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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۴۱ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۴۱ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_party" title="Politieke party – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Politieke party" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partei" title="Partei – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Partei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiu_politico" title="Partiu politico – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Partiu politico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="حزب سياسي – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب سياسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܓܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="حزب سياسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب سياسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2" title="ৰাজনৈতিক দল – اسامي" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাজনৈতিক দল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="اسامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_pol%C3%ADticu" title="Partíu políticu – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partíu políticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_partiya" title="Siyasi partiya – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siyasi partiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="حیزب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حیزب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B9%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%A1%D3%99" title="Сәйәси фирҡә – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәйәси фирҡә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Partei" title="Politische Partei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Politische Partei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolit%C4%97n%C4%97_part%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Puolitėnė partėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Puolitėnė partėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Палітычная партыя – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітычная партыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Палітычная партыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палітычная партыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%A9_pulitik" title="Parté pulitik – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Parté pulitik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическа партия – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Политическа партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2" title="রাজনৈতিক দল – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজনৈতিক দল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_politikel" title="Strollad politikel – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad politikel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_stranka" title="Politička stranka – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Politička stranka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_politik" title="Partai politik – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Partai politik" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Улас түрын нам – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Улас түрын нам" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_pol%C3%ADtic" title="Partit polític – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit polític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Политикин парти – چيچني" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Политикин парти" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="چيچني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="حیزب – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیزب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasiy_f%C4%B1rqa" title="Siyasiy fırqa – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Siyasiy fırqa" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A1_strana" title="Politická strana – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politická strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_wleidyddol" title="Plaid wleidyddol – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plaid wleidyddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_parti" title="Politisk parti – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politisk parti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Partei" title="Politische Partei – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politische Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiya_politike" title="Partiya politike – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Partiya politike" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πολιτικό κόμμα – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτικό κόμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Political party" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_(politiko)" title="Partio (politiko) – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Partio (politiko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Partido político – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido político" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erakond" title="Erakond – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erakond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderdi_politiko" title="Alderdi politiko – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alderdi politiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="حزب – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolue" title="Puolue – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_politique" title="Parti politique – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politike_partij" title="Politike partij – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Politike partij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1irt%C3%AD_polait%C3%ADochta" title="Páirtí polaitíochta – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páirtí polaitíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pati_politik" title="Pati politik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pati politik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partaidh_poileatagach" title="Partaidh poileatagach – سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Partaidh poileatagach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Partido político – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido político" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokuaikuaa_aty" title="Jokuaikuaa aty – ګوراني" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jokuaikuaa aty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ګوراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94" title="מפלגה – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2" title="राजनीतिक दल – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजनीतिक दल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnetic_dal" title="Rajnetic dal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rajnetic dal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_stranka" title="Politička stranka – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politička stranka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pati_politik" title="Pati politik – هيټي کريول" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pati politik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيټي کريول" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rt" title="Párt – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Párt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կուսակցություն – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուսակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կուսակցութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կուսակցութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_politik" title="Partai politik – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partise" title="Political partise – آسا نا جبة" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Political partise" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="آسا نا جبة" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_politiko" title="Partido politiko – الوکو" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Partido politiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="الوکو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnm%C3%A1laflokkur" title="Stjórnmálaflokkur – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjórnmálaflokkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_politico" title="Partito politico – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito politico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="政党 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_pulitik" title="Partai pulitik – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Partai pulitik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკური პარტია – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლიტიკური პარტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саяси партия – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саяси партия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7" title="ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷ – کناډا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="کناډا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%8B%B9" title="정당 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политика партия – کراچی بالکر" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Политика партия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="کراچی بالکر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti" title="Parti – کورنيشي" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Parti" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="کورنيشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саясий партия – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Саясий партия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_politica" title="Factio politica – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio politica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politesch_Partei" title="Politesch Partei – لوګزامبورګي" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Politesch Partei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوګزامبورګي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_partie" title="Politische partie – لمبرگیانی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Politische partie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگیانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit" title="Partit – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Partit" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partii_politegh" title="Partii politegh – لومبارډ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Partii politegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="لومبارډ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%B3mb%C3%A1_lya_polit%C3%ADki" title="Lingómbá lya politíki – لنګالا" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lingómbá lya politíki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="لنګالا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ພັຄກາຣເມືອງ – لاو" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພັຄກາຣເມືອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="لاو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politin%C4%97_partija" title="Politinė partija – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Politinė partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk%C4%81_partija" title="Politiskā partija – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Politiskā partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Политикань партиясь – موکشا" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Политикань партиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="موکشا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoko_p%C3%B4litika" title="Antoko pôlitika – ملغاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antoko pôlitika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملغاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Политичка партија – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политичка партија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="രാഷ്ട്രീയ പാർട്ടി – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാഷ്ട്രീയ പാർട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Улс төрийн нам – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улс төрийн нам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="राजकीय पक्ष – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राजकीय पक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_politik" title="Parti politik – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE" title="နိုင်ငံရေးပါတီ – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံရေးပါတီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politsche_Partei" title="Politsche Partei – کښته آلماني" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Politsche Partei" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="کښته آلماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2" title="राजनीतिक दल – نېپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राजनीतिक दल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نېپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2" title="दल – نيواري" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="نيواري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_partij" title="Politieke partij – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politieke partij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_parti" title="Politisk parti – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Politisk parti" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_parti" title="Politisk parti – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politisk parti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_politic" title="Partit politic – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Partit politic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸਿਆਸੀ ਦਲ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਆਸੀ ਦਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_pol%C3%ADtiko" title="Partido polítiko – پاپيامينتو" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Partido polítiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="پاپيامينتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Partei" title="Politische Partei – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Politische Partei" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_polityczna" title="Partia polityczna – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia polityczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%AC_pol%C3%ACtich" title="Partì polìtich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Partì polìtich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="سیاسی جماعت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیاسی جماعت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Partido político – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido político" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawpay_rak%27isqa" title="Kawpay rak'isqa – کېچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawpay rak'isqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="کېچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partid_politic" title="Partid politic – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partid politic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическая партия – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая партия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Політічна партія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Політічна партія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="राजनैतिकदलम् – سنسکریټ" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राजनैतिकदलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="سنسکریټ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Бэлиитикэ баартыйата – سخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэлиитикэ баартыйата" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="سخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitu_pul%C3%ACticu" title="Partitu pulìticu – سیلیسي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Partitu pulìticu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیلیسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleetical_pairty" title="Poleetical pairty – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poleetical pairty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellodat" title="Bellodat – شمالي سامي" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bellodat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="شمالي سامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_stranka" title="Politička stranka – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Politička stranka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82" title="දේශපාලන පක්ෂ – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේශපාලන පක්ෂ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Political party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A1_strana" title="Politická strana – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Politická strana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dna_stranka" title="Politična stranka – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Politična stranka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xisbi_siyaasad" title="Xisbi siyaasad – سومالي" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xisbi siyaasad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="سومالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit%C3%AB_politike" title="Partitë politike – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partitë politike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политичка странка – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политичка странка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiskt_parti" title="Politiskt parti – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politiskt parti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chama_cha_kisiasa" title="Chama cha kisiasa – سواهېلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chama cha kisiasa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواهېلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityczn%C5%8F_partyj%C5%8F" title="Politycznŏ partyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Politycznŏ partyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="அரசியல் கட்சி – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசியல் கட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80" title="రాజకీయ పార్టీ – تېليګو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాజకీయ పార్టీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تېليګو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ҳизби сиёсӣ – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳизби сиёсӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="พรรคการเมือง – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคการเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidong_pampolitika" title="Partidong pampolitika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Partidong pampolitika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_parti" title="Siyasi parti – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyasi parti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сәяси фиркаләр – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сәяси фиркаләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amany%C9%94_kuo" title="Amanyɔ kuo – توی" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Amanyɔ kuo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="توی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="پارتىيە – اويغوري" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پارتىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="اويغوري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Політична партія – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політична партія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="سیاسی جماعت – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاسی جماعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyosiy_partiyalar" title="Siyosiy partiyalar – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Siyosiy partiyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_pu%C5%82%C3%ACtego" title="Partio pułìtego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Partio pułìtego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_ph%C3%A1i_ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Đảng phái chính trị – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng phái chính trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_politikal" title="Partido politikal – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Partido politikal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="政党 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政党" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკური პარტია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლიტიკური პარტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99" title="פאליטישע פארטיי – يديش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאליטישע פארטיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يديش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8gb%E1%BA%B9%CC%81_ol%C3%B3%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%BA" title="Ẹgbẹ́ olóṣèlú – یوروبا" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹgbẹ́ olóṣèlú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="یوروبا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="政党 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政党" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-t%C3%B3ng" title="Chèng-tóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-tóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8" title="政黨 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政黨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7278#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>يو سياسي ګوند هغه سازمان دی چې نوماندان د يوه ځانګړي هېواد په ټولټاکنو کې د سيالۍ لپاره منظموي. د يوه ګوند د غړو لپاره دا عامه ده چې د سیاست په اړه يو شان اندونه ولري او شونې ده چې د ګوندونو موخې د ځانګړو اندونو يا تګلارو پر بنسټ وي. </p><p>په وروستيو څو پېړيو کې د نويو ګونديزو سازمانونو د ودې او خپرېدو له امله سياسي ګوندونه نږدې د هر هېواد د سياست ستره برخه ګرځېدلې ده. داسې څه ډېر کم دي، چې یو هېواد دي سياسي ګوندونه ونه لري. ځينې هېوادونه يوازې يو، خو ځينې بيا ډېر سياسي ګوندونه لري. د مطلق العنان او ديموکراتيکو هېوادونو په سياستونو کې سياسي ګوندونه مهم دی، که څه هم د مطلق العنانو په پرتله ديموکراتيک هېوادونه زيات سياسي ګوندونه لري. مطلق العنان هېوادونه عموماً يو ګوند لري، کوم چې هېواد پر مخ وړي، ځينې سياسي پوهان د دوه يا ډېرو ګوندونو تر منځ سيالۍ د ديموکراسۍ د مهمې برخې په توګه بولي. </p><p>شونې ده چې، ګوندونه په ټولنه کې له شته درزونو نه منځ ته راشي، لکه: د لوړې او ښکته طبقې تر منځ توپير او دوی د خپلو غړو تر منځ د همکاريو هڅولو له لارې د سياسي پریکړو پروسه ساده کوي. په سياسي ګوندونو کې عموماً يو د ګوند رهبر وي، څوک چې د ګوند د فعاليتونو لومړی مسئوليت په غاړه لري، د ګوند مديران چې شونې ده، دوی د ګوند رهبر وټاکي، اداري او تنظيمي موخې تر سره کړي، د ګوند غړي چې شونې ده په خپله خوښه او له امتياز پرته له ګوند سره مرسته کوي، دپيسو بسپنه ورکوي او نوماندانو ته رايه ورکوي. داسې ډېرې لارې چارې شته چې د سياسي ګوندونو جوړښت ترې منځ ته راځي او له رايه ورکولو سره تعامل کوي. هغه مرستې چې هېوادوال يې سياسي ګوندونو ته ورکوي، عموماً د قانون له لارې تنظيميږي او شونې ده چې ګوندونه کله ناکله په داسې طريقو اداره شي، تر څو د هغو خلکو مرسته وکړي، کوم چې دوی ته وخت او پیسې ورکوي. </p><p>د ډېريو سياسي ګوندونو توخه (انګېزه/محرک) نظرياتي موخې وي. په ديموکراتيکو ټاکنو کې دا عامه ځانګړنه ده چې د آزادو، محافظه کارو او ټولنيزو ګوندونو تر منځ سيالۍ وشي، د نورو ډېرو سترو سياسي ګوندونو په عامو ايډيالوژيانو کې کمونيزم، ولسپالنه، ملتپالنه او اسلام پالنه شاملې دي. په بېلا بېلو هېوادونو کې ډېر ځله سياسي ګوندونه د خپل ځان د ښکاره کولو لپاره د ځانګړې نظريې په لرلو سره يو ډول رنګونه او نښې کاروي، خو بیا هم ډېر سياسي ګوندونه له کومې نظريې سره تړاو نه لري او شونې ده چې د دې پر ځای په لومړي سر کې په ملاتړ، پيروپالنه يا يو خاص سياسي متشبث ته په وده ورکولو کې ښکېل وي.   </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تعريف"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.B9.D8.B1.D9.8A.D9.81"></span>تعريف</h2></div> <p>سياسي ګوندونه ډله ییزې هستې دي چې د سياسي دفترونو لپاره سيالۍ منظموي. د يوه سياسي ګوند غړي د يوه مشترک نوم لاندې په ټاکنو کې ګډون کوي. د يوه محدود تعريف له مخې، شونې ده، يو سياسي ګوند يوازې د نوماندانو هغه ډله وګڼل شي، چې د يو ګوند تر نامه  لاندې د يوه دفتر لپاره هلې ځلې کوي. په پراخه تعريف سره، سياسي ګوندونه ټول هغه ميکانيزم ته ويل کېږي چې د نوماندانو له ټاکنو نه ملاتړ کوي، په دوی کې رايه ورکوونکي او رضاکاران هم شامل دي چې د يوه سياسي ګوند له ادرسه پېژندل کېږي، د هغه ګوند رسمي سازمانونه، کوم چې د همدې ګوند د نوماندانو له ټاکنې پلوی کوي او د حکومت په دننه کې هغه قانون جوړوونکي، څوک چې له يوه ګوند سره تړاو لري، ټول يې برخه دي. په ډېريو هېوادونو کې د يوه سياسي ګوند تصور په قانون کې تعريف شوی وي او حکومت هغه شرايط په ګوته کړي وي، چې تر مخې يې له قانوني اړخه يو سازمان د سياسي ګوند په توګه منل کېدای شي.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldrich95_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldrich95-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chhibber04_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhibber04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>سياسي ګوندونه له نورو سياسي ډلو او انجمنونو نه توپير لري، لکه: سياسي ګوندونه او د ګټې ډلې، د دې حقيقت پر بنسټ چې ګوندونه د نوماندانو پر ټاکنو تمرکز لري، په داسې حال کې چې د ګټې ډلې د يوې تګلارې نظريې پر مخکې وړلو تمرکز لري. دا بحث په نورو ځانګړتياوو پورې هم تړلی دی چې ګوندونه له نورو سياسي سازمانونو نه جلا کوي، زیات غړيتوب، د وخت په تېرېدو سره زيات ثبات او له رايه ورکوونکو سره ژوره اړيکه په دې کې شامل دي.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Belloni76_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belloni76-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تاريخچه"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.AE.DA.86.D9.87"></span>تاريخچه</h2></div> <p>دا نظر چې خلک د خپلو شريکو ګټو نه د دفاع په موخه ستر ګوندونه يا ډلې جوړې کړي، ډېره لرغونې ده. اپلاتون په خپل کتاب( جمهوريت) کې د اتن د کلاسيکو سياسي ګوندونو يادونه کړې او ارستو په خپل کتاب سياست کې د ګوندونو د رامنځ ته کولو لپاره د حکومت د بېلا بيلو ډولونو د ميلان په اړه بحث کړی دی. يو لړ لرغونو اختلافاتو هم د ګوندونو پورې اړه درلوده، د بېلګې په ډول د قسطنطنيې په هيپودروم کې د سپرو د دووسيالو تر منځ د نيکا بغاوت. د وروستي رومي جمهوريت پاپولارز او اپټيماټ ګوندونه، همدا راز د هالنډ جمهوريت اورنګيستان او « Staatsgezinde» په تاريخ کې د ثبت شويو ځينو سياسي ډلو او ګوندونو نمونې دي،خو باور کېږي چې اوسني سياسي ګوندونه، د اتلسمې پېړۍ په پای کې راڅرګند شوي دي، عموماً ګومان کېږي چې په لومړي ځل په اروپا او د امريکا په متحده ايالاتو کې راڅرګند شوي دي. د انګلستان محافظه ګار ګوند او د متحده ايلاتو جمهوريت پلوه ګوند دواړه ، د نړۍ تر ټولو زاړه شته سياسي ګوندونه بلل کېږي.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Metcalf97_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metcalf97-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chhibber042_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhibber042-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د ډله یيزو سياسي ګوندونو له ودې مخکې، په ټاکنو کې په ډېره کمه کچه سيالۍ کېدې، سياستونه دومره کوچني وو چې نېغ په نېغه پرېکړه شونې وه، داسې ټاکنې تر سره کېدې چې د يوې شبکې يا د ګوندونو په واک کې وي، کومو چې کولای شول، په يوه ټاکنه کې په خپلواک ډول يو نوماند بريا ته ورسوي.<sup id="cite_ref-boix09_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boix09-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="اتلسمه_پېړۍ"><span id=".D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.85.D9.87_.D9.BE.DB.90.DA.93.DB.8D"></span>اتلسمه پېړۍ</h3></div> <p>ځينې پوهان په دې باور دي چې لومړي سياسي ګوندونه د اوسنۍ بریتانیې په لومړيو کې په اتلسمه پېړۍ کې د محروميت له بحران او پرتمين اوښتون نه وروسته جوړ شول. د ويګ ګوند په لومړيو کې خپل ځان د پروټسټان مشروطه سطنت په ملاتړ  او د مطلق العنان حکومت په مقابل کې منظم کړ، په داسې حال کې چې محافظه کار ټوري ګوند (په اصل کې د انګليسي کورنۍ جګړې د سلطنتي يا سپرو ځواکونو څانګه) له پياوړي سلطنت نه ملاتړ وکړ او دې دواړو ډلو د اتلسمې پېړۍ په اوږدو کې د انګلستان په سياست کې لانجې رامنځ ته کړې. د راکينګهام ويګ لومړی موډرن سياسي ګوند بلل کېږي، ځکه دوی هغه مهال هم منظم اړوند ګوندي تړاو وساته، کله چې دوی په واک کې نه و.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones61_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones61-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د پېړۍ په پای کې، متحده ايالاتو هم د ګوند نظام ته وده ورکړه، چې دې ته د لومړي ګوند نظام وايي. که څه هم د ۱۷۸۷ز کال د متحده ايالاتو اساسي قانون جوړوونکو دا وړانديزونه نه وو کړي، چې د امريکا سياسي بحثونه به په لويه کې د سياسي ګوندونو په شا او خوا کې راوڅرخي، د ۱۷۹۰ز کال په لومړيو کې د فدرالي دولت د واکونو د اندازې په اړه بحثونه، د لومړيو دوو ګوندونو د راپورته کېدو لامل شول: فدراليست ګوند او ديموکراتيک-جمهوريت غوښتونکی ګوند.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="نولسمه_پېړۍ"><span id=".D9.86.D9.88.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.85.D9.87_.D9.BE.DB.90.DA.93.DB.8D"></span>نولسمه پېړۍ</h3></div> <p>د نولسمې پېړۍ په لومړيو کې، يو شمېر هېوادونو باثباته ګونديز نظام جوړ کړی و. په سويډن کې جوړ شوی ګوندي نظام له دې امله د نړۍ لومړی ګوندي نظام بلل کېږي ،چې له دې نه مخکې ګوندي نظام په بشپړ ډول باثباته يا بنسټیز شوی نه و. د بلجيم، سويټزرلينډ، المان او فرانسې په ګډون په ډېرو اروپايي هېوادونو کې، سياسي ګوندونه د ليبرال محافظه کار يا د مذهبي اختلافاتو د وېش پر شا اوخوا منظم شول. د ۱۸۴۸ز کال له انقلاب سره سم په ټوله اروپا کې د ګونديز سياست په پراختيا کې توندي راغله.<sup id="cite_ref-Busky8_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busky8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jordan86_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jordan86-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_رایو_اخیستلو_غونډال"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.B1.D8.A7.DB.8C.D9.88_.D8.A7.D8.AE.DB.8C.D8.B3.D8.AA.D9.84.D9.88_.D8.BA.D9.88.D9.86.DA.89.D8.A7.D9.84"></span>د رایو اخیستلو غونډال</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_گوندونو_ډولونه"><span id=".D8.AF_.DA.AF.D9.88.D9.86.D8.AF.D9.88.D9.86.D9.88_.DA.89.D9.88.D9.84.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>د گوندونو ډولونه</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ناپیلې"><span id=".D9.86.D8.A7.D9.BE.DB.8C.D9.84.DB.90"></span>ناپیلې</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچینې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچینې</h2></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich95-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich95_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAldrich1995" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, John (1995). "1". <i>Why Parties?: The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=Why+Parties%3F%3A+The+Origin+and+Transformation+of+Political+Parties+in+America&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chhibber04-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chhibber04_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFChhibberKollman2004" class="citation book cs1">Chhibber, Pradeep K.; Kollman, Ken (2004). <i>The formation of national party systems: Federalism and party competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+formation+of+national+party+systems%3A+Federalism+and+party+competition+in+Canada%2C+Great+Britain%2C+India%2C+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Chhibber&rft.aufirst=Pradeep+K.&rft.au=Kollman%2C+Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_F._AnziaOlivia_M._Meeks2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sarah F. Anzia; Olivia M. Meeks (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Anzia_Meeks_Parties_Local_Elections_5_27_16.pdf">"Political Parties and Policy Demanders in Local Elections"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Maryland-Hewlett Foundation Conference on Parties, Polarization and Policy Demanders</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008034336/https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Anzia_Meeks_Parties_Local_Elections_5_27_16.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Maryland-Hewlett+Foundation+Conference+on+Parties%2C+Polarization+and+Policy+Demanders&rft.atitle=Political+Parties+and+Policy+Demanders+in+Local+Elections&rft.date=2016-05&rft.au=Sarah+F.+Anzia&rft.au=Olivia+M.+Meeks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgspp.berkeley.edu%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Fresearch%2Fpdf%2FAnzia_Meeks_Parties_Local_Elections_5_27_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_journal" title="کينډۍ:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|archivedate=</code> و <code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|archiveurl=</code> و <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> specified (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAvnon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Avnon, Dan (16 November 2007). "Parties laws in democratic systems of government". <i>The Journal of Legislative Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 283–300. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13572339508420429">10.1080/13572339508420429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legislative+Studies&rft.atitle=Parties+laws+in+democratic+systems+of+government&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-300&rft.date=2007-11-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13572339508420429&rft.aulast=Avnon&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Anthony_MalteseJoseph_A._PikaW._Phillips_Shively2020" class="citation book cs1">John Anthony Maltese; Joseph A. Pika; W. Phillips Shively (13 January 2020). <i>American democracy in context</i>. Sage. p. 182. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1544345222" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-1544345222 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-1544345222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+democracy+in+context&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.isbn=978-1544345222&rft.au=John+Anthony+Maltese&rft.au=Joseph+A.+Pika&rft.au=W.+Phillips+Shively&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belloni76-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Belloni76_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBelloniBeller1976" class="citation journal cs1">Belloni, Frank P.; Beller, Dennis C. (1976). "The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations". <i>The Western Political Quarterly</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 531–549. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106591297602900405">10.1177/106591297602900405</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144697443">144697443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Study+of+Party+Factions+as+Competitive+Political+Organizations&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=531-549&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F106591297602900405&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144697443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Belloni&rft.aufirst=Frank+P.&rft.au=Beller%2C+Dennis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFPlato1935" class="citation book cs1">Plato (1935). <i>The Republic</i>. Macmillan and Co, Ltd. p. 462.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic&rft.pages=462&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1935&rft.au=Plato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle1984" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle (1984). <i>The Politics</i>. The University of Chicago Press. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf97-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf97_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf1977" class="citation journal cs1">Metcalf, Michael F. (1977). "The first "modern" party system? Political parties, Sweden's Age of liberty and the historians". <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i>. <b>2</b> (1–4): 265–287. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03468757708578923">10.1080/03468757708578923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=The+first+%22modern%22+party+system%3F+Political+parties%2C+Sweden%27s+Age+of+liberty+and+the+historians&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=265-287&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03468757708578923&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chhibber042-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chhibber042_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFChhibberKollman2004" class="citation book cs1">Chhibber, Pradeep K.; Kollman, Ken (2004). <i>The formation of national party systems: Federalism and party competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+formation+of+national+party+systems%3A+Federalism+and+party+competition+in+Canada%2C+Great+Britain%2C+India%2C+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Chhibber&rft.aufirst=Pradeep+K.&rft.au=Kollman%2C+Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDirr2016" class="citation news cs1">Dirr, Alison (2016-10-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2016/oct/24/tim-kaine/democratic-party-oldest-continuous-political-party/">"Is the Democratic Party the oldest continuous political party in the world?"</a>. <i>Politifact Wisconsin</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930213349/https://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2016/oct/24/tim-kaine/democratic-party-oldest-continuous-political-party/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2019-09-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politifact+Wisconsin&rft.atitle=Is+the+Democratic+Party+the+oldest+continuous+political+party+in+the+world%3F&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft.aulast=Dirr&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Fwisconsin%2Fstatements%2F2016%2Foct%2F24%2Ftim-kaine%2Fdemocratic-party-oldest-continuous-political-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFStanek1996" class="citation book cs1">Stanek, Wojciech (1996). <i>Konfederacje a ewolucja mechanizmów walki politycznej w Rzeczypospolitej XVIII wieku</i>. Olsztyn: Interpress. pp. 135–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konfederacje+a+ewolucja+mechanizm%C3%B3w+walki+politycznej+w+Rzeczypospolitej+XVIII+wieku&rft.place=Olsztyn&rft.pages=135-136&rft.pub=Interpress&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Stanek&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boix09-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-boix09_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFCarles_Boix2009" class="citation book cs1">Carles Boix (July 2009). "The Emergence of Parties and Party Systems". In Carles Boix; Susan C. Stokes (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199566020.003.0021">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Parties+and+Party+Systems&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Comparative+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199566020.003.0021&rft.au=Carles+Boix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones61-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones61_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJones1961" class="citation book cs1">Jones, J. R. (1961). <i>The First Whigs. The Politics of the Exclusion Crisis. 1678–1683</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Whigs.+The+Politics+of+the+Exclusion+Crisis.+1678%E2%80%931683&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jessenorman.com/2013/09/conhome-op-ed-the-usa-radical-conservatism-and-edmund-burke.html">"ConHome op-ed: the USA, Radical Conservatism and Edmund Burke"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020123727/http://www.jessenorman.com/2013/09/conhome-op-ed-the-usa-radical-conservatism-and-edmund-burke.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ConHome+op-ed%3A+the+USA%2C+Radical+Conservatism+and+Edmund+Burke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jessenorman.com%2F2013%2F09%2Fconhome-op-ed-the-usa-radical-conservatism-and-edmund-burke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Hamowy, Ronald (2008). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Whiggism</a>". <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>.  Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE Publications (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">SAGE</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cato_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cato Institute (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Cato Institute</a>. 542–43. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412965811.n328">10.4135/9781412965811.n328</a>. <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9781412965804" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=encyclopediaArticle&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.aulast=Hamowy&rft.title=Whiggism&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rft.source=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.publisher=%5B%5BSAGE+Publications%7CSAGE%5D%5D%3B+%5B%5BCato+Institute%5D%5D&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=542%E2%80%9343&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info:doi/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n328&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft_id=info:oclcnum/750831024"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter1970" class="citation book cs1">Hofstadter, Richard (1970). <i>The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840</i>. University of California Press. p. ix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+a+Party+System%3A+The+Rise+of+Legitimate+Opposition+in+the+United+States%2C+1780%E2%80%931840&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Nisbet_Chambers1972" class="citation book cs1">William Nisbet Chambers, ed. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstpartysystem00cham"><i>The first party system</i></a>. New York, Wiley. p. 1. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780471143406" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/9780471143406 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>9780471143406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+party+system&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Wiley&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780471143406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstpartysystem00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busky8-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Busky8_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBusky2000" class="citation cs2">Busky, Donald F. (2000), <i>Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey</i>, Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., p. 8, <q>The Frankfurt Declaration of the Socialist International, which almost all social democratic parties are members of, declares the goal of the development of democratic socialism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialism%3A+A+Global+Survey&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut%2C+USA&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jordan86-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jordan86_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1986" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan, Donald (1986). "John O'Connor Power, Charles Stewart Parnell and the Centralization of Popular Politics in Ireland". <i>Irish Historical Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (97): 46–66. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400025335">10.1017/S0021121400025335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=John+O%27Connor+Power%2C+Charles+Stewart+Parnell+and+the+Centralization+of+Popular+Politics+in+Ireland&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=97&rft.pages=46-66&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021121400025335&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMinicucci2004" class="citation journal cs1">Minicucci, Stephen (2004). "Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790–1860". <i>Studies in American Political Development</i>. Cambridge University Press. <b>18</b> (2): 160–185. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898588X04000094">10.1017/S0898588X04000094</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144902648">144902648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+American+Political+Development&rft.atitle=Internal+Improvements+and+the+Union%2C+1790%E2%80%931860&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=160-185&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898588X04000094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144902648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Minicucci&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKollman2012" class="citation book cs1">Kollman, Ken (2012). <i>The American political system</i>. W. W. Norton and Company. p. 465.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+political+system&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kollman&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=گوند&oldid=302605">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=گوند&oldid=302605</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%DB%90" 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