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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Surabaya (disambiguation)">Surabaya (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Surabaya<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">province</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">second-largest city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. Located on the northeastern corner of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> island, on the <a href="/wiki/Madura_Strait" title="Madura Strait">Madura Strait</a>, it is one of the earliest port cities in Southeast Asia. According to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Indonesia" title="Government of Indonesia">National Development Planning Agency</a>, Surabaya is one of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia#Development_regions" title="Regions of Indonesia">four main central cities of Indonesia</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The city had a population of 2,874,314 within its <a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">city limits</a> at the 2020 census.<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-13">[12]</a> With 3,009,286 people living in the city as of mid 2023 (comprising 1,490,358 males and 1,518,928 females) <a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-4">[4]</a> and over 10 million in the extended <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya metropolitan area</a>, according to the latest official estimate, Surabaya was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Indonesia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia">second-largest metropolitan area</a> in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya metropolitan</a> is also <a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">ASEAN's 6th largest economy</a> ahead of <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Capital_Region" title="Hanoi Capital Region">Hanoi</a>. In 2023, the city's <a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross regional product">GRP</a> PPP was estimated at US$150.294 billion. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Surabaya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Surabaya <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Kota Surabaya</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Suråbåyå (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_orthography" title="Javanese orthography">Gêdrig</a>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>سورابايا‎ (<a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pégon</a>) ꦯꦸꦫꦨꦪ (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Hånåcåråkå</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sorbhâjâ (<a href="/wiki/Madurese_language#Phonology" title="Madurese language">Latèn</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">سَوربۤاجۤا‎ (<a href="/wiki/Pegon_script#Madurese_P%C3%A8ghu" title="Pegon script">Pèghu</a>) ꦯꦺꦴꦂꦨꦗ (<a href="/wiki/Javanese_script#Usage_in_other_languages" title="Javanese script">Carakan</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">泗水 Sìshuǐ (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>) Sù-súi (<a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a>) Si3 seoi2 (<a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Downtown Surabaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya.jpg/288px-Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya.jpg/432px-Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya.jpg/576px-Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000"></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Downtown Surabaya at <a href="/wiki/Tunjungan" title="Tunjungan">Tunjungan</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alun_alun_Surabaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alun Alun Surabaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Alun_alun_Surabaya.jpg/155px-Alun_alun_Surabaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Alun_alun_Surabaya.jpg/233px-Alun_alun_Surabaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Alun_alun_Surabaya.jpg/310px-Alun_alun_Surabaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Balai_Pemuda" title="Balai Pemuda">Balai Pemuda</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Taman_suroboyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Patung Sura dan Baya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Taman_suroboyo.jpg/129px-Taman_suroboyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Taman_suroboyo.jpg/194px-Taman_suroboyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Taman_suroboyo.jpg/258px-Taman_suroboyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="807"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sura_and_Baya_Statue" title="Sura and Baya Statue">Sura and Baya Statue</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Heroic_Monument_Surabaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Heroes Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Heroic_Monument_Surabaya.jpg/86px-Heroic_Monument_Surabaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Heroic_Monument_Surabaya.jpg/129px-Heroic_Monument_Surabaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Heroic_Monument_Surabaya.jpg/172px-Heroic_Monument_Surabaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1024"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Heroes_Monument" title="Heroes Monument">Heroes Monument</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Contrasty_Architecture_(231605753).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hotel Majapahit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Contrasty_Architecture_%28231605753%29.jpeg/198px-Contrasty_Architecture_%28231605753%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="198" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Contrasty_Architecture_%28231605753%29.jpeg/297px-Contrasty_Architecture_%28231605753%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Contrasty_Architecture_%28231605753%29.jpeg/396px-Contrasty_Architecture_%28231605753%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1334"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Majapahit" title="Hotel Majapahit">Hotel Majapahit</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Surabaya_City.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Surabaya"><img alt="Flag of Surabaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Surabaya_City.png/100px-Flag_of_Surabaya_City.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Surabaya_City.png/150px-Flag_of_Surabaya_City.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Surabaya_City.png/200px-Flag_of_Surabaya_City.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Surabaya_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Surabaya"><img alt="Coat of arms of Surabaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/City_of_Surabaya_Logo.svg/78px-City_of_Surabaya_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/City_of_Surabaya_Logo.svg/117px-City_of_Surabaya_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/City_of_Surabaya_Logo.svg/156px-City_of_Surabaya_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="776"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Surabaya" title="Coat of arms of Surabaya">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Kota Pahlawan (City of Heroes) Kota Baya (Brave City)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Sura ing Baya (<a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Kawi</a>) "Brave in the Face of Danger"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_kota_surabaya.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location within East Java"><img alt="Location within East Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Locator_kota_surabaya.png/250px-Locator_kota_surabaya.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Locator_kota_surabaya.png 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="190"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location within <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 290px; height: 325px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="290" data-height="325" data-zoom="10" data-lat="-7.2459717" data-lon="112.7378266" data-overlays='["_11ae107a7773d92d9f9b4386cc294b605b5a5892"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/-7.2459717/112.7378266/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-7.2459717,112.7378266,290x325.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Surabaya&revid=1257973535&groups=_11ae107a7773d92d9f9b4386cc294b605b5a5892" width="290" height="325" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-7.2459717,112.7378266,290x325@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Surabaya&revid=1257973535&groups=_11ae107a7773d92d9f9b4386cc294b605b5a5892 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_location_map_plain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surabaya is located in Java"><img alt="Surabaya is located in Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Java_location_map_plain.svg/250px-Java_location_map_plain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Java_location_map_plain.svg/375px-Java_location_map_plain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Java_location_map_plain.svg/500px-Java_location_map_plain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="522"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.695%;left:67.844%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Surabaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Surabaya</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div>Show map of Java</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surabaya is located in Indonesia"><img alt="Surabaya is located in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/250px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/375px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/500px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="460"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.366%;left:38.804%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Surabaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Surabaya</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Surabaya (Indonesia)</div>Show map of Indonesia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Surabaya&params=07_14_45_S_112_44_16_E_region:ID_type:city">07°14′45″S 112°44′16″E / 7.24583°S 112.73778°E / -7.24583; 112.73778</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_East_Java.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Java.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_East_Java.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Java.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_East_Java.svg/43px-Flag_of_East_Java.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050"> <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1037<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">31 May 1293<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">Incorporated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April 1906 (as <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Gemeente</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Surabaya City Government</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Surabaya">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eri_Cahyadi" title="Eri Cahyadi">Eri Cahyadi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party_of_Struggle" title="Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle">PDI-P</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Vice Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armuji" title="Armuji">Armuji</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">350.56 km2 (135.35 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">911 km2 (352 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,925 km2 (2,288 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 m (16 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (mid 2023 estimate<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-4">[4]</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,009,286 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Demog16th-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,556,000 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Indonesia#Built-up_urban_areas" title="List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">7,134/km2 (18,480/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,958,656 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Indonesia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,615/km2 (4,180/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Surabayan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic groups (2017 estimates)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left; display:none"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">83.68% <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">7.50% <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">7.25% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.57% <a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Indonesian">Arabs</a> and Others</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Religion<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left; display:none"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">82.49% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">11.90% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">3.91% <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.42% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.25% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.02% <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.01% Others</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B07:00" title="UTC+07:00">UTC+07:00</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Indonesia" title="Postal codes in Indonesia">Postal Code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">60111 – 60299</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Indonesia" title="Telephone numbers in Indonesia">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+62) 31</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Indonesia" title="Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">L</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nominal <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2023</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 715.294 trillion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian cities by GDP">2nd</a>) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"><a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 46.928 billion <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"><a href="/wiki/Int%24" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 150.294 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 245,685 thousand (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian cities by GDP">5th</a>) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"><a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 16,118 <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"><a href="/wiki/Int%24" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 51,622 (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 2,037.09 trillion <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"><a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 133.647 billion <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"><a href="/wiki/Int%24" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 428.025 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Growth</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 6.1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.840 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index#List_of_large_and_medium-sized_cities_of_Indonesia_with_very_high_HDI_(2023)" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">11th</a>) Very High</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">district</a> by area</th><td class="infobox-data">Sukolilo – 30.15 square kilometres (11.64 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest district by population</th><td class="infobox-data">Tambaksari (226,136 – 2022 est)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surabaya.go.id/">surabaya.go.id</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The city was settled in the 10th century by the <a href="/wiki/Janggala" title="Janggala">Kingdom of Janggala</a>, one of the two <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Javanese</a> kingdoms that was formed in 1045 when <a href="/wiki/Airlangga" title="Airlangga">Airlangga</a> abdicated his throne in favor of his two sons. In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to be a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Surabaya" title="Duchy of Surabaya">duchy</a>, a major political and military power as well as a port in eastern Java, probably under the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> empire.<a href="#cite_note-Howard-15">[14]</a> At that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port, owing to its location on the <a href="/wiki/Brantas_River" title="Brantas River">River Brantas</a> delta and the trade route between <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a>. During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a> and only submitted to its rule in 1530.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeaud197616-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs200839-17">[16]</a> Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan Trenggana of Demak in 1546.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeaud197628-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhmad_Saiful_Ali199432-19">[18]</a> From the 18th century until the mid-20th century, Surabaya was the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> and the main trading hub for the Indonesian archipelago, competing with <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Howard-15">[14]</a> Surabaya has been one of the busiest trading city ports in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-world-guides.com-20">[19]</a> Principal exports from the port include <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with financial institutions such as banks, insurance, and export-import companies. The economy is influenced by the recent growth in international industries and the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Suramadu_Bridge" title="Suramadu Bridge">Suramadu Bridge</a>. The city is home to a large <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyard</a> and numerous specialized naval schools.<a href="#cite_note-surabaya.go.id-22">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Indonesia">Bank of Indonesia</a> has also made plans for Surabaya to be the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Islamic financial</a> center of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-Primadhyta-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indonesia-24">[23]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_history">2.1 Early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Pre-colonial_era">2.2 Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Colonial_era">2.3 Colonial era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Independence_era">2.4 Independence era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Modern_history">2.5 Modern history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Architecture">3.1 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Parks_and_Gardens">3.2 Parks and Gardens</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Climate">3.3 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Government">4 Government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">4.1 Administrative divisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Demographics">5 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ethnicity">5.1 Ethnicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Language">5.2 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Religion">5.3 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Shopping">6.1 Shopping</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Infrastructure">7 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Highways">7.1 Highways</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Transportation">7.2 Transportation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Cuisine">8.1 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sports">8.2 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Media">8.3 Media</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Education">9 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#International_relations">10 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Diplomatic_Missions">10.1 Diplomatic Missions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#General_Consulates">10.1.1 General Consulates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Consulates">10.1.2 Consulates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Other_diplomatic_offices">10.1.3 Other diplomatic offices</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities">10.2 Twin towns – sister cities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Notable_people">11 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Notes">13 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References">14 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Citations">14.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Bibliography">14.2 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Surabaya, from the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> "sura ing baya", means "bravely facing danger";<a href="#cite_note-EastJava-25">[24]</a> originally from the union of <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> words "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:असुर">sura</a>", referring to the "Asura" (<a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Buddhism</a> beliefs), and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:भय">bhaya</a>", referring to "fear", "perils" or "danger". This name for Surabaya alludes to a prophecy of <a href="/wiki/Jayabaya" title="Jayabaya">Jayabaya</a>, a 12th-century psychic king of <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediri Kingdom">Kediri Kingdom</a>, whose name means "conquering the fear or perils" derived from the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> words "Jaya" or "Vijaya" (victory or conqueror) and "bhaya" (fear, perils or danger). Jayabaya foresaw a fight between a giant <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">white shark</a> and a giant white <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">crocodile</a> taking place in the area.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> The event is sometimes interpreted as foretelling the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion of Java</a>, a major conflict between the forces of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">China</a>, and those of <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> on 31 May 1293,<a href="#cite_note-Irwan_Rouf_&_Shenia_Ananda_60-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-EastJava-25">[24]</a> which is now considered the date of the city's founding.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The two animals are now used as the city's symbol, with the two facing and circling each other, as depicted in a statue appropriately located near the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_Zoo" title="Surabaya Zoo">city zoo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Some people consider <a href="/wiki/Jayabaya" title="Jayabaya">Jayabaya</a>'s prophecy as being about the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">great war</a> between native Surabayan people and foreign invaders at the start of the war of independence in 1945. Another story tells of two heroes who fought each other to be the king of the city. The two heroes were named Sura and Baya. These <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk etymologies">folk etymologies</a>, though embraced enthusiastically by its people and city leaders, are unverifiable.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Surabaya" title="Timeline of Surabaya">Timeline of Surabaya</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Janggala" title="Janggala">Janggala</a> was one of the two <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Javanese</a> kingdoms that were formed in 1045 when <a href="/wiki/Airlangga" title="Airlangga">Airlangga</a> abdicated the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kahuripan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kahuripan">Kingdom of Kahuripan</a> in favor of his two sons. The earliest historical record of Surabaya was in the 1225 book <a href="/wiki/Zhu_fan_zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu fan zhi">Zhu fan zhi</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Rugua" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao Rugua">Zhao Rugua</a>, in which it was called Jung-ya-lu.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31">[30]</a> The name Janggala is derived from the name "Hujung Galuh" (Old Javanese lit: "Cape Diamond" or "Cape Gemstone"), or "Jung-ya-lu" according to Chinese sources. Hujung Galuh was located on the estuary of <a href="/wiki/Brantas_River" title="Brantas River">Brantas River</a> and today is part of modern Surabaya city and <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_Regency" title="Sidoarjo Regency">Sidoarjo Regency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> By the 14th and 15th centuries, Surabaya was one of the <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> ports or coastal settlements, together with <a href="/wiki/Tuban" title="Tuban">Tuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gresik_Regency" title="Gresik Regency">Gresik</a>, and Hujung Galuh (Sidoarjo). <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> documented the <a href="/wiki/Treasure_voyages" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure voyages">early 15th-century visit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">treasure ships</a> in his 1433 book <a href="/wiki/Yingya_Shenglan" title="Yingya Shenglan">Yingya Shenglan</a>: "after travelling south for more than 20 li, the ship reached Sulumayi, whose foreign name is Surabaya. At the estuary, the outflowing water is fresh".<a href="#cite_note-Ying-yai_Sheng-lan_p._90-33">[32]</a> Ma Huan visited Java during Zheng He's fourth expedition in 1413, during the reign of Majapahit king <a href="/wiki/Wikramawardhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikramawardhana">Wikramawardhana</a>. He describes his travel to the Majapahit capital. He first arrived at the port of Tu-pan (Tuban) where he saw large numbers of Chinese settlers migrated from <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>. Then, he sailed east to the thriving new trading town of Ko-erh-hsi (Gresik), Su-pa-erh-ya (Surabaya), and then sailing inland into the river by smaller boat to the southwest until he reached the Brantas river port of Chang-ku (Changgu). Continuing to travel by land to the southwest, he arrived in Man-che-po-I (Majapahit), where the Javanese king stayed.<a href="#cite_note-Chao-Wa-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_era">Pre-colonial era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poort_bij_de_Ampel_Moskee_in_de_Arabische_wijk_van_Soerabaja_TMnr_60037907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poort_bij_de_Ampel_Moskee_in_de_Arabische_wijk_van_Soerabaja_TMnr_60037907.jpg/230px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poort_bij_de_Ampel_Moskee_in_de_Arabische_wijk_van_Soerabaja_TMnr_60037907.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="497"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poort_bij_de_Ampel_Moskee_in_de_Arabische_wijk_van_Soerabaja_TMnr_60037907.jpg/230px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poort_bij_de_Ampel_Moskee_in_de_Arabische_wijk_van_Soerabaja_TMnr_60037907.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poort_bij_de_Ampel_Moskee_in_de_Arabische_wijk_van_Soerabaja_TMnr_60037907.jpg/345px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poort_bij_de_Ampel_Moskee_in_de_Arabische_wijk_van_Soerabaja_TMnr_60037907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poort_bij_de_Ampel_Moskee_in_de_Arabische_wijk_van_Soerabaja_TMnr_60037907.jpg/460px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poort_bij_de_Ampel_Moskee_in_de_Arabische_wijk_van_Soerabaja_TMnr_60037907.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ampel_Mosque" title="Ampel Mosque">Ampel Mosque</a> built in 1421</figcaption></figure> The Surabaya area was once the main gateway to the capital of the Majapahit Kingdom from the sea, at the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Kalimas_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalimas River">Kali Mas river</a>. The anniversary of the city of Surabaya was set on May 31, 1293, commemorating the victory of the Majapahit led by <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion</a>. Mongol troops who came from the sea were described as SURA (sharks / brave) and Raden Wijaya's troops who came from the land were described as BAYA (crocodiles / danger), literally translating to brave to face the dangers that come threatening. So the day of victory is commemorated as the anniversary of Surabaya. By the late 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> began to take its root in Surabaya. The settlement of <a href="/wiki/Ampel" title="Ampel">Ampel</a>, located around <a href="/wiki/Ampel_Mosque" title="Ampel Mosque">Ampel Mosque</a> in today's Ampel subdistrict, Semampir district, north Surabaya, was established by Islamic proselytiser <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ampel" title="Sunan Ampel">Sunan Ampel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> In the late 15th and 16th centuries, Surabaya grew to a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Surabaya" title="Duchy of Surabaya">duchy</a>, a major political and military power in eastern Java. The Portuguese writer <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a> mentioned that a Muslim lord was in power in Surabaya in 1513, though likely still a vassal of the Hindu–Buddhist Majapahit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeaud197616-16">[15]</a> By that time, Surabaya was already a major trading port,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs200843-36">[35]</a> owing to its location on the Brantas River delta and the trade route between <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhmad_Saiful_Ali199431-37">[36]</a> During the decline of Majapahit, the lord of Surabaya resisted the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a> and only submitted to its rule in 1530.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeaud197616-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs200839-17">[16]</a> Surabaya became independent after the death of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Trenggana" title="Trenggana">Trenggana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak</a> in 1546.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeaud197628-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkhmad_Saiful_Ali199432-19">[18]</a> Following the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak</a>, Surabaya was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Panembahan_Senopati" class="mw-redirect" title="Panembahan Senopati">Panembahan Senopati</a> in 1598, and invaded by Panembahan Seda ing Krapyak in 1610, An article by the VOC in 1620 described Surabaya as a rich and powerful region.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> The Duchy of Surabaya entered conflict with and was later <a href="/wiki/Mataram_conquest_of_Surabaya" title="Mataram conquest of Surabaya">captured</a> by the more powerful <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Mataram">Sultanate of Mataram</a> in 1625 under <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung_of_Mataram" title="Sultan Agung of Mataram">Sultan Agung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drakeley-39">[38]</a>: 31 It was one of Mataram's fiercest campaigns, in which they had to conquer Surabaya's allies, Sukadana and <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a>, and to lay siege to the city, blocking the flow of the Brantas River, Sultan Agung forced Surabaya to surrender. With this conquest, Mataram then controlled most of Java, except the <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a> and the Dutch settlement of <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drakeley-39">[38]</a>: 31 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Surabaya_(1931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_Arms_of_Surabaya_%281931%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Surabaya_%281931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="490"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_Arms_of_Surabaya_%281931%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Surabaya_%281931%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_Arms_of_Surabaya_%281931%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Surabaya_%281931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coat_of_Arms_of_Surabaya_%281931%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Surabaya_%281931%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of Soerabaja (old spelling of Surabaya) during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1931</figcaption></figure> The expanding <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> took over the city from a weakened Mataram in November 1743. In consolidating its rule over Surabaya and, in time, the rest of East Java, the Dutch collaborated with leading regional magnates, including <a href="/wiki/Soero_Pernollo" title="Soero Pernollo">Ngabehi Soero Pernollo</a> (1720–1776), his brother <a href="/wiki/Han_Bwee_Kong" title="Han Bwee Kong">Han Bwee Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapitein_der_Chinezen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapitein der Chinezen">Kapitein der Chinezen</a> (1727–1778), and his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chan_Piet" title="Han Chan Piet">Han Chan Piet</a>, Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827), all from the powerful <a href="/wiki/Han_family_of_Lasem" title="Han family of Lasem">Han family of Lasem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Margana_(2007)-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salmon_(1997)-41">[40]</a> In the 18th and 19th centuries, Surabaya was largest city in the Dutch East Indies, becoming a major trading center and hosting the most extensive naval base in the colony. Surabaya also served as the center of Java's plantation economy, industry, supported by its natural harbor.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> During the Dutch East Indies era, Surabaya was the capital of the Surabaya Residency, whose territory encompasses what is now the <a href="/wiki/Gresik_Regency" title="Gresik Regency">Gresik</a> Regency, <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_Regency" title="Sidoarjo Regency">Sidoarjo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto" title="Mojokerto">Mojokerto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jombang_Regency" title="Jombang Regency">Jombang</a>. In 1905, Surabaya received the status of municipality (gemeente). In 1926, Surabaya was designated the capital of the province of East Java. Since then Surabaya developed into the second largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> after <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Pasar_Besar_met_op_de_achtergrond_het_spoorwegviaduct_de_zogenoemde_Hogeweg_Soerabaja_TMnr_10014832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Pasar_Besar_met_op_de_achtergrond_het_spoorwegviaduct_de_zogenoemde_Hogeweg_Soerabaja_TMnr_10014832.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Pasar_Besar_met_op_de_achtergrond_het_spoorwegviaduct_de_zogenoemde_Hogeweg_Soerabaja_TMnr_10014832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="511"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Pasar_Besar_met_op_de_achtergrond_het_spoorwegviaduct_de_zogenoemde_Hogeweg_Soerabaja_TMnr_10014832.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Pasar_Besar_met_op_de_achtergrond_het_spoorwegviaduct_de_zogenoemde_Hogeweg_Soerabaja_TMnr_10014832.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Pasar_Besar_met_op_de_achtergrond_het_spoorwegviaduct_de_zogenoemde_Hogeweg_Soerabaja_TMnr_10014832.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Pasar_Besar_met_op_de_achtergrond_het_spoorwegviaduct_de_zogenoemde_Hogeweg_Soerabaja_TMnr_10014832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Pasar_Besar_met_op_de_achtergrond_het_spoorwegviaduct_de_zogenoemde_Hogeweg_Soerabaja_TMnr_10014832.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_Pasar_Besar_met_op_de_achtergrond_het_spoorwegviaduct_de_zogenoemde_Hogeweg_Soerabaja_TMnr_10014832.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Pasar Besar with the <a href="/wiki/Oost-Java_Stoomtram_Maatschappij" title="Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij">OJS railway</a> viaduct in the background, the so-called Hogeweg, Surabaya circa between 1900 and 1940</figcaption></figure> Before 1900, the city center of Surabaya revolved around the Jembatan Merah; (English: Red Bridge). In 1910, a modern port facility was built in Surabaya, now known as Tanjung Perak Harbor. Until the 1920s, new settlements such as Darmo, Gubeng, Fields, and Ketabang grew. In 1920, a census recorded that Batavia had become the largest city. In 1917, a revolt occurred among the soldiers and sailors of Surabaya, led by the <a href="/wiki/Indies_Social_Democratic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies Social Democratic Association">Indies Social Democratic Association</a>. The revolt was firmly crushed, and the insurgents were given harsh sentences.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_era">Independence era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> occupied the city in 1942, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a>, and it was bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in 1944. After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Surabaya was seized by Indonesian nationalists. The young nation soon came into conflict with the British, who had become caretakers of the Dutch colony after the Japanese surrender.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg/220px-LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1176"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg/220px-LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg/330px-LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg/440px-LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The burnt-out car of Brigadier Mallaby on the spot where he was killed by pro-independence Indonesian soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Battle of Surabaya</a> on 31 October 1945</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Battle of Surabaya</a>, started after the Arek-Arek Suroboyo (Teenagers of Surabaya) killed British Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Aubertin_Walter_Sothern_Mallaby" title="Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby">Aubertin Mallaby</a> on 30 October 1945, near Jembatan Merah, allegedly with a stray bullet. The Allies gave an ultimatum to the Republicans inside the city to surrender, but they refused. The ensuing battle, which cost thousands of lives, took place on 10 November, which Indonesians subsequently celebrate as Hari Pahlawan (Heroes' Day). The <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Yamato_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Yamato Incident">incident</a> of the red-white flag (the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch flag">Dutch flag</a> at the top of Yamato Hotel's tower that was torn into the Indonesian red-white flag) by <a href="/wiki/Bung_Tomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bung Tomo">Bung Tomo</a> is also recorded as a heroic feat during the struggle over the city.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The city is known as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the importance of the Battle of Surabaya in galvanising Indonesian and international support for <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian independence">Indonesian independence</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">the independence era</a>, population growth and rapid urbanization forced Surabaya to develop towards the east and west as it is today. The increase in vehicles, the growth of new industries and the proliferation of housing carried out by real estate companies occupying the outskirts of the city have resulted in traffic jams not only in the downtown area but also frequently in the suburbs. Surabaya grew from a relative poor city in the late 19th century into a metropolis in the late 20th century, and became one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia. Surabaya also managed to become one of the most organized metropolitan cities in Indonesia with the cleanest air. On 13 May 2018, three churches in Surabaya and one apartment complex in the neighboring regency of Sidoarjo <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_bombings" title="Surabaya bombings">were bombed</a> in a series of terrorist attacks initiated by <a href="/wiki/Jamaah_Ansharut_Daulah" title="Jamaah Ansharut Daulah">Jamaah Ansharut Daulah</a>, the Southeast Asian branch of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>, followed by a bombing on Surabaya Police Department HQ the next day. 28 people were killed, including the assailants. 57 people were injured; several of whom where in a critical condition. The first confirmed case of <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> was in Surabaya, on 17 March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In May 2020, Surabaya became the epicenter of the pandemic in Indonesia. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Surabaya_Central_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Central Surabaya at night"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Surabaya_Central_Park.jpg/800px-Surabaya_Central_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4037" data-file-height="1061"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 800px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Surabaya_Central_Park.jpg/800px-Surabaya_Central_Park.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="800" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Surabaya_Central_Park.jpg/1200px-Surabaya_Central_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Surabaya_Central_Park.jpg/1600px-Surabaya_Central_Park.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Surabaya_Central_Park.jpg" title="File:Surabaya Central Park.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Central Surabaya at night</div></div></div> Surabaya the capital of East Java province, extends over 350.56 km2 (135.35 sq mi), its <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> covers 6,310.06 km2 (2,436.33 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto" title="Mojokerto">Mojokerto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gresik_Regency" title="Gresik Regency">Gresik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_Regency" title="Sidoarjo Regency">Sidoarjo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkalan_Regency" title="Bangkalan Regency">Bangkalan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lamongan_Regency" title="Lamongan Regency">Lamongan</a>, and has an estimated population of 9.96 million as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit">[update]</a>, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Indonesia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia">Second largest urban area in Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Top 50 largest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Surabaya ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">11th among the Indonesian city</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">human development index</a>. Surabaya's offer business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The city is referred to as Kota Pahlawan (the city of heroes) due to the significance of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Battle of Surabaya</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>. The city is one of the important financial, commercial, industrial, transportation, and entertainment hubs of the archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Arguably the second most significant city after Jakarta, the city is also home to Indonesia's second-busiest seaport, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Perak" title="Port of Tanjung Perak">Port of Tanjung Perak</a>, which is located in northern Surabaya. The city is also known for being one of the cleanest and greenest in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wisma_Intiland_(30277155100).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wisma_Intiland_%2830277155100%29.jpg/220px-Wisma_Intiland_%2830277155100%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wisma_Intiland_%2830277155100%29.jpg/220px-Wisma_Intiland_%2830277155100%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wisma_Intiland_%2830277155100%29.jpg/330px-Wisma_Intiland_%2830277155100%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wisma_Intiland_%2830277155100%29.jpg/440px-Wisma_Intiland_%2830277155100%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wisma Intiland, most famous <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist architecture</a> in Surabaya. It is one of the last buildings designed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rudolph_(architect)" title="Paul Rudolph (architect)">Paul Rudolph</a>.</figcaption></figure> Architecture in Surabaya is a mixture of colonial, Asian, Javanese, modern, and post-modern influences. There are many colonial-era relics still standing today, such as <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Majapahit" title="Hotel Majapahit">Hotel Majapahit</a> and Surabaya Post Office. As a relatively old city in Indonesia and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, most colonial buildings were built around the 17th century to the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> These buildings show the influence of Dutch or European style in the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, there were many shophouses in the old part of the city, mostly two-storey.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> They display the influence of European and Chinese traditions. Although some have been dismantled for new construction, there are still many old buildings that are preserved as cultural heritage and city icons, which are around the area of Kembang Jepun Street, Karet Street, Gula Street, Slompretan Street, and Rajawali Street.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> After the independence of Indonesia, the center of Surabaya's architectural development was concentrated only in the area of Jembatan Merah and its surroundings. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, modern and post-modern style buildings were increasingly emerging in Surabaya. Along with economic development, such buildings have continued to grow. In the 2010s, Surabaya has become a center of <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-rise_building" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise building">high-rises</a> in East Java and central regions of Indonesia, such as The Peak Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 6 (215 meters) and One Icon Residence – Tunjungan Plaza 5 (200 meters).<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_Gardens">Parks and Gardens</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parks and Gardens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taman_Bungkul_2019-1-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Taman_Bungkul_2019-1-05.jpg/220px-Taman_Bungkul_2019-1-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4604" data-file-height="2589"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Taman_Bungkul_2019-1-05.jpg/220px-Taman_Bungkul_2019-1-05.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Taman_Bungkul_2019-1-05.jpg/330px-Taman_Bungkul_2019-1-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Taman_Bungkul_2019-1-05.jpg/440px-Taman_Bungkul_2019-1-05.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bungkul Park, one of the most visited parks in Surabaya</figcaption></figure> Surabaya is among the cleanest and greenest cities in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> This can be seen by the <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban parks</a> which are equipped with fountains in almost every <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood">neighborhood</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> These parks include Bungkul Park, Harmoni Park, Pelangi Park, Surya Park, Mundu Park, Undaan Fruit Park, Jayengrono Park,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> and others. Bungkul Park was awarded the Asian Townscape Award 2013 from the United Nations as the best park in Asia because of its very complete and integrated facilities, starting from the economic area (<a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Indonesia" title="Street food of Indonesia">street food centers</a>), green open area, parks, <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">disability-friendly</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Free_Internet_Act" title="Free Internet Act">free internet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>), and routine <a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">garden maintenance management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The city of Surabaya is very outstanding in the field of environment.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The city has won many awards in the field of environment and city planning both nationally and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> These awards have included Adipura, Adipura kencana, Adiwiyata, Wahyu Tata Nugraha, and other green awards, the Adipura Cup, which Surabaya won several times in the 1980s and 1990s, the Adipura Kencana trophy, the cleanest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan city</a> category in the 1990s and in the period of 2010 to 2017, seven consecutive times, as well as the Adipura trophy, plenary in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The city also received several awards from the central government as one of the major cities with the best air quality in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Surabaya in 2012 has won the award "City of the Best Participation in the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia Pacific</a>" by Citynet for the success of the city government and people's participation in managing the environment. Surabaya has also been awarded the ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award or "the city with the best sustainable environmental management in ASEAN" in 2011 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In 2018, Surabaya won the Lee Kuan Yew City Prize along with <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, on the basis of the ability to maintain and manage villages in the middle of the city with excellent <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">government management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_participation" title="Public participation">community participation</a> amid the rapidly developing city.<a href="#cite_note-:3-66">[65]</a> Surabaya became the first city in Indonesia to receive this award.<a href="#cite_note-:3-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> On the other hand, however, there are not a few areas in Surabaya that appear less organised, especially in the neighborhoods of Southern and Northern Surabaya.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> This is the concern of the city government to reorganise the environment of the region.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Surabaya features a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_wet_and_dry_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical wet and dry climate">tropical wet and dry climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Aw), with distinct <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a>. The city's wet season runs from October through May, while the dry season covers the remaining four months. Unlike many cities and regions with a tropical wet and dry climate, average high and low temperatures are very consistent throughout the year, with an average high temperature of around 31 °C and average low temperatures around 23 °C. Summer months (December to February) are the wettest months, while spring months (September to November) are the hottest months. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Surabaya (<a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Perak" title="Port of Tanjung Perak">Port of Tanjung Perak</a>) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1963–1980) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4 (93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9 (93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (95) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (95) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7 (92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1 (75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20 (68) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #00ED00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.1 (7.21) </td> <td style="background: #00D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.2 (7.06) </td> <td style="background: #0FFF0F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">160.4 (6.31) </td> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.5 (4.23) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.6 (2.15) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.6 (1.52) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (0.65) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (0.31) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (0.32) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (1.43) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.3 (3.20) </td> <td style="background: #0DFF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.8 (6.37) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,035.3 (40.76) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #1B1BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.4 </td> <td style="background: #1A1AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #4040FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.4 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.2 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #3434FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.4 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">109.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.61 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.23 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.87 </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.27 </td> <td style="background: #1616FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.84 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">57.87 </td> <td style="background: #2E2EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54.53 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.06 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56.13 </td> <td style="background: #0D0DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.03 </td> <td style="background: #1212FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">61.90 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BFBF27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.6 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123.6 </td> <td style="background: #C0C020; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.2 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155.8 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.9 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">199.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.8 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.5 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228.8 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182.6 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138.1 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,191.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-71">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (record extreme temperature)<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> WeatherOnline (2000–2019 sunshine data)<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Surabaya </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.3 (84.7) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.6 (85.3) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.5 (85.1) </td> <td style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;">29.0 (84.2) </td> <td style="background:#FF3A00;color:#FFFFFF;">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background:#FF3A00;color:#FFFFFF;">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF3A00;color:#FFFFFF;">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">30.1 (86.2) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background:#FF2000;color:#FFFFFF;border-left-width:medium">29.1 (84.4) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mean daily daylight hours </th> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.5 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.3 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.1 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">11.9 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">11.8 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">11.7 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">11.7 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">11.9 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.1 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.3 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.5 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;">12.5 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF34;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">12.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">Ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">12 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">12 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">12 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">12 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">11 </td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#FFFFFF;">10 </td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#FFFFFF;">10 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">12 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">12 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">12 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">12 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">12 </td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#FFFFFF;border-left-width:medium">11.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-75">[74]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surabaya_City_Hall_by_Yamin_Nathaniel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Surabaya_City_Hall_by_Yamin_Nathaniel.jpg/220px-Surabaya_City_Hall_by_Yamin_Nathaniel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7118" data-file-height="3741"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Surabaya_City_Hall_by_Yamin_Nathaniel.jpg/220px-Surabaya_City_Hall_by_Yamin_Nathaniel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Surabaya_City_Hall_by_Yamin_Nathaniel.jpg/330px-Surabaya_City_Hall_by_Yamin_Nathaniel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Surabaya_City_Hall_by_Yamin_Nathaniel.jpg/440px-Surabaya_City_Hall_by_Yamin_Nathaniel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_City_Hall" title="Surabaya City Hall">Surabaya City Hall</a> at dusk</figcaption></figure> The city has its own local government and legislative body. The mayor and members of representatives are locally elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The city government enjoys greater decentralisation of affairs than the provincial body, such as the provision of public schools, public health facilities, and public transportation. The current mayor of the city is <a href="/wiki/Eri_Cahyadi" title="Eri Cahyadi">Eri Cahyadi</a>, who has served the city since 26 February 2021. The city's first female mayor is <a href="/wiki/Tri_Rismaharini" title="Tri Rismaharini">Tri Rismaharini</a>, who has led Surabaya to achieve many regional, national and international awards since her first term began in 2010. In 2012, Surabaya was awarded the "ASEAN Environmentally Sustainable City Award". Besides Mayor and Vice Mayor, there is the <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_City_Regional_House_of_Representatives" title="Surabaya City Regional House of Representatives">Surabaya City Regional House of Representatives</a>, which is a legislative body of 50 council members directly elected by the people in legislative elections every five years.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Kecamatan_Surabaya_blank.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Locator_Kecamatan_Surabaya_blank.png/220px-Locator_Kecamatan_Surabaya_blank.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="1333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Locator_Kecamatan_Surabaya_blank.png/220px-Locator_Kecamatan_Surabaya_blank.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Locator_Kecamatan_Surabaya_blank.png/330px-Locator_Kecamatan_Surabaya_blank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Locator_Kecamatan_Surabaya_blank.png/440px-Locator_Kecamatan_Surabaya_blank.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Districts of Surabaya</figcaption></figure> The city administration maintains a central command center since 2016, integrating all civic services including Satpol PP, Bakesbangpol and Linmas, Hygiene and Parks Service, Transportation Agency, Public Works Agency of Highways and Extermination, ambulance and fire services.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> All services can be accessed by dialling 112 number. The city is dubbed as the champion of a smart city in Indonesia and won Indonesia Smart City Index (IKCI) in 2015 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Surabaya also received an award at the Guangzhou International Award for Urban Innovation in the Online Popular City category and Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Surabaya is divided into thirty-one <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">kecamatan</a> (districts),<a href="#cite_note-Surabaya_City_Regulation_No._5_2006-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-82">[81]</a> and subdivided into 154 <a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Indonesia" title="Villages of Indonesia">kelurahan</a> (urban villages). The districts are grouped into five areas: Central, North, South, East, and West. The districts are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census<a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-82">[81]</a> and the 2020 Census,<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-13">[12]</a> together with their official estimates as at mid 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-4">[4]</a> The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, and the number of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_village" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative village">administrative villages</a> (all classed as urban kelurahan) in each district. <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kode Wilayah</th> <th>Name of District (kecamatan)</th> <th>Area in km2</th> <th>Pop'n Census 2010</th> <th>Pop'n Census 2020</th> <th>Pop'n Estimate mid 2023</th> <th>Admin centre</th> <th>No. of villages</th> <th>Post codes </th></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.01</td> <td>Karangpilang</td> <td align="right">9.39</td> <td align="right">72,469</td> <td align="right">74,796</td> <td align="right">75,572</td> <td>Kebraon</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60221 - 60223 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.23</td> <td>Jambangan</td> <td align="right">4.10</td> <td align="right">46,430</td> <td align="right">50,470</td> <td align="right">54,200</td> <td>Jambangan</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60232 - 60233 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.22</td> <td>Gayungan</td> <td align="right">5.89</td> <td align="right">42,717</td> <td align="right">41,289</td> <td align="right">43,999</td> <td>Gayungsari</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60231 - 60235 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.02</td> <td>Wonocolo</td> <td align="right">6.53</td> <td align="right">80,276</td> <td align="right">75,315</td> <td align="right">79,559</td> <td>Jemur Wonosari</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>60236 - 60239 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenggilis_Mejoyo" title="Tenggilis Mejoyo">Tenggilis Mejoyo</a></td> <td align="right">5.81</td> <td align="right">72,467</td> <td align="right">61,187</td> <td align="right">58,990</td> <td>Panjang Jiwo</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60291 - 60299 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.25</td> <td>Gunung Anyar</td> <td align="right">10.15</td> <td align="right">62,120</td> <td align="right">62,482</td> <td align="right">61,565</td> <td>Gunung Anyar</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60293 - 60294 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.03</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rungkut" title="Rungkut">Rungkut</a></td> <td align="right">22.91</td> <td align="right">121,084</td> <td align="right">123,757</td> <td align="right">121,941</td> <td>Kali Rungkut</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>60293 - 60298 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.09</td> <td>Sukolilo</td> <td align="right">30.15</td> <td align="right">119,873</td> <td align="right">110,557</td> <td align="right">115,099</td> <td>Menur</td> <td align="center">7</td> <td>60111 - 60119 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.26</td> <td>Mulyorejo</td> <td align="right">17.37</td> <td align="right">94,728</td> <td align="right">86,545</td> <td align="right">87,556</td> <td>Mulyorejo</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>60112 - 60116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.08</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gubeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Gubeng">Gubeng</a></td> <td align="right">7.90</td> <td align="right">128,127</td> <td align="right">123,961</td> <td align="right">133,804</td> <td>Erlangga</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>60281 - 60286 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.04</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wonokromo" title="Wonokromo">Wonokromo</a></td> <td align="right">8.26</td> <td align="right">133,211</td> <td align="right">144,650</td> <td align="right">154,995</td> <td>Darmo</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>60241 - 60246 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dukuh_Pakis" title="Dukuh Pakis">Dukuh Pakis</a></td> <td align="right">10.26</td> <td align="right">64,249</td> <td align="right">56,707</td> <td align="right">59,532</td> <td>Pradah Kali Kendal</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60224 - 60226 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.20</td> <td>Wiyung</td> <td align="right">12.38</td> <td align="right">67,987</td> <td align="right">71,605</td> <td align="right">75,382</td> <td>Wiyung</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60222 - 60229 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.18</td> <td>Lakarsantri</td> <td align="right">18.90</td> <td align="right">51,195</td> <td align="right">59,256</td> <td align="right">64,062</td> <td>Jeruk</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>60211 - 60215 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sambikerep" title="Sambikerep">Sambikerep</a></td> <td align="right">17.17</td> <td align="right">61,101</td> <td align="right">63,778</td> <td align="right">67,943</td> <td>Sambikerep</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60216 - 60219 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.14</td> <td>Tandes</td> <td align="right">9.94</td> <td align="right">103,084</td> <td align="right">87,511</td> <td align="right">91,922</td> <td>Balongsari</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>60184 - 60187 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.27</td> <td>Sukomanunggal</td> <td align="right">9.27</td> <td align="right">100,612</td> <td align="right">101,259</td> <td align="right">104,786</td> <td>Simomulyo</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>60187 - 60189 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.06</td> <td>Sawahan</td> <td align="right">7.18</td> <td align="right">170,605</td> <td align="right">188,693</td> <td align="right">199,336</td> <td>Putat</td> <td align="center">6</td> <td>60253 - 60256 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.05</td> <td>Tegalsari</td> <td align="right">4.31</td> <td align="right">85,606</td> <td align="right">92,014</td> <td align="right">98,317</td> <td>Putran</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>60261 - 60265 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.07</td> <td>Genteng</td> <td align="right">4.06</td> <td align="right">46,548</td> <td align="right">52,924</td> <td align="right">58,742</td> <td>Ketabang</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>60271 - 60275 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tambaksari" title="Tambaksari">Tambaksari</a></td> <td align="right">8.97</td> <td align="right">204,805</td> <td align="right">214,966</td> <td align="right">226,995</td> <td>Pacar Keling</td> <td align="center">8</td> <td>60131 - 60138 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.17</td> <td>Kenjeran</td> <td align="right">8.51</td> <td align="right">163,438</td> <td align="right">181,325</td> <td align="right">181,300</td> <td>Tanah Kali Kedinding</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60126 - 60129 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.29</td> <td>Bulak</td> <td align="right">6.24</td> <td align="right">37,214</td> <td align="right">43,764</td> <td align="right">47,082</td> <td>Bulak</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60121 - 60125 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.11</td> <td>Simokerto</td> <td align="right">2.61</td> <td align="right">79,319</td> <td align="right">86,897</td> <td align="right">92,683</td> <td>Tambakrejo</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>60141 - 60145 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.16</td> <td>Semampir</td> <td align="right">9.05</td> <td align="right">151,429</td> <td align="right">172,669</td> <td align="right">182,371</td> <td>Ujung</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>60151 - 60155 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.12</td> <td>Pabean Cantian</td> <td align="right">5.48</td> <td align="right">69,423</td> <td align="right">70,808</td> <td align="right">74,490</td> <td>Perak Utara</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>60161 - 60165 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.13</td> <td>Bubutan</td> <td align="right">3.89</td> <td align="right">84,465</td> <td align="right">90,646</td> <td align="right">97,273</td> <td>Bubutan</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>60171 - 68174 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.15</td> <td>Krembangan</td> <td align="right">8.60</td> <td align="right">106,664</td> <td align="right">109,027</td> <td align="right">115,320</td> <td>Morokrembangan</td> <td align="center">5</td> <td>60175 - 60179 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.28</td> <td>Asemrowo</td> <td align="right">15.05</td> <td align="right">42,704</td> <td align="right">45,547</td> <td align="right">48,022</td> <td>Asemrowo</td> <td align="center">3</td> <td>60182 - 60184 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.19</td> <td>Benowo</td> <td align="right">26.64</td> <td align="right">54,133</td> <td align="right">69,938</td> <td align="right">73,306</td> <td>Sememi</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60191 - 60199 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35.78.30</td> <td>Pakal</td> <td align="right">18.57</td> <td align="right">47,404</td> <td align="right">59,971</td> <td align="right">62,715</td> <td>Babat Jerawat</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td>60192 - 60197 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Totals</td> <td></td> <td align="right">350.56</td> <td align="right">2,768,225</td> <td align="right">2,874,314</td> <td align="right">3,009,286</td> <td>Genteng</td> <td align="center">154 </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: (a) except the 2 kelurahan of Simomulyo and Simomulyo Baru, which have the postcode of 60281. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">618,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">715,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,008,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,556,255</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+54.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,008,335</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+29.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,467,089</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,610,519</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,768,225</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,874,314</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,009,286</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Various sources 1945–1961 : Surabaya: City of Work<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> 1971–2023 : <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a> (BPS)</td></tr></tbody></table> Surabaya is the second-most populous city in Indonesia, with 2,874,314 inhabitants recorded in the chartered city limits (kota) in the 2020 census;<a href="#cite_note-Gatra.Com-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-13">[12]</a> the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 3,009,286.<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-4">[4]</a> With the extended metropolitan development area called <a href="/wiki/Gerbangkertosusila" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerbangkertosusila">Gerbangkertosusila</a> (derived from <a href="/wiki/Gresik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gresik">Gresik</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bangkalan" title="Bangkalan">Bangkalan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mojokerto_Regency" title="Mojokerto Regency">Mojokerto</a>-Surabaya-<a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidoarjo">Sidoarjo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lamongan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamongan">Lamongan</a>) adding more than 12 million inhabitants in several cities and around 50 districts spread over noncontiguous urban areas including Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, and Pasuruan regencies. The central government of Indonesia recognises only the metropolitan area (Surabaya, Gresik, and Sidoarjo) as Greater Surabaya (Zona Surabaya Raya) with a population of 8,319,229 (2015), making Surabaya now the second-largest metropolitan area in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The city is highly <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urbanised</a>, with industries centralised in the city, and contains slums. As a leading education center, the city is also home for students from around Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Surabaya is an old city that has expanded over time, and its population continues to grow at roughly 2.2% per year. In recent years, more people have moved to Surabaya from nearby suburbs and villages in East Java.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a> form the majority in Surabaya, forming around 83 percent out all population, while the <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese</a> are significant minorities, forming around 7 percent respectively,<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> the rest are <a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Indonesian">Arab</a> and other ethnics that are present. Surabaya also has ethnic populations from other parts of Indonesia: <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>. Surabaya is one of the major cities in Indonesia that has a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Middle East people</a>; there are <a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arabs</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami people</a> who originate from the <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Surabaya" title="Armenians in Surabaya">Armenian people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> As one of the educational destinations, Surabaya is also the residence of students from various regions from all over Indonesia, even among them they also form their own community forum, majority from Eastern part of Indonesia such as <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minahasa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Minahasa people">Minahasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, Timor people and others. As one of the regional trade centers, many foreigners (expatriates) live in Surabaya, especially in the western part of the city. Foreign communities like <a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Korean</a> and westerners are among those who exist and settle in the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most citizens speak a dialect of East <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> called <a href="/wiki/Suroboyoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suroboyoan">Suroboyoan</a>, a subdialect of the Arekan dialect. A stereotype of this dialect concerns equality and directness in speech.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Register_(phonology)" title="Register (phonology)">register</a> is less strict than the standardized <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> dialect.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The Suroboyoan dialect is a mixture of both <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and Javanese, also with some significant influence from foreign languages such as <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>, which has formed a distinctive dialect known as Suroboyoan. The Suroboyoan dialect is actively promoted in local media, such as in local TV shows, radio, newspapers, and traditional dramas called <a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159154.92214786px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 53051.584865439px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5683.5186676955px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 932.64236482217px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 271.85060510381px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 50.873426249451px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Surabaya (2019 Census)<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (82.49%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (11.90%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman catholic">Roman catholic</a> (3.91%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (1.42%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> (0.02%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Others (0.01%)</div> </div> </div></div> Although around 80% of citizens in Surabaya adhere to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, other major religions include <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Indonesia" title="Catholic Church in Indonesia">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>), of whom the majority are Roman Catholics. The influence of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is strong in basic Surabayan culture, but only a minority of the population adheres to Hinduism, mostly among the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Indonesian">Indian</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> minorities. Also, a significant population of Chinese Indonesians adhere to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and a small community of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch Jews</a> follow <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The city had an influential role as a major Islamic center in Java during the <a href="/wiki/Wali_Sanga" title="Wali Sanga">Wali Sanga</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[96]</a> The prominent and honored Islamic figure in Surabaya was <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ampel" title="Sunan Ampel">Sunan Ampel</a> (Raden Rahmat).<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[96]</a> His tomb is a sacred religious site in the city and is visited by Surabayans and pilgrims from different parts of Indonesia. The largest Muslim organisation in Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a>, was established in Surabaya on 26 January 1926.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Akbar_Mosque" title="Al-Akbar Mosque">Al-Akbar Mosque</a> is the largest mosque in the city and <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_mosques" title="List of largest mosques">one of the largest mosque in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Christianity as a whole is mainly practised by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a>, as well as native <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak people">Bataks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a> who attend either a Roman Catholic or Protestant church.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> A minority of Javanese worship at the Gereja Kejawen - a syncretic religious movement that combines Christianity with the traditional religion of Java.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Around 15 churches are in Surabaya; they vary in size. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Birth_of_Our_Lady,_Surabaya" title="Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya">Church of the Birth of Our Lady</a>, also known as Gereja Kepanjen, was built in 1815 as the first church in Surabaya and is one of the oldest churches in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graha_Bethany_Nginden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graha Bethany Nginden">Graha Bethany Nginden</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">megachurch</a> which is one of the largest churches in Surabaya, Indonesia and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-goodnewsfromindonesia.id-104">[103]</a> The main Orthodox Church in Indonesia, St Nikolas Church, is also based in Surabaya. The <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christian</a> Center Surabaya was opened on 15 October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-orthodox.or.id-105">[104]</a> Once the major religion in Surabaya and across the archipelago during the Janggala and Majapahit era, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> played a major role in traditional Surabayan culture.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Small Hindu communities still exist, most commonly in the eastern sections of the city.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Surabaya was the location of the only <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in Java,<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> but it rarely obtained a <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a> (quorum). The synagogue was demolished in 2013 by unidentified people while the city council was in the process of registering it as a heritage site.<a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael.com-109">[108]</a> In the years before its demolition, it had been the site of many anti-Israel protests.<a href="#cite_note-timesofisrael.com-109">[108]</a> A Jewish cemetery exists in the city.<a href="#cite_note-bh.org.il-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Masjid_Nasional_Al-Akbar_Surabaya_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Akbar Mosque is the largest mosque in Surabaya and also East Java"><noscript><img alt="Al-Akbar Mosque is the largest mosque in Surabaya and also East Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Masjid_Nasional_Al-Akbar_Surabaya_2016.jpg/120px-Masjid_Nasional_Al-Akbar_Surabaya_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5344" data-file-height="3006"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 68px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Masjid_Nasional_Al-Akbar_Surabaya_2016.jpg/120px-Masjid_Nasional_Al-Akbar_Surabaya_2016.jpg" data-alt="Al-Akbar Mosque is the largest mosque in Surabaya and also East Java" data-width="120" data-height="68" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Masjid_Nasional_Al-Akbar_Surabaya_2016.jpg/180px-Masjid_Nasional_Al-Akbar_Surabaya_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Masjid_Nasional_Al-Akbar_Surabaya_2016.jpg/240px-Masjid_Nasional_Al-Akbar_Surabaya_2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Akbar_Mosque" title="Al-Akbar Mosque">Al-Akbar Mosque</a> is the largest mosque in Surabaya and also East Java</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gereja_Kelsapa_Surabaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya it is the oldest Roman Catholic church in Surabaya"><noscript><img alt="Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya it is the oldest Roman Catholic church in Surabaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gereja_Kelsapa_Surabaya.jpg/90px-Gereja_Kelsapa_Surabaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gereja_Kelsapa_Surabaya.jpg/90px-Gereja_Kelsapa_Surabaya.jpg" data-alt="Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya it is the oldest Roman Catholic church in Surabaya" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gereja_Kelsapa_Surabaya.jpg/135px-Gereja_Kelsapa_Surabaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Gereja_Kelsapa_Surabaya.jpg/180px-Gereja_Kelsapa_Surabaya.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Birth_of_Our_Lady,_Surabaya" title="Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya">Church of the Birth of Our Lady, Surabaya</a> it is the oldest Roman Catholic church in Surabaya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethany_Nginden_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nginden Bethany Church"><noscript><img alt="Nginden Bethany Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bethany_Nginden_Building.jpg/120px-Bethany_Nginden_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bethany_Nginden_Building.jpg/120px-Bethany_Nginden_Building.jpg" data-alt="Nginden Bethany Church" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bethany_Nginden_Building.jpg/180px-Bethany_Nginden_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Bethany_Nginden_Building.jpg/240px-Bethany_Nginden_Building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nginden_Bethany_Church" title="Nginden Bethany Church">Nginden Bethany Church</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_front_side_of_Sanggar_Agung_Temple,_Surabaya-Indonesia,_which_is_facing_the_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vihāra Sanggar Agung"><noscript><img alt="Vihāra Sanggar Agung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_front_side_of_Sanggar_Agung_Temple%2C_Surabaya-Indonesia%2C_which_is_facing_the_sea.jpg/120px-The_front_side_of_Sanggar_Agung_Temple%2C_Surabaya-Indonesia%2C_which_is_facing_the_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_front_side_of_Sanggar_Agung_Temple%2C_Surabaya-Indonesia%2C_which_is_facing_the_sea.jpg/120px-The_front_side_of_Sanggar_Agung_Temple%2C_Surabaya-Indonesia%2C_which_is_facing_the_sea.jpg" data-alt="Vihāra Sanggar Agung" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_front_side_of_Sanggar_Agung_Temple%2C_Surabaya-Indonesia%2C_which_is_facing_the_sea.jpg/180px-The_front_side_of_Sanggar_Agung_Temple%2C_Surabaya-Indonesia%2C_which_is_facing_the_sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_front_side_of_Sanggar_Agung_Temple%2C_Surabaya-Indonesia%2C_which_is_facing_the_sea.jpg/240px-The_front_side_of_Sanggar_Agung_Temple%2C_Surabaya-Indonesia%2C_which_is_facing_the_sea.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vihāra <a href="/wiki/Sanggar_Agung" title="Sanggar Agung">Sanggar Agung</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Since the early 1900s, Surabaya has been one of the most important and busiest trading city ports in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-world-guides.com-20">[19]</a> Principal exports from the port include <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Its rich history as a trading port has led to a strong financial infrastructure with modern economic institutions such as banks, insurance, and sound export-import companies. The economy is influenced by the recent growth in international industries and the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Suramadu_Bridge" title="Suramadu Bridge">Suramadu Bridge</a>. The high potential and economic activities make the city an attractive destination to foreign investors. The city is home to a large <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyard</a> and numerous specialized naval schools.<a href="#cite_note-surabaya.go.id-22">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Indonesia">Bank of Indonesia</a> has also made plans for Surabaya to be the Islamic financial center of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-Primadhyta-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indonesia-24">[23]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Under_construction_of_Tunjungan_Plaza_5_and_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Under_construction_of_Tunjungan_Plaza_5_and_6.jpg/220px-Under_construction_of_Tunjungan_Plaza_5_and_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="2306"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Under_construction_of_Tunjungan_Plaza_5_and_6.jpg/220px-Under_construction_of_Tunjungan_Plaza_5_and_6.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Under_construction_of_Tunjungan_Plaza_5_and_6.jpg/330px-Under_construction_of_Tunjungan_Plaza_5_and_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Under_construction_of_Tunjungan_Plaza_5_and_6.jpg/440px-Under_construction_of_Tunjungan_Plaza_5_and_6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tunjungan" title="Tunjungan">Tunjungan</a>, main <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> of Surabaya</figcaption></figure> As the provincial capital, Surabaya has numerous offices and business centers; as a metropolitan city, it became the center of economic, financial, and business activities in East Java and beyond. Also, Surabaya is the second-largest port city in Indonesia after Jakarta. As a trading center, Surabaya is not only a trade center for East Java, but also facilitates areas in <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, and Eastern Indonesia. Surabaya's strategic location in almost in the center of Indonesia and just south of Asia makes it one of the critical hubs for trading activities in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> It is currently in the process of building high-rise skyscrapers, including apartments, condominiums, and hotels to attract foreign capital. Surabaya and the surrounding area are undergoing the most rapidly growing and the most advanced economic development in Indonesia. The city is also one of the most essential cities in supporting Indonesia's economy. Most of the population is engaged in services, industry, and trade. Surabaya is a fast-growing trading center. Major industries include shipbuilding, heavy equipment, food processing and agriculture, electronics, home furnishings, and handicrafts. Many major multinational companies are based in Surabaya, such as <a href="/wiki/Sampoerna" title="Sampoerna">Sampoerna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maspion" title="Maspion">Maspion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wings_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Wings Group">Wings Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unilever_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilever Indonesia">Unilever Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakuwon_Mall" title="Pakuwon Mall">Pakuwon Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Pos" title="Jawa Pos">Jawa Pos Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PT_PAL_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="PT PAL Indonesia">PAL Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping">Shopping</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Shopping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakuwon_Trade_Centre_Ekspansi_(30632349775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pakuwon_Trade_Centre_Ekspansi_%2830632349775%29.jpg/220px-Pakuwon_Trade_Centre_Ekspansi_%2830632349775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3705" data-file-height="2480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pakuwon_Trade_Centre_Ekspansi_%2830632349775%29.jpg/220px-Pakuwon_Trade_Centre_Ekspansi_%2830632349775%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pakuwon_Trade_Centre_Ekspansi_%2830632349775%29.jpg/330px-Pakuwon_Trade_Centre_Ekspansi_%2830632349775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pakuwon_Trade_Centre_Ekspansi_%2830632349775%29.jpg/440px-Pakuwon_Trade_Centre_Ekspansi_%2830632349775%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pakuwon_Mall" title="Pakuwon Mall">Pakuwon Mall</a> is the largest mall in Surabaya and also in Indonesia, followed by <a href="/wiki/Tunjungan_Plaza" title="Tunjungan Plaza">Tunjungan Plaza</a></figcaption></figure> Surabaya has plenty of shopping centers like other major cities of Indonesia, ranging from traditional markets to most modern shopping malls. Outlets of local and international brands have a presence in modern shopping malls. There were about 100 hectares/one million square metres of retail space in Surabaya by the end of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> There are many dedicated markets for electronic goods, gadgets and computer hardware. Some important shopping malls of the city which are <a href="/wiki/Ciputra_World_Surabaya" title="Ciputra World Surabaya">Ciputra World Surabaya</a>, City of Tomorrow, Royal Plaza Surabaya, <a href="/wiki/Pakuwon_City_Mall" title="Pakuwon City Mall">Pakuwon City Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Mall" title="Galaxy Mall">Galaxy Mall</a>, Grand City Mall,<a href="#cite_note-grandcitymall-117">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marvell_City" title="Marvell City">Marvell City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakuwon_Mall" title="Pakuwon Mall">Pakuwon Mall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunjungan_Plaza" title="Tunjungan Plaza">Tunjungan Plaza</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jembatan_Kenjeran_pada_malam_hari_di_tahun_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Jembatan_Kenjeran_pada_malam_hari_di_tahun_2018.jpg/220px-Jembatan_Kenjeran_pada_malam_hari_di_tahun_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4579" data-file-height="3057"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Jembatan_Kenjeran_pada_malam_hari_di_tahun_2018.jpg/220px-Jembatan_Kenjeran_pada_malam_hari_di_tahun_2018.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Jembatan_Kenjeran_pada_malam_hari_di_tahun_2018.jpg/330px-Jembatan_Kenjeran_pada_malam_hari_di_tahun_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Jembatan_Kenjeran_pada_malam_hari_di_tahun_2018.jpg/440px-Jembatan_Kenjeran_pada_malam_hari_di_tahun_2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kenjeran_Bridge" title="Kenjeran Bridge">Kenjeran Bridge</a> during night with dancing fountain</figcaption></figure> Until 2009, the growth of road length in Surabaya was only about 0.01% per year. This is not comparable to the growth of motorized vehicles which reaches around 7–8% annually. Congestion that occurred in Surabaya was triggered by the growth of vehicles that were not proportional to the capacity of the road. To reduce congestion, the city government has built many new roads, including the construction of a frontage road on Ahmad Yani road which is divided into east and west sides of 4 km each. This slow lane is planned to penetrate to the Buduran area, <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_Regency" title="Sidoarjo Regency">Sidoarjo Regency</a>. In addition, the municipal government has completed the construction of the Middle East Ring Road (MERR) or Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno Boulevard, which is a 10.98 km ring road between the Kenjeran area to Tambak Sumur that connects the <a href="/wiki/Suramadu_Bridge" title="Suramadu Bridge">Suramadu Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juanda_International_Airport" title="Juanda International Airport">Juanda International Airport</a>; and the 780-meter Suroboyo Bridge that crosses the sea which is now a tourist icon in the Kenjeran Beach area. The city government has also intensified the construction of massive box culverts in Surabaya to reduce congestion while anticipating flooding.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suramadu_Bridge_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Suramadu_Bridge_5.JPG/220px-Suramadu_Bridge_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="2417"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Suramadu_Bridge_5.JPG/220px-Suramadu_Bridge_5.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Suramadu_Bridge_5.JPG/330px-Suramadu_Bridge_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Suramadu_Bridge_5.JPG/440px-Suramadu_Bridge_5.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suramadu_Bridge" title="Suramadu Bridge">Suramadu Bridge</a>, Indonesia's longest sea-bridge</figcaption></figure> The municipal government is also working on the construction of two new ring roads, namely the 17 km Outer East Ring Road (OERR) between the Kenjeran area to Gunung Anyar which also connects the Suramadu Bridge and <a href="/wiki/Juanda_International_Airport" title="Juanda International Airport">Juanda International Airport</a> and the West Outer Ring Road ( West Outer Ring Road (WORR) along 26.1 km between the Romokalisari area to Lakarsantri which connects the southern area of Surabaya with Teluk Lamong Harbor Terminal. In addition to building the ring road, the city government has completed the construction of an underpass on Jalan Mayjen Sungkono, and plans to build an underpass and flyover on Jalan Ahmad Yani. The problem of flooding is also a serious threat to city residents. To anticipate the occurrence of flooding, the city government has built many pump houses spread across several points in Surabaya, including Mulyorejo and Jemursari. In addition to pump houses, the city government has also built many parks that are used as sources of water absorption as well as areas for residents to interact, as well as carry out intensive cleaning and maintenance of major rivers in Surabaya. To accommodate the needs of pedestrians and tourists, the Surabaya city government has built bicycle lanes on many protocol roads in Surabaya, as well as pedestrian paths that are almost evenly distributed throughout the Surabaya area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways">Highways</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Highways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waru_Interchange_and_City_of_Tomorrow_Superblocks,_bordering_with_Surabaya_and_Sidoarjo_(July_2018)..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waru_Interchange_and_City_of_Tomorrow_Superblocks%2C_bordering_with_Surabaya_and_Sidoarjo_%28July_2018%29..jpg/220px-Waru_Interchange_and_City_of_Tomorrow_Superblocks%2C_bordering_with_Surabaya_and_Sidoarjo_%28July_2018%29..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waru_Interchange_and_City_of_Tomorrow_Superblocks%2C_bordering_with_Surabaya_and_Sidoarjo_%28July_2018%29..jpg/220px-Waru_Interchange_and_City_of_Tomorrow_Superblocks%2C_bordering_with_Surabaya_and_Sidoarjo_%28July_2018%29..jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waru_Interchange_and_City_of_Tomorrow_Superblocks%2C_bordering_with_Surabaya_and_Sidoarjo_%28July_2018%29..jpg/330px-Waru_Interchange_and_City_of_Tomorrow_Superblocks%2C_bordering_with_Surabaya_and_Sidoarjo_%28July_2018%29..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waru_Interchange_and_City_of_Tomorrow_Superblocks%2C_bordering_with_Surabaya_and_Sidoarjo_%28July_2018%29..jpg/440px-Waru_Interchange_and_City_of_Tomorrow_Superblocks%2C_bordering_with_Surabaya_and_Sidoarjo_%28July_2018%29..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Birdview of Waru interchange at night</figcaption></figure> The highways that are connected to Surabaya are the <a href="/wiki/Surabaya%E2%80%93Gresik_Toll_Road" title="Surabaya–Gresik Toll Road">Surabaya-Gresik</a> segment which connects Surabaya with Gresik and the northern part of East Java, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya%E2%80%93Mojokerto_Toll_Road" title="Surabaya–Mojokerto Toll Road">Surabaya-Mojokerto</a> which connects Surabaya with the western part of the province, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya%E2%80%93Gempol_Toll_Road" title="Surabaya–Gempol Toll Road">Surabaya-Gempol</a> which connects Surabaya with the southern part of the province, as well as <a href="/wiki/Waru%E2%80%93Juanda_Toll_Road" title="Waru–Juanda Toll Road">Waru-Juanda Airport</a> which connects Surabaya with Juanda International Airport. The Surabaya-Gempol section is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Gempol%E2%80%93Pandaan_Toll_Road" title="Gempol–Pandaan Toll Road">Gempol-Pandaan</a> section. The Gempol-Pandaan section is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Gempol%E2%80%93Pasuruan_Toll_Road" title="Gempol–Pasuruan Toll Road">Gempol-Pasuruan</a> section which connects Surabaya with the Horseshoe (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Tapak Kuda) area in East Java and the <a href="/wiki/Pandaan-Malang_Toll_Road" title="Pandaan-Malang Toll Road">Pandaan-Malang</a> section which connects Surabaya with Malang, the second largest city in East Java. The <a href="/wiki/Suramadu_Bridge" title="Suramadu Bridge">Suramadu Bridge</a> (abbreviated of Surabaya-Madura) connects Surabaya and <a href="/wiki/Madura_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Madura Island">Madura Island</a> over the Madura Strait. A 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) highway has been proposed to be built from the Suramadu Bridge to Madura International Seaport-City in Pernajuh village, Kocah district, <a href="/wiki/Bangkalan" title="Bangkalan">Bangkalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> at the cost of approximately Rp. 60 billion (US$7 billion). This container port was built to ease the burden on Surabaya's overloaded Tanjung Perak Port.<a href="#cite_note-The_Jakarta_Post-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Transport_of_Surabaya.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Map_Transport_of_Surabaya.png/220px-Map_Transport_of_Surabaya.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="24902" data-file-height="20874"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Map_Transport_of_Surabaya.png/220px-Map_Transport_of_Surabaya.png" data-width="220" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Map_Transport_of_Surabaya.png/330px-Map_Transport_of_Surabaya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Map_Transport_of_Surabaya.png/440px-Map_Transport_of_Surabaya.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The map of Transport of Surabaya as per September 2024</figcaption></figure> Transportation in Surabaya is supported by land and sea infrastructure serving local, regional, and international journeys. Air transport is located at <a href="/wiki/Juanda_International_Airport" title="Juanda International Airport">Juanda Airport</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Sedati" title="Sedati">Sedati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_Regency" title="Sidoarjo Regency">Sidoarjo</a>. Intracity transport is primarily by motor vehicles, motorcycles and taxis with limited public bus transport available. Recently Surabaya has been declared as one of the cities with the worst congestion in Indonesia, according to a survey<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Surabaya is also a transit city between <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> for ground transportation. Another bus route is between Jakarta and the neighboring island of <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a>. In 2018, President <a href="/wiki/Joko_Widodo" title="Joko Widodo">Joko Widodo</a> inaugurated final segments of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Java_Toll_Road" title="Trans-Java Toll Road">Trans-Java Toll Road</a>, fully connecting <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> and Surabaya with expressways.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kereta_Api_Jenggala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kereta_Api_Jenggala.jpg/220px-Kereta_Api_Jenggala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kereta_Api_Jenggala.jpg/220px-Kereta_Api_Jenggala.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kereta_Api_Jenggala.jpg/330px-Kereta_Api_Jenggala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kereta_Api_Jenggala.jpg/440px-Kereta_Api_Jenggala.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuter rail in Surabaya">Surabaya Commuter rail</a> with Surabaya–Sidoarjo railway line (KA Jenggala)</figcaption></figure> Surabaya has three major train stations, being <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_Kota_railway_station" title="Surabaya Kota railway station">Surabaya Kota</a> (also known as Semut), <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_Pasar_Turi_railway_station" title="Surabaya Pasar Turi railway station">Surabaya Pasar Turi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_Gubeng_railway_station" title="Surabaya Gubeng railway station">Surabaya Gubeng</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Argo_Bromo_Anggrek" class="mw-redirect" title="Argo Bromo Anggrek">Argo Bromo Anggrek</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Kereta_Api_Indonesia" title="Kereta Api Indonesia">Kereta Api Indonesia</a> (KAI) connects Surabaya from Surabaya Pasar Turi Station to <a href="/wiki/Gambir_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambir Station">Gambir Station</a> in Jakarta. Both economy and executive class trains are served to and from Surabaya.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail_in_Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuter rail in Surabaya">Surabaya commuter rail</a> has 7 separate lines (as of 2023) that connect Surabaya with surrounding regencies. Their services, also operated by <a href="/wiki/KAI_Commuter" title="KAI Commuter">KAI Commuter</a>, have extended into Lamongan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, and Pasuruan. Surabaya will become the final destination for a <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Whoosh High speed rail</a> initiative which connects <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> to Surabaya. The Indonesian government currently have a cooperation contract with the investors, and will begin construction in soon.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Armada_Suroboyo_Bus_di_Park_N_Ride_ARH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Suroboyo Bus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Armada_Suroboyo_Bus_di_Park_N_Ride_ARH.jpg/220px-Armada_Suroboyo_Bus_di_Park_N_Ride_ARH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1872"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Armada_Suroboyo_Bus_di_Park_N_Ride_ARH.jpg/220px-Armada_Suroboyo_Bus_di_Park_N_Ride_ARH.jpg" data-alt="Suroboyo Bus" data-width="220" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Armada_Suroboyo_Bus_di_Park_N_Ride_ARH.jpg/330px-Armada_Suroboyo_Bus_di_Park_N_Ride_ARH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Armada_Suroboyo_Bus_di_Park_N_Ride_ARH.jpg/440px-Armada_Suroboyo_Bus_di_Park_N_Ride_ARH.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:01_Unit_Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo_nomor_lambung_TB-II-07_terpantau_melintasi_Halte_Babatan_menuju_ITS_pada_3_Februari_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Trans Semanggi Suroboyo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/01_Unit_Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo_nomor_lambung_TB-II-07_terpantau_melintasi_Halte_Babatan_menuju_ITS_pada_3_Februari_2022.jpg/220px-01_Unit_Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo_nomor_lambung_TB-II-07_terpantau_melintasi_Halte_Babatan_menuju_ITS_pada_3_Februari_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1872"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/01_Unit_Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo_nomor_lambung_TB-II-07_terpantau_melintasi_Halte_Babatan_menuju_ITS_pada_3_Februari_2022.jpg/220px-01_Unit_Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo_nomor_lambung_TB-II-07_terpantau_melintasi_Halte_Babatan_menuju_ITS_pada_3_Februari_2022.jpg" data-alt="Trans Semanggi Suroboyo" data-width="220" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/01_Unit_Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo_nomor_lambung_TB-II-07_terpantau_melintasi_Halte_Babatan_menuju_ITS_pada_3_Februari_2022.jpg/330px-01_Unit_Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo_nomor_lambung_TB-II-07_terpantau_melintasi_Halte_Babatan_menuju_ITS_pada_3_Februari_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/01_Unit_Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo_nomor_lambung_TB-II-07_terpantau_melintasi_Halte_Babatan_menuju_ITS_pada_3_Februari_2022.jpg/440px-01_Unit_Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo_nomor_lambung_TB-II-07_terpantau_melintasi_Halte_Babatan_menuju_ITS_pada_3_Februari_2022.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Halte_Terminal_Purabaya_(Trans_Jatim).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Trans Jatim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Halte_Terminal_Purabaya_%28Trans_Jatim%29.jpg/220px-Halte_Terminal_Purabaya_%28Trans_Jatim%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1872"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Halte_Terminal_Purabaya_%28Trans_Jatim%29.jpg/220px-Halte_Terminal_Purabaya_%28Trans_Jatim%29.jpg" data-alt="Trans Jatim" data-width="220" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Halte_Terminal_Purabaya_%28Trans_Jatim%29.jpg/330px-Halte_Terminal_Purabaya_%28Trans_Jatim%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Halte_Terminal_Purabaya_%28Trans_Jatim%29.jpg/440px-Halte_Terminal_Purabaya_%28Trans_Jatim%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Unit_HiAce_Feeder_Wirawiri_Suroboyo_(Maret_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Wirawiri Suroboyo (operated by Suroboyo Bus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Unit_HiAce_Feeder_Wirawiri_Suroboyo_%28Maret_2023%29.jpg/220px-Unit_HiAce_Feeder_Wirawiri_Suroboyo_%28Maret_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1872"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Unit_HiAce_Feeder_Wirawiri_Suroboyo_%28Maret_2023%29.jpg/220px-Unit_HiAce_Feeder_Wirawiri_Suroboyo_%28Maret_2023%29.jpg" data-alt="Wirawiri Suroboyo (operated by Suroboyo Bus)" data-width="220" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Unit_HiAce_Feeder_Wirawiri_Suroboyo_%28Maret_2023%29.jpg/330px-Unit_HiAce_Feeder_Wirawiri_Suroboyo_%28Maret_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Unit_HiAce_Feeder_Wirawiri_Suroboyo_%28Maret_2023%29.jpg/440px-Unit_HiAce_Feeder_Wirawiri_Suroboyo_%28Maret_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various bus-based means of transport in Surabaya; from up to down: <a href="/wiki/Suroboyo_Bus" title="Suroboyo Bus">Suroboyo Bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo" title="Trans Semanggi Suroboyo">Trans Semanggi Suroboyo</a>, Trans Jatim, and Wira Wiri Suroboyo</div></div></div></div> The main bus terminal is <a href="/wiki/Purabaya_Bus_Terminal" title="Purabaya Bus Terminal">Purabaya Bus Terminal</a> (located in Bungurasih, <a href="/wiki/Waru,_Sidoarjo" title="Waru, Sidoarjo">Waru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_Regency" title="Sidoarjo Regency">Sidoarjo</a>), the other major terminal is Osowilangon in Tambak.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> In Surabaya it is served by city buses such <a href="/wiki/Suroboyo_Bus" title="Suroboyo Bus">Suroboyo Bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans_Semanggi_Suroboyo" title="Trans Semanggi Suroboyo">Trans Semanggi Suroboyo</a>, Trans Jatim, <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">shuttle bus service</a> (Wira Wiri Suroboyo), and Share taxis is called Angkot as a means of choice for residents of Surabaya and surrounding cities for their daily activities. Surabaya has a number of terminals in the city, including Joyoboyo Terminal, Bratang Terminal, Jembatan Merah Bus Stop, Ujung Baru Bus Stop, and so on. These terminals are meeting points between city buses and other modes of transportation within the city. Since 7 April 2018, the Surabaya city government has launched a city bus system named Suroboyo Bus which serves important points throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The Suroboyo Bus payment system is unique because it uses plastic waste making Surabaya the second city in the world to implement this system in mass transportation after the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing subway">Beijing subway</a> in 2014. Suroboyo Bus has small stops scattered throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Surabaya's <a href="/wiki/Juanda_International_Airport" title="Juanda International Airport">Juanda International Airport</a> is a passenger and cargo airport which also serves as Surabaya's Naval Airbase, operated by the TNI-AL (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Navy" title="Indonesian Navy">Indonesian Navy</a>) and located just outside Surabaya, on the outskirts of Sidoarjo. This airport has served Surabaya for many years and currently has two terminals, with domestic flights served from Terminal 1 and all international flights and <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia" title="Garuda Indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a>'s domestic flights serviced from Terminal 2.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Perak" title="Port of Tanjung Perak">Port of Tanjung Perak</a> is the main trading port of Surabaya and <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> as a whole. It is one of the busiest ports in the country. It is the second-largest port of trade, container and passenger traffic in Indonesia after the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Priok" title="Port of Tanjung Priok">Port of Tanjung Priok</a> in Jakarta. Because of its strategic position and the existence of surrounding advantageous hinterlands, the port constitutes the center of inter island shipping for Eastern Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedung_Ludruk_Irama_Budaya_oleh_HS_Sumiyani_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gedung_Ludruk_Irama_Budaya_oleh_HS_Sumiyani_2.jpg/220px-Gedung_Ludruk_Irama_Budaya_oleh_HS_Sumiyani_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gedung_Ludruk_Irama_Budaya_oleh_HS_Sumiyani_2.jpg/220px-Gedung_Ludruk_Irama_Budaya_oleh_HS_Sumiyani_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gedung_Ludruk_Irama_Budaya_oleh_HS_Sumiyani_2.jpg/330px-Gedung_Ludruk_Irama_Budaya_oleh_HS_Sumiyani_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Gedung_Ludruk_Irama_Budaya_oleh_HS_Sumiyani_2.jpg/440px-Gedung_Ludruk_Irama_Budaya_oleh_HS_Sumiyani_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a> is a native Surabaya-genre <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">play (theatre)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kya_kya_surabaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kya_kya_surabaya.jpg/220px-Kya_kya_surabaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="807"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kya_kya_surabaya.jpg/220px-Kya_kya_surabaya.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kya_kya_surabaya.jpg/330px-Kya_kya_surabaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kya_kya_surabaya.jpg/440px-Kya_kya_surabaya.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kya Kya Surabaya (Kembang Jepun) is part of Surabaya’s <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a>, it has <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">chinese cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion_dance" title="Lion dance">barongsai</a> attractions, and chinese heritage buildings.</figcaption></figure> Javanese culture in Surabaya has distinctive characteristics compared to other regions, the uniqueness of its characteristics which is more egalitarian and open. Surabaya is known to have several distinctive arts, namely: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a>, a cultural drama performance art that tells daily routine of working-class people.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></li> <li>Remo Dance, a traditional welcome dance that is generally dedicated to special guests.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a></li> <li>Kidungan, a poetry musicalisation and contains elements of humor.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></li></ul> In addition to the art above, the call culture of arek or rek (a distinctive call from Surabaya) is also a unique characteristic. There are other distinctive calls as well, namely Cak for men and Ning for women. In an effort to preserve culture, Cak & Ning Surabaya is selected once a year, and the selected finalists are tourism ambassadors and icons of the young generation of the city.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Cak Durasim Festival (FCD) is held annually, which is an art festival to preserve the culture of Surabaya and East Java in general. The Cak Durasim Festival is usually held at Cak Durasim Building.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> There is also the Surabaya Art Festival (FSS) which raises all kinds of art forms such as theatre, dance, music, literary seminars, painting exhibitions. Event organisers usually aside from art groups in Surabaya also come from outside the city. Also enlivened is the screening of movie screens and T-shirt exhibitions. The Surabaya Art Festival is held once a year in June and is usually held at the Youth Hall.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition to Javanese culture, there has also been a mixture of various cultures such as from Madura, the Arab world, India, the Malay world, China and Europe. The Surabaya Cross Culture is an annual art and culture festival that show various cultures outside Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><noscript><img alt="Rujak Cingur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rujak_Cingur_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Rujak_Cingur_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="612"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rujak_Cingur_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Rujak_Cingur_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Rujak Cingur" data-width="170" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rujak_Cingur_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Rujak_Cingur_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rujak_Cingur_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Rujak_Cingur_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><noscript><img alt="Nasi Rawon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rawon_Bu_Rima_Leces_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Rawon_Bu_Rima_Leces_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="2229"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rawon_Bu_Rima_Leces_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Rawon_Bu_Rima_Leces_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Nasi Rawon" data-width="170" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rawon_Bu_Rima_Leces_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Rawon_Bu_Rima_Leces_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rawon_Bu_Rima_Leces_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Rawon_Bu_Rima_Leces_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><noscript><img alt="Soto Lamongan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Soto_Lamongan.jpg/170px-Soto_Lamongan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Soto_Lamongan.jpg/170px-Soto_Lamongan.jpg" data-alt="Soto Lamongan" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Soto_Lamongan.jpg/255px-Soto_Lamongan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Soto_Lamongan.jpg/340px-Soto_Lamongan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><noscript><img alt="Bebek Madura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nasi_Jagung_dan_Bebek_Songkem_Sampang_Madura.jpg/170px-Nasi_Jagung_dan_Bebek_Songkem_Sampang_Madura.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nasi_Jagung_dan_Bebek_Songkem_Sampang_Madura.jpg/170px-Nasi_Jagung_dan_Bebek_Songkem_Sampang_Madura.jpg" data-alt="Bebek Madura" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nasi_Jagung_dan_Bebek_Songkem_Sampang_Madura.jpg/255px-Nasi_Jagung_dan_Bebek_Songkem_Sampang_Madura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Nasi_Jagung_dan_Bebek_Songkem_Sampang_Madura.jpg/340px-Nasi_Jagung_dan_Bebek_Songkem_Sampang_Madura.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various Surabayan cuisine, from top left to right: Rujak Cingur, Rawon rice, Soto Lamongan and Bebek Madura</div></div></div></div> As a metropolitan city, all types of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisine</a> and other international restaurants have a presence.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> However, as the capital of <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, cuisines from the rest of the province dominate the culinary culture of the city. East Javanese cuisines include a variety of processed fruits, crispy tempeh, <a href="/wiki/Bakpao" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakpao">Bakpao</a> telo, <a href="/wiki/Bakso" title="Bakso">Bakso</a> Malang, Rawon, tahu campur lamongan, Cwie noodles, tahu takwa, tahu pong, getuk pisang, pecel madiun, <a href="/wiki/Wingko" title="Wingko">wingko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">tape</a>, nasi krawu, otak-otak bandeng, bonggolan, shrimp crackers, shrimp paste or petis, Tempeh Chips, tahu tepo, Nasi lethok, sego tempong, salad soup, pecel rawon, Suwar-suwir, tape proll, gaplek, lodho, goat satay, and pecel tulungagung.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Surabaya is famous for Rawon, Rujak cingur, Semanggi, Lontong Balap, clams satay, mussels, and rice cake.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rujak#Rujak_Cingur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rujak">Rujak cingur</a>:<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> a marinated <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a> snout or lips and noses (cingur), served with boiled vegetables and shrimp crackers. It is then dressed in a sauce made of caramelised fermented shrimp paste (<a href="/wiki/Petis" class="mw-redirect" title="Petis">petis</a>), peanuts, <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">chili</a>, and spices. It is usually served with <a href="/wiki/Lontong" title="Lontong">lontong</a>, a boiled rice cake. Rujak cingur is considered traditional food of Surabaya.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawon" title="Rawon">Rawon</a>: a dark beef soup, served with <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung bean</a> sprouts and the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a>. The dark (almost black) color comes from the kluwak (Pangium edule) nuts.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></li> <li>Lontong kupang: <a href="/wiki/Lontong" title="Lontong">lontong</a> with small <a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">cockles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Petis" class="mw-redirect" title="Petis">petis</a> sauce.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a></li> <li>Semanggi: a salad made of boiled semanggi (<a href="/wiki/Marsilea_crenata" title="Marsilea crenata">Marsilea crenata</a>) leaves that grow in paddy fields. It is dressed in a spicy peanut sauce. It is usually eaten with rice crackers.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GBT_May_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/GBT_May_2018.jpg/220px-GBT_May_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/GBT_May_2018.jpg/220px-GBT_May_2018.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/GBT_May_2018.jpg/330px-GBT_May_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/GBT_May_2018.jpg/440px-GBT_May_2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ultras" title="Ultras">Ultras</a> choreography of <a href="/wiki/Persebaya_Surabaya" title="Persebaya Surabaya">Persebaya</a></figcaption></figure> Surabaya is a barometer and center of <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> development in Indonesia. The city has many association football clubs founded in Surabaya, but <a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Tomo_Stadium" title="Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium">Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium</a> is the home of <a href="/wiki/Persebaya_Surabaya" title="Persebaya Surabaya">Persebaya Surabaya</a>. The first club was founded by the youth of <a href="/wiki/Hogere_Burgerschool" title="Hogere Burgerschool">Hoogere Burger School</a> (HBS) John Edgar with the Victoria club in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-143">[142]</a> Others included Scoren Is Ons Doel (SIOD), Sparta, Rapiditas and Thot Heil Onzer Ribben (THOR). These are the pioneers of association football in Surabaya. The clubs then took management under Oost Java Voetbalbond (OJVB) in 1907. Two years later, the OJVB changed to Soerabajasche Voetbalbond (SVB). Starting in 1914, SVB was based on the Nederlandsch Indische Voetbalbond (NIVB), created by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Football_Association" title="Royal Dutch Football Association">Dutch football federation</a> (KNVB). The Surabaya <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> and native people also founded their association football clubs by ethnicity. Oei Kwie Liem founded Hoa Soerabaja in 1914, while the Bumiputera through R Pamoedji and Paidjo founded the Soerabajasche Indonesische Voetbalbond (SIVB) on 18 June 1927 (now Persebaya), which three years later co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Indonesia" title="Football Association of Indonesia">PSSI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-143">[142]</a> In 1950, the working-class people and office men founded Soerabajasche Kantoor Voetbalbond (SKVB).<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-146">[145]</a> The association football sector in Indonesia and specifically Surabaya became more developed, and the football association of Indonesia founded a semi-professional competition in 1979, which was named the Main Football League (Galatama). A new team emerged from Surabaya, NIAC Partners and the Salim Group Association. Besides Galatama, PSSI also formed a women's soccer competition called the Women's Football League (Galanita). Surabaya also has a women's soccer team, which was founded in 1977 and named Puteri Puspita. Clubs from Surabaya have also gained attention from the rest of the world. Persebaya has competed against European teams including Lokomotiv Moscow, Sturm Graz, Grasshoppers, Salzburg, Stade de Reims, Ajax Amsterdam, PSV Eindhoven, AC Milan, and lastly, Queens Park Rangers (QPR). Aside from European teams, there are several national teams outside the country competing against Persebaya, including Yugoslavia Olympics, Malaysia, Mozambique, Uruguay, Thailand, South Korea, and the Japanese national team.<a href="#cite_note-:1-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_Kukar_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Mitra Kukar F.C.">NIAC Mitra</a> also competed against Arsenal and won the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Gold_Cup" title="Aga Khan Gold Cup">Aga Khan Gold Cup</a> competition in 1979 in Bangladesh. The achievements of NIAC Mitra in the Galatama competition included three championships in 1980–1982, 1982–1983, and 1987–1988, and finishing as runners-up in 1988–89. However, NIAC Partners officially dissolved and withdrew from the Galatama competition held by PSSI in 1990 because they considered the policies issued by PSSI irrelevant. After being disbanded, the demands of the Surabaya community to revive the NIAC Partners were channelled when the Jawa Pos party weighed in and changed the name of the NIAC Partner to the Surabaya Partner.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> When the Union competition was merged with Galatama in 1994, the new Persebaya was able to win in 1997 and 2004. Persebaya was listed as the first team capable of winning the Indonesian League twice. Mitra Surabaya was only able to exist until the 1998–1999 season and it was re-established again in another city, <a href="/wiki/Tenggarong" title="Tenggarong">Tenggarong</a> and has not used the name of Surabaya again.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelora_Bung_Tomo_13Nov23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gelora_Bung_Tomo_13Nov23.jpg/220px-Gelora_Bung_Tomo_13Nov23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gelora_Bung_Tomo_13Nov23.jpg/220px-Gelora_Bung_Tomo_13Nov23.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gelora_Bung_Tomo_13Nov23.jpg/330px-Gelora_Bung_Tomo_13Nov23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gelora_Bung_Tomo_13Nov23.jpg/440px-Gelora_Bung_Tomo_13Nov23.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Inside <a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Tomo_Stadium" title="Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium">Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium</a> in 2023</figcaption></figure> Recently, only Persebaya has stable fans and achievements. Persebaya has won the <a href="/wiki/Liga_2_(Indonesia)" title="Liga 2 (Indonesia)">Indonesian Premier Division</a> three times–twice when the division was the first tier and once as the second tier. Fans refer to themselves as Bonek, an abbreviation for Bondo Nekat (which translates as "equipped by bravery"). The city is the home of <a href="/wiki/CLS_Knights_Indonesia" title="CLS Knights Indonesia">CLS Knights Indonesia</a>, a basketball club which participated in IBL (Indonesia basketball league) & Asean Basketball League. Surabaya has a <a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium" title="Multi-purpose stadium">multi-purpose stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Tomo_Stadium" title="Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium">Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium</a>. The stadium is used mostly for <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> matches. It is the new home stadium of Persebaya, replacing <a href="/wiki/Gelora_10_November_Stadium" title="Gelora 10 November Stadium">Gelora 10 November Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-opening-149">[148]</a> It was the venue of a match between Persebaya 1927 against then–English <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> club <a href="/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C." title="Queens Park Rangers F.C.">Queens Park Rangers</a>, held on 23 July 2012. Another prevalent sport is badminton. There are numerous schools and clubs in the city that train students of various ages to reach the next level of the Badminton League.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Many children start out their career from Surabaya and have made it to the national and sometimes international level. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One of the largest circulating national newspapers in Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Jawa_Pos" title="Jawa Pos">Jawa Pos</a>, is headquartered in Surabaya; alongside its media conglomerate Jawa Pos Group. Major newspapers include Surabaya Pagi and Surya. Surabaya is served by many radio and television networks. Radio networks affiliates include the public <a href="/wiki/Radio_Republik_Indonesia" title="Radio Republik Indonesia">RRI</a> Surabaya, <a href="/wiki/Gen_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Gen FM">Gen FM</a> Surabaya 103.1 and <a href="/wiki/Prambors_FM" title="Prambors FM">Prambors FM</a> Surabaya 89.3; as well as local stations Suara Surabaya 100.0, EBS FM and Radio Merdeka 106.7. Local television stations include <a href="/wiki/JTV_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="JTV (Indonesia)">JTV</a> (both are regional stations serving East Java, which are based in the city), Jawa Pos TV, Surabaya TV and Nahdlatul Ulama-affiliated TV9. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universitas_Airlangga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Universitas_Airlangga.jpg/220px-Universitas_Airlangga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Universitas_Airlangga.jpg/220px-Universitas_Airlangga.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Universitas_Airlangga.jpg/330px-Universitas_Airlangga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Universitas_Airlangga.jpg/440px-Universitas_Airlangga.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Airlangga_University" title="Airlangga University">Airlangga University</a> (UNAIR) rectorate building</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surabaya_its_universiteit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Surabaya_its_universiteit.jpg/170px-Surabaya_its_universiteit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="499"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Surabaya_its_universiteit.jpg/170px-Surabaya_its_universiteit.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Surabaya_its_universiteit.jpg/255px-Surabaya_its_universiteit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Surabaya_its_universiteit.jpg/340px-Surabaya_its_universiteit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Graha Sepuluh Nopember, <a href="/wiki/Sepuluh_Nopember_Institute_of_Technology" title="Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology">Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology</a> (ITS) Main Hall</figcaption></figure> One of the most well-liked educational locations in Indonesia is Surabaya, which is home to about 40 higher education institutions. In addition to various state-funded and -managed Junior High Schools (SMP Negeri), State High Schools (SMA Negeri), and State Vocational Schools (SMK), there are hundreds of public and private schools in the city. The city is home to at least seventeen universities, six of which are owned by the state, and sixty-four professional schools. These universities provide everything from natural, technology, and social sciences to tourism instruction. Major universities and institutes, including those with technical or religious specializations (arranged by significance), can be found in Surabaya. Which are included <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Airlangga" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Airlangga">Universitas Airlangga</a> (UNAIR), a prominent Indonesian public research institution with locations in <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi_(town)" title="Banyuwangi (town)">Banyuwangi</a> and Surabaya.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> The national public research university <a href="/wiki/Sepuluh_Nopember_Institute_of_Technology" title="Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology">Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology</a> (ITS), which emphasizes science, engineering, and vocational education. The <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_Surabaya" title="State University of Surabaya">State University of Surabaya</a> (UNESA), a prominent institution that trains teachers and offers courses in law, technology, and economics.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> One of Indonesia's leading private Christian universities, <a href="/wiki/Petra_Christian_University" title="Petra Christian University">Petra Christian University</a> offers courses in economics, technology, design, engineering, literature, and education. It is Indonesia's oldest significant Christian institution, having been founded in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Major technical public institution, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Engineering_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Surabaya" title="Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya">Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya</a> (PENS-PPNS), Surabaya.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Yayasan Nala is the manager of Hang Tuah University, which was established by the Indonesian Navy.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Bhayangkara University, which is connected to the East Javan Indonesian Police Department.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunan_Ampel_State_Islamic_University_Surabaya" title="Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya">State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel</a> (UINSA), a public university dedicated to Islamic studies.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Founded in 1968, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surabaya" title="University of Surabaya">University of Surabaya</a> is a private institution that offers psychology and pharmacy courses.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wijaya_Putra_University" title="Wijaya Putra University">Wijaya Putra University</a> a public university founded in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wijaya_Kusuma_University_Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya">Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya</a>, the oldest private medical school in eastern Indonesia, located in Surabaya. The Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1986 after being established in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Widya_Mandala_Catholic_University" title="Widya Mandala Catholic University">Widya Mandala Catholic University</a>, a private Catholic institution in Surabaya, which recently constructed a third campus in the eastern section of the city and houses facilities for healthcare studies. Among them is Widya Mandala Catholic University.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Additionally, there are several international schools here, including <a href="/wiki/Surabaya_Intercultural_School" title="Surabaya Intercultural School">Surabaya Intercultural School</a>, Surabaya Japanese School (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%A4%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:スラバヤ日本人学校">スラバヤ日本人学校</a>), Surabaya Taipei International School (印尼泗水臺灣學校) , Surabaya European School, Merlion School, Ciputra School, and Spins Interactional School. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Surabaya has cooperation between cities throughout the world as well as several state representative offices here, such as the General Consulates and <a href="/wiki/Consulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulates">Consulates</a>, considering that this city is ranked second in terms of population and economy. And some of this list are overseas representative offices and city <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns">twin towns</a> such are: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_Missions">Diplomatic Missions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Diplomatic Missions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_Consulates">General Consulates</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General Consulates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Surabaya,_photo_by_Calla_Clarissa_(2018-04-26).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Surabaya%2C_photo_by_Calla_Clarissa_%282018-04-26%29.jpg/230px-Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Surabaya%2C_photo_by_Calla_Clarissa_%282018-04-26%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Surabaya%2C_photo_by_Calla_Clarissa_%282018-04-26%29.jpg/230px-Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Surabaya%2C_photo_by_Calla_Clarissa_%282018-04-26%29.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Surabaya%2C_photo_by_Calla_Clarissa_%282018-04-26%29.jpg/345px-Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Surabaya%2C_photo_by_Calla_Clarissa_%282018-04-26%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Surabaya%2C_photo_by_Calla_Clarissa_%282018-04-26%29.jpg/460px-Consulate-General_of_Japan_in_Surabaya%2C_photo_by_Calla_Clarissa_%282018-04-26%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Japan,_Surabaya" title="Consulate-General of Japan, Surabaya">Consulate-General of Japan in Surabaya</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Consulate-General,_Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Consulate-General, Surabaya">Australian Consulate-General, Surabaya</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Consulate-General,_Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Consulate-General, Surabaya">Chinese Consulate-General, Surabaya</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_Japan,_Surabaya" title="Consulate-General of Japan, Surabaya">Consulate-General of Japan, Surabaya</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of the United States, Surabaya">Consulate General of the United States, Surabaya</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consulates">Consulates</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Consulates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Austria<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></li> <li>Belarus<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></li> <li>Belgium<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></li> <li>Czech Republic<a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li> <li>Denmark<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li> <li>East Timor<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></li> <li>Finland</li> <li>France<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li> <li>Germany<a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li> <li>Hungary<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></li> <li>India<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></li> <li>Mongolia<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a></li> <li>Netherlands<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li> <li>New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a></li> <li>Philippines</li> <li>Poland<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a></li> <li>Russia<a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li> <li>Slovakia<a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka<a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li> <li>Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a></li> <li>Sri Lanka<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a></li> <li>Sweden<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a></li> <li>Thailand<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-konsulat-164">[163]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_diplomatic_offices">Other diplomatic offices</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other diplomatic offices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Taiwan (Taipei Economic and Trade Office in Surabaya)<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Indonesia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia</a></div> Surabaya is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, United States (1992)<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><noscript><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="South Korea" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, South Korea (1994)<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dchi_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōchi (city)">Kōchi</a>, Japan (1997)<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><noscript><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" data-alt="Mexico" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, Mexico (2001)<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China (2005)<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, China (2008)<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><noscript><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="Bulgaria" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>, Bulgaria (2010)<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, United Kingdom (2017)<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><noscript><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="India" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India (2021)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><noscript><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" data-alt="Malaysia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Shah Alam">Shah Alam</a>, Malaysia<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><noscript><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="Taiwan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kaoshiung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaoshiung">Kaoshiung</a>, Taiwan<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><noscript><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-alt="Egypt" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><noscript><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" data-alt="Malaysia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a>, Malaysia[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><noscript><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" data-alt="Saudi Arabia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, Saudi Arabia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><noscript><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" data-alt="Brunei" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Belait" title="Kuala Belait">Kuala Belait</a>, Brunei[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> </div> Surabaya also has a friendship agreement with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><noscript><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" data-alt="Australia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Fremantle" title="City of Fremantle">Fremantle</a>, Australia (1996)<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Surabaya" title="Category:People from Surabaya">People from Surabaya</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Surabaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial architecture of Surabaya">Colonial architecture of Surabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Surabaya" title="List of tallest buildings in Surabaya">List of tallest buildings in Surabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌsʊrəˈbaɪə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SUU-rə-BY-ə</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Indonesian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[suraˈbaja]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/21\/Id-Surabaya.ogg\/Id-Surabaya.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Id-Surabaya.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/Id-Surabaya.ogg/Id-Surabaya.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Id-Surabaya.ogg" title="File:Id-Surabaya.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Javanese: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[surɔˈbɔjɔ]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Van_Ophuijsen_Spelling_System" title="Van Ophuijsen Spelling System">Van Ophuijsen Spelling</a>: Soerabaja </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMunoz2006" class="citation book cs1">Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ">Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula</a>. 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Retrieved 25 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Fremantle&rft.atitle=Fremantle+fast+facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fremantle.wa.gov.au%2Fcouncil%2Fabout-city-fremantle%2Ffremantle-fast-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdi2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adi, Dhahana (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8NsvGQAACAAJ">Surabaya Punya Cerita: Vol. 1, Volume 1</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>: Indie Book Corner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786023090242" title="Special:BookSources/9786023090242"><bdi>9786023090242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surabaya+Punya+Cerita%3A+Vol.+1%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=Indie+Book+Corner&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9786023090242&rft.aulast=Adi&rft.aufirst=Dhahana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8NsvGQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAirlangga_University2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Airlangga_University" title="Airlangga University">Airlangga University</a>, Department of History (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=erLkoAEACAAJ">Mengeja keseharian: Sejarah kehidupan masyarakat kota Surabaya</a> (in Indonesian). Surabaya: Departemen Ilmu Sejarah UNAIR. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789791854115" title="Special:BookSources/9789791854115"><bdi>9789791854115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mengeja+keseharian%3A+Sejarah+kehidupan+masyarakat+kota+Surabaya&rft.place=Surabaya&rft.pub=Departemen+Ilmu+Sejarah+UNAIR&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789791854115&rft.aulast=Airlangga+University&rft.aufirst=Department+of+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DerLkoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhmad_Saiful_Ali1994" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akhmad Saiful Ali (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilib.uinsby.ac.id/11596/">Ekspansi Mataram terhadap Surabaya Abad ke-17</a> (Thesis) (in Indonesian). 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15NuAAAAMAAJ">Surabaya, City of Work: A Socioeconomic History, 1900–2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Ohio" title="Athens, Ohio">Athens, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University_Press" title="Ohio University Press">Ohio University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-221-6"><bdi>978-0-89680-221-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surabaya%2C+City+of+Work%3A+A+Socioeconomic+History%2C+1900%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-221-6&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Howard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D15NuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngleson2014" class="citation book cs1">Ingleson, John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygPbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">Workers, Unions and Politics: Indonesia in the 1920s and 1930s</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004264762" title="Special:BookSources/9789004264762"><bdi>9789004264762</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2213-0527">2213-0527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Workers%2C+Unions+and+Politics%3A+Indonesia+in+the+1920s+and+1930s&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2213-0527&rft.isbn=9789004264762&rft.aulast=Ingleson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DygPbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunoz2006" class="citation book cs1">Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ">Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula</a>. Continental Sales, Incorporated. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-98-141-5567-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-98-141-5567-0"><bdi>978-98-141-5567-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Kingdoms+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago+and+the+Malay+Peninsula&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Continental+Sales%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-98-141-5567-0&rft.aulast=Munoz&rft.aufirst=Paul+Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNqwuAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasution2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nasution (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-bsAAAAMAAJ">Ekonomi Surabaya pada masa kolonial, 1830–1930</a> (in Indonesian). 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Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789794616383" title="Special:BookSources/9789794616383"><bdi>9789794616383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surabaya+1945%3A+Sakral+Tanahku&rft.pub=Yayasan+Pustaka+Obor+Indonesia&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789794616383&rft.aulast=Palmos&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dajc6DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2013" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Robbie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DA9blAEACAAJ">Surabaya, 1945–2010: Neighbourhood, State and Economy in Indonesia's City of Struggle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Studies_Association_of_Australia" title="Asian Studies Association of Australia">Asian Studies Association of Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3864-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-3864-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surabaya%2C+1945%E2%80%932010%3A+Neighbourhood%2C+State+and+Economy+in+Indonesia%27s+City+of+Struggle&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Asian+Studies+Association+of+Australia&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3864-5&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Robbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDA9blAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigeaud1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodoor_Gautier_Thomas_Pigeaud" title="Theodoor Gautier Thomas Pigeaud">Pigeaud, Theodore Gauthier Thomas</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_BVJCAAAQBAJ">Islamic States in Java 1500–1700: Eight Dutch Books and Articles by Dr H. J. de Graaf</a>. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1876-4"><bdi>978-90-247-1876-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+States+in+Java+1500%E2%80%931700%3A+Eight+Dutch+Books+and+Articles+by+Dr+H.+J.+de+Graaf&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-90-247-1876-4&rft.aulast=Pigeaud&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Gauthier+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_BVJCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigeaud1962" class="citation book cs1">Pigeaud, Theodore Gauthier Thomas (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cH_vCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA243">Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: Springer Science Business Media. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-0177095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-0177095-8"><bdi>978-94-0177095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java+in+the+14th+Century%3A+A+Study+in+Cultural+History&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=243&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer+Science+Business+Media&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-94-0177095-8&rft.aulast=Pigeaud&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Gauthier+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcH_vCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._C._Ricklefs" title="M. C. Ricklefs">Ricklefs, M.C.</a> (11 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AAdBQAAQBAJ">A History of Modern Indonesia Since C.1200</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-05201-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-05201-8"><bdi>978-1-137-05201-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+C.1200&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-137-05201-8&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AAdBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Surabaya" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Surabaya">Surabaya</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Surabaya#Q11462" class="extiw" title="voy:Surabaya">Surabaya</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://surabaya.go.id/">"Official Site"</a>. Pemerintah Kota Surabaya (in Indonesian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pemerintah+Kota+Surabaya&rft.atitle=Official+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsurabaya.go.id%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://otoresing.com/">"Surabaya News"</a>. otoresing.com (in Indonesian). 9 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151209133814/http://otoresing.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=otoresing.com&rft.atitle=Surabaya+News&rft.date=2015-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fotoresing.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Surabaya">"Surabaya" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Surabaya&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Surabaya_(city)">"Surabaya or Soerabaya. The largest city in Java" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Surabaya+or+Soerabaya.+The+largest+city+in+Java&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurabaya" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&oldid=1257973535">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&oldid=1257973535</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Surabaya&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 17 November 2024, at 13:27 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سورابايا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سورابايا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Սուրապայա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սուրապայա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سورابایا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سورابایا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Surabaya" title="Kota Surabaya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kota Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="সুরাবায়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুরাবায়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_Chh%C4%AB" title="Surabaya Chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Surabaya Chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Surabaya" title="Kota Surabaya – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kota Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Indonesya)" title="Surabaya (kapital sa lalawigan sa Indonesya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Surabaya (kapital sa lalawigan sa Indonesya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaja" title="Surabaja – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Surabaja" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Σουραμπάγια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουραμπάγια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabajo" title="Surabajo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Surabajo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سورابایا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سورابایا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaia" title="Surabaia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Surabaia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%94%EC%95%BC" title="수라바야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수라바야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Սուրաբայա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրաբայա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सुराबया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुराबया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Surabaya" title="Kota Surabaya – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Kota Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Surabaya" title="Kota Surabaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94" title="סורבאיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סורבאיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutha_Surabaya" title="Kutha Surabaya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kutha Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სურაბაია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სურაბაია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaja" title="Surabaja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Surabaja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaja" title="Surabaja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Surabaja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa_Sorbh%C3%A2j%C3%A2" title="Koṭṭa Sorbhâjâ – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Koṭṭa Sorbhâjâ" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Surabaya" title="Kota Surabaya – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kota Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF" title="സുരബായ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുരബായ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सुरबया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुरबया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سورابايا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سورابايا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سورابايا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سورابايا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Surabaya" title="Kota Surabaya – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kota Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဆူရာဘာယားမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူရာဘာယားမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya_(stad)" title="Surabaya (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Surabaya (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%A4" title="スラバヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スラバヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaja" title="Surabaja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Surabaja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سورابایا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سورابایا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaja" title="Surabaja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Surabaja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaia" title="Surabaia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Surabaia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Сурабайа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сурабайа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaja" title="Surabaja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Surabaja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaja" title="Surabaja – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Surabaja" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сурабаја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сурабаја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaja" title="Surabaja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Surabaja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Surabaya" title="Kota Surabaya – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kota Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="சுராபாயா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுராபாயா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ซูราบายา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูราบายา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Сурабая – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сурабая" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سورابایا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سورابایا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabai" title="Surabai – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Surabai" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%97%E6%B0%B4%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%EF%BC%89" title="泗水（印度尼西亚） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泗水（印度尼西亚）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%97%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%82" title="泗水市 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泗水市" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%97%E6%B0%B4_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC)" title="泗水 (印尼) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泗水 (印尼)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Surabaya" title="Kota Surabaya – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kota Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Surabaya" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 13:27 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-6g8cw","wgBackendResponseTime":333,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_11ae107a7773d92d9f9b4386cc294b605b5a5892":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q11462","properties":{"stroke-width":6,"stroke":"#ff0000","title":"Surabaya"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.176","walltime":"3.624","ppvisitednodes":{"value":24370,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":624203,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":70103,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":774548,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3097.543 1 -total"," 36.29% 1124.189 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.17% 717.848 160 Template:Cite_web"," 20.23% 626.686 1 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[\"CITEREFChampagneAziz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChusnuddin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDPM_\u0026amp;_PTSP_Kota_Surabaya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDick2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDick2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEidgenössisches_Departement_für_auswärtige_Angelegenheiten\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinansialku2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrafChua2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHananto\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFID\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndonesia\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFIndonesia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngleson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrwan_Rouf_\u0026amp;_Shenia_Ananda2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJAKARTA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJajeli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakarta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJawaPos.com2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJemmy_Husny_Mubarak2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarina2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoiri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingdom_of_Belgium2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLestari2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa_HuanJVG_Mills1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargana2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedia2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonda2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMongolian_Consulate\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunoz2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNasution2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnline\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadmodiwiryo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmos2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_James_RimmerHoward_W._Dick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPigeaud1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPigeaud1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrimadhyta\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuruhito\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamadhan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepublika2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomys_Binekasri2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaksonoSantoso2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiberkom2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistics_Indonesia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuara_Surabaya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuaramuslim.net2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuhendra2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurabaya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurabaya2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTania2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeguh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimesBastam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimesSofi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimor-Leste_Embassies_and_Consulates\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTing2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTri2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaken2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZandenMarks2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFantaranews.com2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFduniakeris2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFsurabaya.go.id\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.alinea.id\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite Collier's\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 160,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Districts of Surabaya\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"East Java\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 16,\n [\"Font\"] = 9,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-jv\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 11,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main category\"] = 1,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Megacities\"] = 1,\n [\"Most populous cities in Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Provincial capitals in Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Resize\"] = 10,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Script\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","27.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","16.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","13.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","7.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","1.8"],["pairsfunc \u003Cmw.lua:676\u003E","40","1.8"],["[others]","320","14.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-2vsp4","timestamp":"20241128015534","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Surabaya","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surabaya","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11462","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11462","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-19T01:06:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T13:27:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/09\/Central_Surabaya_view_taken_from_JW_Marriott_Surabaya.jpg","headline":"city and capital of East Java Province, 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