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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Compositionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dealing_with_non-compositionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dealing_with_non-compositionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dealing with non-compositionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dealing_with_non-compositionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Idiom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioom" title="Idioom – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Idioom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="تعبير اصطلاحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعبير اصطلاحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A" title="জতুৱা ঠাঁচ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জতুৱা ঠাঁচ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="বাগধারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাগধারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ідыёма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ідыёма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ідыёма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ідыёма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Идиом – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Идиом" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="རྒྱུན་འཇགས་བརྗོད་ཚིག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱུན་འཇགས་བརྗོད་ཚིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiotisme_idiom%C3%A0tic" title="Idiotisme idiomàtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Idiotisme idiomàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Idiom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsumo" title="Tsumo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tsumo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Idiom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Idiom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redensart" title="Redensart – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Redensart" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioom" title="Idioom – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Idioom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιδιωτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιδιωτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiotismo_(lenguaje)" title="Idiotismo (lenguaje) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idiotismo (lenguaje)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiotismo" title="Idiotismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Idiotismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="اصطلاح عامیانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصطلاح عامیانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiotisme" title="Idiotisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Idiotisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97" title="રૂઢિપ્રયોગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રૂઢિપ્રયોગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EC%9A%A9%EA%B5%AC" title="관용구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="관용구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Դարձվածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դարձվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="मुहावरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुहावरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Idiom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Idioma" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isilimi" title="Isilimi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isilimi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frase_idiomatica" title="Frase idiomatica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frase idiomatica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91_(%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%99)" title="ניב (ביטוי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניב (ביטוי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಭಾಷಾವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾಷಾವೈಶಿಷ್ಟ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფრაზეოლოგიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრაზეოლოგიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8E%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%95" title="مَحاورٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مَحاورٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фразеологизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фразеологизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahau" title="Nahau – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nahau" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biw%C3%AAj" title="Biwêj – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biwêj" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Идиома – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Идиома" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Idioma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazeolo%C4%A3isms" title="Frazeoloģisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frazeoloģisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedensaart" title="Riedensaart – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Riedensaart" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazeologizmas" title="Frazeologizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Frazeologizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6d_de_d%C3%AC" title="Möd de dì – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Möd de dì" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiomatikus_kifejez%C3%A9s" title="Idiomatikus kifejezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Idiomatikus kifejezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spresson_idiom%C3%A1tica" title="Spresson idiomática – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Spresson idiomática" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အီဒီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioom" title="Idioom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Idioom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="उखान-टुक्का – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उखान-टुक्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="熟語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熟語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Idiom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jechama" title="Jechama – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jechama" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Idioma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81" title="محاورہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محاورہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_(%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%86%D9%87)" title="اصطلاح (ګړنه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اصطلاح (ګړنه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Idiom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express%C3%A3o_idiom%C3%A1tica" title="Expressão idiomática – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expressão idiomática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expresie_idiomatic%C4%83" title="Expresie idiomatică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Expresie idiomatică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Идиома – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Идиома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Идиома – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Идиома" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Idiom" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="محاورو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="محاورو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi%C3%B3m" title="Idióm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Idióm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Idiom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Идиом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Идиом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Idiom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babasan" title="Babasan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Babasan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiomi" title="Idiomi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Idiomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Idiom (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Idiom (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiyoma" title="Idiyoma – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Idiyoma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மரபுத்தொடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபுத்தொடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="జాతీయములు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాతీయములు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyim" title="Deyim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deyim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ідіома – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ідіома" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81" title="محاورہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محاورہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_de_dir" title="Modo de dir – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Modo de dir" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Thành ngữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratourneure" title="Ratourneure – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ratourneure" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%92%E8%AA%9E" title="習語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="習語" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the realized structure particular to a language, see <a href="/wiki/Idiom_(language_structure)" title="Idiom (language structure)">Idiom (language structure)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Idiom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Idiom (disambiguation)">Idiom (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>An <b>idiom</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> or expression that largely or exclusively carries a <a href="/wiki/Literal_and_figurative_language" title="Literal and figurative language">figurative or non-literal</a> <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistic)">meaning</a>, rather than making any literal sense. Categorized as <a href="/wiki/Formulaic_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Formulaic speech">formulaic language</a>, an idiomatic expression's meaning is different from the <a href="/wiki/Literal_and_figurative_language" title="Literal and figurative language">literal</a> meanings of each word inside it.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Idioms occur frequently in all languages; in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> alone there are an estimated twenty-five thousand idiomatic expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some well known idioms in English are <i>spill the beans</i> (meaning "reveal secret information"), <i>it's raining cats and dogs</i> (meaning "it's raining intensely"), and <i>break a leg</i> (meaning "good luck"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivations">Derivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Derivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many idiomatic expressions were meant literally in their original use, but occasionally the attribution of the literal meaning changed and the phrase itself grew away from its original roots—typically leading to a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>. For instance, the phrase "spill the beans" (meaning to reveal a secret) is first attested in 1919, but has been said to originate from an ancient method of voting by depositing beans in jars, which could be spilled, prematurely revealing the results.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other idioms are deliberately figurative. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Break_a_leg" title="Break a leg">break a leg</a></i> is an expression commonly said to wish a person good luck just prior to their giving a performance or presentation, which apparently wishes injury on them. However, the phrase likely comes from a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">loan translation</a> from a phrase of German and Yiddish origin, which is why it makes no literal sense in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compositionality">Compositionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compositionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donato_Barcaglia,_Liebe_macht_blind,_Ausschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Donato_Barcaglia%2C_Liebe_macht_blind%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg/220px-Donato_Barcaglia%2C_Liebe_macht_blind%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Donato_Barcaglia%2C_Liebe_macht_blind%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg/330px-Donato_Barcaglia%2C_Liebe_macht_blind%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Donato_Barcaglia%2C_Liebe_macht_blind%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg/440px-Donato_Barcaglia%2C_Liebe_macht_blind%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/love_is_blind" class="extiw" title="wikt:love is blind">Love is blind</a></i>—an idiom meaning a person who is in love can see no faults or imperfections in the person whom they love<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, idioms are usually presumed to be <a href="/wiki/Figures_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Figures of speech">figures of speech</a> contradicting the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">principle of compositionality</a>. That compositionality is the key notion for the analysis of idioms emphasized in most accounts of idioms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This principle states that the meaning of a whole should be constructed from the meanings of the parts that make up the whole. In other words, one should be in a position to understand the whole if one understands the meanings of each of the parts that make up the whole. </p><p>For example, if the phrase "Fred <i>kicked the bucket</i>" is understood compositionally, it means that Fred has literally kicked an actual, physical bucket. The idiomatic reading, however, is non-compositional: it means that Fred has died. Arriving at the idiomatic reading from the literal reading is unlikely for most speakers. What this means is that the idiomatic reading is, rather, stored as a single <a href="/wiki/Lexical_item" title="Lexical item">lexical item</a> that is now largely independent of the literal reading. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Phraseology" title="Phraseology">phraseology</a>, idioms are defined as a sub-type of <a href="/wiki/Phraseme#Non-compositional_phrasemes:_Idioms" title="Phraseme">phraseme</a>, the meaning of which is not the regular sum of the meanings of its component parts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Saeed defines an idiom as <a href="/wiki/Collocation" title="Collocation">collocated</a> words that became affixed to each other until metamorphosing into a <a href="/wiki/Fossilization_(linguistics)" title="Fossilization (linguistics)">fossilised term</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This collocation of words redefines each component word in the <a href="/wiki/Word-group" class="mw-redirect" title="Word-group">word-group</a> and becomes an <i>idiomatic expression</i>. Idioms usually do not translate well; in some cases, when an idiom is translated directly word-for-word into another language, either its meaning is changed or it is meaningless. </p><p>When two or three words are conventionally used together in a particular sequence, they form an <a href="/wiki/Irreversible_binomial" title="Irreversible binomial">irreversible binomial</a>. For example, a person may be <i>left high and dry</i>, but never <i>left dry and high</i>. Not all irreversible binomials are idioms, however: <i>chips and dip</i> is irreversible, but its meaning is straightforwardly derived from its components. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mobility">Mobility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Idioms possess varying degrees of mobility. Whereas some idioms are used only in a routine form, others can undergo syntactic modifications such as passivization, raising constructions, and <a href="/wiki/Clefting" class="mw-redirect" title="Clefting">clefting</a>, demonstrating separable constituencies within the idiom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Mobile idioms</i>, allowing such movement, maintain their idiomatic meaning where <i>fixed idioms</i> do not: </p> <dl><dt>Mobile</dt> <dd><i>I spilled the beans on our project.</i> → <i>The beans were spilled on our project.</i> (valid)</dd> <dt>Fixed</dt> <dd><i>The old man kicked the bucket.</i> → *<i>The bucket was kicked</i> (by the old man). (confusing)</dd></dl> <p>Many fixed idioms lack <i>semantic composition</i>, meaning that the idiom contains the semantic role of a verb, but not of any object. This is true of <i>kick the bucket</i>, which means <i>die</i>. By contrast, the semantically composite idiom <i>spill the beans</i>, meaning <i>reveal a secret</i>, contains both a semantic verb and object, <i>reveal</i> and <i>secret</i>. Semantically composite idioms have a syntactic similarity between their surface and semantic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The types of movement allowed for certain idioms also relate to the degree to which the literal reading of the idiom has a connection to its idiomatic meaning. This is referred to as <i>motivation</i> or <i>transparency</i>. While most idioms that do not display semantic composition generally do not allow non-adjectival modification, those that are also motivated allow lexical substitution.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>oil the wheels</i> and <i>grease the wheels</i> allow variation for nouns that elicit a similar literal meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These types of changes can occur only when speakers can easily recognize a connection between what the idiom is meant to express and its literal meaning, thus an idiom like <i>kick the bucket</i> cannot occur as <i>kick the pot</i>. </p><p>From the perspective of <a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">dependency grammar</a>, idioms are represented as a <a href="/wiki/Catena_(linguistics)" title="Catena (linguistics)">catena</a> which cannot be interrupted by non-idiomatic content. Although syntactic modifications introduce disruptions to the idiomatic structure, this continuity is only required for idioms as lexical entries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain idioms, allowing unrestricted syntactic modification, can be said to be metaphors. Expressions such as <i>jump on the bandwagon</i>, <i>pull strings</i>, and <i>draw the line</i> all represent their meaning independently in their verbs and objects, making them compositional. In the idiom <i>jump on the bandwagon</i>, <i>jump on</i> involves joining something and a 'bandwagon' can refer to a collective cause, regardless of context.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation">Translation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">word-by-word translation</a> of an opaque idiom will most likely not convey the same meaning in other languages. The English idiom <i>kick the bucket</i> has a variety of equivalents in other languages, such as <i>kopnąć w kalendarz</i> ("kick the calendar") in Polish, <i>casser sa pipe</i> ("to break one’s pipe") in French<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>tirare le cuoia</i> ("pulling the leathers") in Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some idioms are transparent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of their meaning gets through if they are taken (or translated) literally. For example, <i>lay one's cards on the table</i> meaning to reveal previously unknown intentions or to reveal a secret. Transparency is a matter of degree; <i>spill the beans</i> (to let secret information become known) and <i>leave no stone unturned</i> (to do everything possible in order to achieve or find something) are not entirely literally interpretable but involve only a slight metaphorical broadening. Another category of idioms is a word having several meanings, sometimes simultaneously, sometimes discerned from the context of its usage. This is seen in the (mostly uninflected) <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polysemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemes">polysemes</a>, the common use of the same word for an activity, for those engaged in it, for the product used, for the place or time of an activity, and sometimes for a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>. </p><p>Idioms tend to confuse those unfamiliar with them; students of a new language must learn its idiomatic expressions as vocabulary. Many <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> words have <i>idiomatic origins</i> but are assimilated and so lose their figurative senses. For example, in Portuguese, the expression <i>saber de coração</i> 'to know by heart', with the same meaning as in English, was shortened to 'saber de cor', and, later, to the verb <i>decorar</i>, meaning <i>memorize</i>. </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> collected 40 examples of bizarre idioms that cannot be translated literally. They include the Swedish saying "to slide in on a shrimp sandwich", which refers those who did not have to work to get where they are.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, idioms may be shared between multiple languages. For example, the Arabic phrase في نفس المركب (<i>fi nafs al-markeb</i>) is translated as "in the same boat", and it carries the same figurative meaning as the equivalent idiom in English. Another example would be the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Yojijukugo" title="Yojijukugo">yojijukugo</a> 一石二鳥 (<i>isseki ni chō</i>), which is translated as "one stone, two birds". This is, of course, analogous to "to kill two birds with one stone" in English. </p><p>According to the German linguist Elizabeth Piirainen, the idiom "to get on one's nerves" has the same figurative meaning in 57 European languages. She also says that the phrase "to shed crocodile tears", meaning to express insincere sorrow, is similarly widespread in European languages but is also used in Arabic, Swahili, Persian, Chinese,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnamese,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolian, and several others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The origin of cross-language idioms is uncertain. One theory is that cross-language idioms are a <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a> phenomenon, resulting from a word-for-word translation called a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a>. Piirainen says that may happen as a result of <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> usage in which speakers incorporate expressions from their own native tongue, which exposes them to speakers of other languages. Other theories suggest they come from a shared ancestor-language or that humans are naturally predisposed to develop certain metaphors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dealing_with_non-compositionality">Dealing with non-compositionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dealing with non-compositionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Idiom##" title="Talk:Idiom">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The non-compositionality of meaning of idioms challenges theories of syntax. The fixed words of many idioms do not qualify as <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituents</a> in any sense. For example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>How do we <b>get to the bottom</b> of this situation?</p></blockquote> <p>The fixed words of this idiom (in bold) do not form a constituent in any theory's analysis of syntactic structure because the object of the preposition (here <i>this situation</i>) is not part of the idiom (but rather it is an <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">argument</a> of the idiom). One can know that it is not part of the idiom because it is variable; for example, <i>How do we get to the bottom of this situation / the claim / the phenomenon / her statement /</i> etc. What this means is that theories of syntax that take the constituent to be the fundamental unit of syntactic analysis are challenged. The manner in which units of meaning are assigned to units of syntax remains unclear. This problem has motivated a tremendous amount of discussion and debate in linguistics circles and it is a primary motivator behind the <a href="/wiki/Construction_Grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction Grammar">Construction Grammar</a> framework.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A relatively recent development in the syntactic analysis of idioms departs from a constituent-based account of syntactic structure, preferring instead the <a href="/wiki/Catena_(linguistics)" title="Catena (linguistics)">catena</a>-based account. The catena unit was introduced to linguistics by William O'Grady in 1998. Any word or any combination of words that are linked together by dependencies qualifies as a catena.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The words constituting idioms are stored as catenae in the lexicon, and as such, they are concrete units of syntax. The <a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">dependency grammar</a> trees of a few sentences containing non-constituent idioms illustrate the point: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Idiom_trees_1%27.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Idiom trees 1'"><img alt="Idiom trees 1'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Idiom_trees_1%27.png" decoding="async" width="915" height="419" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The fixed words of the idiom (in orange) in each case are linked together by dependencies; they form a catena. The material that is outside of the idiom (in normal black script) is not part of the idiom. The following two trees illustrate proverbs: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Idiom_trees_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Idiom trees 2"><img alt="Idiom trees 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Idiom_trees_2.png" decoding="async" width="924" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="182" /></a></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The fixed words of the proverbs (in orange) again form a catena each time. The adjective <i>nitty-gritty</i> and the adverb <i>always</i> are not part of the respective proverb and their appearance does not interrupt the fixed words of the proverb. A caveat concerning the catena-based analysis of idioms concerns their status in the lexicon. Idioms are lexical items, which means they are stored as catenae in the lexicon. In the actual syntax, however, some idioms can be broken up by various functional constructions. </p><p>The catena-based analysis of idioms provides a basis for an understanding of meaning compositionality. The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_Compositionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of Compositionality">Principle of Compositionality</a> can in fact be maintained. Units of meaning are being assigned to catenae, whereby many of these catenae are not constituents. </p><p>Various studies have investigated methods to develop the ability to interpret idioms in children with various diagnoses including Autism,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moderate Learning Difficulties,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developmental Language Disorder <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and typically developing weak readers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catena_(linguistics)" title="Catena (linguistics)">Catena (linguistics)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clich%C3%A9" title="Cliché">Cliché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collocation" title="Collocation">Collocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehension_of_idioms" title="Comprehension of idioms">Comprehension of idioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_idioms" title="English-language idioms">English-language idioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_speech" title="Figure of speech">Figure of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiword_expression" title="Multiword expression">Multiword expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_device" title="Rhetorical device">Rhetorical device</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Oxford companion to the English language (1992:495f.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackendoff (1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425101108/http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=20010223">"The Mavens' Word of the Day: Spill the Beans"</a>. <i>Random House</i>. 23 February 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=20010223">the original</a> on 25 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Random+House&rft.atitle=The+Mavens%27+Word+of+the+Day%3A+Spill+the+Beans&rft.date=2001-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomhouse.com%2Fwotd%2Findex.pperl%3Fdate%3D20010223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Knowles2006" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Knowles, ed. (2006). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 302–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191578564" title="Special:BookSources/9780191578564"><bdi>9780191578564</bdi></a>. <q>the saying is generally used to mean that a person is often unable to see faults in the one they love.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+Fable&rft.pages=302-3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780191578564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radford (2004:187f.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Portner (2005:33f).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mel'čuk (1995:167–232).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Saeed's definition, see Saeed (2003:60).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2003" class="citation journal cs1">Horn, George (2003). "Idioms, Metaphors, and Syntactic Mobility". <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 245–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022226703002020">10.1017/s0022226703002020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Idioms%2C+Metaphors%2C+and+Syntactic+Mobility&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-273&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022226703002020&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeizer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Keizer, Evelien (2016). 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(2012). "Constructions are catenae: Construction Grammar meets Dependency Grammar". <i>Cognitive Linguistics</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 163–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcog-2012-0006">10.1515/cog-2012-0006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Constructions+are+catenae%3A+Construction+Grammar+meets+Dependency+Grammar&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=163-214&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fcog-2012-0006&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Gro%C3%9F%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Portner, P. 2005. <i>What is meaning?: Fundamentals of formal semantics</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.</li> <li>Radford, A. <i>English syntax: An introduction</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Saeed, J. 2003. <i>Semantics</i>. 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditors_of_the_American_Heritage_Dictionaries_2011" class="citation book cs1">Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries (2011). <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0547041018" title="Special:BookSources/978-0547041018"><bdi>978-0547041018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Trade&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0547041018&rft.au=Editors+of+the+American+Heritage+Dictionaries+&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdiom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/idiom" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:idiom">idiom</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Idioms_by_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Idioms by language">Category:Idioms by language</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_idioms" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:English idioms">Category:English idioms</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theidioms.com"><i>The Idioms</i></a> – Online English idioms dictionary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babelite.org/"><i>babelite.org</i></a> – Online cross-language idioms dictionary in English, Spanish, French and Portuguese.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184511#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip 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