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10.4239C14.667 10.4239 14.5901 10.4389 14.5006 10.4563L14.4668 10.4626C14.2862 10.4989 13.9831 10.5596 13.5042 10.5596C12.2636 10.5596 12.1176 10.349 12.0783 9.37285H14.4503C14.9976 9.37285 15.2418 9.15664 15.2418 8.67213C15.2418 7.64237 15.0266 6.27171 13.165 6.27171C11.5931 6.27171 10.8919 7.12946 10.8919 9.05247C10.8919 10.9297 11.5452 11.6281 13.3016 11.6281C14.0318 11.6281 14.6097 11.5152 14.8366 11.4111C14.9811 11.3495 15.1138 11.2572 15.1138 11V10.8122C15.113 10.5699 14.9748 10.4239 14.7432 10.4239Z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M12.0846 8.41359C12.1301 7.57715 12.4701 7.20312 13.1831 7.20312H13.1838C13.8614 7.20312 14.1661 7.56532 14.1975 8.41202L12.0846 8.41359Z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M31.4197 13.2932H25.348L23.7136 18.0002H20.0957L26.4898 0.198242H30.7749L37.0436 18.0002H33.1032L31.4197 13.2932ZM28.4689 3.60924L26.1405 10.5302H30.6719L28.4689 3.60924Z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M49.178 18L45.1885 11.925H42.4616V18H38.9421V0.621C38.9421 0.621 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class="aw-1ag6w51 nvljT"><a href="/web/20240229144609/https://yle.fi/t/18-208990/fi" aria-label="Lisää artikkeleita aiheesta Ympäristö" class="aw-l7odld jXfkxq">Ympäristö</a></div><h1 class="sc-aXZVg cZXpWU yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--1">Afrikan maaperän alta löytyy ”nukkuva jättiläinen” – pohjavesiä hyödyntämällä kuivimmatkin seudut saataisiin vihertämään</h1><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-5vja16 jxdWmn eeXVLF yle__article__paragraph">Afrikan uusiutuvista pohjavesivaroista on hyödynnetty alle kymmenen prosenttia. Yle kävi Kenian Marsabitissa todistamassa, miten yksi kaivo voi muuttaa tuhansien ihmisten elämän. </p><div class="aw-e30oo3 blLbha"></div><figure class="aw-u5oz0a clzEhy yle__article__figure"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@id":"74-20076825","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://schema.org","video":{"@type":"VideoObject","description":"Log-Logon kylän kaivon vesi nousee noin 130 metrin syvyydestä.","name":"Porakaivo antaa vettä Keniassa","thumbnailUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_431,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-42973859c268d07fd2f","uploadDate":"2024-02-28T14:34:23+02:00"}}</script><div class="aw-1a00tic ircCun"></div><figcaption class="aw-kr26k0 iEoONW"><span>Log-Logon kylän kaivon vesi nousee noin 130 metrin syvyydestä.</span></figcaption></figure><div class="aw-1wk2icm iaIVgA"><div class="aw-qww0lc eFtfQt"><div class="aw-x5rn7a iKNQRH"><span class="aw-z7z0zi hEWAhM">Pasi Toivonen</span></div></div></div><div class="aw-1hwlbbb iumvhG"><div class="aw-64d2lh cPAYLb"><div class="aw-kzjed4 dgiUVP yle__article__date"><time class="aw-lsqctp jPSFYl yle__article__date--published" datetime="2024-02-29T15:56:31+02:00">15:56</time></div></div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://yle.onelink.me/46xJ/07zyq6zz?deep_link_sub1=74-20076825" class="aw-pqa0kd GtYAc">Avaa Yle-sovelluksessa<svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M15 2a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h3.586l-9.293 9.293a1 1 0 1 0 1.414 1.414L20 5.414V9a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V3a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-6ZM5 7a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v11a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h11a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-6a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v6a3 3 0 0 1-3 3H5a3 3 0 0 1-3-3V8a3 3 0 0 1 3-3h6a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H5Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></a><div class="aw-itub5i eehAxh"><div><button aria-label="Jaa artikkeli" aria-disabled="false" id="share-menu-button" aria-haspopup="true" class="Buttonstyles__ButtonBase-sc-17sr1bx-0 Buttonstyles__ButtonText-sc-17sr1bx-3 jrqhnK kvhUhF"><span class="Buttonstyles__iconSize-sc-17sr1bx-4 Buttonstyles__IconWrapper-sc-17sr1bx-6 cazOWd dPcqZv yds-button__icon"><svg width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" aria-hidden="true" class="aw-wi5224 fZrvxl"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.43 3.078a1 1 0 0 1 1.087.207l8.182 8a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.43l-8.182 8a1 1 0 0 1-1.7-.715v-3.855h-.008c-1.968.029-3.972.988-5.827 2.417L3.61 20.389a1 1 0 0 1-1.592-.981l.5-2.597.014-.062c.23-.883.58-1.911.986-2.865.4-.94.88-1.876 1.387-2.532.964-1.246 2.07-2.138 3.405-2.709 1.057-.45 2.219-.684 3.508-.76V4a1 1 0 0 1 .612-.922Zm1.388 3.298v3.48h-1c-1.529 0-2.727.202-3.722.627-.984.42-1.826 1.081-2.609 2.093-.351.454-.753 1.206-1.129 2.09a19.46 19.46 0 0 0-.874 2.525l.277-.213c2.023-1.559 4.445-2.798 7.028-2.833h2.029v3.479L19.57 12l-5.752-5.624Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span><span class="Buttonstyles__TextWrapper-sc-17sr1bx-7 WDnuQ yds-button__text">Jaa</span></button></div></div></div></header><section class="yle__article__content"><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph"><strong class="aw-ak79eh hgoSon yle__article__strong">MARSABIT, KENIA</strong> Valtatie pohjoiseen kiertää Kenia-vuoren vehreitä rinteitä, näkymä on paratiisinomainen. Mutta kun lähdemme laskeutumaan pohjoiselle tasangolle, nousee lämpötila yli 30 asteen ja maisema muuttuu.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Vihreää on tammikuun sateiden jäljiltä vielä siellä täällä, mutta jokiuomat ovat jo kuivuneet.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Maaperä oli kolmen vuoden kuivuuden jäljiltä niin kova, että se ei pystynyt imemään syksyn sateita. Vesi virtasi tulvina jokiuomiin ja niitä pitkin mereen, selittää kristillisen Water for the World -järjestön vesi-insinööri <strong class="aw-ak79eh hgoSon yle__article__strong">Victor Siambi</strong>.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Ajamme parisataa kilometriä kellankuivakan tasangon halki <strong class="aw-ak79eh hgoSon yle__article__strong">Log-Logon</strong> kylään. Siellä on vaikea uskoa, että sateita olisi täällä koskaan tullutkaan.</p><figure class="aw-u5oz0a crkERF yle__article__figure"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@id":"74-20076825","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://schema.org","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","description":"Kun savanni ei enää elätä, ovat paimentolaisperheet siirtäneet majansa Log-Logon kylän laitamille. ","copyrightHolder":"Pasi Toivonen / Yle","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_511,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-125050465df280438448","keywords":"vesihuolto,vesi,pohjavesialueet,pohjavesi,ruokaturva,Keinokastelu,puutarhaviljely,Afrikka,Kenia,Marsabit County"}}</script><div class="aw-1a00tic xFA-da"><div class="aw-1qvmjke bKIcxT"><div class="aw-1njknqq euollB"><picture><source data-testid="source-for-S" media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_511,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126464/39-125050465df280438448 2x, https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_511,w_767/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126464/39-125050465df280438448 1x"/><source data-testid="source-for-M" media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_424,w_636/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126464/39-125050465df280438448 2x, https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_424,w_636/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126464/39-125050465df280438448 1x"/><img alt="Paimentolaisten asumuksia ja lapsia niiden ympärillä kuivassa savannimaisemassa. " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/c_crop,h_3078,w_5472,x_0,y_552/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_431,w_767/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126464/39-125050465df280438448" class="aw-1l9m598 bTKagC"/></picture></div><div class="aw-45s348 glxCAO"><button aria-disabled="false" class="Buttonstyles__ButtonBase-sc-17sr1bx-0 Buttonstyles__ButtonSecondary-sc-17sr1bx-2 blJlbw iLYbQX"><span class="Buttonstyles__TextWrapper-sc-17sr1bx-7 kWJvkV yds-button__content">Avaa kuvien katselu</span></button></div></div></div><figcaption class="aw-kr26k0 iEoONW"><span>Kun savanni ei enää elätä, ovat paimentolaisperheet siirtäneet majansa Log-Logon kylän laitamille. </span><span> Kuva: Pasi Toivonen / Yle</span></figcaption></figure><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Nousemme autosta ja tunnustelemme maata jalkojemme alla. Se on kovaa, kivistä ja hiekkaista, täysin kuivaa. Ja silti vettä on lähellä.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Kyllä, kävelemme vetten päällä, sanoo Victor Siambi hymyillen.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Marsabitin lääni on Kenian kuivimpia seutuja. Mutta täälläkin pohjavettä löytyy miltei kaikkialta. Jos ei vielä 25 metrin syvyydestä, niin sitten viidestäkymmenestä tai sadasta metristä.</p><div class="aw-1dnbj3b fxARb yle__article__infogram"> <div class="infogram-embed" data-id="f5fdea44-69fe-4550-83ea-11675e771019" data-type="interactive" data-title="Kenian kartta, maan kuivien läänien kohdalle merkattu pohjaveden syvyys kolmella eri sinisellä värillä."></div> </div><h2 class="sc-gEvEer kGTkjt yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2">Valtavat hyödyntämättömät pohjavesivarat</h2><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Afrikan pohjavesivaroja on kutsuttu ”nukkuvaksi jättiläiseksi”. Varmaa dataa ei ole, mutta yleisimpien arvioiden mukaan maanosan uusiutuvista pohjavesivaroista on hyödynnetty vain alle kymmenen prosenttia.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Saharan eteläpuolisen Afrikan pohjavesivaroja tutkinut eteläafrikkalainen vesigeologi <strong class="aw-ak79eh hgoSon yle__article__strong">Jude Cobbing</strong> uskoo, että kuivien alueiden pohjavesiä hyödyntämällä Afrikan kehitys voidaan polkaista ennennäkemättömään kasvuun.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Näin on käynyt Intiassa, näin on käynyt Kiinassa. Ei ole mitään syytä olettaa, etteikö sama olisi tehtävissä myös Afrikan maissa, sanoo Cobbing Ylen videohaastattelussa.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Log-Logon kylässä tuosta suuresta muutoksesta on nähtävissä miniatyyriversio.</p><h2 class="sc-gEvEer kGTkjt yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2">Pastori rakennutti ensin kaivon, sitten kirkon</h2><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Pastori <strong class="aw-ak79eh hgoSon yle__article__strong">Elias Kithinji</strong> muutti Meru-vuoren rinteiltä Log-Logoon kymmenen vuotta sitten, tarkoituksenaan levittää Jumalan sanaa.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Kun tulin kylään ensimmäisen kerran, pieni tyttö tarjosi minulle mukillisen vettä juotavaksi. Se oli ruskeaa, tosi likaista. Minun oli pakko olla kohtelias ja juoda, mutta sillä hetkellä tajusin, miten valtava tarve täällä on puhtaalle vedelle, Kithinji muistelee.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Pastori ei kehdannut pyytää tulevilta seurakuntalaisilta apua kirkon rakentamiseen ennen kuin vesiasia oli hoidettu.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Rahaa kaivon poraamiseen ja vesitankkien rakentamiseen ei ollut. Mutta ongelma ratkesi, kun suomalaisen lähetystyöntekijän <strong class="aw-ak79eh hgoSon yle__article__strong">Pekka Yleniuksen</strong> kautta löytyi pirkanmaalainen pariskunta, joka halusi auttaa.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">He kuulivat pastori Kithinjin suunnitelmat ja päättivät maksaa kaivon rakennuskustannukset, noin 20 000 euroa.</p><figure class="aw-u5oz0a crkERF yle__article__figure"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@id":"74-20076825","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://schema.org","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","description":"Pastori Elias Kithinji.","copyrightHolder":"Pasi Toivonen / Yle","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_511,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-125050065df2796ac45d","keywords":"vesihuolto,vesi,pohjavesialueet,pohjavesi,ruokaturva,Keinokastelu,puutarhaviljely,Afrikka,Kenia,Marsabit County"}}</script><div class="aw-1a00tic xFA-da"><div class="aw-1qvmjke bKIcxT"><div class="aw-1njknqq euollB"><picture><source data-testid="source-for-S" media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_511,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126437/39-125050065df2796ac45d 2x, https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_511,w_767/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126437/39-125050065df2796ac45d 1x"/><source data-testid="source-for-M" media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_424,w_636/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126437/39-125050065df2796ac45d 2x, https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_424,w_636/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126437/39-125050065df2796ac45d 1x"/><img alt="Kenialainen mies aurinkolasit päässään kyykyssä porakaivon vesimittarin vieressä. " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/c_crop,h_3078,w_5472,x_0,y_313/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_431,w_767/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126437/39-125050065df2796ac45d" class="aw-1l9m598 bTKagC"/></picture></div><div class="aw-45s348 glxCAO"><button aria-disabled="false" class="Buttonstyles__ButtonBase-sc-17sr1bx-0 Buttonstyles__ButtonSecondary-sc-17sr1bx-2 blJlbw iLYbQX"><span class="Buttonstyles__TextWrapper-sc-17sr1bx-7 kWJvkV yds-button__content">Avaa kuvien katselu</span></button></div></div></div><figcaption class="aw-kr26k0 iEoONW"><span>Pastori Elias Kithinji.</span><span> Kuva: Pasi Toivonen / Yle</span></figcaption></figure><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Kaivo ja vesijärjestelmä valmistuivat vuonna 2015. Nyt Elias Kithinji seisoo ylpeänä vaatimattoman betonikannen päällä. Vesimittari raksuttaa. Aurinkokennot antavat sähkön pumpulle, joka voittaa painovoiman ja siirtää vettä putkia pitkin seitsemään suureen vesisäiliöön.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Vesi nousee noin 130 metrin syvyydestä. Pian kymmenen vuoden ajan kaivo on antanut miltei keskeytyksettä vettä, noin neljä kuutiometriä tunnissa, 40 kuutiometriä vuorokaudessa.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Porakaivo ei ehtynyt edes vuosien 2021–23 poikkeuksellisen kuivuusjakson aikana.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Vesi muuttui hieman kovemmaksi, suolaisemmaksi. Mutta se oli silti koko ajan käyttökelpoista, pastori Kithinji kertoo.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Log-Logon kirkon kaivo antaa vettä noin 2 600 ihmiselle, kotieläimille, koululle, kirkolle ja pienille puutarhaviljelmille.</p><figure class="aw-u5oz0a crkERF yle__article__figure"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@id":"74-20076825","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://schema.org","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","description":"Log-Logon kylän naisia hakemassa vettä kirkon vesipisteeltä. ","copyrightHolder":"Pasi Toivonen / Yle","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_431,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-125053265df2aae30ecd","keywords":"vesihuolto,vesi,pohjavesialueet,pohjavesi,ruokaturva,Keinokastelu,puutarhaviljely,Afrikka,Kenia,Marsabit County"}}</script><div class="aw-1a00tic jZEjMr"><div class="aw-1qvmjke bKIcxT"><div class="aw-1njknqq euollB"><picture><source data-testid="source-for-S" media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/c_crop,h_1079,w_1919,x_1,y_0/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_431,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126581/39-125053265df2aae30ecd 2x, https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/c_crop,h_1079,w_1919,x_1,y_0/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_431,w_767/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126581/39-125053265df2aae30ecd 1x"/><source data-testid="source-for-M" media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/c_crop,h_1079,w_1919,x_1,y_0/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_357,w_636/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126581/39-125053265df2aae30ecd 2x, https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/c_crop,h_1079,w_1919,x_1,y_0/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_357,w_636/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126581/39-125053265df2aae30ecd 1x"/><img alt="Kolme värikkäästi pukeutunutta kenialaista naista vesipisteellä täyttämässä kanistereja, vesi pirskahtelee. " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/c_crop,h_1079,w_1919,x_1,y_0/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_431,w_767/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1709126581/39-125053265df2aae30ecd" class="aw-1l9m598 bTKagC"/></picture></div><div class="aw-45s348 glxCAO"><button aria-disabled="false" class="Buttonstyles__ButtonBase-sc-17sr1bx-0 Buttonstyles__ButtonSecondary-sc-17sr1bx-2 blJlbw iLYbQX"><span class="Buttonstyles__TextWrapper-sc-17sr1bx-7 kWJvkV yds-button__content">Avaa kuvien katselu</span></button></div></div></div><figcaption class="aw-kr26k0 iEoONW"><span>Log-Logon kylän naisia hakemassa vettä kirkon vesipisteeltä. </span><span> Kuva: Pasi Toivonen / Yle</span></figcaption></figure><h2 class="sc-gEvEer kGTkjt yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2">Keinokastelulla voidaan moninkertaistaa sadot</h2><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Tutkijoiden mukaan maatalouden kasvu on selvästi tehokkain tapa poistaa köyhyyttä Sahelin eteläpuolisessa Afrikassa.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Keinokasteltujen peltojen arvellaan tuottavan jopa 50 prosenttia parempaa satoa kuin pelkkien sateiden varassa olevien viljelmien.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Afrikan viljellystä maasta vain noin kolme prosenttia on keinokasteltua, joten ruuantuotannon lisäämisen potentiaali on valtava, sanoo tutkija Jude Cobbing.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Vesi-insinööri Victor Siambi kopsuttaa taas maan pintaa. Kovan kuoren alla on hänen mukaansa useiden metrien paksuinen punainen, hedelmällinen ruokamultakerros. Log-Logon kylässä voi viljellä, jos vettä vain on saatavilla.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Pastori Kithinji on rakennuttanut pienen varjohuoneen. Metallikehikon päälle ripustetut harsokankaat laskevat tasangon tuulet lävitseen, mutta suojaavat paahtavimmalta auringonpaiseelta.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Teillä pohjoisessa on kasvihuoneita, jotka keräävät lämpöä. Meillä pitää varjostaa ja viilentää, jotta aurinko ei polta kasveja, Elias Kithinji selittää.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Vesi pumpataan kirkon kaivolta muovisiin 10 000 litran vesisäiliöihin. Niistä se tihkuu muoviputkien kautta kostuttamaan varjohuoneen maaperää.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Näin syntyy puutarha, joka on kuin keidas aavikon keskellä.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Varjohuoneen puutarhaa hoitaa ryhmä paimentolaisperheiden naisia. He käsittelevät kaalintaimia ja tomaatinvarsia hellävaraisesti, välillä laulaen.</p><figure class="aw-u5oz0a crkERF yle__article__figure"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@id":"74-20076825","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://schema.org","video":{"@type":"VideoObject","description":"Varjohuoneen harso suojaa tomaatintaimia suoralta auringonvalolta. Video: Pasi Toivonen / Yle ","name":"Varjohuoneen tomaatteja Keniassa","thumbnailUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_431,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-42973859c268d07fd2f","uploadDate":"2024-02-28T14:35:22+02:00"}}</script><div class="aw-1a00tic ircCun"></div><figcaption class="aw-kr26k0 iEoONW"><span>Varjohuoneen harso suojaa tomaatintaimia suoralta auringonvalolta. Video: Pasi Toivonen / Yle </span></figcaption></figure><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Olemme oppineet viljelemään tomaatteja, salaattia ja moringa-puita. Lapsemme saavat parempaa ruokaa ja olemme saaneet vihanneksista jo tulojakin. Rahoilla maksamme lasten koulumaksuja ja ostamme lääkkeitä ja lannoitteita, ryhmän puhenainen <strong class="aw-ak79eh hgoSon yle__article__strong">Elizabeth Kasula</strong> kertoo.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Pienessä puutarhassa on silmiemme edessä menossa elämäntapamuutos, ehkä historiallisen suuri.</p><h2 class="sc-gEvEer kGTkjt yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2">Tuleeko paimentolaisuus tiensä päähän?</h2><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Ilmastonmuutoksen myötä Itäisen Afrikan jo entuudestaan ankarat ilmasto-olosuhteet ovat muuttuneet entistä arvaamattomammiksi.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Yle on aiemmin kertonut yli kolme vuotta kestäneen kuivuuden vaikutuksista paimentolaisten elämään <a class="aw-iao6s4 drtaeR yle__article__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://www.google.com/url?q=https://yle.fi/a/3-12493255&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709019168896687&usg=AOvVaw1B-UOe0rTn-0vLc1LGu9z3" role="link">Keniassa</a> ja <a class="aw-iao6s4 drtaeR yle__article__link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://www.google.com/url?q=https://yle.fi/a/74-20003059&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709019168897093&usg=AOvVaw1HUDCyowj_vxug2EqrCHwn" role="link">Somaliassa</a>.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Paimentolaisperheet eivät ole koskaan aiemmin viljelleet maata, eivät edes pitäneet pieniä puutarhoja. Liikkuva elämäntapa ja viljelykset eivät kerta kaikkiaan ole sopineet yhteen.</p><figure class="aw-u5oz0a crkERF yle__article__figure"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@id":"74-20076825","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://schema.org","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","description":"Mohamed Osman paimentaa pienentynyttä vuohilaumaansa Garissassa kesäkuussa 2022. ","copyrightHolder":"Pasi Toivonen / Yle","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_511,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-96971062a84a1e4cf8e","keywords":"Afrikka,Itä-Afrikka,ulkomaat,Kenia,Garissa,paimentolaiset,Paimentolaiset,kuivuus,Kuivuuskausi,ilmastonmuutos,Ruokakriisi,kansainvälinen apu,katastrofiapu,humanitaarinen apu"}}</script><div class="aw-1a00tic xFA-da"><div class="aw-1qvmjke bKIcxT"><div class="aw-1njknqq euollB"><picture><source data-testid="source-for-S" media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_511,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1662305061/39-96971062a84a1e4cf8e 2x, https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_511,w_767/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1662305061/39-96971062a84a1e4cf8e 1x"/><source data-testid="source-for-M" media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_424,w_636/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1662305061/39-96971062a84a1e4cf8e 2x, https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.5,c_fill,g_faces,h_424,w_636/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1662305061/39-96971062a84a1e4cf8e 1x"/><img alt="Pieni vuohilauma ja paimen kuivassa maisemassa. Maa on punertavaa, eikä siinä kasva mitään, puissa ei ole lehtiä. " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/c_crop,h_3078,w_5472,x_0,y_148/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_431,w_767/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/v1662305061/39-96971062a84a1e4cf8e" class="aw-1l9m598 bTKagC"/></picture></div><div class="aw-45s348 glxCAO"><button aria-disabled="false" class="Buttonstyles__ButtonBase-sc-17sr1bx-0 Buttonstyles__ButtonSecondary-sc-17sr1bx-2 blJlbw iLYbQX"><span class="Buttonstyles__TextWrapper-sc-17sr1bx-7 kWJvkV yds-button__content">Avaa kuvien katselu</span></button></div></div></div><figcaption class="aw-kr26k0 iEoONW"><span>Mohamed Osman paimentaa pienentynyttä vuohilaumaansa Garissassa kesäkuussa 2022. </span><span> Kuva: Pasi Toivonen / Yle</span></figcaption></figure><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Mutta monivuotisen kuivuuden jälkeen ollaan tilanteessa, jossa enää perheiden miehet kulkevat savanneilla pienentyneiden eläinlaumojen kanssa. Naiset ja lapset jäävät kylien ja teiden viereen, odottamaan apua valtiolta tai avustusjärjestöiltä.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Tai sitten, kuten Log-Logon kylässä, opettelemaan uusia toimeentulon keinoja.</p><h2 class="sc-gEvEer kGTkjt yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--2">”Afrikalla on valtava potentiaali tuottaa ruokaa”</h2><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Vesigeologi Jude Cobbing uskoo, että Afrikassa on edessä samankaltainen kehitys, kuin mikä on tapahtunut Intiassa viimeisen 50 vuoden aikana.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Afrikan väestö kasvaa hurjaa vauhtia, ja Cobbingin mukaan ainoa keino tuottaa riittävästi ruokaa on ottaa käyttöön mantereen pohjavesivarat ja laajamittainen keinokastelu.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Intiassa halvat pumput ja kuiville alueille halvalla myyty sähköenergia synnyttivät pohjavesibuumin, joka kehitti valtavasti maataloutta ja oletettavasti pelasti Intian massiiviselta nälkäkatastrofilta, Cobbing arvioi.</p><figure class="aw-u5oz0a crkERF yle__article__figure"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@id":"74-20076825","@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://schema.org","video":{"@type":"VideoObject","description":"Vesigeologi Jude Cobbing kuvaa haastattelussa pohjaveden merkitystä Afrikan kehityksessä.","name":"Jude Cobbing ","thumbnailUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.0,c_fill,g_faces,h_767,w_767/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-42973859c268d07fd2f","uploadDate":"2024-02-28T14:26:40+02:00"}}</script><div class="aw-1a00tic gdpqjP"></div><figcaption class="aw-kr26k0 iEoONW"><span>Vesigeologi Jude Cobbing kuvaa haastattelussa pohjaveden merkitystä Afrikan kehityksessä.</span></figcaption></figure><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Jude Cobbingin mukaan pohjaveden hyödyntäminen ja keinokastelun varassa toimiva maanviljely ovat ainoa keino, jolla Afrikka voi ruokkia tulevien vuosikymmenien aikana voimakkaasti kasvavan väestönsä.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Veden puute ei itse asiassa ole suurin ruuantuotantoa rajoittava tekijä. Hyödyntämätöntä pohjavettä on runsaasti, mutta sen laajamittaiseen käyttöön ei päästä ennen kuin moni muu rajoittava tekijä on ratkaistu.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Viljelijät tarvitsevat lainoitusta kaivojen poraamiseen, kohtuuhintaisia pumppuja ja varaosia niihin, teitä joita pitkin satoa voidaan kuljettaa. Jos tällaiset tekijät ovat kunnossa, vettä kyllä löytyy, Jude Cobbing sanoo.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Afrikan pohjavedet ovat nukkuva jättiläinen, jonka avulla manner voisi ottaa valtavan kehitysloikan. Mutta se ei tarkoita, että resurssi olisi rajaton.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">Cobbing viittaa taas Intian esimerkkiin: siellä pohjavesivaroja on myös tuhottu, kun vettä on pumpattu yli maanalaisten vesivarastojen uusiutumiskyvyn. Sama vaara on olemassa myös Afrikassa.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Mutta vielä suurempi vaara ja ympäristöriski on ihmisten köyhyys ja nälkä. Kansainvälinen keskustelu kiinnittää liikaa huomiota pohjaveden hyödyntämisen riskeihin ja liian vähän sen hyötyihin, Jude Cobbing sanoo.</p><p class="aw-1gybjub aw-1p7kakr jxdWmn ilDxnw yle__article__paragraph">– Afrikalla on valtava potentiaali tuottaa ruokaa paitsi itselleen, myös ylijäämää vientiin.</p></section><footer class="yle__article__footer"><h2 class="aw-zh6d69 dMYkJU">Aiheesta enemmän: Paketissa 3 linkkiä</h2><h2 class="sc-eqUAAy ctFUoD yle__article__heading yle__article__heading--3" aria-hidden="true">Aiheesta enemmän</h2><div class="yle__article__links" role="list" aria-label="Aiheesta enemmän"><div role="listitem" class="aw-124ec9l cFgRwb"><div class="aw-yq4wj5 hkKela"><div class="aw-fou4nx hULxUh"><div class="aw-aqrehu kskGQO"><div class="aw-ej1jxx Vjwex"><a href="/web/20240229144609/https://yle.fi/t/18-215554/fi" aria-label="Lisää artikkeleita aiheesta Ruoka" class="aw-l7odld jXfkxq">Ruoka</a></div><h3 class="aw-x9ikft cGmEmT"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609/https://yle.fi/a/74-20055623" class="aw-3ocnud eBKakF">Ennätysmäinen maissisato kypsyy Keniassa – näyttää siltä, että maa pystyy ruokkimaan itsensä ensimmäistä kertaa vuosikausiin</a></h3><time class="aw-4gocmc guzJZN">2023</time></div></div><div class="aw-vhyz8i mQzOb"><div class="aw-8sjfvz juaHCW"><div class="aw-1njknqq euollB"><picture><source data-testid="source-for-S" media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.0,c_fill,g_faces,h_104,w_104/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-1187344652e46ba253d4 2x, https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.0,c_fill,g_faces,h_104,w_104/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-1187344652e46ba253d4 1x"/><source data-testid="source-for-M" media="(min-width: 768px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_110,w_196/dpr_2.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-1187344652e46ba253d4 2x, https://web.archive.org/web/20240229144609im_/https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload/ar_1.7777777777777777,c_fill,g_faces,h_110,w_196/dpr_1.0/q_auto:eco/f_auto/fl_lossy/39-1187344652e46ba253d4 1x"/><img alt="Kaksi naista keräämässä maissia pellolta keniassa. 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link-accent"><a href="/web/20240229144609/https://yle.fi/a/74-20010573" class="MinimalHeadlines__Link-sc-50e5ed09-9 gQOvyQ visitable-link">Ukraina kertoo pudottaneensa kolme Venäjän taistelukonetta</a></h3></div></li><li class="MinimalHeadlines__Item-sc-50e5ed09-1 gqBDHz"><div class="MinimalHeadlines__BulletContainer-sc-50e5ed09-7 jplnXj"><div class="MinimalHeadlines__BulletCell-sc-50e5ed09-8 fXnPjX"><div aria-hidden="true" class="MinimalHeadlines__Index-sc-50e5ed09-5 ifdyhB">6</div></div></div><div class="MinimalHeadlines__Texts-sc-50e5ed09-2 ekLqlj"><a href="/web/20240229144609/https://yle.fi/t/18-207943/fi" class="Tag__Label-sc-10f4ee8e-0 dpErSM MinimalHeadlines__StyledTag-sc-50e5ed09-3 jYHdjA">Kunnat</a><h3 class="Typography-sc-8c75a913-0 dpUGfc link-accent"><a href="/web/20240229144609/https://yle.fi/a/74-20076377" class="MinimalHeadlines__Link-sc-50e5ed09-9 gQOvyQ visitable-link">Venäjän vieressä sijaitsevan pienen kunnan tulevaisuus on vaakalaudalla – vaarana on seudun 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class="Tag__Label-sc-10f4ee8e-0 dpErSM MinimalHeadlines__StyledTag-sc-50e5ed09-3 jYHdjA">Politiikka</a><h3 class="Typography-sc-8c75a913-0 dpUGfc link-accent"><a href="/web/20240229144609/https://yle.fi/a/74-20076975" class="MinimalHeadlines__Link-sc-50e5ed09-9 gQOvyQ visitable-link">Näistä hetkistä presidentti Sauli Niinistön 12 vuotta muistetaan</a></h3></div></li><li class="MinimalHeadlines__Item-sc-50e5ed09-1 gqBDHz"><div class="MinimalHeadlines__BulletContainer-sc-50e5ed09-7 jplnXj"><div class="MinimalHeadlines__BulletCell-sc-50e5ed09-8 fXnPjX"><time class="DateTime___StyledTime-sc-be5c43e0-0 vtYzC MinimalHeadlines__Date-sc-50e5ed09-6 hHEFoe" datetime="2024-02-29T16:31:30+0200">16:31</time><div class="MinimalHeadlines__ListLine-sc-50e5ed09-4 bKztAQ"></div></div></div><div class="MinimalHeadlines__Texts-sc-50e5ed09-2 bFUWKB"><a href="/web/20240229144609/https://yle.fi/t/18-220090/fi" class="Tag__Label-sc-10f4ee8e-0 dpErSM MinimalHeadlines__StyledTag-sc-50e5ed09-3 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Yle kävi Kenian Marsabitissa todistamassa, miten yksi kaivo voi muuttaa tuhansien ihmisten elämän.","type":"text"},{"text":"**MARSABIT, KENIA** Valtatie pohjoiseen kiertää Kenia-vuoren vehreitä rinteitä, näkymä on paratiisinomainen. Mutta kun lähdemme laskeutumaan pohjoiselle tasangolle, nousee lämpötila yli 30 asteen ja maisema muuttuu.","type":"text"},{"text":"Vihreää on tammikuun sateiden jäljiltä vielä siellä täällä, mutta jokiuomat ovat jo kuivuneet.","type":"text"},{"text":"– Maaperä oli kolmen vuoden kuivuuden jäljiltä niin kova, että se ei pystynyt imemään syksyn sateita. Vesi virtasi tulvina jokiuomiin ja niitä pitkin mereen, selittää kristillisen Water for the World -järjestön vesi-insinööri **Victor Siambi**.","type":"text"},{"text":"Ajamme parisataa kilometriä kellankuivakan tasangon halki **Log-Logon** kylään. Siellä on vaikea uskoa, että sateita olisi täällä koskaan tullutkaan.","type":"text"},{"displayStyle":"normal","alt":"Paimentolaisten asumuksia ja lapsia niiden ympärillä kuivassa savannimaisemassa. ","source":"Pasi Toivonen \u002F Yle","aspect":1.5,"caption":"Kun savanni ei enää elätä, ovat paimentolaisperheet siirtäneet majansa Log-Logon kylän laitamille. ","id":"39-125050465df280438448","type":"image","alts":[{"language":"fin","value":"Paimentolaisten asumuksia ja lapsia niiden ympärillä kuivassa savannimaisemassa. "}],"blurhash":"LTI}CZs,oJoK_NoeNHWV?voeoekC","tags":[{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"vesihuolto"},{"language":"swe","value":"vattenförsörjning"}],"extId":"18-206051"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"vesi"},{"language":"swe","value":"vatten"}],"extId":"18-212038"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"pohjavesialueet"},{"language":"swe","value":"grundvattenområden"}],"extId":"18-491"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"Groundwater"},{"language":"fin","value":"pohjavesi"},{"language":"swe","value":"grundvatten"}],"extId":"18-492"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"ruokaturva"},{"language":"swe","value":"matsäkerhet"}],"extId":"18-14157"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Keinokastelu"},{"language":"swe","value":"Konstbevattning"}],"extId":"18-245990"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"puutarhaviljely"},{"language":"swe","value":"trädgårdsodling"}],"extId":"18-207757"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Afrikka"},{"language":"swe","value":"Afrika"}],"extId":"18-196798"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Kenia"},{"language":"swe","value":"Kenya"}],"extId":"18-167999"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"Marsabit County"},{"language":"fin","value":"Marsabit County"},{"language":"rus","value":"Марсабит"},{"language":"swe","value":"Marsabit"}],"extId":"18-358108"}],"copyright":[{"language":"und","value":"Pasi Toivonen \u002F Yle"}],"crops":[{"name":"16:9","aspect":1.78,"coordinates":{"x":0,"y":552,"width":5472,"height":3078}},{"name":"2:3","aspect":0.67,"coordinates":{"x":3018,"y":0,"width":2432,"height":3648}},{"name":"1:1","aspect":1,"coordinates":{"x":1406,"y":0,"width":3648,"height":3648}},{"name":"5:2","aspect":2.5,"coordinates":{"x":0,"y":1238,"width":5472,"height":2188}}],"height":3648,"licence":{"id":"6","name":[{"language":"und","value":"Yle"}],"properties":[]},"version":"1709126464","width":5472,"recommendedFormat":"jpg"},{"text":"Nousemme autosta ja tunnustelemme maata jalkojemme alla. Se on kovaa, kivistä ja hiekkaista, täysin kuivaa. Ja silti vettä on lähellä.","type":"text"},{"text":"– Kyllä, kävelemme vetten päällä, sanoo Victor Siambi hymyillen.","type":"text"},{"text":"Marsabitin lääni on Kenian kuivimpia seutuja. Mutta täälläkin pohjavettä löytyy miltei kaikkialta. Jos ei vielä 25 metrin syvyydestä, niin sitten viidestäkymmenestä tai sadasta metristä.","type":"text"},{"alt":"Kenian kartta, maan kuivien läänien kohdalle merkattu pohjaveden syvyys kolmella eri sinisellä värillä.","infogramId":"f5fdea44-69fe-4550-83ea-11675e771019","type":"infogram"},{"text":"Valtavat hyödyntämättömät pohjavesivarat","level":2,"type":"heading"},{"text":"Afrikan pohjavesivaroja on kutsuttu ”nukkuvaksi jättiläiseksi”. Varmaa dataa ei ole, mutta yleisimpien arvioiden mukaan maanosan uusiutuvista pohjavesivaroista on hyödynnetty vain alle kymmenen prosenttia.","type":"text"},{"text":"Saharan eteläpuolisen Afrikan pohjavesivaroja tutkinut eteläafrikkalainen vesigeologi **Jude Cobbing** uskoo, että kuivien alueiden pohjavesiä hyödyntämällä Afrikan kehitys voidaan polkaista ennennäkemättömään kasvuun.","type":"text"},{"text":"– Näin on käynyt Intiassa, näin on käynyt Kiinassa. Ei ole mitään syytä olettaa, etteikö sama olisi tehtävissä myös Afrikan maissa, sanoo Cobbing Ylen videohaastattelussa.","type":"text"},{"text":"Log-Logon kylässä tuosta suuresta muutoksesta on nähtävissä miniatyyriversio.","type":"text"},{"text":"Pastori rakennutti ensin kaivon, sitten kirkon","level":2,"type":"heading"},{"text":"Pastori **Elias Kithinji** muutti Meru-vuoren rinteiltä Log-Logoon kymmenen vuotta sitten, tarkoituksenaan levittää Jumalan sanaa.","type":"text"},{"text":"– Kun tulin kylään ensimmäisen kerran, pieni tyttö tarjosi minulle mukillisen vettä juotavaksi. Se oli ruskeaa, tosi likaista. Minun oli pakko olla kohtelias ja juoda, mutta sillä hetkellä tajusin, miten valtava tarve täällä on puhtaalle vedelle, Kithinji muistelee.","type":"text"},{"text":"Pastori ei kehdannut pyytää tulevilta seurakuntalaisilta apua kirkon rakentamiseen ennen kuin vesiasia oli hoidettu.","type":"text"},{"text":"Rahaa kaivon poraamiseen ja vesitankkien rakentamiseen ei ollut. Mutta ongelma ratkesi, kun suomalaisen lähetystyöntekijän **Pekka Yleniuksen** kautta löytyi pirkanmaalainen pariskunta, joka halusi auttaa.","type":"text"},{"text":"He kuulivat pastori Kithinjin suunnitelmat ja päättivät maksaa kaivon rakennuskustannukset, noin 20 000 euroa.","type":"text"},{"displayStyle":"normal","alt":"Kenialainen mies aurinkolasit päässään kyykyssä porakaivon vesimittarin vieressä. ","source":"Pasi Toivonen \u002F Yle","aspect":1.5,"caption":"Pastori Elias Kithinji.","id":"39-125050065df2796ac45d","type":"image","alts":[{"language":"fin","value":"Kenialainen mies aurinkolasit päässään kyykyssä porakaivon vesimittarin vieressä. "}],"blurhash":"LHHxsK_2-h$~?]ocS0NH%f%K9GR;","tags":[{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"vesihuolto"},{"language":"swe","value":"vattenförsörjning"}],"extId":"18-206051"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"vesi"},{"language":"swe","value":"vatten"}],"extId":"18-212038"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"pohjavesialueet"},{"language":"swe","value":"grundvattenområden"}],"extId":"18-491"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"Groundwater"},{"language":"fin","value":"pohjavesi"},{"language":"swe","value":"grundvatten"}],"extId":"18-492"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"ruokaturva"},{"language":"swe","value":"matsäkerhet"}],"extId":"18-14157"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Keinokastelu"},{"language":"swe","value":"Konstbevattning"}],"extId":"18-245990"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"puutarhaviljely"},{"language":"swe","value":"trädgårdsodling"}],"extId":"18-207757"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Afrikka"},{"language":"swe","value":"Afrika"}],"extId":"18-196798"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Kenia"},{"language":"swe","value":"Kenya"}],"extId":"18-167999"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"Marsabit County"},{"language":"fin","value":"Marsabit County"},{"language":"rus","value":"Марсабит"},{"language":"swe","value":"Marsabit"}],"extId":"18-358108"}],"copyright":[{"language":"und","value":"Pasi Toivonen \u002F Yle"}],"crops":[{"name":"16:9","aspect":1.78,"coordinates":{"x":0,"y":313,"width":5472,"height":3078}},{"name":"2:3","aspect":0.67,"coordinates":{"x":1683,"y":0,"width":2432,"height":3648}},{"name":"1:1","aspect":1,"coordinates":{"x":871,"y":0,"width":3648,"height":3648}},{"name":"5:2","aspect":2.5,"coordinates":{"x":0,"y":507,"width":5472,"height":2188}}],"height":3648,"licence":{"id":"6","name":[{"language":"und","value":"Yle"}],"properties":[]},"version":"1709126437","width":5472,"recommendedFormat":"jpg"},{"text":"Kaivo ja vesijärjestelmä valmistuivat vuonna 2015. Nyt Elias Kithinji seisoo ylpeänä vaatimattoman betonikannen päällä. Vesimittari raksuttaa. Aurinkokennot antavat sähkön pumpulle, joka voittaa painovoiman ja siirtää vettä putkia pitkin seitsemään suureen vesisäiliöön.","type":"text"},{"text":"Vesi nousee noin 130 metrin syvyydestä. Pian kymmenen vuoden ajan kaivo on antanut miltei keskeytyksettä vettä, noin neljä kuutiometriä tunnissa, 40 kuutiometriä vuorokaudessa.","type":"text"},{"text":"Porakaivo ei ehtynyt edes vuosien 2021–23 poikkeuksellisen kuivuusjakson aikana.","type":"text"},{"text":"– Vesi muuttui hieman kovemmaksi, suolaisemmaksi. Mutta se oli silti koko ajan käyttökelpoista, pastori Kithinji kertoo.","type":"text"},{"text":"Log-Logon kirkon kaivo antaa vettä noin 2 600 ihmiselle, kotieläimille, koululle, kirkolle ja pienille puutarhaviljelmille.","type":"text"},{"displayStyle":"normal","alt":"Kolme värikkäästi pukeutunutta kenialaista naista vesipisteellä täyttämässä kanistereja, vesi pirskahtelee. ","source":"Pasi Toivonen \u002F Yle","aspect":1.7777777777777777,"caption":"Log-Logon kylän naisia hakemassa vettä kirkon vesipisteeltä. ","id":"39-125053265df2aae30ecd","type":"image","alts":[{"language":"fin","value":"Kolme värikkäästi pukeutunutta kenialaista naista vesipisteellä täyttämässä kanistereja, vesi pirskahtelee. "}],"blurhash":"LTHBb.XUIVx^.TJDM|g4OtbJxbog","tags":[{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"vesihuolto"},{"language":"swe","value":"vattenförsörjning"}],"extId":"18-206051"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"vesi"},{"language":"swe","value":"vatten"}],"extId":"18-212038"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"pohjavesialueet"},{"language":"swe","value":"grundvattenområden"}],"extId":"18-491"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"Groundwater"},{"language":"fin","value":"pohjavesi"},{"language":"swe","value":"grundvatten"}],"extId":"18-492"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"ruokaturva"},{"language":"swe","value":"matsäkerhet"}],"extId":"18-14157"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Keinokastelu"},{"language":"swe","value":"Konstbevattning"}],"extId":"18-245990"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"puutarhaviljely"},{"language":"swe","value":"trädgårdsodling"}],"extId":"18-207757"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Afrikka"},{"language":"swe","value":"Afrika"}],"extId":"18-196798"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Kenia"},{"language":"swe","value":"Kenya"}],"extId":"18-167999"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"Marsabit County"},{"language":"fin","value":"Marsabit County"},{"language":"rus","value":"Марсабит"},{"language":"swe","value":"Marsabit"}],"extId":"18-358108"}],"copyright":[{"language":"und","value":"Pasi Toivonen \u002F Yle"}],"crops":[{"name":"16:9","aspect":1.78,"coordinates":{"x":1,"y":0,"width":1919,"height":1079}},{"name":"2:3","aspect":0.67,"coordinates":{"x":427,"y":0,"width":720,"height":1080}},{"name":"1:1","aspect":1,"coordinates":{"x":425,"y":0,"width":1080,"height":1080}},{"name":"5:2","aspect":2.5,"coordinates":{"x":1,"y":0,"width":1919,"height":767}}],"height":1080,"licence":{"id":"6","name":[{"language":"und","value":"Yle"}],"properties":[]},"version":"1709126581","width":1920,"recommendedFormat":"jpg"},{"text":"Keinokastelulla voidaan moninkertaistaa sadot","level":2,"type":"heading"},{"text":"Tutkijoiden mukaan maatalouden kasvu on selvästi tehokkain tapa poistaa köyhyyttä Sahelin eteläpuolisessa Afrikassa.","type":"text"},{"text":"Keinokasteltujen peltojen arvellaan tuottavan jopa 50 prosenttia parempaa satoa kuin pelkkien sateiden varassa olevien viljelmien.","type":"text"},{"text":"– Afrikan viljellystä maasta vain noin kolme prosenttia on keinokasteltua, joten ruuantuotannon lisäämisen potentiaali on valtava, sanoo tutkija Jude Cobbing.","type":"text"},{"text":"Vesi-insinööri Victor Siambi kopsuttaa taas maan pintaa. Kovan kuoren alla on hänen mukaansa useiden metrien paksuinen punainen, hedelmällinen ruokamultakerros. Log-Logon kylässä voi viljellä, jos vettä vain on saatavilla.","type":"text"},{"text":"Pastori Kithinji on rakennuttanut pienen varjohuoneen. Metallikehikon päälle ripustetut harsokankaat laskevat tasangon tuulet lävitseen, mutta suojaavat paahtavimmalta auringonpaiseelta.","type":"text"},{"text":"– Teillä pohjoisessa on kasvihuoneita, jotka keräävät lämpöä. Meillä pitää varjostaa ja viilentää, jotta aurinko ei polta kasveja, Elias Kithinji selittää.","type":"text"},{"text":"Vesi pumpataan kirkon kaivolta muovisiin 10 000 litran vesisäiliöihin. Niistä se tihkuu muoviputkien kautta kostuttamaan varjohuoneen maaperää.","type":"text"},{"text":"Näin syntyy puutarha, joka on kuin keidas aavikon keskellä.","type":"text"},{"text":"Varjohuoneen puutarhaa hoitaa ryhmä paimentolaisperheiden naisia. He käsittelevät kaalintaimia ja tomaatinvarsia hellävaraisesti, välillä laulaen.","type":"text"},{"caption":"Varjohuoneen harso suojaa tomaatintaimia suoralta auringonvalolta. Video: Pasi Toivonen \u002F Yle ","type":"video","id":"1-68185635","programResponse":{"series":{"title":{"main":{"swe":"Nyhetsvideor","fin":"Uutisvideot"}},"image":{"cover":{"fin":{"type":"Image","id":"13-1-1255967-1677743590609","version":1709216001}},"main":{"fin":{"type":"Image","id":"13-1-1255967-1684137541041","version":1709216001}}}},"publications":[{"tags":["archive"],"service":{"type":"Service","id":"yle-areena"},"publisher":{"type":"Service","id":"yle-areena"},"startTime":"2024-02-28T14:35:22+02:00","geoRestriction":"None","type":"Publication","id":"4-68185636","kind":"Ondemand","protectionLevel":{"key":"none","type":"ContentProtectionPolicy","id":"22-0"},"media":{"videoTrack":{"format":"HD","aspectRatio":"16:9","type":"VideoTrack","duration":"PT31S"},"downloadable":false,"type":"Video","duration":"PT31S","id":"67-e08d779e73d64b3f8fa9da521439848c","available":true}}],"title":{"main":{"fin":"Varjohuoneen tomaatteja Keniassa"}},"id":"1-68185635","image":{"main":{"fin":{"type":"Image","id":"13-1-68185635-1709123782738","version":1709123786}}}}},{"text":"– Olemme oppineet viljelemään tomaatteja, salaattia ja moringa-puita. Lapsemme saavat parempaa ruokaa ja olemme saaneet vihanneksista jo tulojakin. Rahoilla maksamme lasten koulumaksuja ja ostamme lääkkeitä ja lannoitteita, ryhmän puhenainen **Elizabeth Kasula** kertoo.","type":"text"},{"text":"Pienessä puutarhassa on silmiemme edessä menossa elämäntapamuutos, ehkä historiallisen suuri.","type":"text"},{"text":"Tuleeko paimentolaisuus tiensä päähän?","level":2,"type":"heading"},{"text":"Ilmastonmuutoksen myötä Itäisen Afrikan jo entuudestaan ankarat ilmasto-olosuhteet ovat muuttuneet entistä arvaamattomammiksi.","type":"text"},{"text":"Yle on aiemmin kertonut yli kolme vuotta kestäneen kuivuuden vaikutuksista paimentolaisten elämään [Keniassa](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Furl?q=https:\u002F\u002Fyle.fi\u002Fa\u002F3-12493255&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709019168896687&usg=AOvVaw1B-UOe0rTn-0vLc1LGu9z3) ja [Somaliassa](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Furl?q=https:\u002F\u002Fyle.fi\u002Fa\u002F74-20003059&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709019168897093&usg=AOvVaw1HUDCyowj_vxug2EqrCHwn).","type":"text"},{"text":"Paimentolaisperheet eivät ole koskaan aiemmin viljelleet maata, eivät edes pitäneet pieniä puutarhoja. Liikkuva elämäntapa ja viljelykset eivät kerta kaikkiaan ole sopineet yhteen.","type":"text"},{"displayStyle":"normal","alt":"Pieni vuohilauma ja paimen kuivassa maisemassa. Maa on punertavaa, eikä siinä kasva mitään, puissa ei ole lehtiä. ","source":"Pasi Toivonen \u002F Yle","aspect":1.5,"caption":"Mohamed Osman paimentaa pienentynyttä vuohilaumaansa Garissassa kesäkuussa 2022. ","id":"39-96971062a84a1e4cf8e","type":"image","alts":[{"language":"fin","value":"Pieni vuohilauma ja paimen kuivassa maisemassa. Maa on punertavaa, eikä siinä kasva mitään, puissa ei ole lehtiä. "},{"language":"swe","value":"En liten flock getter och en herde i ett torrt, afrikanskt landskap. Jorden är rödaktig och de växter knappt några löv på träden."}],"blurhash":"LtLf,Y?HIoo0yso~V@WXtSt7R*kC","tags":[{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Afrikka"},{"language":"swe","value":"Afrika"}],"extId":"18-196798"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Itä-Afrikka"},{"language":"swe","value":"Östafrika"}],"extId":"18-166965"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"foreign News"},{"language":"fin","value":"ulkomaat"},{"language":"sme","value":"olgoriikkat"},{"language":"swe","value":"utrikes"}],"extId":"18-34953"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"Kenia"},{"language":"swe","value":"Kenya"}],"extId":"18-167999"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"Garissa"},{"language":"fin","value":"Garissa"},{"language":"swe","value":"Garissa"}],"extId":"18-144871"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"paimentolaiset"},{"language":"swe","value":"nomader"}],"extId":"18-218250"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"nomadic pastoralism"},{"language":"fin","value":"Paimentolaiset"},{"language":"rus","value":"Пастушеские племена"},{"language":"swe","value":"nomadism"}],"extId":"18-339710"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"kuivuus"},{"language":"swe","value":"torrhet"}],"extId":"18-206319"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"Drought"},{"language":"fin","value":"Kuivuuskausi"},{"language":"swe","value":"torka"}],"extId":"18-134860"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"climate change"},{"language":"fin","value":"ilmastonmuutos"},{"language":"swe","value":"klimatförändring"}],"extId":"18-217087"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"Food Crisis"},{"language":"fin","value":"Ruokakriisi"},{"language":"swe","value":"Food crisis"}],"extId":"18-42549"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"kansainvälinen apu"},{"language":"swe","value":"internationell hjälpverksamhet"}],"extId":"18-217122"},{"label":[{"language":"fin","value":"katastrofiapu"},{"language":"swe","value":"katastrofhjälp"}],"extId":"18-217281"},{"label":[{"language":"eng","value":"Humanitarian aid"},{"language":"fin","value":"humanitaarinen apu"},{"language":"swe","value":"Humanitärt bistånd"}],"extId":"18-139685"}],"copyright":[{"language":"und","value":"Pasi Toivonen \u002F Yle"}],"crops":[{"name":"16:9","aspect":1.78,"coordinates":{"x":0,"y":148,"width":5472,"height":3078}},{"name":"2:3","aspect":0.67,"coordinates":{"x":903,"y":0,"width":2432,"height":3648}},{"name":"1:1","aspect":1,"coordinates":{"x":412,"y":0,"width":3648,"height":3648}},{"name":"5:2","aspect":2.5,"coordinates":{"x":0,"y":870,"width":5472,"height":2188}}],"height":3648,"licence":{"id":"6","name":[{"language":"und","value":"Yle"}],"properties":[]},"version":"1662305061","width":5472,"recommendedFormat":"jpg"},{"text":"Mutta monivuotisen kuivuuden jälkeen ollaan tilanteessa, jossa enää perheiden miehet kulkevat savanneilla pienentyneiden eläinlaumojen kanssa. Naiset ja lapset jäävät kylien ja teiden viereen, odottamaan apua valtiolta tai avustusjärjestöiltä.","type":"text"},{"text":"Tai sitten, kuten Log-Logon kylässä, opettelemaan uusia toimeentulon keinoja.","type":"text"},{"text":"”Afrikalla on valtava potentiaali tuottaa ruokaa”","level":2,"type":"heading"},{"text":"Vesigeologi Jude Cobbing uskoo, että Afrikassa on edessä samankaltainen kehitys, kuin mikä on tapahtunut Intiassa viimeisen 50 vuoden aikana.","type":"text"},{"text":"Afrikan väestö kasvaa hurjaa vauhtia, ja Cobbingin mukaan ainoa keino tuottaa riittävästi ruokaa on ottaa käyttöön mantereen pohjavesivarat ja laajamittainen keinokastelu.","type":"text"},{"text":"– Intiassa halvat pumput ja kuiville alueille halvalla myyty sähköenergia synnyttivät pohjavesibuumin, joka kehitti valtavasti maataloutta ja oletettavasti pelasti Intian massiiviselta nälkäkatastrofilta, Cobbing arvioi.","type":"text"},{"caption":"Vesigeologi Jude Cobbing kuvaa haastattelussa pohjaveden merkitystä Afrikan kehityksessä.","type":"video","id":"1-68185625","programResponse":{"series":{"title":{"main":{"swe":"Nyhetsvideor","fin":"Uutisvideot"}},"image":{"cover":{"fin":{"type":"Image","id":"13-1-1255967-1677743590609","version":1709216001}},"main":{"fin":{"type":"Image","id":"13-1-1255967-1684137541041","version":1709216001}}}},"publications":[{"tags":["archive"],"service":{"type":"Service","id":"yle-areena"},"publisher":{"type":"Service","id":"yle-areena"},"startTime":"2024-02-28T14:26:40+02:00","geoRestriction":"None","type":"Publication","id":"4-68185626","kind":"Ondemand","protectionLevel":{"key":"none","type":"ContentProtectionPolicy","id":"22-0"},"media":{"videoTrack":{"format":"HD","aspectRatio":"1:1","type":"VideoTrack","duration":"PT55S"},"captionTracks":[{"type":"CaptionTrack","language":"fin","kind":"hardOfHearing"}],"downloadable":false,"type":"Video","duration":"PT55S","id":"67-7b7cd287764e4a78a926f1dee1658e2f","available":true}}],"title":{"main":{"fin":"Jude Cobbing "}},"id":"1-68185625","image":{"main":{"fin":{"type":"Image","id":"13-1-68185625-1709123439316","version":1709123442}}}}},{"text":"Jude Cobbingin mukaan pohjaveden hyödyntäminen ja keinokastelun varassa toimiva maanviljely ovat ainoa keino, jolla Afrikka voi ruokkia tulevien vuosikymmenien aikana voimakkaasti kasvavan väestönsä.","type":"text"},{"text":"Veden puute ei itse asiassa ole suurin ruuantuotantoa rajoittava tekijä. Hyödyntämätöntä pohjavettä on runsaasti, mutta sen laajamittaiseen käyttöön ei päästä ennen kuin moni muu rajoittava tekijä on ratkaistu.","type":"text"},{"text":"– Viljelijät tarvitsevat lainoitusta kaivojen poraamiseen, kohtuuhintaisia pumppuja ja varaosia niihin, teitä joita pitkin satoa voidaan kuljettaa. Jos tällaiset tekijät ovat kunnossa, vettä kyllä löytyy, Jude Cobbing sanoo.","type":"text"},{"text":"Afrikan pohjavedet ovat nukkuva jättiläinen, jonka avulla manner voisi ottaa valtavan kehitysloikan. Mutta se ei tarkoita, että resurssi olisi rajaton.","type":"text"},{"text":"Cobbing viittaa taas Intian esimerkkiin: siellä pohjavesivaroja on myös tuhottu, kun vettä on pumpattu yli maanalaisten vesivarastojen uusiutumiskyvyn. Sama vaara on olemassa myös Afrikassa.","type":"text"},{"text":"– Mutta vielä suurempi vaara ja ympäristöriski on ihmisten köyhyys ja nälkä. 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