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href="#Functional_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Functional programming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Closures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Closures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Curry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JSON_and_XML_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JSON_and_XML_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 JSON and XML processing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JSON_and_XML_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-String_interpolation" 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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adoption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IDE_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IDE_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 IDE support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IDE_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Apache Groovy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A" title="أباتشي جروفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أباتشي جروفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Groovy (език за програмиране) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Groovy (език за програмиране)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy_(lenguaje_de_programaci%C3%B3n)" title="Groovy (lenguaje de programación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Groovy (lenguaje de programación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="گرووی (زبان برنامه‌نویسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرووی (زبان برنامه‌نویسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy_(langage)" title="Groovy (langage) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groovy (langage)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8C%8C%EC%B9%98_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A3%A8%EB%B9%84" title="아파치 그루비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아파치 그루비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apache Groovy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="გრუვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრუვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="അപ്പാച്ചെ ഗ്രൂവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പാച്ചെ ഗ്രൂവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Apache Groovy" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy_(programspr%C3%A5k)" title="Groovy (programspråk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Groovy (programspråk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษากรูวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากรูวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groovy" title="Groovy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Groovy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Programming language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Groovy</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Groovy-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Groovy-logo.svg/121px-Groovy-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Groovy-logo.svg/182px-Groovy-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Groovy-logo.svg/242px-Groovy-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="222" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Groovy Logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm#Multi-paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">aspect-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Strachan_(programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Strachan (programmer)">James Strachan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser">Guillaume Laforge (PMC Chair) Jochen Theodorou (Tech Lead) Paul King Cedric Champeau</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">2003; 21 years ago (2003)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.0.24<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-16cfa588007f1a320e55f390976ca730bbfafbe3-v18-1">[1]</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504453?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> (5 November 2024; 18 days ago (5 November 2024)) <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Groovy&action=edit">[±]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">4.0.0-beta-1 / September 6, 2021; 3 years ago (2021-09-06)<a href="#cite_note-github-releases-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Type_system#DYNAMIC" title="Type system">Dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_system#STATIC" title="Type system">static</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition" title="Java Platform, Standard Edition">Java SE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_License_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache License 2.0">Apache License 2.0</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>.groovy, .gvy, .gy, .gsh</code><a href="#cite_note-Groovy_Goodness:_Default_Groovy_Script_File_Extensions-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groovy-lang.org">groovy-lang.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504453#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Gradle" title="Gradle">Gradle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grails_(framework)" title="Grails (framework)">Grails</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Apache Groovy is a <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>-syntax-compatible <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java platform</a>. It is both a static and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic</a> language with features similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>. It can be used as both a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> for the Java Platform, is compiled to <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> (JVM) <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a>, and interoperates seamlessly with other Java code and <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a>. Groovy uses a <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket languages">curly-bracket syntax</a> similar to Java's. Groovy supports <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_programming)" title="Closure (computer programming)">closures</a>, multiline strings, and <a href="/wiki/String_interpolation" title="String interpolation">expressions embedded in strings</a>. Much of Groovy's power lies in its <a href="/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree">AST</a> transformations, triggered through annotations. Groovy 1.0 was released on January 2, 2007, and Groovy 2.0 in July, 2012. Since version 2, Groovy can be <a href="/wiki/Type_system#STATIC" title="Type system">compiled statically</a>, offering <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a> and performance near that of Java.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Groovy 2.4 was the last major release under <a href="/wiki/Pivotal_Software" title="Pivotal Software">Pivotal Software</a>'s sponsorship which ended in March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-blog.pivotal.io-6">[6]</a> Groovy has since changed its governance structure to a Project Management Committee in <a href="/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation" title="The Apache Software Foundation">the Apache Software Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Groovy_Incubator-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/James_Strachan_(programmer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Strachan (programmer)">James Strachan</a> first talked about the development of Groovy on his blog in August 2003.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In March 2004, Groovy was submitted to the JCP as JSR 241<a href="#cite_note-JSR-9">[9]</a> and accepted by ballot. Several versions were released between 2004 and 2006. After the <a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a> (JCP) standardization effort began, the version numbering changed, and a version called "1.0" was released on January 2, 2007. After various betas and release candidates numbered 1.1, on December 7, 2007, Groovy 1.1 Final was released and immediately renumbered as Groovy 1.5 to reflect the many changes made. In 2007, Groovy won the first prize at JAX 2007 innovation award.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Grails_(framework)" title="Grails (framework)">Grails</a>, a Groovy <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web framework</a>, won the second prize at JAX 2008 innovation award.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In November 2008, <a href="/wiki/SpringSource" class="mw-redirect" title="SpringSource">SpringSource</a> acquired the Groovy and Grails company (G2One).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In August 2009 <a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a> acquired SpringSource.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In April 2012, after eight years of inactivity, the Spec Lead changed the status of JSR 241 to dormant.<a href="#cite_note-JSR-9">[9]</a> Strachan had left the project silently a year before the Groovy 1.0 release in 2007.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Oct 2016, Strachan stated "I still love groovy (jenkins pipelines are so groovy!), java, go, typescript and kotlin".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> On July 2, 2012, Groovy 2.0 was released, which, among other new features, added static compiling and <a href="/wiki/Static_type_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Static type checking">static type checking</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Pivotal_Software" title="Pivotal Software">Pivotal Software</a> joint venture was spun-off by <a href="/wiki/EMC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="EMC Corporation">EMC Corporation</a> (EMC) and VMware in April 2013, Groovy and Grails formed part of its product portfolio. Pivotal ceased sponsoring Groovy and Grails from April 2015.<a href="#cite_note-blog.pivotal.io-6">[6]</a> That same month, Groovy changed its governance structure from a Codehaus repository to a Project Management Committee (PMC) in the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a> via its incubator.<a href="#cite_note-Groovy_Incubator-7">[7]</a> Groovy graduated from Apache's incubator and became a top-level project in November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> On February 7, 2020, Groovy 3.0 was released.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Version 4.0 was released on January 25, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> Most valid Java files are also valid Groovy files. Although the two languages are similar, Groovy code can be more compact, because it does not need all the elements that Java needs.<a href="#cite_note-konig32-18">[18]</a> This makes it possible for Java programmers to learn Groovy gradually by starting with familiar Java syntax before acquiring more Groovy <a href="/wiki/Programming_idiom" title="Programming idiom">programming idioms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Groovy features not available in Java include both static and <a href="/wiki/Type_system#DYNAMIC" title="Type system">dynamic</a> typing (with the keyword <code>def</code>), <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">operator overloading</a>, native syntax for lists and <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative arrays</a> (maps), native support for <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>, polymorphic iteration, <a href="/wiki/String_interpolation" title="String interpolation">string interpolation</a>, added helper methods, and the <a href="/wiki/Safe_navigation_operator" title="Safe navigation operator">safe navigation operator</a> <code>?.</code> to check automatically for <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null pointers</a> (for example, <code>variable?.method()</code>, or <code>variable?.field</code>).<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Since version 2 Groovy also supports modularity (being able to ship only the needed jars according to the project needs, thus reducing the size of Groovy's library), type checking, static compiling, Project Coin syntax enhancements, <a href="/wiki/Java_syntax#Code_blocks" title="Java syntax">multicatch blocks</a> and ongoing performance enhancements using the <code>invokedynamic</code> instruction introduced in <a href="/wiki/Java_version_history#Java_SE_7" title="Java version history">Java 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Groovy provides native support for various <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, accomplished via an inline <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a> (DOM) syntax. This feature enables the definition and manipulation of many types of heterogeneous data assets with a uniform and concise syntax and programming methodology.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unlike Java, a Groovy source code file can be executed as an (uncompiled) <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">script</a>, if it contains code outside any class definition, if it is a class with a main method, or if it is a Runnable or GroovyTestCase. A Groovy script is fully parsed, compiled, and generated before executing (similar to Python and Ruby). This occurs under the hood, and the compiled version is not saved as an artifact of the process.<a href="#cite_note-konig37_8-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GroovyBeans,_properties">GroovyBeans, properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: GroovyBeans, properties">edit</a>]</div> GroovyBeans are Groovy's version of <a href="/wiki/JavaBeans" title="JavaBeans">JavaBeans</a>. Groovy implicitly generates getters and setters. In the following code, <code>setColor(String color)</code> and <code>getColor()</code> are implicitly generated. The last two lines, which appear to access color directly, are actually calling the implicitly generated methods.<a href="#cite_note-konig38_9-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class AGroovyBean { String color } def myGroovyBean = new AGroovyBean() myGroovyBean.setColor('baby blue') assert myGroovyBean.getColor() == 'baby blue' myGroovyBean.color = 'pewter' assert myGroovyBean.color == 'pewter' </pre></div> Groovy offers simple, consistent syntax for handling lists and maps, reminiscent of Java's array syntax.<a href="#cite_note-konig41_3-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def movieList = ['Dersu Uzala', 'Ran', 'Seven Samurai'] // Looks like an array, but is a list assert movieList[2] == 'Seven Samurai' movieList[3] = 'Casablanca' // Adds an element to the list assert movieList.size() == 4 def monthMap = [ 'January' : 31, 'February' : 28, 'March' : 31 ] // Declares a map assert monthMap['March'] == 31 // Accesses an entry monthMap['April'] = 30 // Adds an entry to the map assert monthMap.size() == 4 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prototype_extension">Prototype extension</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prototype extension">edit</a>]</div> Groovy offers support for <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">prototype extension</a> through <code>ExpandoMetaClass</code>, Extension Modules (only in Groovy 2), Objective-C-like <a href="/wiki/Objective-C#Categories" title="Objective-C">Categories</a> and <code>DelegatingMetaClass</code>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <code>ExpandoMetaClass</code> offers a <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific language</a> (DSL) to express the changes in the class easily, similar to <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby's</a> open class concept: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Number.metaClass { sqrt = { Math.sqrt(delegate) } } assert 9.sqrt() == 3 assert 4.sqrt() == 2 </pre></div> Groovy's changes in code through prototyping are not visible in Java, since each attribute/method invocation in Groovy goes through the metaclass registry. The changed code can only be accessed from Java by going to the metaclass registry. Groovy also allows overriding methods as <code>getProperty()</code>, <code>propertyMissing()</code> among others, enabling the developer to intercept calls to an object and specify an action for them, in a simplified <a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">aspect-oriented</a> way. The following code enables the class <code>java.lang.String</code> to respond to the <code>hex</code> property: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>enum Color { BLACK('#000000'), WHITE('#FFFFFF'), RED('#FF0000'), BLUE('#0000FF') String hex Color(String hex) { this.hex = hex } } String.metaClass.getProperty = { String property -> def stringColor = delegate if (property == 'hex') { Color.values().find { it.name().equalsIgnoreCase stringColor }?.hex } } assert "WHITE".hex == "#FFFFFF" assert "BLUE".hex == "#0000FF" assert "BLACK".hex == "#000000" assert "GREEN".hex == null </pre></div> The Grails framework uses metaprogramming extensively to enable <a href="/wiki/Grails_(framework)#Persistence" title="Grails (framework)">GORM</a> dynamic finders, like <code>User.findByName('Josh')</code> and others.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dot_and_parentheses">Dot and parentheses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dot and parentheses">edit</a>]</div> Groovy's syntax permits omitting parentheses and dots in some situations. The following groovy code <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>take(coffee).with(sugar, milk).and(liquor) </pre></div> can be written as <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor </pre></div> enabling the development of <a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific languages</a> (DSLs) that look like plain English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_programming">Functional programming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Functional programming">edit</a>]</div> Although Groovy is mostly an object-oriented language, it also offers <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a> features. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Closures">Closures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Closures">edit</a>]</div> According to Groovy's documentation: "Closures in Groovy work similar to a 'method pointer', enabling code to be written and run in a later point in time".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Groovy's closures support free variables, i.e. variables that have not been explicitly passed as a parameter to it, but exist in its declaration context, <a href="/wiki/Partial_application" title="Partial application">partial application</a> (that it terms '<a href="/wiki/Currying" title="Currying">currying</a>'<a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[28]</a>), delegation, implicit, typed and untyped parameters. When working on Collections of a determined type, the closure passed to an operation on the collection can be inferred: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] /* * Non-zero numbers are coerced to true, so when it % 2 == 0 (even), it is false. * The type of the implicit "it" parameter can be inferred as an Integer by the IDE. * It could also be written as: * list.findAll { Integer i -> i % 2 } * list.findAll { i -> i % 2 } */ def odds = list.findAll { it % 2 } assert odds == [1, 3, 5, 7, 9] </pre></div> A group of expressions can be written in a closure block without reference to an implementation and the responding object can be assigned at a later point using delegation: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// This block of code contains expressions without reference to an implementation def operations = { declare 5 sum 4 divide 3 print } </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>/* * This class will handle the operations that can be used in the closure above. Another class * could be declared having the same methods, but using, for example, webservice operations * in the calculations. */ class Expression { BigDecimal value /* * Though an Integer is passed as a parameter, it is coerced into a BigDecimal, as was * defined. If the class had a 'declare(Integer value)' method, it would be used instead. */ def declare(BigDecimal value) { this.value = value } def sum(BigDecimal valueToAdd) { this.value += valueToAdd } def divide(BigDecimal divisor) { this.value /= divisor } def propertyMissing(String property) { if (property == "print") println value } } </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>// Here is defined who is going to respond the expressions in the block of code above. operations.delegate = new Expression() operations() </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curry">Curry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Curry">edit</a>]</div> Usually called <a href="/wiki/Partial_application" title="Partial application">partial application</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[28]</a> this Groovy feature allows closures' parameters to be set to a default parameter in any of their arguments, creating a new closure with the bound value. Supplying one argument to the <code>curry()</code> method will fix argument one. Supplying N arguments will fix arguments 1 .. N. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def joinTwoWordsWithSymbol = { symbol, first, second -> first + symbol + second } assert joinTwoWordsWithSymbol('#', 'Hello', 'World') == 'Hello#World' def concatWords = joinTwoWordsWithSymbol.curry(' ') assert concatWords('Hello', 'World') == 'Hello World' def prependHello = concatWords.curry('Hello') //def prependHello = joinTwoWordsWithSymbol.curry(' ', 'Hello') assert prependHello('World') == 'Hello World' </pre></div> Curry can also be used in the reverse direction (fixing the last N arguments) using <code>rcurry()</code>. <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def power = { BigDecimal value, BigDecimal power -> value**power } def square = power.rcurry(2) def cube = power.rcurry(3) assert power(2, 2) == 4 assert square(4) == 16 assert cube(3) == 27 </pre></div> Groovy also supports <a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy evaluation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fold_(higher-order_function)" title="Fold (higher-order function)">reduce/fold</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">infinite structures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immutability" class="mw-redirect" title="Immutability">immutability</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JSON_and_XML_processing">JSON and XML processing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: JSON and XML processing">edit</a>]</div> On JavaScript Object Notation (<a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a>) and XML processing, Groovy employs the <a href="/wiki/Builder_pattern" title="Builder pattern">Builder pattern</a>, making the production of the data structure less verbose. For example, the following XML: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-xml mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><languages> <language year="1995"> <name>Java</name> <paradigm>object oriented</paradigm> <typing>static</typing> </language> <language year="1995"> <name>Ruby</name> <paradigm>functional, object oriented</paradigm> <typing>duck typing, dynamic</typing> </language> <language year="2003"> <name>Groovy</name> <paradigm>functional, object oriented</paradigm> <typing>duck typing, dynamic, static</typing> </language> </languages> </pre></div> can be generated via the following Groovy code: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def writer = new StringWriter() def builder = new groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder(writer) builder.languages { language(year: 1995) { name "Java" paradigm "object oriented" typing "static" } language (year: 1995) { name "Ruby" paradigm "functional, object oriented" typing "duck typing, dynamic" } language (year: 2003) { name "Groovy" paradigm "functional, object oriented" typing "duck typing, dynamic, static" } } </pre></div> and also can be processed in a streaming way through <code>StreamingMarkupBuilder</code>. To change the implementation to JSON, the <code>MarkupBuilder</code> can be swapped to <code>JsonBuilder</code>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> To parse it and search for a functional language, Groovy's <code>findAll</code> method can serve: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def languages = new XmlSlurper().parseText writer.toString() // Here is employed Groovy's regex syntax for a matcher (=~) that will be coerced to a // boolean value: either true, if the value contains our string, or false otherwise. def functional = languages.language.findAll { it.paradigm =~ "functional" } assert functional.collect { it.name } == ["Groovy", "Ruby"] </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="String_interpolation">String interpolation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: String interpolation">edit</a>]</div> In Groovy, strings can be interpolated with variables and expressions by using GStrings:<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>BigDecimal account = 10.0 def text = "The account shows currently a balance of $account" assert text == "The account shows currently a balance of 10.0" </pre></div> GStrings containing variables and expressions must be declared using double quotes. A complex expression must be enclosed in curly brackets. This prevents parts of it from being interpreted as belonging to the surrounding string instead of to the expression: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>BigDecimal minus = 4.0 text = "The account shows currently a balance of ${account - minus}" assert text == "The account shows currently a balance of 6.0" // Without the brackets to isolate the expression, this would result: text = "The account shows currently a balance of $account - minus" assert text == "The account shows currently a balance of 10.0 - minus" </pre></div> Expression evaluation can be deferred by employing arrow syntax: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>BigDecimal tax = 0.15 text = "The account shows currently a balance of ${->account - account*tax}" tax = 0.10 // The tax value was changed AFTER declaration of the GString. The expression // variables are bound only when the expression must actually be evaluated: assert text == "The account shows currently a balance of 9.000" </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abstract_syntax_tree_transformation">Abstract syntax tree transformation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abstract syntax tree transformation">edit</a>]</div> According to Groovy's own documentation, "When the Groovy compiler compiles Groovy scripts and classes, at some point in the process, the source code will end up being represented in memory in the form of a Concrete Syntax Tree, then transformed into an Abstract Syntax Tree. The purpose of AST Transformations is to let developers hook into the compilation process to be able to modify the AST before it is turned into bytecode that will be run by the JVM. AST Transformations provides Groovy with improved compile-time metaprogramming capabilities allowing powerful flexibility at the language level, without a runtime performance penalty."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Examples of ASTs in Groovy are: <ul><li>Category and <a href="/wiki/Mixin" title="Mixin">Mixin</a> transformation</li> <li>Immutable AST Macro</li> <li>Newify transformation</li> <li>Singleton transformation</li></ul> among others. The testing framework <a href="/wiki/Spock_(testing_framework)" title="Spock (testing framework)">Spock</a> uses AST transformations to allow the programmer to write tests in a syntax not supported by Groovy, but the relevant code is then manipulated in the AST to valid code.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> An example of such a test is: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>def "maximum of #a and #b is #c" () { expect: Math.max (a, b) == c where: a | b || c 3 | 5 || 5 7 | 0 || 7 0 | 0 || 0 } </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traits">Traits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Traits">edit</a>]</div> According to Groovy's documentation, "<a href="/wiki/Trait_(computer_programming)" title="Trait (computer programming)">Traits</a> are a structural construct of the language that allows: composition of behaviors, runtime implementation of interfaces, behavior overriding, and compatibility with static type checking/compilation." Traits can be seen as <a href="/wiki/Interface_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Interface (object-oriented programming)">interfaces</a> carrying both default implementations and state. A trait is defined using the trait keyword: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>trait FlyingAbility { /* declaration of a trait */ String fly() { "I'm flying!" } /* declaration of a method inside a trait */ } </pre></div> Then, it can be used like a normal interface using the keyword <code>implements</code>: <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-groovy mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Bird implements FlyingAbility {} /* Adds the trait FlyingAbility to the Bird class capabilities */ def bird = new Bird() /* instantiate a new Bird */ assert bird.fly() == "I'm flying!" /* the Bird class automatically gets the behavior of the FlyingAbility trait */ </pre></div> Traits allow a wide range of abilities, from simple composition to testing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adoption">edit</a>]</div> Notable examples of Groovy adoption include: <ul><li>Adaptavist ScriptRunner, embeds a Groovy implementation to automate and extend <a href="/wiki/Atlassian" title="Atlassian">Atlassian</a> tools, in use by more than 20000 organisations around the world.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_OFBiz" title="Apache OFBiz">Apache OFBiz</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">enterprise resource planning</a> (ERP) system, uses Groovy.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_(software)" title="Eucalyptus (software)">Eucalyptus</a>, a cloud management system, uses a significant amount of Groovy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradle" title="Gradle">Gradle</a> is a popular build automation tool using Groovy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> uses Groovy and Grails for some of their subsystems.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>LogicMonitor, a cloud-based monitoring platform, uses Groovy in script-based data sources.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_(software)" title="Jenkins (software)">Jenkins</a>, a platform for <a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">continuous integration</a>. With version 2, Jenkins includes a Pipeline plugin that allows for build instructions to be written in Groovy.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Liferay, uses groovy in their kaleo workflow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky.com">Sky.com</a> uses Groovy and Grails to serve massive online media content.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartThings" title="SmartThings">SmartThings</a>, an open platform for <a href="/wiki/Smart_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home">smart homes</a> and the consumer <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a>, uses a security-oriented subset of Groovy<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoapUI" title="SoapUI">SoapUI</a> provides Groovy as a language for webservice tests development.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Survata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survata (page does not exist)">Survata</a>, a market research startup, uses Groovy and Grails.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The European Patent Office (EPO) developed a <a href="/wiki/Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">dataflow programming</a> language in Groovy "to leverage similarities in the processes for communicating with each individual country’s patent office, and transform them into a single, universal process."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Though Groovy can be integrated into any JVM environment, the JBoss Seam framework provides Groovy, besides Java, as a development language, out of the box.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>vCalc.com uses Groovy for all of the user defined mathematics in its math crowd-sourcing engine.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li>Wired.com uses Groovy and Grails for the Product Reviews standalone section of the website.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XWiki" title="XWiki">XWiki</a> SAS uses Groovy as scripting language in their collaborative open-source product.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IDE_support">IDE support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: IDE support">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environments</a> (IDEs) and <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editors</a> support Groovy: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a>, IDE used for making <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> apps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a> editor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>, through Groovy-Eclipse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a>, using the groovy-emacs-mode project's groovy-mode.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a>, Community Edition, Grails/Griffon in the Ultimate Edition only</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDeveloper" title="JDeveloper">JDeveloper</a>, for use with <a href="/wiki/Oracle_ADF" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle ADF">Oracle ADF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEdit" title="JEdit">jEdit</a>, an advanced text editor for the <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_(text_editor)" title="Kate (text editor)">Kate</a>, an advanced text editor for <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a> supports Groovy and over 200 other file formats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a>, since version 6.5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notepad%2B%2B" title="Notepad++">Notepad++</a>, an advanced text editor for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_Text" title="Sublime Text">Sublime Text</a>, a cross platform text editor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextMate" title="TextMate">TextMate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraEdit" title="UltraEdit">UltraEdit</a>, general purpose program editor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> There is one alternative implementation of Groovy: <ul><li>Grooscript converts Groovy code to <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> code.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Although Grooscript has some limitations compared to Apache Groovy, it can use domain classes in both the server and the client.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Plugin support for <a href="/wiki/Grails_(framework)" title="Grails (framework)">Grails</a> version 3.0 is provided, as well as online code conversions.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/apache/groovy/releases/tag/GROOVY_4_0_24">"Release 4.0.24"</a>. 5 November 2024. 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Retrieved 2016-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=vCalc%2C+the+First+ever+Social+Platform+for+the+world+of+Math&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anu.ac.ke%2F1403%2Fvcalc-the-first-ever-social-platform-for-the-world-of-math%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache+Groovy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springsource.org/files/uploads/all/pdf_files/customer/S2_CaseStudy_Wired_USLET_EN.pdf">"Wired.Com"</a> (PDF). www.springsource.org. 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Retrieved 2015-06-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.springsource.org&rft.atitle=XWiki+SAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springsource.org%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fall%2Fpdf_files%2Fcustomer%2FS2_CaseStudy_XWiki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache+Groovy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212516/http://grooscript.org/doc.html">"Grooscript Documentation"</a>. 12 Sep 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grooscript.org/doc.html">the original</a> on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grooscript+Documentation&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrooscript.org%2Fdoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache+Groovy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/presentations/grooscript">"Presentation at SpringOne/2GX on Grooscript"</a>. 13 Dec 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presentation+at+SpringOne%2F2GX+on+Grooscript&rft.date=2015-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fpresentations%2Fgrooscript&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache+Groovy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709170154/http://grooscript.org/conversions.html">"Grooscript online conversions"</a>. 15 May 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grooscript.org/conversions.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grooscript+online+conversions&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrooscript.org%2Fconversions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache+Groovy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönigPaul_KingGuillaume_LaforgeHamlet_D'Arcy2015" class="citation book cs1">König, Dierk; Paul King; Guillaume Laforge; Hamlet D'Arcy; Cédric Champeau; Erik Pragt; Jon Skeet (2015). Groovy in Action, Second Edition. Manning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935182-44-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935182-44-3"><bdi>978-1-935182-44-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groovy+in+Action%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Manning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-935182-44-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nig&rft.aufirst=Dierk&rft.au=Paul+King&rft.au=Guillaume+Laforge&rft.au=Hamlet+D%27Arcy&rft.au=C%C3%A9dric+Champeau&rft.au=Erik+Pragt&rft.au=Jon+Skeet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache+Groovy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclayJohn_Savage2007" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Kenneth; John Savage (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112040339/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/709814/description#description">Groovy Programming: An Introduction for Java Developers</a>. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-372507-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-372507-3"><bdi>978-0-12-372507-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/709814/description#description">the original</a> on 2010-01-12. Retrieved 2007-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groovy+Programming%3A+An+Introduction+for+Java+Developers&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-12-372507-3&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=John+Savage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fwps%2Ffind%2Fbookdescription.cws_home%2F709814%2Fdescription%23description&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache+Groovy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2008" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Scott (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780978739294">Groovy Recipes: Greasing the Wheels of Java</a>. Pragmatic Bookshelf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9787392-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9787392-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9787392-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groovy+Recipes%3A+Greasing+the+Wheels+of+Java&rft.pub=Pragmatic+Bookshelf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9787392-9-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780978739294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache+Groovy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramaniam2008" class="citation book cs1">Subramaniam, Venkat (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/programminggroov0000subr">Programming Groovy: Dynamic Productivity for the Java Developer</a>. Pragmatic Bookshelf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934356-09-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934356-09-8"><bdi>978-1-934356-09-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Programming+Groovy%3A+Dynamic+Productivity+for+the+Java+Developer&rft.pub=Pragmatic+Bookshelf&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-934356-09-8&rft.aulast=Subramaniam&rft.aufirst=Venkat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprogramminggroov0000subr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApache+Groovy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Apache_Groovy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groovy-lang.org">Official website</a> <a 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href="/wiki/Template:Apache_Software_Foundation" title="Template:Apache Software Foundation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apache_Software_Foundation" title="Template talk:Apache Software Foundation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apache_Software_Foundation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apache Software Foundation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Apache_Software_Foundation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation" title="The Apache Software Foundation">The Apache Software Foundation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top-level projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Accumulo" title="Apache Accumulo">Accumulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_ActiveMQ" title="Apache ActiveMQ">ActiveMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Airavata" title="Apache Airavata">Airavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Airflow" title="Apache Airflow">Airflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Allura" title="Apache Allura">Allura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Ambari" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Ambari">Ambari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Ant" title="Apache Ant">Ant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Aries" title="Apache Aries">Aries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Arrow" title="Apache Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Portable_Runtime" title="Apache Portable Runtime">APR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Avro" title="Apache Avro">Avro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Axis" title="Apache Axis">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Axis2" title="Apache Axis2">Axis2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Beam" title="Apache Beam">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Bloodhound" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Bloodhound">Bloodhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Brooklyn" title="Apache Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Calcite" title="Apache Calcite">Calcite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Camel" title="Apache Camel">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_CarbonData" title="Apache CarbonData">CarbonData</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Cassandra" title="Apache Cassandra">Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Cayenne" title="Apache Cayenne">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_CloudStack" title="Apache CloudStack">CloudStack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Cocoon" title="Apache Cocoon">Cocoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Cordova" title="Apache Cordova">Cordova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_CouchDB" title="Apache CouchDB">CouchDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_cTAKES" title="Apache cTAKES">cTAKES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_CXF" title="Apache CXF">CXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Derby" title="Apache Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Directory" title="Apache Directory">Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Drill" title="Apache Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Druid" title="Apache Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Empire-db" title="Apache Empire-db">Empire-db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Felix" title="Apache Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Flex" title="Apache Flex">Flex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Flink" title="Apache Flink">Flink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Flume" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Flume">Flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeMarker" title="FreeMarker">FreeMarker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Geronimo" title="Apache Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Guacamole" title="Apache Guacamole">Guacamole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Gump" title="Apache Gump">Gump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_HBase" title="Apache HBase">HBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Helix" title="Apache Helix">Helix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hive" title="Apache Hive">Hive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Iceberg" title="Apache Iceberg">Iceberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Ignite" title="Apache Ignite">Ignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Impala" title="Apache Impala">Impala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Jackrabbit" title="Apache Jackrabbit">Jackrabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_James" title="Apache James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Jena" title="Apache Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_JMeter" title="Apache JMeter">JMeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Kafka" title="Apache Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Kudu" title="Apache Kudu">Kudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Kylin" title="Apache Kylin">Kylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Lucene" title="Apache Lucene">Lucene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Mahout" title="Apache Mahout">Mahout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Maven" title="Apache Maven">Maven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_MINA" title="Apache MINA">MINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_perl" title="Mod perl">mod_perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_MyFaces" title="Apache MyFaces">MyFaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Mynewt" title="Apache Mynewt">Mynewt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_NiFi" title="Apache NiFi">NiFi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Nutch" title="Apache Nutch">Nutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuttX" title="NuttX">NuttX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_OFBiz" title="Apache OFBiz">OFBiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Oozie" title="Apache Oozie">Oozie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_OpenEJB" title="Apache OpenEJB">OpenEJB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_OpenJPA" title="Apache OpenJPA">OpenJPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_OpenNLP" title="Apache OpenNLP">OpenNLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_OpenOffice" title="Apache OpenOffice">OрenOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_ORC" title="Apache ORC">ORC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_PDFBox" title="Apache PDFBox">PDFBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Parquet" title="Apache Parquet">Parquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Phoenix" title="Apache Phoenix">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_POI" title="Apache POI">POI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Pig" title="Apache Pig">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Pinot" title="Apache Pinot">Pinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Pivot" title="Apache Pivot">Pivot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Qpid" title="Apache Qpid">Qpid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Roller" title="Apache Roller">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_RocketMQ" title="Apache RocketMQ">RocketMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Samza" title="Apache Samza">Samza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Shiro" title="Apache Shiro">Shiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_SINGA" title="Apache SINGA">SINGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Sling" title="Apache Sling">Sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Solr" title="Apache Solr">Solr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Spark" title="Apache Spark">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Storm" title="Apache Storm">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_SpamAssassin" title="Apache SpamAssassin">SpamAssassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Struts_1" title="Apache Struts 1">Struts 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Struts" title="Apache Struts">Struts 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Subversion" title="Apache Subversion">Subversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Superset" title="Apache Superset">Superset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_SystemDS" title="Apache SystemDS">SystemDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Tapestry" title="Apache Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Thrift" title="Apache Thrift">Thrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Tika" title="Apache Tika">Tika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_TinkerPop" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache TinkerPop">TinkerPop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Tomcat" title="Apache Tomcat">Tomcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Trafodion" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Trafodion">Trafodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Traffic_Server" title="Apache Traffic Server">Traffic Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIMA" title="UIMA">UIMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Velocity" title="Apache Velocity">Velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wicket" title="Apache Wicket">Wicket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Xalan" title="Apache Xalan">Xalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Xerces" title="Apache Xerces">Xerces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_XMLBeans" title="Apache XMLBeans">XMLBeans</a></li> <li>Yetus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_ZooKeeper" title="Apache ZooKeeper">ZooKeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apache_Commons" title="Apache Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_Code_Engineering_Library" title="Byte Code Engineering Library">BCEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_Scripting_Framework" title="Bean Scripting Framework">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons_Daemon" title="Commons Daemon">Daemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Jelly" title="Apache Jelly">Jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Commons_Logging" title="Apache Commons Logging">Logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incubator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Taverna" title="Apache Taverna">Taverna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Batik" title="Apache Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_FOP_(Formatting_Objects_Processor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache FOP (Formatting Objects Processor)">FOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Ivy" title="Apache Ivy">Ivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log4j" title="Log4j">Log4j</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Apex" title="Apache Apex">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AxKit" title="AxKit">AxKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Beehive" title="Apache Beehive">Beehive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_iBATIS" title="Apache iBATIS">iBATIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Click" title="Apache Click">Click</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Continuum" title="Apache Continuum">Continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltacloud" title="Deltacloud">Deltacloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etch_(protocol)" title="Etch (protocol)">Etch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Giraph" title="Apache Giraph">Giraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hama" title="Apache Hama">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Project" title="Jakarta Project">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Marmotta" title="Apache Marmotta">Marmotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_MXNet" title="Apache MXNet">MXNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_ODE" title="Apache ODE">ODE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jini" title="Jini">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Shale" title="Apache Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Slide" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Slide">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sqoop" title="Sqoop">Sqoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Stanbol" title="Apache Stanbol">Stanbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Wave">Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_XML" title="Apache XML">XML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apache_Software_Foundation" title="Category:Apache Software Foundation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Lists: <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming 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