m%C3%B5isas.jpg/300px-Jalak%C3%A4ijate_pais-sild_Liivi_j%C3%B5el_Koluvere_m%C3%B5isas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Jalak%C3%A4ijate_pais-sild_Liivi_j%C3%B5el_Koluvere_m%C3%B5isas.jpg/400px-Jalak%C3%A4ijate_pais-sild_Liivi_j%C3%B5el_Koluvere_m%C3%B5isas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4968" data-file-height="3366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Лоде ҡәлғәһе. Лийви йылғаһы аша йәйәүлеләр өсөн быуа-күпер, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эстония">Эстония</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Царицыно паркында фонтанға йәйәүлеләр өсөн һалынған күпер"><img alt="Царицыно паркында фонтанға йәйәүлеләр өсөн һалынған күпер" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE.JPG/200px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE.JPG/300px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE.JPG/400px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%B2_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Царицыно паркында фонтанға йәйәүлеләр өсөн һалынған күпер</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Үткәреүсәнлек_буйынса"><span id=".D2.AE.D1.82.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5.D2.AF.D1.81.D3.99.D0.BD.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA_.D0.B1.D1.83.D0.B9.D1.8B.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.B0"></span>Үткәреүсәнлек буйынса</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Үткәреүсәнлек буйынса бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=7" title="Үткәреүсәнлек буйынса бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Аҫтынан йөрөрлөк: был үтәнән үтә йөрөрлөк фермалар, аркалы ҡоролмалар; аҫмалы күперҙәрҙең бар төрҙәре. Шулай уҡ араһына үтеп йөрөрлөк балкалы күперҙәр ҙә осрай.</li> <li>Уртаһынан йөрөрлөк: йышыраҡ арҡалы ҡоролмалар. Арҡаларҙың табаны үтә торған юлдан аҫтараҡ урынлаштырыла. Арҡаның түбәһе йөрөй торған өлөштән өҫтәрәк була.</li></ul> <ul><li>Өҫтөнән йөрөрлөк: классик урҙалы (балочный), шулай уҡ тирәсле (рамный) күпер конструкцияларының күпселек өлөшө. Шулай уҡ фермалылар, һирәкләп арҡалар осрай.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Күтәрелә_торған_күперҙәр"><span id=".D0.9A.D2.AF.D1.82.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BB.D3.99_.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D2.93.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.BA.D2.AF.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D2.99.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Күтәрелә торған күперҙәр</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Күтәрелә торған күперҙәр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=8" title="Күтәрелә торған күперҙәр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Sankt_Petersburg_Dworzowy-Bridge_2005_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sankt_Petersburg_Dworzowy-Bridge_2005_b.jpg/210px-Sankt_Petersburg_Dworzowy-Bridge_2005_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sankt_Petersburg_Dworzowy-Bridge_2005_b.jpg/315px-Sankt_Petersburg_Dworzowy-Bridge_2005_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sankt_Petersburg_Dworzowy-Bridge_2005_b.jpg/420px-Sankt_Petersburg_Dworzowy-Bridge_2005_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург">Санкт-Петербургтағы</a> Дворцовый күпер күтәрелгән торошта</figcaption></figure> <div class="dablink noprint">Төп мәҡәлә: <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Разводной мост (был бит юҡ)">Разводной мост</a></b> </div> <p>Күперҙәрҙең үҙенсәлекле тибы — күтәрелә торған күперҙәр. Күтәрелгән торошта күпер суднолар үтеүгә ҡамасауламай. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург">Санкт-Петербург</a> ҡалаһы үҙенең күтәрелә йәки айырыла торған күперҙәре менән дан тота, унда Большой Обуховский күперенән башҡа, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нева">Нева</a> йылғаһы аша һалынған бөтә ҡалған күперҙәр ҙә күтәрелә торған күпер. </p><p>Күтәрелә торған күперҙәрҙең айырым конструкциялары: </p> <ul><li>урта өлөшөн күтәртеп, айырымлана торған күперҙәр: <ul><li>беренсе тип: күпер тороғо (пролёт) горизонталь хәлдә өҫкә күтәрелә (мәҫәлән, [[Дондағы Ростов ҡалаһының күтәрелә торған тимер юл күпере);</li> <li>икенсе тип: күпер тороғо йәки тороҡтары, үҙҙәренең бер күгәне (шарнир) тирәләй әйләнеп өҫкө күтәрелә (мәҫәлән, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Санкт-Петербург">Санкт-Петербург</a> ҡалаһындағы Дворцовый күпере);</li></ul></li> <li>борола торған күперҙәр: бындай күперҙәрҙә урта өлөшө күгән (шарнир) ярҙамында йылға уртаһында торған терәккә (опора) нығытыла. Күпер урта өлөшөн 90°-ҡа бороп, айырыла, шулай итеп, урта өлөшө һыу юлына йәки йырҙаға параллель урынлаша. Шундай конструкция миҫалы булып Украиналағы Николаев ҡалаһының Варваровский күпере тора, уның боролош тороғо 134 м оҙонлоҡта. Шундай уҡ күпер Испания Валенсияһында ла бар, был күпер аша Формула-1 уҙыштары өсөн һалынған ҡала трассаһы үтә.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Иҫкәрмәләр"><span id=".D0.98.D2.AB.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D0.BC.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Иҫкәрмәләр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&action=edit&section=9" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ushakovdictionary.ru/word.php?wordid=30717">Мост — Словарь Ушакова</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none;">  <span class="ref-info" title="телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(билдәһеҙ)</span></span>. <i>ushakovdictionary.ru</i>. <small>Дата обращения: 17 июнь 2020.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slovarozhegova.ru/word.php?wordid=14910">Мост — Толковый словарь Ожегова</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none;">  <span class="ref-info" title="телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(билдәһеҙ)</span></span>. <i>slovarozhegova.ru</i>. <small>Дата обращения: 17 июнь 2020.</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:s:ЭСБЕ/Мост">Мост</a></span> // <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D2%BB%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Брокгауз һәм Ефрондың энциклопедик һүҙлеге">Брокгауз һәм Ефрондың энциклопедик һүҙлеге</a>: 86 томда (82 т. һәм 4 өҫтәмә том). — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default;" title="Санкт-Петербург">СПб.</span>, 1890—1907.</span> <span class="ref-info" title="Рус телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(рус.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classes.ru/all-russian/russian-dictionary-Efremova-term-47278.htm">Мост —</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none;">  <span class="ref-info" title="телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(билдәһеҙ)</span></span>. <i><i>Т. Ф. Ефремова</i>, Новый словарь русского языка</i>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFБСЭ">Путепровод // <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F#Третье_издание" class="mw-redirect" title="Большая советская энциклопедия">Большая советская энциклопедия</a> : <span style="white-space: nowrap;">[в 30 т.]</span> / гл. ред. <span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Прохоров, Александр Михайлович (был бит юҡ)">А. М. Прохоров</a></span>. — 3-е изд. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>. : Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Викитека_ЭСБЕ-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Викитека_ЭСБЕ_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BC,_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Таненбаум, Абрам Севастьянович (был бит юҡ)"><i>Таненбаум А. С.</i></a>.</i> <span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" class="extiw" title="ru:s:ЭСБЕ/Мост">Мост</a></span> // <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D2%BB%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Брокгауз һәм Ефрондың энциклопедик һүҙлеге">Брокгауз һәм Ефрондың энциклопедик һүҙлеге</a>: 86 томда (82 т. һәм 4 өҫтәмә том). — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default;" title="Санкт-Петербург">СПб.</span>, 1890—1907.</span> <span class="ref-info" title="Рус телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(рус.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Башҡортостан Ғилми Үҙәге/ Тарих тел һәм әҙәбиәт институты.</i> «Башҡорт теленең аңлатмалы һүҙлеге». — Мәскәү: «Русский язык», 1993 й. — С. 576-сы.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gosthelp.ru/text/RekomendaciiRekomendaciip305.html">http://www.gosthelp.ru/text/RekomendaciiRekomendaciip305.html</a> РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЮ СТАЛЬНЫХ ОРТОТРОПНЫХ ПЛИТ ПРОЕЗЖЕЙ ЧАСТИ АВТОДОРОЖНЫХ МОСТОВ] <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2016 йыл 1 март <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301203044/http://www.gosthelp.ru/text/RekomendaciiRekomendaciip305.html">архивланған</a>.</span></small></span> </li> </ol> </div> <table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%AF%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Мәҡәләне яҡшыртыу"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Был мәҡәләгә түбәндәгеләр етешмәй. Ошоларҙы төҙәтеп йә өҫтәп, һеҙ уны яҡшырта алаһығыҙ<sup style="line-height:0;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:Rq" class="mw-redirect" title="Википедия:Rq">?</a></sup>:</b></div><div class="mbox-textsmall-div hide-when-compact" style="font-size:85%"><ul> <li>Яҙылғанды раҫлаусы <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B8%D2%99%D3%99_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Википедия:Ҡағиҙә һәм күрһәтмәләр">абруйлы сығанаҡтарҙы</a> табырға һәм <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Википедия:Сноски">иҫкәрмәләр</a> аша күрһәтергә кәрәк.</li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable metadata" style="background:none; color:inherit; text-align:left; padding: 2px 0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Bridge_drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="күпер"><img alt="күпер" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bridge_drawing.svg/40px-Bridge_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bridge_drawing.svg/60px-Bridge_drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bridge_drawing.svg/80px-Bridge_drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td><i><span style="white-space:nowrap">Был <a class="mw-selflink selflink">күпер</a> тураһында <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99_%D3%99%D2%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Википедия:Мәҡәлә әҙерләмәһе">тамамланмаған мәҡәлә</a>.</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Һеҙ мәҡәләне төҙәтеп һәм тулыландырып проектҡа ярҙам итә алаһығыҙ.</span></i> </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">«<a dir="ltr" href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Күпер&oldid=1279588">https://ba.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Күпер&oldid=1279588</a>» битенән алынған</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Махсус:Категориялар">Категориялар</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80:%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Категория:Ҡалыптар:Эске һылтанмалар">Ҡалыптар:Эске һылтанмалар</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80:%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D3%A9%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Категория:Ҡалыптар:Ҡалыптар өсөн">Ҡалыптар:Ҡалыптар өсөн</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Категория:Күперҙәр">Күперҙәр</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Йәшерелгән категориялар: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Категория:Википедия:Сығанаҡтарға һылтанмалары булмаған мәҡәләләр">Википедия:Сығанаҡтарға һылтанмалары булмаған мәҡәләләр</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Категория:Күперҙәр тураһында тамамланмаған мәҡәләләр">Күперҙәр тураһында тамамланмаған мәҡәләләр</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Был бит һуңғы тапҡыр 14:56 22 ноябрь 2024 үҙгәртелгән.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текст <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> буйынса рөхсәт ителгән; өҫтәмә шарттар ҡулланылыуы мөмкин. Тулыраҡ мәғлүмәт алыу өсөн, <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ҡулланыу шарттарын</a> ҡарағыҙ.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/ru">Сер һаҡлау сәйәсәте</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0">Википедия тураһында</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%AF%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%83">Яуаплылыҡтан баш тартыу</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Тәртип кодексы</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Эшләүселәр</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ba.wikipedia.org">Статистика</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie ҡулланыу тураһында белдереү</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ba.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Мобиль версия</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-hj2hv","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.215","walltime":"0.460","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2313,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":24589,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5773,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":14613,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 264.045 1 -total"," 60.69% 160.245 1 Ҡалып:Иҫкәрмәләр"," 23.20% 61.265 1 Ҡалып:Rq"," 21.66% 57.192 1 Ҡалып:Ambox"," 21.65% 57.164 3 Ҡалып:Cite_web"," 20.65% 54.534 1 Ҡалып:БСЭ3"," 19.24% 50.795 1 Ҡалып:Публикация"," 10.74% 28.358 2 Ҡалып:ВТ-ЭСБЕ"," 8.83% 23.322 2 Ҡалып:Книга"," 5.46% 14.428 1 Ҡалып:Main"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.041","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1836237,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-sqd8n","timestamp":"20241122145614","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u041a\u04af\u043f\u0435\u0440","url":"https:\/\/ba.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12280","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12280","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u0412\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u04a1\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0448\u044b\u0443\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u0440"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u0412\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430 \u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434\u044b","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-07-27T11:39:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T14:56:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/84\/Afek231.jpg","headline":"\u0439\u044b\u043b\u0493\u0430, \u0441\u043e\u04a1\u043e\u0440 \u0439\u04d9\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u0448\u04a1\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0440 \u04a1\u0430\u0440\u0448\u044b\u043b\u044b\u04a1 \u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0441\u044b\u0493\u044b\u0443 \u04e9\u0441\u04e9\u043d \u04bb\u0430\u043b\u044b\u043d\u0493\u0430\u043d \u04a1\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043c\u0430"}</script> </body> </html>