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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and disclosure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_disclosure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_test_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_test_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development and test sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_test_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description_of_Novichok_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_of_Novichok_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Description of Novichok agents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description_of_Novichok_agents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description of Novichok agents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description_of_Novichok_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_formulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_formulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Controversy over formulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_formulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lifetime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_and_countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_and_countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effects and countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_and_countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instances_of_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instances_of_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Instances of usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instances_of_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instances of usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instances_of_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poisoning_of_Ivan_Kivelidi_and_Zara_Ismailova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poisoning_of_Ivan_Kivelidi_and_Zara_Ismailova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Poisoning of Ivan Kivelidi and Zara Ismailova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poisoning_of_Ivan_Kivelidi_and_Zara_Ismailova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poisoning_of_Charlie_Rowley_and_Dawn_Sturgess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poisoning_of_Charlie_Rowley_and_Dawn_Sturgess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Poisoning of Charlie Rowley and Dawn Sturgess</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poisoning_of_Charlie_Rowley_and_Dawn_Sturgess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poisoning_of_Emilian_Gebrev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poisoning_of_Emilian_Gebrev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Poisoning of Emilian Gebrev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poisoning_of_Emilian_Gebrev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poisoning_of_Alexei_Navalny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poisoning_of_Alexei_Navalny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Poisoning of Alexei Navalny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poisoning_of_Alexei_Navalny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Novichok_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Novichok_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>List of Novichok agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Novichok_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Novichok</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83" title="نوفيتشوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوفيتشوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novichok" title="Novichok – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Novichok" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi%C3%A7ok" title="Noviçok – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Noviçok" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="নভিচক এজেন্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নভিচক এজেন্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F)" title="Навічок (хімічная зброя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навічок (хімічная зброя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitxok" title="Novitxok – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Novitxok" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%91%D0%BC%D3%91%D1%88%D0%BB%D3%91_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D2%AB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Новичок (наркӑмӑшлӑ имҫамсем) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Новичок (наркӑмӑшлӑ имҫамсем)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi%C4%8Dok" title="Novičok – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Novičok" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowitschok" title="Nowitschok – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nowitschok" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novit%C5%A1ok" title="Novitšok – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Novitšok" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BA" title="Νοβιτσόκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νοβιτσόκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novichok" title="Novichok – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Novichok" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitxok" title="Novitxok – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Novitxok" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%88%DA%A9" title="عوامل نوویچوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عوامل نوویچوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitchok" title="Novitchok – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Novitchok" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%B4%89" title="노비촉 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노비촉" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi%C4%8Dok" title="Novičok – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Novičok" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A7" title="נוביצ'וק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוביצ'וק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ნოვიჩოკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნოვიჩოკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi%C4%8Diok" title="Novičiok – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Novičiok" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novicsok" title="Novicsok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Novicsok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitsjok" title="Novitsjok – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Novitsjok" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%93%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%82%AF" title="ノビチョク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノビチョク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitsjok" title="Novitsjok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Novitsjok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitsjok" title="Novitsjok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Novitsjok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novichok" title="Novichok – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Novichok" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowiczoki" title="Nowiczoki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowiczoki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novichok" title="Novichok – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Novichok" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noviciok" title="Noviciok – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noviciok" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BA_(%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Новичок (отравляющие вещества) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новичок (отравляющие вещества)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novichok_augent" title="Novichok augent – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Novichok augent" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi%C3%A7ok" title="Noviçok – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Noviçok" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novichok" title="Novichok – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Novichok" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi%C4%8Dok" title="Novičok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Novičok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi%C4%8Dok" title="Novičok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Novičok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novit%C5%A1ok" title="Novitšok – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Novitšok" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitjok" title="Novitjok – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Novitjok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="โนวีช็อก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โนวีช็อก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novichok_agent&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agent</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of nerve agents developed by the Soviet Union</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Foliant" redirects here. 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">Chemical agents</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%;padding-top:0; display:block;margin:0.4em 0;"> Lethal agents</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Blood_agent" title="Blood agent">Blood</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_chloride" title="Cyanogen chloride">Cyanogen chloride (CK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide (AC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">Arsine (SA)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Blister_agent" title="Blister agent">Blister</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldichloroarsine" title="Ethyldichloroarsine">Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldichloroarsine" title="Methyldichloroarsine">Methyldichloroarsine (MD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyldichloroarsine" title="Phenyldichloroarsine">Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">Lewisite (L)</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">Mustard gas<br /><span class="nowrap">(HD H HT HL HQ)</span></a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_mustard" title="Nitrogen mustard">Nitrogen mustard</a><br /><div class="hlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/HN1_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN1 (nitrogen mustard)">HN1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethine" title="Chlormethine">HN2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/HN3_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN3 (nitrogen mustard)">HN3</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene_oxime" title="Phosgene oxime">Phosgene oxime (CX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A035" title="C01-A035">C01-A035</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A039" title="C01-A039">C01-A039</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">Nerve</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent#G-series" title="Nerve agent">G-agents</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.275em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun (GA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin (GB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosarin" title="Chlorosarin">Chlorosarin (GC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman (GD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylsarin" title="Ethylsarin">Ethylsarin (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin (GF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GV_(nerve_agent)" title="GV (nerve agent)">GV</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent#V-series" title="Nerve agent">V-agents</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.275em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EA-3148" title="EA-3148">EA-3148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-sub_x" title="V-sub x">V-sub x/GD-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VE_(nerve_agent)" title="VE (nerve agent)">VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl_3-pyridyl_methylphosphonate" title="3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 3-pyridyl methylphosphonate">VP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VS_(nerve_agent)" title="VS (nerve agent)">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;"> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Novichok agents</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.275em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-230" title="A-230">A-230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-232" title="A-232">A-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-234_(nerve_agent)" title="A-234 (nerve agent)">A-234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-242" title="A-242">A-242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-262" title="A-262">A-262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A035" title="C01-A035">C01-A035</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A039" title="C01-A039">C01-A039</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A042" title="C01-A042">C01-A042</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_agent" title="Pulmonary agent">Pulmonary/choking</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">Chloropicrin (PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">Phosgene (CG)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosgene" title="Diphosgene">Diphosgene (DP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_decafluoride" title="Disulfur decafluoride">Disulfur decafluoride</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vomiting_agent" title="Vomiting agent">Vomiting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamsite" title="Adamsite">Adamsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">Chloropicrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylchlorarsine" title="Diphenylchlorarsine">Diphenylchlorarsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylcyanoarsine" title="Diphenylcyanoarsine">Diphenylcyanoarsine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diphenylarsincyanid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diphenylarsincyanid (page does not exist)">Diphenylamincyanoarsine</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%;padding-top:0; display:block;margin:0.4em 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent" title="Incapacitating agent">Incapacitating agents</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">Agent 15 (BZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP)</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EA-3167" title="EA-3167">EA-3167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolokol-1" title="Kolokol-1">Kolokol-1</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping gas">Sleeping gas</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Riot_control#Riot_control_agent_(RCA)" title="Riot control">Riot-control (RCAs)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylyl_bromide" title="Xylyl bromide">Xylyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">Pepper spray (OC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">CN (mace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_warfare_agents" title="List of chemical warfare agents">List of chemical warfare agents</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chemical_agents_sidebar" title="Template:Chemical agents sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chemical_agents_sidebar" title="Template talk:Chemical agents sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical_agents_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical agents sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Novichok</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Новичо́к</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'newcomer, novice, newbie'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a family of <a href="/wiki/Nerve_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve agents">nerve agents</a>, some of which are <a href="/wiki/Binary_chemical_weapon" title="Binary chemical weapon">binary chemical weapons</a>. The agents were developed at the <a href="/wiki/GosNIIOKhT" title="GosNIIOKhT">GosNIIOKhT</a> state chemical research institute by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and Russia between 1971 and 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-lowe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chai18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chai18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cong_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cong-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Novichok agents are <a href="/wiki/Solids" class="mw-redirect" title="Solids">solids</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>, while others are <a href="/wiki/Liquids" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquids">liquids</a>. Dispersal of solid form agents is thought possible if in <a href="/wiki/Ultrafine_particle" title="Ultrafine particle">ultrafine powder</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian scientists who developed the nerve agents claim they are the deadliest ever made, with some variants possibly five to eight times more potent than <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Birstein_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birstein-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Albats_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albats-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others up to ten times more potent than <a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">soman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> has also been associated with the production of such chemical agents.<sup id="cite_ref-hosseini16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hosseini16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the twenty-first century, Novichok agents came to public attention after they were used to poison opponents of the Russian government, including the <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Skripals</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_Amesbury_poisonings" title="2018 Amesbury poisonings">two others in Amesbury, UK</a> (2018), as well as <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexei_Navalny" title="Poisoning of Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a> (2020), but Russian civil poisonings with this substance have been known since at least 1995. </p><p>In November 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW), which is the executive body for the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a> (CWC), added the Novichok agents to "list of controlled substances" of the CWC "in one of the first major changes to the treaty since it was agreed in the 1990s" in response to the 2018 poisonings in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-castelvecchi19_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castelvecchi19-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_objectives">Design objectives</h2></div> <p>Novichok agents were designed to achieve four objectives:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>to be undetectable using standard 1970s and 1980s <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> chemical detection equipment;</li> <li>to defeat NATO chemical protective gear;</li> <li>to be safer to handle; and</li> <li>to circumvent the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a> list of controlled precursors, classes of chemical and physical form.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some of these agents are <a href="/wiki/Binary_chemical_weapon" title="Binary chemical weapon">binary weapons</a>, in which precursors for the nerve agents are mixed in a munition to produce the agent just prior to its use. The precursors are generally significantly less hazardous than the agents themselves, so this technique makes handling and transporting the munitions a great deal simpler. Additionally, precursors to the agents are usually much easier to stabilise than the agents themselves, so this technique also makes it possible to increase the <a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">shelf life</a> of the agents. This has the disadvantage that careless preparation may produce a non-optimal agent. During the 1980s and 1990s, binary versions of several Soviet agents were developed and are designated as "Novichok" agents.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_disclosure">History and disclosure</h2></div> <p>Novichok agents were designed as part of a Soviet program codenamed <b>Foliant</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five Novichok variants are believed to have been adapted for military use.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most versatile is <a href="/wiki/A-232" title="A-232">A-232</a> (Novichok-5).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novichok agents have never been used on the battlefield. The UK government determined that a Novichok agent was used in the <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a> in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England in March 2018. It was unanimously confirmed by four laboratories around the world, according to the OPCW.<sup id="cite_ref-OPCWreport_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPCWreport-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Novichok was also involved in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Amesbury_poisonings" title="2018 Amesbury poisonings">poisoning of a British couple</a> in Amesbury, Wiltshire, four months later, believed to have been caused by residual nerve agent discarded after the Salisbury attack.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20180705_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20180705-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attacks led to the death of one person,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> left three others in a critical condition from which they recovered, and briefly hospitalised a police officer. The Russian government denies producing or researching agents "under the title Novichok".<sup id="cite_ref-Borger_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borger-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> government said that opposition figure and anti-corruption activist <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a>, who was evacuated from <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> for treatment in late August after becoming ill during his flight, <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexei_Navalny" title="Poisoning of Alexei Navalny">was poisoned</a> by a Novichok agent. </p><p>Novichok has been known to most Western intelligence services since the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2016 Iranian chemists working at a university in Tehran synthesised five of the seven Novichok agents for analysis and produced detailed <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectroscopy">mass spectroscopy</a> data which was added to the OPCW's Central Analytical Database.<sup id="cite_ref-spectroscopynow-20170101_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectroscopynow-20170101-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rcms-20161005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcms-20161005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, there had been no detailed descriptions of their spectral properties in peer-reviewed general scientific literature.<sup id="cite_ref-spectroscopynow-20170101_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectroscopynow-20170101-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opcw-20130327_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opcw-20130327-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small amount of agent <a href="/wiki/A-230" title="A-230">A-230</a> was also claimed to have been synthesised in the Czech Republic in 2017 for the purpose of obtaining analytical data to help defend against these novel toxic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union and Russia reportedly developed extremely potent fourth-generation chemical weapons from the 1970s until the early 1990s, according to a publication by two chemists, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Alexandrovich_Fyodorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Alexandrovich Fyodorov">Lev Fyodorov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vil_Mirzayanov" title="Vil Mirzayanov">Vil Mirzayanov</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Moskovskiye_Novosti" title="Moskovskiye Novosti">Moskovskiye Novosti</a></i> weekly in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication appeared just on the eve of Russia's signing of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>. According to Mirzayanov, the Russian Military Chemical Complex (MCC) was using defence conversion money received from the West for development of a chemical warfare facility.<sup id="cite_ref-Birstein_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birstein-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Albats_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albats-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirzayanov made his disclosure out of environmental concerns. He was the head of a counter-intelligence department and performed measurements outside the chemical weapons facilities to make sure that foreign spies could not detect any traces of production. To his horror, the levels of deadly substances were eighty times greater than the maximum safe concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Albats_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albats-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vil_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vil-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Russia" title="Prosecutor-General of Russia">Prosecutor-General of Russia</a> effectively admitted the existence of Novichok agents when he brought a <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> case against Mirzayanov. According to expert witness testimonies that three scientists prepared for the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, Novichok and other related chemical agents had indeed been produced and therefore Mirzayanov's disclosure represented <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirzayanov was arrested on 22 October 1992 and sent to <a href="/wiki/Lefortovo_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Lefortovo prison">Lefortovo prison</a> for divulging state secrets. He was released later because "not one of the formulas or names of poisonous substances in the <i>Moscow News</i> article was new to the Soviet press, nor were locations ... of testing sites revealed."<sup id="cite_ref-Albats_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albats-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Yevgenia_Albats" title="Yevgenia Albats">Yevgenia Albats</a>, "the real <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">state secret</a> revealed by Fyodorov and Mirzayanov was that generals had lied—and were still lying—to both the international community and their fellow citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-Albats_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albats-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirzayanov now lives in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further disclosures followed when Vladimir Uglev, one of Russia's leading binary weapons scientists, revealed the existence of A-232/Novichok-5 in an interview with the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Times_(magazine)" title="The New Times (magazine)">Novoye Vremya</a></i> in early 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1998 interview with <a href="/wiki/David_E._Hoffman" title="David E. Hoffman">David E. Hoffman</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> the chemist claimed that he helped invent the A-232 agent, that it was more frostproof, and confirmed that a binary version has been developed from it.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uglev revealed more details in 2018, following the poisoning of the Skripals, stating that "several hundred" compounds were synthesised during the Foliant research but only four agents were weaponised (presumably the Novichok-5, −7, −8 and −9 mentioned by other sources): the first three were liquids and only the last, which was not developed until 1980, could be made into a powder. Unlike the interview twenty years earlier, he denied any binary agents were developed successfully, at least up until his involvement in the research ceased in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)">Federal Intelligence Service</a> (BND) obtained a sample of one Novichok agent from a Russian scientist, and the sample was analysed in Sweden, according to a 2018 <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i> report. The chemical formula was given to Western <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> countries, who synthesized it, then used small amounts to test protective equipment, detection of it, and antidotes to it.<sup id="cite_ref-siebold_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siebold-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Novichok was referred to in a patent filed in 2008 for an organophosphorus poisoning treatment. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore">University of Maryland, Baltimore</a> research was funded in part by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uspto-20090023706_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspto-20090023706-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Rink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Rink (page does not exist)">Leonid Rink</a>, who said he had participated in the creation of Novichok agents,<sup id="cite_ref-cock_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cock-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirmed that the structures leaked by Mirzayanov were the correct ones.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rink was himself convicted in Russia for illegally selling a Novichok agent used in 1995 to assassinate a banker, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Kivelidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Kivelidi (page does not exist)">Ivan Kivelidi</a>, and his secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-murder_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murder-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lowe_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Wise_(journalist)" title="David Wise (journalist)">David Wise</a>, in his book <i>Cassidy's Run</i>, implies that the Soviet program may have been the unintended result of misleading information, involving a discontinued American program to develop a nerve agent code named "<a href="/w/index.php?title=GJ_(nerve_agent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GJ (nerve agent) (page does not exist)">GJ</a>", that was fed by a double agent to the Soviets as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shocker" title="Operation Shocker">Operation Shocker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn_Fired_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn_Fired-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_test_sites">Development and test sites</h2></div> <p>Stephanie Fitzpatrick, an American geopolitical consultant, has claimed that the Chemical Research Institute in <a href="/wiki/Nukus" title="Nukus">Nukus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Uzbekistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Croddy_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croddy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced Novichok agents, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> has reported that U.S. officials said the site was the major research and testing site for Novichok agents.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-19990525_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-19990525-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hidalgo_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidalgo-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small, experimental batches of the weapons may have been tested on the nearby <a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt Plateau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidalgo_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidalgo-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitzpatrick also writes that the agents may have been tested in a research centre in <a href="/wiki/Krasnoarmeysk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnoarmeysk</a> near Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-Croddy_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croddy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precursor chemicals were made at the Pavlodar Chemical Plant in <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Kazakhstan</a>, which was also thought to be the intended Novichok weapons production site, until its still-under-construction chemical warfare agent production building was demolished in 1987 in view of the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">1990 Chemical Weapons Accord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nti-201504_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nti-201504-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bozheyeva-2000_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozheyeva-2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since its independence in 1991, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> has been working with the government of the United States to dismantle and decontaminate the sites where the Novichok agents and other chemical weapons were tested and developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Croddy_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croddy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hidalgo_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidalgo-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1999<sup id="cite_ref-rferl-19990819_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl-19990819-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2002 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> dismantled the major research and testing site for Novichok at the Chemical Research Institute in Nukus, under a $6 million <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Threat_Reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative Threat Reduction">Cooperative Threat Reduction</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-19990525_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-19990525-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cfr-20030319_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr-20030319-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hamish_de_Bretton-Gordon" title="Hamish de Bretton-Gordon">Hamish de Bretton-Gordon</a>, a British chemical weapons expert and former commanding officer of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chemical,_Biological,_Radiation_and_Nuclear_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Chemical, Biological, Radiation and Nuclear Regiment">Joint Chemical, Biological, Radiation and Nuclear Regiment</a> and its NATO equivalent, "dismissed" suggestions that Novichok agents could be found in other places in the former Soviet Union such as Uzbekistan and has asserted that Novichok agents were produced only at <a href="/wiki/Shikhany" title="Shikhany">Shikhany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Oblast" title="Saratov Oblast">Saratov Oblast</a>, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirzayanov also says that it was at Shikhany, in 1973, that scientist Pyotr Petrovich Kirpichev first produced Novichok agents; Vladimir Uglev joined him on the project in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mirzayanov, while production took place in Shikhany, the weapon was <i>tested</i> at Nukus between 1986 and 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Birstein_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birstein-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the poisoning of the Skripals, former head of the GosNIIOKhT security department Nikolay Volodin confirmed in an interview to <i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a></i> that there have been tests at Nukus, and said that <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing#Dogs" title="Animal testing">dogs were used</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2018, the <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</a></i> reported that "Germany's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)">foreign intelligence service</a> secured a sample of the Soviet-developed nerve agent Novichok in the 1990s and passed on its knowledge to partners including Britain and the US, according to German media reports." The sample was analysed in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small amounts of the Novichok nerve agent were subsequently produced in some <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> countries for test purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_of_Novichok_agents">Description of Novichok agents</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novichok_examples_trimmed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Novichok_examples_trimmed.svg/300px-Novichok_examples_trimmed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Novichok_examples_trimmed.svg/450px-Novichok_examples_trimmed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Novichok_examples_trimmed.svg/600px-Novichok_examples_trimmed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Examples of structures claimed as Novichok agents<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gupta339-340_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gupta339-340-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-franca19_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franca19-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mirzayanov provided the first description of these agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Vil_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vil-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dispersed in an ultra-fine <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">powder</a> instead of a gas or a vapour, they have unique qualities. A <a href="/wiki/Binary_chemical_weapon" title="Binary chemical weapon">binary agent</a> was then created that would mimic the same properties but would either be manufactured using materials which are not controlled substances under the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">CWC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or be undetectable by treaty regime inspections.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidalgo_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidalgo-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most potent compounds from this family, Novichok-5 and Novichok-7, are supposedly around five to eight times more potent than <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peplow_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peplow-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Novichok" designation refers to the binary form of the agent, with the final compound being referred to by its code number (e.g. A-232). The first Novichok series compound was in fact the binary form of a known V-series nerve agent, <a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-peplow_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peplow-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the later Novichok agents are the binary forms of compounds such as A-232 and <a href="/wiki/A-234_(nerve_agent)" title="A-234 (nerve agent)">A-234</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halámek2011_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halámek2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novichok_A230_(Mirzayanov_2009).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Novichok_A230_%28Mirzayanov_2009%29.svg/220px-Novichok_A230_%28Mirzayanov_2009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Novichok_A230_%28Mirzayanov_2009%29.svg/330px-Novichok_A230_%28Mirzayanov_2009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Novichok_A230_%28Mirzayanov_2009%29.svg/440px-Novichok_A230_%28Mirzayanov_2009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of the Novichok agent known as <a href="/wiki/A-230" title="A-230">A-230</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a classified (secret) report by the US Army <a href="/wiki/National_Ground_Intelligence_Center" title="National Ground Intelligence Center">National Ground Intelligence Center</a> in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Intelligence_Digest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Intelligence Digest (page does not exist)">Military Intelligence Digest</a></i> dated 24 January 1997,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> agent designated A-232 and its ethyl analogue A-234 developed under the Foliant programme "are as toxic as VX, as resistant to treatment as soman, and more difficult to detect and easier to manufacture than VX". The binary versions of the agents reportedly use <a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">acetonitrile</a> and an organic phosphate "that can be disguised as a pesticide precursor." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novichok_iran7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Novichok_iran7.svg/170px-Novichok_iran7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Novichok_iran7.svg/255px-Novichok_iran7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Novichok_iran7.svg/340px-Novichok_iran7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Example of a declared Novichok derivative, researched in Iran in 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>The agent <a href="/wiki/A-234_(nerve_agent)" title="A-234 (nerve agent)">A-234</a> is also supposedly around five to eight times more potent than VX.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peplow_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peplow-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The median lethal dose for inhaled A-234 has been estimated as 7 mg/m<sup>3</sup> for two minute exposure (minute volume of 15 L, slight activity).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The median lethal dose for inhaled A-230, likely the most toxic liquid Novichok, has been estimated as between 1.9 and 3 mg/m<sup>3</sup> for two minute exposure. Thus the median lethal dose for inhaled A-234 is 0.2 mg (5000 lethal doses in a gram) and is below 0.1 mg for A-230 (10 000 lethal doses in a gram). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-234_Mirzayanov.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A-234_Mirzayanov.svg/250px-A-234_Mirzayanov.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A-234_Mirzayanov.svg/330px-A-234_Mirzayanov.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A-234_Mirzayanov.svg/440px-A-234_Mirzayanov.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of the Novichok agent known as <a href="/wiki/A-234_(nerve_agent)" title="A-234 (nerve agent)">A-234</a><sup id="cite_ref-chai18_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chai18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The agents are reportedly capable of being delivered as a liquid, aerosol or gas via a variety of systems, including artillery shells, bombs, missiles and spraying devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Croddy_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croddy-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_over_formulation">Controversy over formulation</h3></div> <p>Mirzayanov gives somewhat different structures for Novichok agents in his autobiography than those which have been identified by Western experts.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western formulations suffered from imperfect information,<sup id="cite_ref-siebold_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siebold-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as can be seen in Fig. 1 of Chai <i>et al</i> in which Mirzayanov describes a family of compounds whereas Western scientists instantiate a particular salt.<sup id="cite_ref-chai18_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chai18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mirzyanov makes clear that a large number of compounds were made, and many of the less potent derivatives were reported in the open literature as new organophosphate insecticides,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that the secret chemical weapons program could be disguised as legitimate pesticide research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3></div> <p>According to chemical weapons expert <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_B._Tucker" title="Jonathan B. Tucker">Jonathan Tucker</a>, the first binary formulation developed under the Foliant programme was used to make Substance 33 (<a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a>), very similar to the more widely known <a href="/wiki/VX_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="VX gas">VX</a>, differing only in the alkyl substituents on its nitrogen and oxygen atoms. "This weapon was given the code name Novichok."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novichok_synthesis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Novichok_synthesis.png/400px-Novichok_synthesis.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Novichok_synthesis.png/600px-Novichok_synthesis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Novichok_synthesis.png/800px-Novichok_synthesis.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>Synthesis of the A230, A232, and A234 structures as described in Hoenig.<sup id="cite_ref-hoenig_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoenig-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethanediol">Ethanediol</a> modified with up to two methyl groups is reacted with <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">phosphorus trichloride</a> to form a ring structure named as a <a href="/wiki/Phospholane" title="Phospholane">phospholane</a> analogue. The last chlorine atom is replaced by fluorine (<a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic_substitution" title="Nucleophilic substitution">nucleophilic substitution</a>). This compound is then reacted with a <a href="/wiki/Phosgene_oxime" title="Phosgene oxime">phosgene oxime</a>-like chloride to open the ring and create the product fluorophosphonate.<sup id="cite_ref-Halámek2011_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halámek2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A wide range of potential structures have been reported. These all feature the classical <a href="/wiki/Organophosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphorus">organophosphorus</a> core (sometimes with the P=O replaced with P=S or P=Se), which is most commonly depicted as being a <a href="/wiki/Phosphoramidate" title="Phosphoramidate">phosphoramidate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phosphonate" title="Phosphonate">phosphonate</a>, usually fluorinated (cf. <a href="/wiki/Monofluorophosphate" title="Monofluorophosphate">monofluorophosphate</a>). The organic groups are subject to more variety; however, a common substituent is <a href="/wiki/Phosgene_oxime" title="Phosgene oxime">phosgene oxime</a> or analogues thereof. This is a potent chemical weapon in its own right, specifically as a <a href="/wiki/Nettle_agent" title="Nettle agent">nettle agent</a>, and would be expected to increase the harm done by the Novichok agent. Many claimed structures from this group also contain <a href="/wiki/Cross-linking_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-linking agent">cross-linking agent</a> motifs which may covalently bind to the <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">acetylcholinesterase</a> enzyme's active site in several places, perhaps explaining the rapid denaturing of the enzyme that is claimed to be characteristic of the Novichok agents. </p><p>Zoran Radić, a chemist at the University of California, San Diego, performed an <i>in silico</i> docking study with Mirzayanov's version of the A-232 structure against the active site of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The model predicted a tight fit with high binding affinity and formation of a <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bond</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a> residue in the active site, with a similar binding mode to established nerve agents such as sarin and soman.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection">Detection</h3></div> <p>A procedure of retrospective detection of Novichok type poisons in victim's tissues was proposed in 2021-2.<sup id="cite_ref-Noort_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noort-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method is a modification of the procedure that was developed earlier for identification of sarin poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Fidder_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fidder-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method capitalizes on the fact that poisoning by organic phosphonates occurs via phosphonylation of the hydroxy group of serine in the active site of cholinesterases,<sup id="cite_ref-Fidder_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fidder-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that severe poisoning occurs when a major part of these enzymes are inactivated. The concentration of butyryl cholinesterase (HuBuChE) in human plasma is normally about 80 nM.<sup id="cite_ref-Fidder_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fidder-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That makes it a good source of adducts that can be subjected to analysis. </p><p>The procedure consists of three steps (see the Figure A). First, HuBuChE is obtained from the victim's plasma. Second, the enzyme is subjected to pepsin proteolysis. Third, the peptide mixture obtained is subjected to LC-MSMS analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Noort_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noort-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If no poisoning took place, the peptide mixture contains a non-modified nonapeptide FGESAGAAS. However, cholinesterases are inactivated due to a chemical reaction with Novichok type nerve agent, the modified nonapeptide is be detected, and its exact (high resolution) mass (along with the mass of the secondary ion produced during collision induced dissociation) allows unambiguous identification of the fact of poisoning and the exact structure of the poison.<sup id="cite_ref-Noort_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noort-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the example at Figure A shows the masses of the primary and secondary ions obtained from the plasma of the victim poisoned by A-230. If a victim is poisoned by other Novichok type agents, the masses are different.<sup id="cite_ref-Noort_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noort-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This method allows identification of poisons at a few parts per billion, but that may be insufficient for reliable detection of the isotopic signature of the adducts, and therefore an unambiguous identification of the geographic origin of the poison.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NovichokDetectionByLC-HRMSMS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NovichokDetectionByLC-HRMSMS.svg/500px-NovichokDetectionByLC-HRMSMS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NovichokDetectionByLC-HRMSMS.svg/960px-NovichokDetectionByLC-HRMSMS.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Figure A. Procedure of retrospective assessment of exposure to Novichok type nerve agent.<sup id="cite_ref-Noort_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noort-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A-230 is used as an example. Ser-198 (the active site residue whose phosphonylation irreversibly inactivates the enzyme) is shown in red. The ion with m/z of 970.34750 is directly detected during LC-MS, whereas the ion with m/z of 193.11002 is observed during <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collision_induced_dissociation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collision induced dissociation (page does not exist)">collision induced dissociation</a> experiments.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifetime">Lifetime</h2></div> <p>According to Vladimir Uglev, who headed a group that worked on the development of the Novichok agents,<sup id="cite_ref-murder_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murder-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least one liquid form of Novichok is very stable with a slow evaporation rate and can remain potent for possibly up to 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insufficient research has been conducted to fully understand its persistence in various situations in the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_and_countermeasures">Effects and countermeasures</h2></div> <p>As nerve agents, the Novichok agents belong to the class of <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphate</a> <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">acetylcholinesterase inhibitors</a>. These chemical compounds inhibit the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase">acetylcholinesterase</a>, preventing the normal breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>. Acetylcholine concentrations then increase at neuromuscular junctions to cause involuntary contraction of all skeletal muscles (<a href="/wiki/Cholinergic_crisis" title="Cholinergic crisis">cholinergic crisis</a>). This then leads to respiratory and cardiac arrest (as the victim's heart and diaphragm muscles no longer function normally) and finally death from heart failure or suffocation as copious fluid secretions fill the victim's lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-duodote_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duodote-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As can be seen with other organophosphate poisonings, Novichok agents may cause lasting nerve damage, resulting in permanent disablement of victims, according to Russian scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their effect on humans was demonstrated by the accidental exposure of Andrei Zheleznyakov, one of the scientists involved in their development, to the residue of an unspecified Novichok agent while working in a Moscow laboratory in May 1987. He was critically injured and took ten days to recover consciousness after the incident. He lost the ability to walk and was treated at a secret clinic in Leningrad for three months afterwards. The agent caused permanent harm, with effects that included "chronic weakness in his arms, a toxic hepatitis that gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis_of_the_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirrhosis of the liver">cirrhosis of the liver</a>, epilepsy, spells of severe depression, and an inability to read or concentrate that left him totally disabled and unable to work." He never recovered and, after five years of deteriorating health, died in July 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of a fast-acting peripheral <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> drug such as <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a> can block the receptors where acetylcholine acts to prevent poisoning (as in the treatment for poisoning by other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors). Atropine, however, is difficult to administer safely, because its effective dose for nerve agent poisoning is close to the dose at which patients suffer severe side effects, such as changes in heart rate and thickening of the bronchial secretions, which fill the lungs of someone suffering nerve agent poisoning so that suctioning of these secretions, and other advanced life support techniques, may be necessary in addition to administration of atropine to treat nerve agent poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-duodote_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duodote-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the treatment of nerve agent poisoning, atropine is most often administered along with a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hagedorn_oxime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hagedorn oxime (page does not exist)">Hagedorn oxime</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pralidoxime" title="Pralidoxime">pralidoxime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obidoxime" title="Obidoxime">obidoxime</a>, <a href="/wiki/TMB-4" class="mw-redirect" title="TMB-4">TMB-4</a>, or <a href="/wiki/HI-6" class="mw-redirect" title="HI-6">HI-6</a>, which reactivates acetylcholinesterase which has been inactivated by <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> by an organophosphorus nerve agent and relieves the respiratory muscle paralysis caused by some nerve agents. Pralidoxime is not effective in reactivating acetylcholinesterase inhibited by some older nerve agents such as <a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">soman</a><sup id="cite_ref-duodote_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duodote-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Novichok nerve agents, described in the literature as being up to eight times more toxic than the nerve agent <a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gupta339-340_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gupta339-340-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Army has funded studies of the use of <a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">galantamine</a> along with atropine in the treatment of a number of nerve agents, including soman and the Novichok agents. An unexpected synergistic interaction was seen to occur between galantamine (given between five hours before to thirty minutes after exposure) and atropine in an amount of 6 mg/kg or higher. Increasing the dose of galantamine from 5 to 8 mg/kg decreased the dose of atropine needed to protect experimental animals from the toxicity of soman in dosages 1.5 times the LD50 (lethal dose in half the animals studied).<sup id="cite_ref-uspto-20090023706_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uspto-20090023706-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been differing claims about the persistence of Novichok and binary precursors in the environment. One view is that it is not affected by normal weather conditions, and may not decompose as quickly as other <a href="/wiki/Organophosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphates">organophosphates</a>. However, Mirzayanov states that Novichok decomposes within four months.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-20180705_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20180705-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20180705_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20180705-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instances_of_usage">Instances of usage</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poisoning_of_Ivan_Kivelidi_and_Zara_Ismailova">Poisoning of Ivan Kivelidi and Zara Ismailova</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novichok_agent_formula_from_Kivelidi_case.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Novichok_agent_formula_from_Kivelidi_case.svg/220px-Novichok_agent_formula_from_Kivelidi_case.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Novichok_agent_formula_from_Kivelidi_case.svg/330px-Novichok_agent_formula_from_Kivelidi_case.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Novichok_agent_formula_from_Kivelidi_case.svg/440px-Novichok_agent_formula_from_Kivelidi_case.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Supposed Novichok agent formula from the forensic analysis in the Kivelidi case<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A Novichok agent was used in 1995 to poison Russian banker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Kivelidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Kivelidi (page does not exist)">Ivan Kivelidi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Кивелиди, Иван Харлампиевич">ru</a>]</span>, who died three days later in a hospital at the age of 46.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poison was believed to have been applied to Kivelidi's office phone in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His secretary Zara Ismailova also developed symptoms one month later and then died a day later in a hospital at the age of 35.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kivelidi was the head of the Russian Business Round Table, and had close ties to <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernomyrdin" title="Viktor Chernomyrdin">Viktor Chernomyrdin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was at that time <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Vladimir_Putin_in_Russia" title="Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia">Russian opposition</a>–linked historians <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Felshtinsky" title="Yuri Felshtinsky">Yuri Felshtinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pribylovsky" title="Vladimir Pribylovsky">Vladimir Pribylovsky</a> speculated that the murder became "one of the first in the series of poisonings organised by Russia's security services". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs">Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> analysed the substance and announced that it was "a phosphorus-based military-grade nerve agent"<sup id="cite_ref-FP453-457_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP453-457-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "whose formula was strictly classified".<sup id="cite_ref-FP453-457_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP453-457-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nesterov, the administrative head of Shikhany, he did not know of "a single case of such poison being sold illegally" and noted that the poison "is used by professional spies".<sup id="cite_ref-FP453-457_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP453-457-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vladimir Khutsishvili, a former business partner of Kivelidi's, was subsequently convicted of the killings.<sup id="cite_ref-kommersant_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kommersant-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>The Independent</i>, "A closed trial found that his business partner had obtained the substance via intermediaries from an employee of the <a href="/wiki/GosNIIOKhT" title="GosNIIOKhT">State Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology (ГосНИИОХТ / GosNIIOKhT)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was involved in the development of Novichok agents. However, Khutsishvili, who claimed that he was innocent, had not been detained at the time of the trial and freely left the country. He was only arrested in 2006 after he returned to Russia, believing that the ten-year old case was closed.<sup id="cite_ref-FP453-457_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP453-457-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky claimed that Russia's security services, which had access to the chemical agent, had framed Khutsishvili for the murder, and that the security services had organised the murder on the orders of a senior Russian state official.<sup id="cite_ref-FP453-457_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FP453-457-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kuznetsov_(lawyer)" title="Boris Kuznetsov (lawyer)">Boris Kuznetsov</a>, who represented Khutsishvili and believed in his innocence, blames "rogue intelligence officers".<sup id="cite_ref-lowe_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leonid Rink, an employee of GosNIIOKhT, received a one-year suspended sentence for selling Novichok agents to unnamed buyers "of Chechen ethnicity" soon after the poisoning of Kivelidi and Izmailova.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a></div> <p>On 12 March 2018, the UK government said that a Novichok agent had been used in an attack in the English city of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a> on 4 March 2018 in an attempt to kill former <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Skripal" title="Sergei Skripal">Sergei Skripal</a> and his daughter Yulia.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc12march_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc12march-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> said in Parliament: "Either this was a direct action by the Russian state against our country, or the Russian government lost control of its potentially catastrophically damaging nerve agent and allowed it to get into the hands of others."<sup id="cite_ref-bbc12march_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc12march-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 March the BBC asked <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> if Russia was "behind the poisoning of" Skripal and he answered "Get to the bottom of it first then we can discuss it" while he delegated a spokesperson to claim that "a circus show in the British parliament" was the upshot. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign Secretary</a>, refused to shake hands with Russian ambassador <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vladimirovich_Yakovenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vladimirovich Yakovenko">Alexander Yakovenko</a> as he expressed "outrage" over the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcputin_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcputin-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the next day, the UK expelled 23 Russian diplomats after the Russian government refused to meet the UK's deadline of midnight on 13 March 2018 to give an explanation for the use of the substance.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addressing the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> on 15 March, <a href="/wiki/Vassily_Nebenzia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassily Nebenzia">Vassily Nebenzia</a>, the Russian envoy to the UN, responded to the British allegations by denying that Russia had ever produced or researched the agents, stating: "No scientific research or development under the title Novichok were carried out."<sup id="cite_ref-Borger_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borger-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the attack, 21 members of the emergency services and public were checked for possible exposure, and three were hospitalised. As of 12 March, one police officer remained in hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc12march_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc12march-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five hundred members of the public were advised to decontaminate their possessions to prevent possible long-term exposure, and 180 members of the military and 18 vehicles were deployed to assist with decontamination at locations in and around Salisbury. Up to 38 people in Salisbury have been affected by the agent to an undetermined extent.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Gerstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Gerstein (page does not exist)">Daniel Gerstein</a>, a former senior official at the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>, said it was possible that Novichok nerve agents had been used before in Britain to assassinate Kremlin targets, but had not been detected: "It's entirely likely that we have seen someone expire from this and not realised it. We realised in this case because they were found unresponsive on a park bench. Had it been a higher dose, maybe they would have died and we would have thought it was natural causes."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 March 2018, <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_%C3%9Cz%C3%BCmc%C3%BC" title="Ahmet Üzümcü">Ahmet Üzümcü</a>, Director-General of the OPCW, said that it would take "another two to three weeks to finalise the analysis" of samples taken from the poisoning of Skripal.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 April 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Laboratory" title="Defence Science and Technology Laboratory">Defence Science and Technology Laboratory</a> announced that it was "completely confident" that the agent used was Novichok, although they still did not know the "precise source" of the agent. Experts said that their findings did not challenge the conclusions by UK government: "We provided that information to the Government who have then used a number of other sources to come to the conclusions that they have."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 April 2018 the OPCW announced that their investigations agreed with the conclusions made by the UK about the identity of the chemical used.<sup id="cite_ref-OPCWreport_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPCWreport-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September 2018, two Russian "tourists", "<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mishkin" title="Alexander Mishkin">Alexander Petrov</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Boshirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruslan Boshirov">Ruslan Boshirov</a>", had been identified as suspects. They told <a href="/wiki/Margarita_Simonyan" title="Margarita Simonyan">Margarita Simonyan</a>, the chief editor of <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT television</a>, in an interview that they both worked in the sports nutrition business and that: "Those are our real names.. We're afraid to go out, we fear for ourselves, our lives and lives of our loved ones." The <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a> announced enough evidence was obtained by that date "to convict the two men" of the attack, although it did not apply to Russia "for their extradition because Russia does not extradite its own nationals. [...] However, a <a href="/wiki/European_Arrest_Warrant" title="European Arrest Warrant">European Arrest Warrant</a> has been obtained in case they travel to the EU".<sup id="cite_ref-bbcruslan_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcruslan-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a> website published precise allegations that identified <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a> Major <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sergeev_(GRU_officer)" title="Denis Sergeev (GRU officer)">Denis Vyacheslavovich Sergeev</a> as a man who travelled in March 2018 to London under the false identity of Sergei Fedotov. It is claimed with detailed photograph evidence, and phone, travel, passport, and motoring database records that GRU Colonels <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mishkin" title="Alexander Mishkin">Alexander Mishkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Chepiga" title="Anatoly Chepiga">Anatoly Chepiga</a> assumed the identities of Petrov and Boshirov,<sup id="cite_ref-bellsec_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellsec-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and placed the poison on Skripal's doorknob. On 28 June 2019, it was reported that Sergeyev received instructions from his GRU superior by cell phone on more than ten occasions during his UK visits.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcurban_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcurban-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poisoning_of_Charlie_Rowley_and_Dawn_Sturgess">Poisoning of Charlie Rowley and Dawn Sturgess</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2018_Amesbury_poisonings" title="2018 Amesbury poisonings">2018 Amesbury poisonings</a></div> <p>On 30 June 2018, Charlie Rowley and Dawn Sturgess were found unconscious at a house in <a href="/wiki/Amesbury" title="Amesbury">Amesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, about eight miles from the Salisbury poisoning site.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 July 2018, police said that the pair had been poisoned with the same nerve agent as ex-Russian spy Sergei Skripal.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20180705_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20180705-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 July 2018, Sturgess died as a result of the poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowley regained consciousness and began recovering in hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told his brother Matthew the nerve agent had been in a small perfume or aftershave bottle, which they had found in a park about nine days before spraying themselves with it. The police later closed and fingertip-searched Queen Elizabeth Gardens in Salisbury.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poisoning_of_Emilian_Gebrev">Poisoning of Emilian Gebrev</h3></div> <p>In the aftermath of the Skripal poisoning, investigative journalists were able to track some of the people involved also in Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is how another suspected poisoning case dating back to April 2015 during their stay in the country was linked to the Novichok nerve agent. The victim was the Bulgarian arms dealer <a href="/wiki/Emilian_Gebrev" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian Gebrev">Emilian Gebrev</a>, who shared two hypotheses why he might have been attacked: The first one links to the fact that his arms manufacturing company Dunarit exports defense equipment to Ukraine. The other one relates to an attempt by an offshore company to take over Dunarit. The takeover attempt was ultimately linked to the influential Bulgarian politician and oligarch <a href="/wiki/Delyan_Peevski" title="Delyan Peevski">Delyan Peevski</a> who has historically been funded by Russia's state-owned <a href="/wiki/VTB_Bank" title="VTB Bank">VTB Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2023 Bulgaria sought the extradition of three Russian <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a> officers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Fedotov_(GRU)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergey Fedotov (GRU) (page does not exist)">Sergey Fedotov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgi_Gorshkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgi Gorshkov (page does not exist)">Georgi Gorshkov</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Pavlov_(GRU)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergey Pavlov (GRU) (page does not exist)">Sergey Pavlov</a>, suspected of the poisoning incident.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sergei Fedotov was also the alias used by one of the assassins in the Salisbury poisonings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poisoning_of_Alexei_Navalny">Poisoning of Alexei Navalny</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexei_Navalny" title="Poisoning of Alexei Navalny">Poisoning of Alexei Navalny</a></div> <p>On 20 August 2020, Russian opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a> fell ill during a flight from <a href="/wiki/Tomsk" title="Tomsk">Tomsk</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plane made an emergency landing in <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>, where Navalny was hospitalized and put in a <a href="/wiki/Induced_coma" title="Induced coma">medically induced coma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family suspected his illness was caused by a poison put into a cup of tea he drank before the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was evacuated to the <a href="/wiki/Charit%C3%A9" title="Charité">Charité</a> hospital in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany, the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 September, the German government said that it had "unequivocal evidence" that Navalny was poisoned by a Novichok agent after tests at a German military lab and had called on the Russian government for an explanation, with labs in France and Sweden corroborating the findings.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianNovichok_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianNovichok-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 September, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council" title="North Atlantic Council">North Atlantic Council</a> was briefed by the German representative on the "appalling assassination attempt on" Navalny. In a post-meeting press conference, Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> said that NATO allies "agree that Russia has serious questions it must answer", that the OPCW needed to conduct an impartial investigation, that "those responsible for this attack must be brought to justice" and called on Russia to "provide complete disclosure of the Novichok programme to the OPCW."<sup id="cite_ref-jsnato_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsnato-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Navalny had been out of his coma since 7 September.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 October, the OPCW confirmed the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Cholinesterase inhibitor">cholinesterase inhibitor</a> from the Novichok group in Navalny's blood and urine samples.<sup id="cite_ref-OPCWRpt_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OPCWRpt-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the OPCW report clarified that Navalny was poisoned with a new type of Novichok, which was not included in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Schedule_1_substances_(CWC)" title="List of Schedule 1 substances (CWC)">list of controlled chemicals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services" title="Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services">Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Russia and weapons of mass destruction">Russia and weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Novichok_agents">List of Novichok agents</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-230" title="A-230">A-230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-232" title="A-232">A-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-234_(nerve_agent)" title="A-234 (nerve agent)">A-234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-242" title="A-242">A-242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-262" title="A-262">A-262</a> (Novichok-7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A035" title="C01-A035">C01-A035</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A039" title="C01-A039">C01-A039</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A042" title="C01-A042">C01-A042</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathon B. Tucker writes that approval to commence research into "fourth generation" chemical weapons was given by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Council_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Council of Ministers">Soviet Council of Ministers</a> in May 1971. Vil Mirzayanov, the Russian scientist who first alerted the West to the existence of the Novichok agents, states that testing of Novichok-7 was successfully completed in 1993—after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a> but before Russia ratified the treaty and when it came into force.<sup id="cite_ref-Cong_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cong-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirzayanov had made a similar disclosure a year earlier in the 10 October 1991 issue of the Moscow newspaper, <i>Kuranty</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[T]he talk [by Mirzayanov] about binary weapons was no more than a verbal construct, an argument <i>ex adverso</i>, and only the MCC [Russian Military Chemical Complex] could corroborate or refute this natural assumption. By entangling V. S. Mirzayanov in the investigation, the MCC confirmed the stated hypothesis, advancing it to the ranks of proven facts."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_Alice2018" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Alice (13 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2163502-what-are-novichok-nerve-agents-and-did-russia-do-it/">"What are Novichok nerve agents and did Russia do it?"</a>. <i>NewScientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewScientist&rft.atitle=What+are+Novichok+nerve+agents+and+did+Russia+do+it%3F&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft.au=Klein%2C+Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2163502-what-are-novichok-nerve-agents-and-did-russia-do-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lowe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lowe_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowe_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowe_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-russia-stockpiles/secret-trial-shows-risks-of-nerve-agent-theft-in-post-soviet-chaos-experts-idUSKCN1GQ2RH">"Secret trial shows risks of nerve agent theft in post-Soviet chaos: experts"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 20 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Secret+trial+shows+risks+of+nerve+agent+theft+in+post-Soviet+chaos%3A+experts&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-britain-russia-stockpiles%2Fsecret-trial-shows-risks-of-nerve-agent-theft-in-post-soviet-chaos-experts-idUSKCN1GQ2RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chai18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chai18_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chai18_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chai18_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaiHayesEricksonBoyer2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chai PR, Hayes BD, Erickson TB, Boyer EW (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039123">"Novichok agents: a historical, current, and toxicological perspective"</a>. <i>Toxicology Communications</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F24734306.2018.1475151">10.1080/24734306.2018.1475151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6039123">6039123</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30003185">30003185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49661943">49661943</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=New+questions+arise+after+chemical+weapons+body+confirms+Novichok+in+Navalny%27s+blood&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.aulast=Talmazan&rft.aufirst=Yuliya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Frussia-faces-new-questions-after-chemical-weapons-body-confirms-novichok-n1242390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interfax.ru/world/730265">"ОЗХО заявила об отравлении Навального новым типом "Новичка"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [OPCW announced the poisoning of Navalny with a new type of "Novichok"]. <i>Interfax.ru</i> (in Russian). 6 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interfax.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%A5%D0%9E+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC+%22%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%22&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.ru%2Fworld%2F730265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbats1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Yevgenia_Albats" title="Yevgenia Albats">Albats Y</a> (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statewithinstate00alba"><i>The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future</i></a>, translated by Fitzpatrick CA, New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-18104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-18104-8"><bdi>978-0-374-18104-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+Within+a+State%3A+The+KGB+and+Its+Hold+on+Russia+%E2%80%93+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-374-18104-8&rft.aulast=Albats&rft.aufirst=Yevgenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatewithinstate00alba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirstein2004" class="citation cs2">Birstein VJ (2004), <i>The Perversion of Knowledge: The True Story of 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(2001), <i>Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Essential Reference Guide</i>, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-490-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-490-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-490-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-490-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllison2008" class="citation cs2">Ellison DH (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/D.HankEllisonHandbookOfChemicalAndBiologicalWarfareAgents"><i>Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents</i></a> (Second ed.), Boca Raton: CRC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1434-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1434-6"><bdi>978-0-8493-1434-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemical+and+Biological+Warfare+Agents&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1434-6&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=D.+Hank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FD.HankEllisonHandbookOfChemicalAndBiologicalWarfareAgents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFelshtinskyPribylovsky2009" class="citation cs2">Felshtinsky Y, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Pribylovsky" title="Vladimir Pribylovsky">Pribylovsky V</a> (2009), <i>The Corporation: Russia and the KGB in the Age of President Putin</i>, London: Encounter Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-246-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59403-246-2"><bdi>978-1-59403-246-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corporation%3A+Russia+and+the+KGB+in+the+Age+of+President+Putin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59403-246-2&rft.aulast=Felshtinsky&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft.au=Pribylovsky%2C+Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta2015" class="citation cs2">Gupta RC, ed. (2015), <i>Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents</i>, Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800494-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-800494-4"><bdi>978-0-12-800494-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Toxicology+of+Chemical+Warfare+Agents&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-12-800494-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoenig2007" class="citation cs2">Hoenig SL (2007), <i>Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents</i>, Springer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-34626-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-34626-7"><bdi>978-0-387-34626-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Chemical+Warfare+Agents&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-34626-7&rft.aulast=Hoenig&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKendallPresleyAustinSmith2008" class="citation cs2">Kendall RJ, Presley SM, Austin GP, Smith PN (2008), <i>Advances in Biological and Chemical Terrorism Countermeasures</i>, CRC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-7654-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-7654-7"><bdi>978-1-4200-7654-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Biological+and+Chemical+Terrorism+Countermeasures&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-7654-7&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rft.au=Presley%2C+Steven+M.&rft.au=Austin%2C+Galen+P.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Philip+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2011" class="citation cs2">McGregor P (2011), <i>Toxic Politics: The Secret History of the Kremlin's Poison Laboratory – from the Special Cabinet to the Death of Litvinenko</i>, Praeger, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38746-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38746-3"><bdi>978-0-313-38746-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxic+Politics%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+Kremlin%27s+Poison+Laboratory+%E2%80%93+from+the+Special+Cabinet+to+the+Death+of+Litvinenko&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38746-3&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMirzayanov2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vil_Mirzayanov" title="Vil Mirzayanov">Mirzayanov VS</a> (2008), <i>State Secrets: An Insider's Chronicle of the Russian Chemical Weapons Program</i>, Outskirts Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4327-2566-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4327-2566-2"><bdi>978-1-4327-2566-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Secrets%3A+An+Insider%27s+Chronicle+of+the+Russian+Chemical+Weapons+Program&rft.pub=Outskirts+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4327-2566-2&rft.aulast=Mirzayanov&rft.aufirst=Vil+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPitschmann2014" class="citation cs2">Pitschmann V (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pubmed-PMC4073128">"Overall View of Chemical and Biochemical Weapons"</a>, <i>Toxins</i>, <b>6</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1761–</span>1784, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ftoxins6061761">10.3390/toxins6061761</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4073128">4073128</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24902078">24902078</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxins&rft.atitle=Overall+View+of+Chemical+and+Biochemical+Weapons&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1761-%3C%2Fspan%3E1784&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4073128%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24902078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ftoxins6061761&rft.aulast=Pitschmann&rft.aufirst=Vladim%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpubmed-PMC4073128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalemKatz2014" class="citation cs2">Salem H, Katz SA, eds. (2014), <i>Inhalation Toxicology</i> (3rd ed.), CRC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-5273-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-5273-9"><bdi>978-1-4665-5273-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inhalation+Toxicology&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-5273-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2006" class="citation cs2">Tucker JB (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofnerveschemi00tuck"><i>War of Nerves</i></a>, New York: Anchor Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42229-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42229-4"><bdi>978-0-375-42229-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+Nerves&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42229-4&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Jonathon+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarofnerveschemi00tuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWise2000" class="citation cs2">Wise D (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassidysrunsecre00wise_0"><i>Cassidy's Run: The Secret Spy War Over Nerve Gas</i></a>, Thorndike, ME: G.K. Hall & Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7838-9144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7838-9144-6"><bdi>978-0-7838-9144-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassidy%27s+Run%3A+The+Secret+Spy+War+Over+Nerve+Gas&rft.place=Thorndike%2C+ME&rft.pub=G.K.+Hall+%26+Co&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7838-9144-6&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcassidysrunsecre00wise_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKincaid1995" class="citation cs2">Kincaid C (February 1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanlegionvo1382amer?q=novichok">"Russia's Dirty Chemical Secret"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion Magazine</a></i>, vol. 138, no. 2, American Legion, pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>34, 58</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Legion+Magazine&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Dirty+Chemical+Secret&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E34%2C+58&rft.date=1995-02&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanlegionvo1382amer%3Fq%3Dnovichok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Novichok_agents" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Novichok agents">Novichok agents</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFedorov1994" class="citation web cs1">Fedorov L (27 July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/cbw/jptac008_l94001.htm">"Chemical Weapons in Russia: History, Ecology, Politics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemical+Weapons+in+Russia%3A+History%2C+Ecology%2C+Politics&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft.date=1994-07-27&rft.aulast=Fedorov&rft.aufirst=Lev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Frussia%2Fcbw%2Fjptac008_l94001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/cbw/cw.htm">"Russian chemical weapons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Scientists" title="Federation of American Scientists">Federation of American Scientists</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+chemical+weapons&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fnuke%2Fguide%2Frussia%2Fcbw%2Fcw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANovichok" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agents_used_in_chemical_warfareincapacitationriot_control564" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chemical_agents" title="Template:Chemical agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chemical_agents" title="Template talk:Chemical agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agents_used_in_chemical_warfareincapacitationriot_control564" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Agents used in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent" title="Incapacitating agent">incapacitation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot control</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_agent" title="Blood agent">Blood agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">Cyanogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_bromide" title="Cyanogen bromide">Cyanogen bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_chloride" title="Cyanogen chloride">Cyanogen chloride</a> (CK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">Arsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodyl_cyanide" title="Cacodyl cyanide">Cacodyl cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodyl_oxide" title="Cacodyl oxide">Cacodyl oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trifluoride" title="Phosphorus trifluoride">Phosphorus trifluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cyanoformate" title="Methyl cyanoformate">Methyl cyanoformate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_pentacarbonyl" title="Iron pentacarbonyl">Iron pentacarbonyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_tetracarbonyl" title="Nickel tetracarbonyl">Nickel tetracarbonyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin" title="2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin">2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactonitrile" title="Lactonitrile">Lactonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetone_cyanohydrin" title="Acetone cyanohydrin">Acetone cyanohydrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">Stibine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_cyanohydrin" title="Chloral cyanohydrin">Chloral cyanohydrin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister_agent" title="Blister agent">Blister agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsenical" title="Arsenical">Arsenicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldichloroarsine" title="Ethyldichloroarsine">Ethyldichloroarsine</a> (ED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldichloroarsine" title="Methyldichloroarsine">Methyldichloroarsine</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyldichloroarsine" title="Phenyldichloroarsine">Phenyldichloroarsine</a> (PD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">Lewisite</a> (L)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite_2" title="Lewisite 2">Lewisite 2</a> (L2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite_3" title="Lewisite 3">Lewisite 3</a> (L3)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">Sulfur mustards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">Levinstein mustard</a> (EA-229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="O-Mustard">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquimustard" title="Sesquimustard">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Chloroethyl_ethyl_sulfide" title="2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide">CEES</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_mustard" title="Nitrogen mustard">Nitrogen mustards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HN1_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN1 (nitrogen mustard)">HN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethine" title="Chlormethine">HN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN3_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN3 (nitrogen mustard)">HN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-301" title="TL-301">TL-301</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nettle_agent" title="Nettle agent">Nettle agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene_oxime" title="Phosgene oxime">Phosgene oxime</a> (CX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KB-16" title="KB-16">KB-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutylchloromethyltin_chloride" title="Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride">Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_oxychloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium oxychloride">Selenium oxychloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_bromide" title="Phenacyl bromide">Phenacyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_acetylenedicarboxylate" title="Dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate">Dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_fumarate" title="Dimethyl fumarate">Dimethyl fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcone" title="Chalcone">Chalcone hydrazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnitronitrosoguanidine" title="Methylnitronitrosoguanidine">Methylnitronitrosoguanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norcantharidin" title="Norcantharidin">Norcantharidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-2_mycotoxin" title="T-2 mycotoxin">T-2 mycotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">Nerve agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent#G-Series" title="Nerve agent">G-agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun</a> (GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin (GB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosarin" title="Chlorosarin">Chlorosarin</a> (ClGB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiosarin" title="Thiosarin">Thiosarin</a> (SGB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman</a> (GD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosoman" title="Chlorosoman">Chlorosoman</a> (ClGD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylsarin" title="Ethylsarin">Ethylsarin</a> (GE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GH_(nerve_agent)" title="GH (nerve agent)">GH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin</a> (GF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP_(nerve_agent)" title="GP (nerve agent)">GP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorotabun" title="Fluorotabun">Fluorotabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-1356" title="EA-1356">EA-1356</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4352" title="EA-4352">EA-4352</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotylsarin" title="Crotylsarin">Crotylsarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent#V-Series" title="Nerve agent">V-agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EA-2192" title="EA-2192">EA-2192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3148" title="EA-3148">EA-3148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VE_(nerve_agent)" title="VE (nerve agent)">VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl_3-pyridyl_methylphosphonate" title="3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 3-pyridyl methylphosphonate">VP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VS_(nerve_agent)" title="VS (nerve agent)">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-1763" title="EA-1763">EA-1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_VX" title="Chinese VX">Chinese VX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-sub_x" title="V-sub x">V-sub x (GD-7)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GV agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GV_(nerve_agent)" title="GV (nerve agent)">GV (EA-5365)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">A-208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-232" title="A-232">A-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-234_(nerve_agent)" title="A-234 (nerve agent)">A-234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-242" title="A-242">A-242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-262" title="A-262">A-262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A035" title="C01-A035">C01-A035</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A039" title="C01-A039">C01-A039</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A042" title="C01-A042">C01-A042</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcarbamoyl_fluoride" title="Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride">Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3887" title="EA-3887">EA-3887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3887A" class="mw-redirect" title="EA-3887A">EA-3887A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3966" title="EA-3966">EA-3966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3990" title="EA-3990">EA-3990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4056" title="EA-4056">EA-4056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1123" title="T-1123">T-1123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1152" title="T-1152">T-1152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1194" title="T-1194">T-1194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium_bromide)" title="Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)">Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-599" title="TL-599">TL-599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1238" title="TL-1238">TL-1238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1299" class="mw-redirect" title="TL-1299">TL-1299</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1317" class="mw-redirect" title="TL-1317">TL-1317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miotine" title="Miotine">Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3152_CT" title="3152 CT">3152 CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-686-293-01" title="4-686-293-01">4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Diisopropyl fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyclohexyl_phosphorofluoridate" title="Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate">Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2012" title="EA-2012">EA-2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2054" title="EA-2054">EA-2054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2098" title="EA-2098">EA-2098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2613" title="EA-2613">EA-2613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl_cyclohexyl_methylphosphonate" title="2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate">2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopentylene_fluorophosphate" title="Neopentylene fluorophosphate">Neopentylene fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenophos" title="Selenophos">Selenophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phospholine">Phospholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-16661" title="R-16661">R-16661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0422" title="Ro 3-0422">Ro 3-0422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanesulfonyl_fluoride" title="Methanesulfonyl fluoride">Methanesulfonyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimefox" title="Dimefox">Dimefox (TL-792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSPI_(nerve_agent)" title="MSPI (nerve agent)">MSPI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trichloride" title="Arsenic trichloride">AT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">ATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">AlP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnear%E2%80%93Perren_reaction" title="Kinnear–Perren reaction">A.P.C. complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosarin" title="Chlorosarin">Chlorosarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosoman" title="Chlorosoman">Chlorosoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanol" title="Cyclohexanol">Cyclohexanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,8-Dibromooctane" title="1,8-Dibromooctane">1,8-Dibromooctane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol" title="N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol">N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol</a> (KB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_methylphosphonate" title="Diisopropyl methylphosphonate">EA-1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropylphosphite" title="Diisopropylphosphite">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ZS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylphosphite" title="Diethylphosphite">DEHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_methylphosphonate" title="Dimethyl methylphosphonate">EA-1224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamidophosphoric_dichloride" title="Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride">Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamidophosphoric_dicyanide" title="Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide">Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylphosphite" title="Dimethylphosphite">DMHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphosphonoselenoic_dichloride" title="Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride">Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldoxime" title="Formaldoxime">Formaldoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Nital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxycoumarin" title="4-Hydroxycoumarin">4-Hydroxycoumarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">Isopropyl alcohol</a> (TB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldichlorophosphine" title="Methyldichlorophosphine">Methyldichlorophosphine</a> (SW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphosphonyl_difluoride" title="Methylphosphonyl difluoride">Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)</a> (DF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphosphonyl_dichloride" title="Methylphosphonyl dichloride">Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">Nitromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPA_mixture" title="OPA mixture">OPA mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoryl_chloride" title="Phosphoryl chloride">Phosphoryl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentachloride" title="Phosphorus pentachloride">Phosphorus pentachloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">Phosphorus trichloride</a> (TH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacolone" title="Pinacolone">Pinacolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacolyl_alcohol" title="Pinacolyl alcohol">Pinacolyl alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QL_(chemical)" title="QL (chemical)">QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4,5-Trichlorophenol" title="2,4,5-Trichlorophenol">2,4,5-Trichlorophenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol" title="3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol">3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethyl_phosphite" title="Triethyl phosphite">Triethyl phosphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyl_phosphite" title="Trimethyl phosphite">Trimethyl phosphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thionyl_chloride" title="Thionyl chloride">TC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiodiglycol" title="Thiodiglycol">TG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a> (TZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniine" title="Coniine">Coniine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (BTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a> (TeNT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine" title="Ryanodine">Ryanodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a> (CTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanitoxin" title="Guanitoxin">Guanitoxin</a> (GTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophenylsilatrane" title="Chlorophenylsilatrane">Chlorophenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palytoxin" title="Palytoxin">Palytoxin</a> (PTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">Maitotoxin</a> (MTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veratridine" title="Veratridine">Veratridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a> (PbTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillatoxin" title="Antillatoxin">Antillatoxin</a> (ATX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Tetraethyllead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylmercury" title="Dimethylmercury">Dimethylmercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN1_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN1 (nitrogen mustard)">HN1 hydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN2" class="mw-redirect" title="HN2">HN2 hydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine">HN3 hydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDPN_(chemical)" title="IDPN (chemical)">A-8564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemine" title="Gelsemine">Gelsemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfuryl_fluoride" title="Sulfuryl fluoride">Sulfuryl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremorine" title="Tremorine">Tremorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxotremorine" title="Oxotremorine">Oxotremorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine" title="Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine">Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicyclic_phosphate" title="Bicyclic phosphate">Bicyclic phosphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPTBO" title="IPTBO">IPTBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPO" title="TBPO">TBPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPS" title="TBPS">TBPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloflubicyne" title="Cloflubicyne">Cloflubicyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylolpropane_phosphite" title="Trimethylolpropane phosphite">Trimethylolpropane phosphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_agent" title="Pulmonary agent">Pulmonary/<br />choking agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">Phosgene</a> (CG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluoroisobutene" title="Perfluoroisobutene">Perfluoroisobutene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">Chloropicrin</a> (PS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine" title="Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine">Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosgene" title="Diphosgene">Diphosgene</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_decafluoride" title="Disulfur decafluoride">Disulfur decafluoride</a> (Z)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_bromoacetate" title="Ethyl bromoacetate">Ethyl bromoacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchloromethyl_mercaptan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perchloromethyl mercaptan">Perchloromethyl mercaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylcarbylamine_chloride" title="Phenylcarbylamine chloride">Phenylcarbylamine chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranitromethane" title="Tetranitromethane">Tetranitromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachlorodinitroethane" title="Tetrachlorodinitroethane">Tetrachlorodinitroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">Chlorine trifluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchloryl_fluoride" title="Perchloryl fluoride">Perchloryl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_chloride" title="Cadmium chloride">Cadmium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">Mercuric chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">Selenium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenoyl_fluoride" title="Selenoyl fluoride">Selenoyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoronitrosomethane" title="Trifluoronitrosomethane">Trifluoronitrosomethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloronitrosomethane" title="Trichloronitrosomethane">Trichloronitrosomethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">Phosphorus trichloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenone" title="Ethenone">Ethenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_vinyl_ketone" title="Methyl vinyl ketone">Methyl vinyl ketone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoroacetyl_chloride" title="Trifluoroacetyl chloride">Trifluoroacetyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salcomine" title="Salcomine">Salcomine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluomine" title="Fluomine">Fluomine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">Uranium hexafluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane" title="Diborane">Diborane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Cross_(chemical_warfare)" title="Green Cross (chemical warfare)">Green Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vomiting_agent" title="Vomiting agent">Vomiting agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamsite" title="Adamsite">Adamsite</a> (DM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">Chloropicrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litharge" title="Litharge">Litharge</a>-<a href="/wiki/Glycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerine">glycerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylchlorarsine" title="Diphenylchlorarsine">Diphenylchlorarsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylcyanoarsine" title="Diphenylcyanoarsine">Diphenylcyanoarsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodyl_cyanide" title="Cacodyl cyanide">Cacodyl cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Dianisidine" title="O-Dianisidine">o-Dianisidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_potassium_tartrate" title="Antimony potassium tartrate">Antimony potassium tartrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent" title="Incapacitating agent">Incapacitating<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">BZ</a> (CS-4030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonitazene" title="Etonitazene">EA-4941</a> (CS-4640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benactyzine" title="Benactyzine">EA-2092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditran" title="Ditran">CS-4297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoxadrol" title="Etoxadrol">Etoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">Dimethylheptylpyran</a> (DMHP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canbisol" title="Canbisol">Canbisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">EA-2148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3167" title="EA-3167">EA-3167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3443" title="EA-3443">EA-3443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3580" title="EA-3580">EA-3580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3834" title="EA-3834">EA-3834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolokol-1" title="Kolokol-1">Kolokol-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent#Sleeping_gas" title="Incapacitating agent">Sleeping gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">JB-318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">JB-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS-27349" title="CS-27349">CS-27349</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-226,086" title="CAR-226,086">CAR-226,086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-301,060" title="CAR-301,060">CAR-301,060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,196" title="CAR-302,196">CAR-302,196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,282" title="CAR-302,282">CAR-302,282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,668" title="CAR-302,668">CAR-302,668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procarbazine" title="Procarbazine">Procarbazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Lachrymatory<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylyl_bromide" title="Xylyl bromide">Xylyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">Pepper spray</a> (OC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(spray)" title="Mace (spray)">Mace (spray)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenol_mebutate" title="Ingenol mebutate">Ingenol mebutate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">RTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNS_(chemical_weapon)" title="CNS (chemical weapon)">CNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_chloride" title="Benzyl chloride">Benzyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_bromide" title="Benzyl bromide">Benzyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_iodide" title="Benzyl iodide">Benzyl iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromobenzyl_cyanide" title="Bromobenzyl cyanide">Bromobenzyl cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiophosgene" title="Thiophosgene">Thiophosgene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroacetone" title="Chloroacetone">Chloroacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoacetone" title="Bromoacetone">Bromoacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromomethyl_ethyl_ketone" title="Bromomethyl ethyl ketone">Bromomethyl ethyl ketone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_bromide" title="Phenacyl bromide">Phenacyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroacetophenone_oxime" title="Chloroacetophenone oxime">Chloroacetophenone oxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_bromoacetate" title="Ethyl bromoacetate">Ethyl bromoacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_iodoacetate" title="Ethyl iodoacetate">Ethyl iodoacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodoacetone" title="Iodoacetone">Iodoacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethylene_diisocyanate" title="Hexamethylene diisocyanate">Hexamethylene diisocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotonaldehyde" title="Crotonaldehyde">Crotonaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croton_oil" title="Croton oil">Croton oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DRC-5593" title="DRC-5593">DRC-5593</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malodorant" title="Malodorant">Malodorant</a> agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thioacetone" title="Thioacetone">Thioacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skatole" title="Skatole">Skatole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaverine" title="Cadaverine">Cadaverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">Putrescine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cornea-clouding agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">Lewisite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene_oxime" title="Phosgene oxime">CX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KB-16" title="KB-16">KB-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cyanoacrylate" title="Methyl cyanoacrylate">Methyl cyanoacrylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmorpholine" title="N-Methylmorpholine">N-Methylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_alcohol" title="Allyl alcohol">Allyl alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodyl_cyanide" title="Cacodyl cyanide">Cacodyl cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglycolic_acid" title="Diglycolic acid">Diglycolic acid esters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">Abrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopiazonic_acid" title="Cyclopiazonic acid">Cyclopiazonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionicotoxins" title="Histrionicotoxins">Histrionicotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Aflatoxins">Aflatoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin_type_B" title="Enterotoxin type B">Enterotoxin type B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">Grayanotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanitoxin" title="Guanitoxin">Guanitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">Maitotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeccin" title="Modeccin">Modeccin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palytoxin" title="Palytoxin">Palytoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiga_toxin" title="Shiga toxin">Shiga toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-2_mycotoxin" title="T-2 mycotoxin">T-2 mycotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkensin" title="Volkensin">Volkensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veratridine" title="Veratridine">Veratridine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tumor promoting agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phorbol_esters" title="Phorbol esters">Phorbol esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate" title="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate">12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croton_oil" title="Croton oil">Croton oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_fluoroacetate" title="Methyl fluoroacetate">Methyl fluoroacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">Napalm</a> (variants and mixtures)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroethyl_fluoroacetate" title="Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate">Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a> <ul><li>post-combustion <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">uranium oxides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium_compounds" title="Plutonium compounds">its compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">White phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_warfare_agents" title="List of chemical warfare agents">List of chemical warfare agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CB_military_symbol" title="CB military symbol">CB military symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators653" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template talk:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acetylcholine_metabolism_and_transport_modulators653" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_modulator" title="Enzyme modulator">modulators</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Choline_acetyltransferase" title="Choline acetyltransferase"><abbr title="Choline acetyltransferase">ChAT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Choline acetyltransferase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium (page does not exist)">1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-(%CE%B1-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium (page does not exist)">2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Chloro-4-stillbazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Chloro-4-stillbazole (page does not exist)">3-Chloro-4-stillbazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine (page does not exist)">4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylseco_hemicholinium-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylseco hemicholinium-3 (page does not exist)">Acetylseco hemicholinium-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acryloylcholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acryloylcholine (page does not exist)">Acryloylcholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AF64A" class="mw-redirect" title="AF64A">AF64A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(E)-1-Methyl-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(E)-1-Methyl-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (page does not exist)">B115</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(2-Benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(2-Benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium (page does not exist)">BETA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylamino-2-ethoxyimino-2-adamantane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylamino-2-ethoxyimino-2-adamantane (page does not exist)">CM-54,903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate (page does not exist)">N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate (page does not exist)">N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase" title="Acetylcholinesterase"><abbr title="Acetylcholinesterase">AChE</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acetylcholinesterase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">Inhibitors</a>:</b> <i>Reversible:</i> Carbamates: <a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminocarb" title="Aminocarb">Aminocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bendiocarb" title="Bendiocarb">Bendiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bufencarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bufencarb (page does not exist)">Bufencarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbaryl" title="Carbaryl">Carbaryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbendazim" title="Carbendazim">Carbendazim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbetamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbetamide (page does not exist)">Carbetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbofuran" title="Carbofuran">Carbofuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbosulfan" title="Carbosulfan">Carbosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorbufam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorbufam (page does not exist)">Chlorbufam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloropropham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloropropham (page does not exist)">Chloropropham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetilan" title="Dimetilan">Dimetilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethienocarb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethienocarb">Ethienocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiofencarb" title="Ethiofencarb">Ethiofencarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenobucarb" title="Fenobucarb">Fenobucarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formetanate" title="Formetanate">Formetanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formparanate" title="Formparanate">Formparanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methomyl" title="Methomyl">Methomyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metolcarb" title="Metolcarb">Metolcarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miotine" title="Miotine">Miotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxamyl" title="Oxamyl">Oxamyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenmedipham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenmedipham (page does not exist)">Phenmedipham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinmicarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinmicarb (page does not exist)">Pinmicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirimicarb" title="Pirimicarb">Pirimicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promecarb" title="Promecarb">Promecarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propamocarb" title="Propamocarb">Propamocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propham (page does not exist)">Propham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxur" title="Propoxur">Propoxur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiodicarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiodicarb (page does not exist)">Thiodicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiofanox" title="Thiofanox">Thiofanox</a>; Stigmines: <a href="/wiki/Distigmine" title="Distigmine">Distigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eptastigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eptastigmine (page does not exist)">Eptastigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganstigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganstigmine (page does not exist)">Ganstigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neostigmine" title="Neostigmine">Neostigmine</a> <a href="/wiki/Neostigmine/glycopyrronium_bromide" title="Neostigmine/glycopyrronium bromide">+glycopyrronium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenserine" title="Phenserine">Phenserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">Physostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyridostigmine" title="Pyridostigmine">Pyridostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quilostigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quilostigmine (page does not exist)">Quilostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivastigmine" title="Rivastigmine">Rivastigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terestigmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terestigmine (page does not exist)">Terestigmine</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Acotiamide" title="Acotiamide">Acotiamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambenonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambenonium">Ambenonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donepezil" title="Donepezil">Donepezil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3990" title="EA-3990">EA-3990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4056" title="EA-4056">EA-4056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edrophonium" title="Edrophonium">Edrophonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">Galantamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">Huperzine A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huprine_W&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huprine W (page does not exist)">Huprine W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huprine_X" title="Huprine X">Huprine X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huprine_Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huprine Y (page does not exist)">Huprine Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipidacrine" title="Ipidacrine">Ipidacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itopride" title="Itopride">Itopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladostigil" title="Ladostigil">Ladostigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaprine" title="Minaprine">Minaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium_bromide)" title="Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)">Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1123" title="T-1123">T-1123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1152" title="T-1152">T-1152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1194" title="T-1194">T-1194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-599" title="TL-599">TL-599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1238" title="TL-1238">TL-1238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrine" title="Tacrine">Tacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanapezil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanapezil (page does not exist)">Zanapezil</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Irreversible:</i> Organophosphates: <a href="/wiki/2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl_cyclohexyl_methylphosphonate" title="2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate">2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acephate" title="Acephate">Acephate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armine_(chemical)" title="Armine (chemical)">Armine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azinphos-ethyl" title="Azinphos-ethyl">Azinphos-ethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azinphos-methyl" title="Azinphos-methyl">Azinphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAY-29952" title="BAY-29952">BAY-29952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensulide" title="Bensulide">Bensulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadusafos" title="Cadusafos">Cadusafos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbophenothion" title="Carbophenothion">Carbophenothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorethoxyfos" title="Chlorethoxyfos">Chlorethoxyfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorfenvinphos" title="Chlorfenvinphos">Chlorfenvinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorpyrifos-methyl">Chlorpyrifos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumaphos" title="Coumaphos">Coumaphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotylsarin" title="Crotylsarin">Crotylsarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanophos" title="Cyanophos">Cyanophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin (GF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demephion" title="Demephion">Demephion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeton" title="Demeton">Demeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeton-S-methyl" title="Demeton-S-methyl">Demeton-S-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialifor" title="Dialifor">Dialifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazinon" title="Diazinon">Diazinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorvos" title="Dichlorvos">Dichlorvos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicrotophos" title="Dicrotophos">Dicrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyclohexyl_phosphorofluoridate" title="Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate">Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropylphosphate" title="Diisopropylphosphate">Diisopropylphosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Diisopropyl fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimefox" title="Dimefox">Dimefox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoate" title="Dimethoate">Dimethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_4-(methylthio)phenyl_phosphate" title="Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate">Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxathion" title="Dioxathion">Dioxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfoton" title="Disulfoton">Disulfoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2012" title="EA-2012">EA-2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2054" title="EA-2054">EA-2054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2098" title="EA-2098">EA-2098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2192" title="EA-2192">EA-2192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2613" title="EA-2613">EA-2613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3148" title="EA-3148">EA-3148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4352" title="EA-4352">EA-4352</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echothiophate" title="Echothiophate">Echothiophate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylsarin" title="Ethylsarin">Ethylsarin (GE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothion" title="Endothion">Endothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPN_(insecticide)" title="EPN (insecticide)">EPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethion" title="Ethion">Ethion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoprop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethoprop">Ethoprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamiphos" title="Fenamiphos">Fenamiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenitrothion" title="Fenitrothion">Fenitrothion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenthion" title="Fenthion">Fenthion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorotabun" title="Fluorotabun">Fluorotabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonofos" title="Fonofos">Fonofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formothion" title="Formothion">Formothion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosthiazate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosthiazate (page does not exist)">Fosthiazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GD-42" title="GD-42">GD-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GH_(nerve_agent)" title="GH (nerve agent)">GH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GT-45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GT-45 (page does not exist)">GT-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GV_(nerve_agent)" title="GV (nerve agent)">GV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanitoxin" title="Guanitoxin">Guanitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaethyl_tetraphosphate" title="Hexaethyl tetraphosphate">Hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofluorophate" class="mw-redirect" title="Isofluorophate">Isofluorophate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxathion" title="Isoxathion">Isoxathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptophos" title="Leptophos">Leptophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaoxon" title="Malaoxon">Malaoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazidox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazidox (page does not exist)">Mazidox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methidathion" title="Methidathion">Methidathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_phenkapton" title="Methyl phenkapton">Methyl phenkapton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylfluorophosphonylcholine" title="Methylfluorophosphonylcholine">Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrifonate" title="Metrifonate">Metrifonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevinphos" title="Mevinphos">Mevinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mipafox" title="Mipafox">Mipafox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrotophos" title="Monocrotophos">Monocrotophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSPI_(nerve_agent)" title="MSPI (nerve agent)">MSPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naled" title="Naled">Naled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omethoate" title="Omethoate">Omethoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxydemeton-methyl" title="Oxydemeton-methyl">Oxydemeton-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraoxon" title="Paraoxon">Paraoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion" title="Parathion">Parathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathion-methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Parathion-methyl">Parathion-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorate" title="Phorate">Phorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosalone" title="Phosalone">Phosalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosfolan" title="Phosfolan">Phosfolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosmet" title="Phosmet">Phosmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphamidon" title="Phosphamidon">Phosphamidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoxim" title="Phoxim">Phoxim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirimiphos-methyl" title="Pirimiphos-methyl">Pirimiphos-methyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profenofos" title="Profenofos">Profenofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothoate" title="Prothoate">Prothoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-16661" title="R-16661">R-16661</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0340&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0340 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0340</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0346&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0346 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0346</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0347 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0347</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0351&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0351 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0351</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0352&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0352 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0352</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0397&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0397 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0397</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0411&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0411 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0412" title="Ro 3-0412">Ro 3-0412</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0417&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0417 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0417</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0419" title="Ro 3-0419">Ro 3-0419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0422" title="Ro 3-0422">Ro 3-0422</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_3-0433&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 3-0433 (page does not exist)">Ro 3-0433</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronnel (page does not exist)">Ronnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin (GB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schradan" title="Schradan">Schradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman (GD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfotep" title="Sulfotep">Sulfotep (TEDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun (GA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebupirimfos" title="Tebupirimfos">Tebupirimfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temefos" title="Temefos">Temefos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbufos" title="Terbufos">Terbufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachlorvinphos" title="Tetrachlorvinphos">Tetrachlorvinphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyl_pyrophosphate" title="Tetraethyl pyrophosphate">Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazofos" title="Triazofos">Triazofos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribufos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribufos (page does not exist)">Tribufos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichlorfon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichlorfon">Trichlorfon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloronate" title="Trichloronate">Trichloronate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricresyl_phosphate" title="Tricresyl phosphate">Tricresyl phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VE_(nerve_agent)" title="VE (nerve agent)">VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP_(nerve_agent)" class="mw-redirect" title="VP (nerve agent)">VP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VS_(nerve_agent)" title="VS (nerve agent)">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Demecarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Demecarium">Demecarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciculin" title="Fasciculin">Fasciculins (green mamba toxins)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 1 (page does not exist)">1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 2 (page does not exist)">2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 3 (page does not exist)">3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasciculin_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasciculin 4 (page does not exist)">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchidal" title="Onchidal">Onchidal</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Onchidella_binneyi" title="Onchidella binneyi">Onchidella binneyi</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanesulfonyl_fluoride" title="Methanesulfonyl fluoride">Methanesulfonyl fluoride</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pinene" title="Α-Pinene">α-Pinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Viniferin" title="Α-Viniferin">α-Viniferin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinine" title="Affinine">Affinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinisine" title="Affinisine">Affinisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisugacin_A" title="Arisugacin A">Arisugacin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbocapnine" title="Bulbocapnine">Bulbocapnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conodurine" title="Conodurine">Conodurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corydaline" title="Corydaline">Corydaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynoline" title="Corynoline">Corynoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimidine" title="Crimidine">Crimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanoline" title="Cyclanoline">Cyclanoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymserine" title="Cymserine">Cymserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmaline" title="Harmaline">Harmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobophenol_A" title="Kobophenol A">Kobophenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactucopicrin" title="Lactucopicrin">Lactucopicrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycorine" title="Lycorine">Lycorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosacetim" title="Phosacetim">Phosacetim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmarinic_acid" title="Rosmarinic acid">Rosmarinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stercuronium_iodide" title="Stercuronium iodide">Stercuronium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taspine" title="Taspine">Taspine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungeremine" title="Ungeremine">Ungeremine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungiminorine" title="Ungiminorine">Ungiminorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcarbamoyl_fluoride" title="Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride">Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW284C51" title="BW284C51">BW284C51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMTFA" title="TMTFA">TMTFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3152_CT" title="3152 CT">3152 CT</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase_reactivator" title="Cholinesterase reactivator">Reactivators</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asoxime_chloride" title="Asoxime chloride">Asoxime chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methoxime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methoxime (page does not exist)">Methoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obidoxime" title="Obidoxime">Obidoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralidoxime" title="Pralidoxime">Pralidoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimedoxime_bromide" title="Trimedoxime bromide">Trimedoxime bromide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Butyrylcholinesterase" title="Butyrylcholinesterase"><abbr title="Butyrylcholinesterase">BChE</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Butyrylcholinesterase</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Affinine" title="Affinine">Affinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinisine" title="Affinisine">Affinisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conodurine" title="Conodurine">Conodurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymserine" title="Cymserine">Cymserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladostigil" title="Ladostigil">Ladostigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profenamine" title="Profenamine">Profenamine (ethopropazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivastigmine" title="Rivastigmine">Rivastigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrine" title="Tacrine">Tacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZINC-12613047&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZINC-12613047 (page does not exist)">ZINC-12613047</a></li> <li>Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">Transporter</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Transporter_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Transporter modulator">modulators</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Choline_transporter" title="Choline transporter"><abbr title="Choline transporter">CHT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Choline transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hemicholinium-3" title="Hemicholinium-3">Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethylcholine" title="Triethylcholine">Triethylcholine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Enhancers:</b> <a href="/wiki/Coluracetam" title="Coluracetam">Coluracetam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_acetylcholine_transporter" title="Vesicular acetylcholine transporter"><abbr title="Vesicular acetylcholine transporter">VAChT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicular acetylcholine transporter</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Inhibitors:</b> <a href="/wiki/Vesamicol" title="Vesamicol">Vesamicol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitter release">Release</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Release_modulator" title="Release modulator">modulators</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Release_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Release inhibitor">Inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Synaptosomal-associated_protein_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptosomal-associated protein 25"><abbr title="Synaptosomal-associated protein 25">SNAP-25</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Synaptosomal-associated protein 25</span> inactivators:</b> <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin E">E</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vesicle-associated_membrane_protein" title="Vesicle-associated membrane protein"><abbr title="Vesicle-associated membrane protein">VAMP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Vesicle-associated membrane protein</span> inactivators:</b> <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_F" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin F">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum toxin G">G</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta-Bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Bungarotoxin">β-bungarotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-bungarotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-bungarotoxin">γ-bungarotoxin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Release_enhancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Release enhancer">Enhancers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin" title="Latrophilin"><abbr title="Latrophilin">LPHN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Latrophilin</span> agonists:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-Latrotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Latrotoxin">α-Latrotoxin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> Atracotoxins (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">robustoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versutoxin" title="Versutoxin">versutoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotoxin" title="Crotoxin">Crotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators">Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neurotoxins205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neurotoxins" title="Template:Neurotoxins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neurotoxins" title="Template talk:Neurotoxins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotoxins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neurotoxins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neurotoxins205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestoxin" title="Bestoxin">Bestoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birtoxin" title="Birtoxin">Birtoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciculin" title="Fasciculin">Fasciculin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwentoxin" title="Huwentoxin">Huwentoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poneratoxin" title="Poneratoxin">Poneratoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillotoxin" title="Vanillotoxin">Vanillotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssm_spooky_toxin" title="Ssm spooky toxin">Spooky toxin (SsTx)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrotoxin" title="Dendrotoxin">Dendrotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_toxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial toxin">Bacterial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanitoxin" title="Guanitoxin">Guanitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Methylamino-L-alanine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Methylamino-L-alanine">BMAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_toxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant toxin">Plant toxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitrem_A" title="Penitrem A">Penitrem A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenone" title="Rotenone">Rotenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgotoxin" 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title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP_(nerve_agent)" class="mw-redirect" title="VP (nerve agent)">VP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GV_(nerve_agent)" title="GV (nerve agent)">GV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3990" title="EA-3990">EA-3990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4056" title="EA-4056">EA-4056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1123" title="T-1123">T-1123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium_bromide)" title="Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)">Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorotabun" title="Fluorotabun">Fluorotabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_VX" title="Chinese VX">Chinese VX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2192" title="EA-2192">EA-2192</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bicyclic_phosphate" title="Bicyclic phosphate">Bicyclic phosphates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TBPS" title="TBPS">TBPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPO" title="TBPO">TBPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTBO" title="IPTBO">IPTBO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cholinergic neurotoxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylcholine_mustard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylcholine mustard (page does not exist)">Acetylcholine mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catecholine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catecholine (page does not exist)">Catecholine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choline_mustard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choline mustard (page does not exist)">Choline mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylcholine_mustard" title="Ethylcholine mustard">Ethylcholine mustard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemicholinium_mustard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemicholinium mustard (page does not exist)">Hemicholinium mustard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.789","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19489552,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlbats1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen,_Nick_and_Horton,_Helena2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarryYeginsu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirstein2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozheyeva2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastelvecchi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaiHayesEricksonBoyer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappellS._Schwartz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCockburn_H.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroddyWirtzLarsen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarlingNoste2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Vooght-Johnson,_Ryan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllison2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedorov1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFelshtinskyPribylovsky2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlynnGarthoffFlynn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancaKitagawaCavalcanteDa_Silva2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancaKitagawaCavalcanteda_Silva2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFyodorovMirzayanov1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreavesHunt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalámekKobliha2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoenig2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosseiniSaeidianAmozadehNaseri2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKendallPresleyAustinSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKincaid1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein,_Alice2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnip2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacAskill2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaza2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeridian_Medical_Technologies,_Inc.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirzayanov1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirzayanov2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammedi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoranVlastoMeek2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeplow2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPitschmann2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiter,_SvetlanaGevorkyan,_Natalia2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisingLitvinova2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalemKatz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwirtz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShleynov2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSiebold,_Sabine_and_Shalal,_Andrea2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrokanYusinSafronovKorostikov2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalmazan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrban2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVásárhelyiFöldi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerGeorgieva2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaller1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf2003\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Chemical agents sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Chemical warfare\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 19,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 27,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 19,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Neurotoxins\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b4fff7949-nm8xg","timestamp":"20250326142709","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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