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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <div class="free-toc-container"> <ul id="free-toc" class="collapse list-group shadow-sm mb-1" style="overflow: hidden"> <li class="list-group-item active"> <a class="d-block" title="CONGO, fleuve et bassin, Le fleuve Congo" href="/encyclopedie/congo-fleuve-et-bassin/"> 1. Le fleuve Congo </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CONGO, fleuve et bassin, Le bassin du Congo" href="/encyclopedie/congo-fleuve-et-bassin/2-le-bassin-du-congo/"> 2. Le bassin du Congo </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CONGO, fleuve et bassin, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/congo-fleuve-et-bassin/3-bibliographie/"> 3. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>CONGO, </strong><em>fleuve et bassin</em> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC070147_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC070147_0"></i><p>Le Congo n'est pas l'un des plus longs <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les fleuves, et les cours d'eau en général, ont toujours tenu une grande place dans la vie des hommes et leurs préoccupations. Les civilisations anciennes, désarmées devant leur puissance de destruction et ne pouvant ni expliquer ni prévoir leur comportement, les ont divinisés et implorés. L'homme moderne a entrepris de les étudier (potamologie), de comprendre les lois de leur écoulement..." title="Article : FLEUVES" href="/encyclopedie/fleuves/">fleuves</a> du monde. Ses quelque 4 000 km le placent bien après l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Un peu plus long que le Nil , avec les 7 025 km de son cours, l'Amazone se place au premier rang, parmi les fleuves du monde, pour l'étendue de la superficie drainée : environ 6 millions de kilomètres carrés qui se répartissent sur six États d'Amérique latine. Sa supério rité est encore plus manifeste en ce qui concerne l'abondance de l'alimentation : le débit moyen à l'em..." title="Article : AMAZONE, fleuve" href="/encyclopedie/amazone-fleuve/">Amazone</a>, le Mississippi-Missouri, les grands fleuves sibériens et, en Afrique même, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Avec ses 6 671 kilomètres, depuis son affluent le plus lointain, la Luvironza en Tanzanie , et 6 058 kilomètres depuis le lac Victoria, le Nil prend rang, aux côtés de l' Amazone et de l'ensemble Mississippi-Missouri, parmi les trois plus longs fleuves du monde. Son bassin draine 3 millions de kilomètres carrés, un dixième du continent africain réparti entre deux grands ense..." title="Article : NIL" href="/encyclopedie/nil/">Nil</a>. Son débit est plus remarquable : 40 000 m<sup>3</sup>/s environ, ce qui le classe immédiatement après l'Amazone, créditée d'au moins 200 000 m<sup>3</sup>/s. La puissance des deux fleuves est le commun reflet du climat équatorial et subéquatorial qui apporte plus de 1 400 mm de précipitations annuelles sur la majeure partie des deux bassins. Le débit moindre du Congo s'explique principalement par un bassin plus réduit, quoique encore immense : 3 450 000 km<sup>2 </sup>contre 6 900 000 pour son homologue américain. Aucun fleuve enfin, le Nil mis à part, n'a excité au même point la curiosité des explorateurs et des anciens géographes, ni fait une aussi belle carrière dans la légende et la littérature.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PA083126" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Port de Mbandaka, République démocratique du Congo" href="/media/port-de-mbandaka-republique-democratique-du-congo-pa083126/"><img id="PA083126" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/5/csm_pa083126_006f4394ec.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Port de Mbandaka, République démocratique du Congo - crédits : Per-Anders Pettersson/ Getty Images" data-description="Mbandaka, port sur le fleuve Congo. Située à plus de 700 kilomètres au nord-est de Kinshasa, la ville est un centre de pêche et de transformation artisanale du poisson. Des campements de pêcheurs sont ainsi disséminés le long du cours d'eau." data-copyright="Per-Anders Pettersson/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="683" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Port de Mbandaka, République démocratique du Congo </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Per-Anders Pettersson/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Son nom même n'est pas neutre. Les navigateurs portugais le firent connaître à l'Europe sous une double dénomination : Congo, du nom des populations riveraines du bas fleuve et du royaume établi sur ces contrées ; Zaïre, déformation de <em>nzadi</em> qui signifie « eau » en kikongo. En 1971, jouant de cette ambiguïté, le président Mobutu substitua Zaïre à Congo pour désigner le fleuve, l'État et la monnaie, inaugurant ainsi sa politique d'« authenticité ». En 1997, Laurent Kabila s'empressa de rétablir le nom de Congo pour effacer symboliquement l'ère Mobutu.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC070147_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC070147_1"></i><h2> Le fleuve Congo</h2><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC070147_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC070147_1_0"></i><h3>Une énigme géographique tardivement éclaircie</h3><p>Il ne semble pas qu'aux temps anciens les riverains et utilisateurs du Congo se soient beaucoup interrogés sur les origines et l'unité de ce fleuve, diversement dénommé dans les parties successives de son cours. Mais le problème a surgi dès l'arrivée du premier Européen : « En 1483, note l'historien Randles, le navigateur portugais Diogo Cao, en quête d'un passage reliant l'Atlantique à l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Bordé par les continents africain et asiatique, l'Insulinde et l' Australie , et jouxtant l'océan Austral, avec lequel il n'a de véritable limite qu'hydrologique, l'océan Indien est le plus petit des trois grands golfes de l'océan mondial, et le seul qui n'atteigne pas la zone froide boréale. À la différence de l'Atlantique et du Pacifique, le climat de l'océan Indien est dominé par ..." title="Article : OCÉAN INDIEN" href="/encyclopedie/ocean-indien/">océan Indien</a>, suit au prix de bien des difficultés et des périls la côte occidentale de l'Afrique, pénètre dans l'hémisphère austral et découvre l'embouchure du Congo. En raison de sa largeur, il semble avoir été amené à la confondre avec le détroit qu'il cherchait, et qui devait lui permettre d'accéder au royaume chrétien du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Figure mythique, le Prêtre Jean représente pour les Occidentaux un puissant souverain chrétien, à la fois roi et prêtre, régnant au-delà des territoires qui leur étaient accessibles. Cette figure paraît s'être formée, à partir d'éléments divers, dans l'Orient latin, au contact des chrétiens orientaux (A. D. von den Brincken, Nationes christianorum orientalium , 1973). Le nom mê..." title="Article : PRÊTRE JEAN" href="/encyclopedie/pretre-jean/">Prêtre Jean</a>. » Il faudra longtemps pour dissiper cette illusion d'une origine éthiopienne du Congo, et plus encore celle d'un grand lac intérieur, source commune du Congo et d'autres fleuves, dont le Nil. Les missionnaires capucins qui, dès la seconde moitié du <span class="pc">xvii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, atteignirent le Pool Malébo (du nom des palmiers à huile très nombreux sur l'île Mbamou qui en occupe le centre) toujours en vue d'atteindre le royaume du Prêtre Jean, se heurtèrent à la barrière constituée par le royaume Téké. Menée selon un esprit géographique déjà moderne, au cours de la deuxième décennie du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, l'expédition de Tuckey et de ses compagnons, décimée par les fièvres, dut rebrousser chemin sans avoir dépassé le bief calme, intermédiaire entre l'embouchure et le Pool Malébo. C'est en partant du cours supérieur et en descendant le « fleuve Livingstone » depuis ses « sources méridionales » que Stanley, le 12 mars 1877, devait finalement lever l'énigme en redécouvrant la nappe d'eau qui lui devra son nom, Stanley Pool, et qui reprit son ancienne appellation après les indépendances.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC070147_1_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC070147_1_1"></i><h3>Une succession de tronçons</h3><p>Un fleuve à métamorphoses, tel apparaît désormais le Congo. Les trois cours d'eau formateurs sont encore, à des degrés divers, engagés dans l'architecture continentale propre à l'Afrique orientale : gouttières et fossés de direction méridienne, séparés par des « dorsales », et partiellement occupés par des <a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" 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title="Auteur : Gilles SAUTTER" rel="author" href="/auteurs/gilles-sautter/"><strong>Gilles SAUTTER</strong></a> : maître de conférences à la faculté des lettres et sciences humaines de Paris, directeur d'études à l'École pratique des hautes études </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : CONGO, fleuve et bassin" href="/carte-mentale/congo-fleuve-et-bassin/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070147_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol 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class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Port de Mbandaka, République démocratique du Congo" href="/media/port-de-mbandaka-republique-democratique-du-congo-pa083126/"> <img id="PA083126" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/5/csm_pa083126_006f4394ec.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Port de Mbandaka, République démocratique du Congo - crédits : Per-Anders Pettersson/ Getty Images" data-description="Mbandaka, port sur le fleuve Congo. Située à plus de 700 kilomètres au nord-est de Kinshasa, la ville est un centre de pêche et de transformation artisanale du poisson. Des campements de pêcheurs sont ainsi disséminés le long du cours d'eau." data-copyright="Per-Anders Pettersson/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="683" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Port de Mbandaka, République démocratique du Congo </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Per-Anders Pettersson/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PA080637" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Barrage d'Inga" href="/media/barrage-dinga-pa080637/"> <img id="PA080637" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/e/csm_pa080637_f2080f7989.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Barrage d'Inga - crédits : G. Gerster/ Comstock Inc." data-description="Proposé pour la construction d'un barrage dès 1925, le site d'Inga, sur le Congo, près de Matadi (République démocratique du Congo), ne commença d'être aménagé qu'à partir de 1958. La première tranche du projet fut mise en service en septembre 1972." data-copyright="G. Gerster/ Comstock Inc." width="1024" height="684" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Barrage d'Inga </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> G. Gerster/ Comstock Inc. </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070147_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/fleuve-congo-arts-d-afrique-centrale-exposition/"> <span class="rg">FLEUVE CONGO. ARTS D'AFRIQUE CENTRALE </span><span class="rm">(exposition)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Michèle COQUET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 066 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Au sommet des marches conduisant à l'exposition <em>Fleuve Congo. </em><em>Arts d'Afrique centrale</em> au musée du quai Branly à Paris (22 juin - 3 octobre 2010), le visiteur est accueilli par de grandes cartes. L'une, à dominante verte, figure la vaste aire géographique formée par les bassins des fleuves...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/afrique-structure-et-milieu-geologie/#c23334"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Structure et milieu) - Géologie</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Anne FAURE-MURET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">18 789 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">22 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AFRIQUE (Structure et milieu) - G&eacute;ologie" href="/encyclopedie/afrique-structure-et-milieu-geologie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Carte géologique de l'Afrique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/f/csm_v010435_ca70293897.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> La majeure partie du craton centrafricain est stabilisée.Seules quelques zones demeurent semi-mobiles et donneront des chaînes linéaires intracratoniques, comme celle de la Luiza, qui a été métamorphisée lors de l'orogenèse de Mubindji à 2 423 Ma. Plus tard, c'est la formation de Lukoshi qui est déformée... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/afrique-structure-et-milieu-geographie-generale/#c23334"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Structure et milieu) - Géographie générale</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Roland POURTIER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">24 465 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">27 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...barrière que les fleuves coupés de rapides et de chutes franchissent difficilement. Cela a contribué à fermer l'Afrique aux Européens pendant quatre siècles : l'embouchure du Congo a été découverte en 1482 par le navigateur portugais Diogo Cao, mais son expédition fut contrainte de s'arrêter à Matadi, à hauteur... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bassin-sedimentaire/#c23334"> <span class="rg">BASSIN SÉDIMENTAIRE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Roger COQUE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 704 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BASSIN S&Eacute;DIMENTAIRE" href="/encyclopedie/bassin-sedimentaire/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Structure aclinale d'un bassin sédimentaire - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/3/csm_de040041_6bc2c48ce9.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Le bassin du Congo, étalé sur plus de 3 millions de kilomètres carrés, est un bon exemple d'un tel dispositif structural. La série gréseuse et marneuse du Karoo (Permo-Carbonifère) y repose en discordance sur le socle précambrien. Des grès et des argilites peu consolidés des séries du Kwango et du plateau... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/brazzaville/"> <span class="rg">BRAZZAVILLE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Roland POURTIER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">835 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Capitale de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Pays d’Afrique centrale, la république du Congo partage son toponoyme avec la République démocratique du Congo (RDC, Zaïre de 1971 à 1997). Pour éviter la confusion, il est d'usage de mentionner celui de leur capitale. Le Congo-Brazzaville couvre 342 000 km 2 ; sa population était estimée à environ 6 millions d'habitants en 2022. Depuis l'indépendance (1960), il a connu une h..." title="Article : RÉPUBLIQUE DU CONGO" href="/encyclopedie/republique-du-congo/">république du Congo</a>, Brazzaville est située en bordure d’un lac, le Pool Malebo (ex-Stanley Pool), à l'amont des rapides de Kintambo, premiers d'une série de chutes et de rapides qui interdisent la navigation sur le cours inférieur du Congo. Elle partage avec <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale et plus grande ville de la République démocratique du Congo , Kinshasa (Léopoldville jusqu'en 1966) se trouve à 515 kilomètres de l'Atlantique sur la rive sud du fleuve Congo. C'est l'une des plus grandes villes d'Afrique subsaharienne avec une population estimée à à environ dix millions d'habitants en 2010. Elle constitue une entité politique spéciale qui correspond à un..." title="Article : KINSHASA" href="/encyclopedie/kinshasa/">Kinshasa...</a></p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/congo-fleuve-et-bassin/"> Afficher les 9 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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