CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <base href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html"> <script src="//archive.org/includes/athena.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',function(){var v=archive_analytics.values;v.service='wb';v.server_name='wwwb-app200.us.archive.org';v.server_ms=368;archive_analytics.send_pageview({});});</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html","20200623154144","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1592926904"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv"> <title>ICL > Turkey > Index</title> <link rel="home" href="https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/"> <link rel="index" href="https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/index.html"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=" utf-8> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta name="description" content="Internet Project on Legal Research."> <meta name="author" content="Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta name="description" content="Internet Project on Legal Research."> <meta name="preprocessor" content="DfrMgr Ver. 3.0"> <meta name="copyright" content="Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher, LL.M."> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"> <meta name="revisit-after" content="10 days"> <meta name="description" content="International Constitutional Law"> <meta name="keywords" content="Constitutional Law, Constitutions"> <link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144cs_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/cssjs/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144js_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/cssjs/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144js_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/cssjs/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144js_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/cssjs/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <style> :target{ padding-top:140px; margin-top:-150px; } </style> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="en" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <script>__wm.rw(0);</script> <div id="wm-ipp-base" lang="en" style="display:none;direction:ltr;"> <div id="wm-ipp" style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;right:0;"> <div id="donato" style="position:relative;width:100%;"> <div id="donato-base"><iframe id="donato-if" src="https://archive.org/includes/donate.php?as_page=1&platform=wb&referer=https%3A//web.archive.org/web/20200623154144/https%3A//www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="width:100%; height:100%"> </iframe> </div> </div> <div id="wm-ipp-inside"> <div id="wm-toolbar" style="position:relative;display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;justify-content:space-between;"> <div id="wm-logo" style="/*width:110px;*/padding-top:12px;"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine home page"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-200.png" srcset="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-100.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB,https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-150.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB 1.5x,https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/_static/images/toolbar/wayback-toolbar-logo-200.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB 2x" alt="Wayback Machine" style="width:100px" border="0"></a> </div> <div class="c" style="display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;justify-content:space-between;flex:1;"> <form class="u" style="display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;" target="_top" method="get" action="/web/submit" name="wmtb" id="wmtb"> <input type="text" name="url" id="wmtbURL" value="https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html" onfocus="this.focus();this.select();" style="flex:1;"><input type="hidden" name="type" value="replay"><input type="hidden" name="date" value="20200623154144"><input type="submit" value="Go"> </form> <div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;align-items:flex-end;"> <div class="s" id="wm-nav-captures" style="flex:1;"><a class="t" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144*/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="See a list of every capture for this URL">112 captures</a> <div class="r" title="Timespan for captures of this URL"> 04 Mar 2008 - 07 Oct 2024 </div> </div> <div class="k"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" id="wm-graph-anchor"> <div id="wm-ipp-sparkline" title="Explore captures for this URL" style="position: relative"> <canvas id="wm-sparkline-canvas" width="725" height="27" border="0"></canvas> </div></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="n"> <table> <tbody> <tr class="m"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200516043729/http://www.servat.unibe.ch:80/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 May 2020"><strong>May</strong></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayMonthEl" title="You are here: 15:41:44 Jun 23, 2020">JUN</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200927161442/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 Sep 2020"><strong>Sep</strong></a></td> </tr> <tr class="d"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200516043729/http://www.servat.unibe.ch:80/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="04:37:29 May 16, 2020"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_prv_on.png" alt="Previous capture" width="14" height="16" border="0"></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayDayEl" style="width:34px;font-size:22px;white-space:nowrap;" title="You are here: 15:41:44 Jun 23, 2020">23</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200715075854/http://www.servat.unibe.ch:80/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="07:58:54 Jul 15, 2020"><img src="/_static/images/toolbar/wm_tb_nxt_on.png" alt="Next capture" width="14" height="16" border="0"></a></td> </tr> <tr class="y"> <td class="b" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20190429090621/http://www.servat.unibe.ch:80/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 Apr 2019"><strong>2019</strong></a></td> <td class="c" id="displayYearEl" title="You are here: 15:41:44 Jun 23, 2020">2020</td> <td class="f" nowrap><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20211008120319/https://servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="08 Oct 2021"><strong>2021</strong></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="r" style="display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;"> <div id="wm-btns" style="text-align:right;height:23px;"><span class="xxs"> <div id="wm-save-snapshot-success"> success </div> <div id="wm-save-snapshot-fail"> fail </div><a id="wm-save-snapshot-open" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" title="Share via My Web Archive"> <span class="iconochive-web"></span> </a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/account/login.php" title="Sign In" id="wm-sign-in"> <span class="iconochive-person"></span> </a> <span id="wm-save-snapshot-in-progress" class="iconochive-web"></span> </span> <a class="xxs" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://faq.web.archive.org/" title="Get some help using the Wayback Machine" style="top:-6px;"><span class="iconochive-question" style="color:rgb(87,186,244);font-size:160%;"></span></a> <a id="wm-tb-close" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#close" style="top:-2px;" title="Close the toolbar"><span class="iconochive-remove-circle" style="color:#888888;font-size:240%;"></span></a> </div> <div id="wm-share" class="xxs"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" id="wm-screenshot" title="screenshot"> <span class="wm-icon-screen-shot"></span> </a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" id="wm-video" title="video"> <span class="iconochive-movies"></span> </a> <a id="wm-share-facebook" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html" title="Share on Facebook" style="margin-right:5px;" target="_blank"><span class="iconochive-facebook" style="color:#3b5998;font-size:160%;"></span></a> <a id="wm-share-twitter" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html" title="Share on Twitter" style="margin-right:5px;" target="_blank"><span class="iconochive-twitter" style="color:#1dcaff;font-size:160%;"></span></a> </div> <div style="padding-right:2px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><a id="wm-expand" class="wm-btn wm-closed" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#expand"><span id="wm-expand-icon" class="iconochive-down-solid"></span> <span class="xxs" style="font-size:80%;">About this capture</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-capinfo" style="border-top:1px solid #777;display:none; overflow: hidden"> <div id="wm-capinfo-notice" source="api"></div> <div id="wm-capinfo-collected-by"> <div style="background-color:#666;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"> COLLECTED BY </div> <div style="padding:3px;position:relative" id="wm-collected-by-content"> <div style="display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;width:49%;"><span class="c-logo" style="background-image:url(https://archive.org/services/img/wikipedia-eventstream)"></span> <div> Collection: <a style="color:#33f;" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/wikipedia-eventstream" target="_new"><span class="wm-title">Wikipedia Eventstream</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-capinfo-timestamps"> <div style="background-color:#666;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center" title="Timestamps for the elements of this page"> TIMESTAMPS </div> <div> <div id="wm-capresources" style="margin:0 5px 5px 5px;max-height:250px;overflow-y:scroll !important"></div> <div id="wm-capresources-loading" style="text-align:left;margin:0 20px 5px 5px;display:none"> <img src="/_static/images/loading.gif" alt="loading"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wm-ipp-print"> The Wayback Machine - https://web.archive.org/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html </div> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ __wm.bt(725,27,25,2,"web","https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html","20200623154144",1996,"/_static/",["/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt","/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv"], false); __wm.rw(1); //]]></script> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-dark mb-3 pl-0 fixed-top" style="background-color: #009900;"> <div class="container-fluid"><a class="navbar-brand mr-3 dropdown-toggle" id="navbarDropdown" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <img src="/web/20200623154144im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/b/atlogo-white.png" height="28" class="d-inline-block align-top" alt="" loading="lazy" pr-3>   ICL Project </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown"><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/http://www.verfassungsvergleich.de/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">International Constitutional Law (ICL)</a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div><a class="dropdown-item" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/http://www.fallrecht.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Das Fallrecht (DFR)</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/http://www.rechtsphilosophie.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Rechtsphilosophie (RPhil)</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/http://www.verfassungsgeschichte.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Verfassungsgeschichte (VerfG)</a> </div><button type="button" class="navbar-toggler" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarCollapse"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarCollapse"> <div class="navbar-nav"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/index.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link active" id="constMenu">Countries</a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/info.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link" id="infoMenu">Information</a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/xr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link" id="xr__indxMenu">Keys</a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/synonyms.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link" id="synonymsMenu">Synonyms</a> <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/persons.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link" id="personsMenu">Persons</a> </div> <div class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/privacy.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="nav-item nav-link" id="privacyMenu">Privacy</a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-2" style="margin-top: 70px;"> <nav id="sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-header"><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/graphics/maps/large/tu-map.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/web/20200623154144im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/tu__map.gif" width="100%"> </a> </div> <ul class="list-unstyled components"> <p></p> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#constSubmenu" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="true" class="dropdown-toggle" id="constToggle"><b>Constitutions</b></a> <ul class="collapse show list-unstyled" id="constSubmenu"> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/al__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ag__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ao__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ar__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/am__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/as__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/au__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/aj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ba__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/be__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/br__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cb__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ca__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cc__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ch__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ez__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/er__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/en__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/et__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fj__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fi__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/h1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/hu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ic__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/in__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">India</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/id__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/iz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ei__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/is__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/it__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ja__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ke__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ku__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/li__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ly__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lh__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ma__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mt__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/np__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/kn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/no__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/po__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/qa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ro__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rs__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sa__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ri__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sn__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/lo__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/si__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ks__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sy__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tw__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ti__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/th__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t1__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ts__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" active><b>Turkey</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/uk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/us__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">United States of America</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/vm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ym__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/za__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/zi__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#infoSubmenu" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" class="dropdown-toggle" id="infoToggle">Information</a> <ul class="collapse list-unstyled" id="infoSubmenu"> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/an__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bf__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/by__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ci__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/cg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Congo-Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/co__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/dr__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ec__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/eg__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gt__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ho__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/my__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/mx__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/md__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/bm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/nu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ni__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pk__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pm__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/pe__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rp__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/rq__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sl__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/so__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ce__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/su__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ug__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/up__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/uz__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ve__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </ul></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-sm-10" style="margin-bottom: 70px; margin-top: 50px;"> <div class="container-fluid sticky-top pl-0 pt-3 pb-1 bg-white" style="top: 50px;"> <h1 class="display-5">Turkey</h1> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu00000_.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Constitution</a> (<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu00t___.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">2007</a>)<a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu00c___.doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"><img src="/web/20200623154144im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/download.gif" alt=" Download Document" border="0" height="13" width="15"></a></li><br> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/english/english.htm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Parliament</a><img src="/web/20200623154144im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> <li><a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/http://www.anayasa.gov.tr/index.php?lang=1&c=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" target="top">Constitutional Court</a><img src="/web/20200623154144im_/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/gifs/others.gif" alt=" ..." height="11" width="17"></li> </ul><br> <h4>Constitutional Background</h4> <div align="left"> The fifth constitution was established in 1982 by the last military regime after its seizing power in 1980.  The 1995 amendments abolished about 20 articles and the preamble that stated the people's will to accept military rule.  Further changes of the basic rights section have been adopted by a major revision in 2001.  Constitutional reform as a prerequisite for eventual membership in the Europen Union has been established by additional amendments until the current ICL status date of May 10th, 2007. </div><br> <h4>History and News</h4> <ul> <li>March 2004: Government of <i>Erdogan</i> announces imminent constitutional reforms.</li> <li>3 Nov 2002: AKP wins parliamentary elections; <i>Recep Tayyip Erdogan</i> later becomes Prime Minister.</li> <li>July 2000: President <i>Sezer</i> suggests constitutional reforms.</li> <li>1 March 1997: The army-dominated National Security Council hands the government a list of measures to keep Turkey a secular state.</li> <li>28 June 1996: The new government under the Islamist Prime Minister <i>Necmettin Erbakan</i> takes office.</li> <li>14 May 1996: The Constitutional Court agrees with pro-Islamist Welfare Party that a vote of confidence on 12 March did not have an absolute majority of the votes of sitting members.</li> <li>24 Dec 1995: Turkish Citizens abroad may, for the first time, vote at embassies and consulats for the general elections. 93 MPs complained before the Constitutional Court about lack of campaigning time until 24 Dec.</li> <li>Oct 1995: Proposal to amend anti-terrorism law.</li> <li>Aug 1995: 250 spectators were arrested during their protest against the semi-military State Security Court's decision to hold a trial against four leaders of a pro-Kurdish party behind closed doors.  The court later permitted spectators and freed the accused.</li> <li>23 July 1995: Constitutional amendment by the Grand National Parliament with the required two-thirds majority (against the votes of Islamists), abolishing about 20 articles and the preamble that stated the people's will to accept military rule.  Generals are still not under judicial control and amendments of Article 8 Anti-Terrorism Law are not yet included.</li> <li>7 July 1995: The Government declared its defeat against conservative, fundamentalist opposition in Parliament by grounding their project on constitutional revision.</li> <li>1994: After parliamentary debate in March, immunity of six Kurdish MPs was raised to imprison them for separatist propaganda punishable under Art. 8 Anti-Terrorism Law.  In Dec, they are sentenced to up to 15 years for links with the PKK.  Two of the six are set free by a decision of the Court of Cassation on 26 Oct 1995.</li> <li>1984: PKK (Kurdistan Workers Party) takes up arms against Turkish security forces.</li> <li>1982: <b>Fifth</b> (and current) <b>Constitution adopted.</b></li> <li>1980: Military coup; Generals prepare a new constitution.</li> <li>1961: <b>Fourth Constitution</b> adopted after military intervention.</li> <li>1924: <b>Third Constitution</b> adopted.</li> <li>1920: The <i>Ataturk</i> era establishes the military as guardians of Turkey's secular tradition; <b>second constitution</b> adopted.</li> <li>1876: <b>First Constitution</b> adopted during the Tanzimat movement.</li> </ul> <hr size="1"> <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> For methodology see: <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/http://ssrn.com/abstract=1502125?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> Comparing Constitutions and International Constitutional Law</a>.<br><i>漏 1994 - 07. Jun 2020 / For corrections please contact <a href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/http://www.rechtsphilosophie.ch/tschentscher.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">A. Tschentscher</a>.</i> </font> </center> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md pl-0 navbar-dark fixed-bottom" style="background-color: #009900;"> <div class="container-fluid"><button type="button" class="navbar-toggler" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#footerCollapse"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="footerCollapse"> <div class="navbar-nav"><a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Projects  ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">ICL  ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/index.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Constitutions  ></a> <a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/tu__indx.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Turkey</a> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-nav ml-auto"><a class="nav-link active" href="https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20200623154144/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/rechtsphilosophie/tschentscher.html?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">漏 <i>1994-2020 A. Tschentscher</i></a> </div> </div> </nav> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>