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dress" subsection </button> <ul id="toc-As_"national_dress"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_civil_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_civil_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 In civil life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_civil_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_and_leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_and_leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Work and leisure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_and_leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage_and_salutationes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage_and_salutationes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Patronage and salutationes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage_and_salutationes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Oratory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_public_morals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_public_morals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In public morals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_public_morals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In public morals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_public_morals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Roman military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Materials </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Materials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Materials subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Features_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Features and styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Toga</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="توجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toqa" title="Toqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Тога (адзенне) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тога (адзенне)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC)" title="Тога (Древен Рим) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тога (Древен Рим)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga_(vestit)" title="Toga (vestit) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Toga (vestit)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BD" title="Тăхăн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăхăн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ga" title="Tóga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tóga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooga" title="Tooga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tooga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1_(%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Τόγκα (ένδυμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόγκα (ένδυμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Togo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretesta" title="Pretesta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pretesta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7_(%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3)" title="توگا (لباس) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توگا (لباس)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toge" title="Toge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga_(vestimenta)" title="Toga (vestimenta) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Toga (vestimenta)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EA%B0%80" title="토가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Տոգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տոգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga_(pakaian)" title="Toga (pakaian) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Toga (pakaian)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="טוגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="ტოგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ga" title="Tóga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tóga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тога – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тога" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97" title="ടോഗ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോഗ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga_(Romeins_kledingstuk)" title="Toga (Romeins kledingstuk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toga (Romeins kledingstuk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC" title="トガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tog%C4%83" title="Togă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Togă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga_(veshje)" title="Toga (veshje) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toga (veshje)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тога – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тога" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooga" title="Tooga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tooga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ตอกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตอกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тога – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тога" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8A%A0" title="托加 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Toga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Toga (disambiguation)">Toga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberius_Capri_Louvre_Ma1248.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tiberius_Capri_Louvre_Ma1248.jpg/220px-Tiberius_Capri_Louvre_Ma1248.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tiberius_Capri_Louvre_Ma1248.jpg/330px-Tiberius_Capri_Louvre_Ma1248.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Tiberius_Capri_Louvre_Ma1248.jpg/440px-Tiberius_Capri_Louvre_Ma1248.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption>Statue of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> showing a draped toga of the 1st century AD</figcaption></figure> The toga (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtoʊɡə/</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin language">Classical Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈt̪ɔ.ɡa]</a>), a distinctive garment of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, was a roughly semicircular cloth, between 12 and 20 feet (3.7 and 6.1 m) in length, draped over the shoulders and around the body. It was usually woven from white <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, and was worn over a <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunic</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Roman historical tradition</a>, it is said to have been the favored dress of <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, Rome's founder; it was also thought to have originally been worn by both sexes, and by the citizen-military. As <a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Roman women</a> gradually adopted the <a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">stola</a>, the toga was recognized as formal wear for <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">male Roman citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Women found guilty of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and women engaged in <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome" title="Prostitution in ancient Rome">prostitution</a> might have provided the main exceptions to this rule.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2">[2]</a> The type of toga worn reflected a citizen's rank in the civil hierarchy. Various <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">laws and customs</a> restricted its use to citizens, who were required to wear it for public festivals and civic duties. From its probable beginnings as a simple, practical work-garment, the toga became more voluminous, complex, and costly, increasingly unsuited to anything but formal and ceremonial use. It was and is considered ancient Rome's "national costume"; as such, it had great symbolic value; however even among Romans, it was hard to put on, uncomfortable and challenging to wear correctly, and never truly popular. When circumstances allowed, those otherwise entitled or obliged to wear it opted for more comfortable, casual garments. It gradually fell out of use, firstly among citizens of the lower class, then those of the middle class. Eventually, it was worn only by the highest classes for ceremonial occasions. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Varieties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toga_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Toga_%28PSF%29.png/175px-Toga_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Toga_%28PSF%29.png/263px-Toga_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Toga_%28PSF%29.png/350px-Toga_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption>A toga praetexta</figcaption></figure> The toga was an approximately semi-circular woollen cloth, usually white, worn draped over the left shoulder and around the body: the word "toga" probably derives from tegere, to cover. It was considered formal wear and was generally reserved for citizens. The Romans considered it unique to themselves, thus their poetic description by <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a> as the gens togata ('toga-wearing race').<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> There were many kinds of toga, each reserved by custom to a particular usage or social class. <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Toga virilis ("toga of manhood") also known as toga alba or toga pura: A plain white toga, worn on formal occasions by adult male commoners, and by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senators</a> not having a <a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">curule magistracy</a>. It represented adult male citizenship and its attendant rights, freedoms and responsibilities; traditionally given at a father's discretion to his son during the feast of <a href="/wiki/Liberalia" title="Liberalia">Liberalia</a>, to mark the onset of puberty and legal "coming of age", at around 15 years of age or more.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Toga praetexta: a white toga with a broad purple stripe on its border, worn over a tunic with two broad, vertical purple stripes. It was formal costume for: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Curule magistrates</a> in their official functions, and traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Rome">Kings of Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Freeborn boys, and some freeborn girls, before they came of age.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It marked their protection by law from sexual predation and immoral or immodest influence. A praetexta was thought effective against malignant magic, as were a boy's <a href="/wiki/Bulla_(amulet)" title="Bulla (amulet)">bulla</a> and a girl's <a href="/wiki/Lunula_(amulet)" title="Lunula (amulet)">lunula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sebesta_2001_47-9">[9]</a></li> <li>Some priesthoods, including the <a href="/wiki/Pontifices" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifices">Pontifices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epulones" title="Epulones">Tresviri Epulones</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augurs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Arval brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Toga candida: "Bright toga"; a toga rubbed with chalk to a dazzling white, worn by <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidates</a> (from Latin candida, "pure white") for <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">public office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Thus <a href="/wiki/Persius" title="Persius">Persius</a> speaks of a cretata ambitio, "chalked ambition". Toga candida is the etymological source of the word candidate.</li> <li>Toga pulla: a "dark toga" was supposed to be worn by <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourners</a> at elite <a href="/wiki/Roman_funerary_practices" title="Roman funerary practices">funerals</a>. A toga praetexta was also acceptable as mourning wear, if turned inside out to conceal its stripe; so was a plain toga pura.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Wearing a toga pulla at the feast that ended mourning was irreligious, ignorant, or plain bad manners. Cicero makes a distinction between the toga pulla and an ordinary toga deliberately "dirtied" by its wearer as a legitimate mark of protest or supplication.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Toga picta ("painted toga"): Dyed solid purple, decorated with imagery in gold thread, and worn over a similarly decorated tunica palmata; used by generals in their <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphs</a>. During the Empire, it was worn by <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> and emperors. Over time, it became increasingly elaborate, and was combined with elements of the consular trabea.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Trabea, associated with citizens of <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian rank</a>; thus their description as trabeati in some contemporary Roman literature. It may have been a shorter form of toga, or a cloak, wrap or sash worn over a toga. It was white with some form of decoration. In the later Imperial era, trabea refers to elaborate forms of consular dress. Some later Roman and post-Roman sources describe it as solid purple or red, either identifying or confusing it with the dress worn by the ancient Roman kings (also used to clothe images of the gods) or reflecting changes in the trabea itself. More certainly, equites wore an <a href="/wiki/Angusticlavia" title="Angusticlavia">angusticlavia</a>, a tunic with narrow, vertical purple stripes, at least one of which would have been visible when worn with a toga or trabea, whatever its form.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li>Laena, a long, heavy cloak worn by <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">Flamen</a> priesthoods, fastened at the shoulder with a brooch. A lost work by <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> describes it as a toga made "duplex" (doubled by folding over upon itself).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_"national_dress"">As "national dress"</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As "national dress"">edit</a>]</div> The toga's most distinguishing feature was its semi-circular shape, which sets it apart from other cloaks of antiquity like the Greek <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">himation</a> or pallium. To Rothe, the rounded form suggests an origin in the very similar, semi-circular <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_society" title="Etruscan society">Etruscan</a> tebenna.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Norma Goldman believes that the earliest forms of all these garments would have been simple, rectangular lengths of cloth that served as both body-wrap and blanket for peasants, shepherds and itinerant herdsmen.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Roman historians believed that Rome's legendary founder and first king, the erstwhile shepherd <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, had worn a toga as his clothing of choice; the purple-bordered toga praetexta was supposedly used by Etruscan magistrates, and introduced to Rome by her third king, <a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In the wider context of classical <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> fashion, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Enkyklon" title="Enkyklon">enkyklon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: ἔγκυκλον, "circular [garment]") was perhaps similar in shape to the Roman toga, but never acquired the same significance as a distinctive mark of citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">diviner</a> <a href="/wiki/Artemidorus_Daldianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemidorus Daldianus">Artemidorus Daldianus</a> in his Oneirocritica derived the toga's form and name from the Greek tebennos (τήβεννος), supposedly an <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(region)" title="Arcadia (region)">Arcadian</a> garment invented by and named after Temenus.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Emilio Peruzzi claims that the toga was brought to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>, its name based on <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> te-pa, referring to a heavy woollen garment or fabric.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_civil_life">In civil life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In civil life">edit</a>]</div> Roman society was strongly hierarchical, stratified and competitive. Landowning aristocrats occupied most seats in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">senate</a> and held the most senior <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistracies</a>. Magistrates were elected by their peers and "the people"; in Roman constitutional theory, they ruled by consent. In practice, they were a mutually competitive oligarchy, reserving the greatest power, wealth and prestige for their class. The <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">commoners</a> who made up the vast majority of the Roman electorate had limited influence on politics, unless barracking or voting en masse, or through representation by their <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune of the Plebs">tribunes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian order">Equites</a> (sometimes loosely translated as "knights") occupied a broadly mobile, mid-position between the lower senatorial and upper commoner class. Despite often extreme disparities of wealth and rank between the citizen classes, the toga identified them as a singular and exclusive civic body. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg/170px-Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg/255px-Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Contemporary_portrayal_of_a_toga_picta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Book illustration of an Etruscan wall painting from the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Tomb" title="François Tomb">François Tomb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vulci" title="Vulci">Vulci</a>. Some scholars believe this shows a toga picta, largely based on its colour and decorative detail; others suggest that the straight edges make it a Greek-style cloak, and not a toga.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> Togas were relatively uniform in pattern and style but varied significantly in the quality and quantity of their fabric, and the marks of higher rank or office. The highest-status toga, the solidly purple, gold-embroidered toga picta could be worn only at particular ceremonies by the highest-ranking <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistrates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> was supposedly reserved for the toga picta, the border of the toga praetexta, and elements of the priestly dress worn by the inviolate <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal Virgins">Vestal Virgins</a>. It was colour-fast, extremely expensive and the "most talked-about colour in Greco-Roman antiquity".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Romans categorised it as a blood-red hue, which sanctified its wearer. The purple-bordered praetexta worn by freeborn youths acknowledged their vulnerability and sanctity in law. Once a boy came of age (usually at puberty) he adopted the plain white toga virilis; this meant that he was free to set up his own household, marry, and vote.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Young girls who wore the praetexta on formal occasions put it aside at <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</a> or marriage, and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">stola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Even the whiteness of the toga virilis was subject to class distinction. Senatorial versions were expensively laundered to an exceptional, snowy white; those of lower ranking citizens were a duller shade, more cheaply laundered.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Citizenship carried specific privileges, rights and responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Formula_togatorum" title="Formula togatorum">formula togatorum</a> ("list of toga-wearers") listed the various military obligations that Rome's <a href="/wiki/Socii" title="Socii">Italian allies</a> were required to supply to Rome in times of war. Togati, "those who wear the toga", is not precisely equivalent to "Roman citizens", and may mean more broadly "<a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanized</a>".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In Roman territories, the toga was explicitly forbidden to non-citizens; to foreigners, freedmen, and slaves; to Roman exiles;<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and to men of <a href="/wiki/Infamia" title="Infamia">"infamous" career</a> or shameful reputation; an individual's status should be discernable at a glance.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A freedman or foreigner might pose as a togate citizen, or a common citizen as an equestrian; such pretenders were sometimes ferreted out in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_census" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman census">census</a>. Formal seating arrangements in public theatres and circuses reflected the dominance of Rome's togate elect. Senators sat at the very front, equites behind them, common citizens behind equites; and so on, through the non-togate mass of freedmen, foreigners, and slaves.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Imposters were sometimes detected and evicted from the equestrian seats.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Various anecdotes reflect the toga's symbolic value. In <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">history of Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician hero</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quinctius_Cincinnatus" title="Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus">Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus</a>, retired from public life and clad (presumably) in tunic or loincloth, is ploughing his field when emissaries of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> arrive, and ask him to put on his toga. His wife fetches it and he puts it on. Then he is told that he has been appointed <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a>. He promptly heads for Rome.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Donning the toga transforms Cincinnatus from rustic, sweaty ploughman – though a gentleman nevertheless, of impeccable stock and reputation – into Rome's leading politician, eager to serve his country; a top-quality Roman.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Rome's abundant public and private statuary reinforced the notion that all Rome's great men wore togas, and must always have done so.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_and_leisure">Work and leisure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work and leisure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compitalia_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Compitalia_fresco.jpg/330px-Compitalia_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Compitalia_fresco.jpg/495px-Compitalia_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Compitalia_fresco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> from a building near <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, a rare depiction of Roman men in togae praetextae with dark red borders. It dates from the early Imperial Era and probably shows an event during <a href="/wiki/Compitalia" title="Compitalia">Compitalia</a>, a popular street festival.</figcaption></figure> Traditionalists idealised Rome's urban and rustic citizenry as descendants of a hardy, virtuous, toga-clad peasantry, but the toga's bulk and complex drapery made it entirely impractical for manual work or physically active leisure. The toga was heavy, "unwieldy, excessively hot, easily stained, and hard to launder".<a href="#cite_note-George99-41">[41]</a> It was best suited to stately processions, public debate and oratory, sitting in the theatre or circus, and displaying oneself before one's peers and inferiors while "ostentatiously doing nothing".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Every male Roman citizen was entitled to wear some kind of toga – <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a> refers to a lesser citizen's "small toga" and a poor man's "little toga" (both togula),<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> but the poorest probably had to make do with a shabby, patched-up toga, if he bothered at all.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Conversely, the costly, full-length toga seems to have been a rather awkward mark of distinction when worn by "the wrong sort". The poet Horace writes "of a rich ex-slave 'parading from end to end of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Sacred Way</a> in a toga three yards long' to show off his new status and wealth."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In the early 2nd century AD, the satirist <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> claimed that "in a great part of Italy, no-one wears the toga, except in death"; in Martial's rural idyll there is "never a lawsuit, the toga is scarce, the mind at ease".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Most citizens who owned a toga would have cherished it as a costly material object, and worn it when they must for special occasions. Family, friendships and alliances, and the gainful pursuit of wealth through business and trade would have been their major preoccupations, not the <a href="/wiki/Otium" title="Otium">otium</a> (cultured leisure) claimed as a right by the elite.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-George96-49">[49]</a> Rank, reputation and <a href="/wiki/Romanitas" title="Romanitas">Romanitas</a> were paramount, even in death, so almost invariably, a male citizen's memorial image showed him clad in his toga. He wore it at his funeral, and it probably served as his shroud.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Despite the overwhelming quantity of Roman togate portraits at every social level, and in every imaginable circumstance, at most times Rome's thoroughfares would have been crowded with citizens and non-citizens in a variety of colourful garments, with few togas in evidence. Only a higher-class Roman, a magistrate, would have had lictors to clear his way, and even then, wearing a toga was a challenge. The toga's apparent natural simplicity and "elegant, flowing lines" were the result of diligent practice and cultivation; to avoid an embarrassing disarrangement of its folds, its wearer had to walk with measured, stately gait,<a href="#cite_note-George99-41">[41]</a> yet with virile purpose and energy. If he moved too slowly, he might seem aimless, "sluggish of mind" - or, worst of all, "womanly".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Vout (1996) suggests that the toga's most challenging qualities as garment fitted the Romans' view of themselves and their civilization. Like the empire itself, the peace that the toga came to represent had been earned through the extraordinary and unremitting collective efforts of its citizens, who could therefore claim "the time and dignity to dress in such a way".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patronage_and_salutationes">Patronage and salutationes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Patronage and salutationes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Togato_Barberini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Togato_Barberini.jpg/170px-Togato_Barberini.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Togato_Barberini.jpg/255px-Togato_Barberini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Togato_Barberini.jpg/340px-Togato_Barberini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Togatus_Barberini" title="Togatus Barberini">Togatus Barberini</a>" depicting a <a href="/wiki/Roman_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senator">Roman senator</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">portrait busts</a> of ancestors, one of which is supported by a <a href="/wiki/Herma" class="mw-redirect" title="Herma">herma</a>: marble, late 1st century BC; head (not belonging): middle 1st century BC.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a> was a cornerstone of Roman politics, business and social relationships. A good patron offered advancement, security, honour, wealth, government contracts and other business opportunities to his client, who might be further down in the social or economic scale, or more rarely, his equal or superior.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> A good client canvassed political support for his patron, or his patron's nominee; he advanced his patron's interests using his own business, family and personal connections. Freedmen with an aptitude for business could become extremely wealthy; but to negotiate citizenship for themselves, or more likely their sons, they had to find a patron prepared to commend them. Clients seeking patronage had to attend the patron's early-morning formal salutatio ("greeting session"), held in the semi-public, grand reception room (<a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a>) of his family house (<a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Citizen-clients were expected to wear the toga appropriate to their status, and to wear it correctly and smartly or risk affront to their host.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a> and his friend <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> suffered the system as clients for years, and found the whole business demeaning. A client had to be at his patron's beck and call, to perform whatever "togate works" were required; and the patron might even expect to be addressed as "domine" (lord, or master); a citizen-client of the <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian class</a>, superior to all lesser mortals by virtue of rank and costume, might thus approach the shameful condition of dependent servitude. For a client whose patron was another's client, the potential for shame was still worse. Even as a satirical analogy, the equation of togate client and slave would have shocked those who cherished the toga as a symbol of personal dignity and auctoritas – a meaning underlined during the <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a> festival, when the toga was "very consciously put aside", in a ritualised, strictly limited inversion of the master-slave relationship.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Patrons were few, and most had to compete with their peers to attract the best, most useful clients. Clients were many, and those of least interest to the patron had to scrabble for notice among the "togate horde" (turbae togatae). One in a dirty or patched toga would likely be subject to ridicule; or he might, if sufficiently dogged and persistent, secure a pittance of cash, or perhaps a dinner. When the patron left his house to conduct his business of the day at the law courts, forum or wherever else, escorted (if a magistrate) by his togate <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictors</a>, his clients must form his retinue. Each togate client represented a potential vote:<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> to impress his peers and inferiors, and stay ahead in the game, a patron should have as many high-quality clients as possible; or at least, he should seem to. Martial has one patron hire a herd (grex) of fake clients in togas, then pawn his ring to pay for his evening meal.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, rather than wear the "dress to which his rank entitled him" at his own salutationes, chose to wear a plain white citizen's toga instead; an act of modesty for any patron, unlike <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, who wore a triumphal toga picta or any other garment he chose, according to whim; or <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, who caused considerable offence when he received visiting senators while dressed in a tunic embroidered with flowers, topped off with a muslin neckerchief.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oratory">Oratory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oratory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Arringatore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/L%27Arringatore.jpg/200px-L%27Arringatore.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/L%27Arringatore.jpg/300px-L%27Arringatore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/L%27Arringatore.jpg/400px-L%27Arringatore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Orator" title="The Orator">The Orator</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 BC, an <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etrusco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze sculpture</a> depicting Aule Metele (Latin: Aulus Metellus), an <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> man of Roman senatorial rank, engaging in <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>. He wears senatorial shoes, and a toga praetexta of "skimpy" (exigua) Republican type.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The statue features an inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>.</figcaption></figure> In oratory, the toga came into its own. <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Institutio_Oratoria" title="Institutio Oratoria">Institutio Oratoria</a> (circa 95 AD) offers advice on how best to plead cases at Rome's law-courts, before the watching multitude's informed and critical eye. Effective pleading was a calculated artistic performance, but must seem utterly natural. First impressions counted; the lawyer must present himself as a Roman should: "virile and splendid" in his toga, with statuesque posture and "natural good looks". He should be well groomed – but not too well; no primping of the hair, jewellery or any other "feminine" perversions of a Roman man's proper appearance. Quintilian gives precise instructions on the correct use of the toga – its cut, style, and the arrangements of its folds. Its fabric could be old-style rough wool, or new and smoother if preferred – but definitely not silk. The orator's movements should be dignified, and to the point; he should move only as he must, to address a particular person, a particular section of the audience. He should employ to good effect that subtle "language of the hands" for which Roman oratory was famed; no extravagant gestures, no wiggling of the shoulders, no moving "like a dancer".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> To a great extent, the toga itself determined the orator's style of delivery: "we should not cover the shoulder and the whole of the throat, otherwise our dress will be unduly narrowed and will lose the impressive effect produced by breadth at the chest. The left arm should only be raised so far as to form a right angle at the elbow, while the edge of the toga should fall in equal lengths on either side." If, on the other hand, the "toga falls down at the beginning of our speech, or when we have only proceeded but a little way, the failure to replace it is a sign of indifference, or sloth, or sheer ignorance of the way in which clothes should be worn". By the time he had presented his case, the orator was likely to be hot and sweaty; but even this could be employed to good effect.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_public_morals">In public morals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In public morals">edit</a>]</div> Roman moralists "placed an ideological premium on the simple and the frugal".<a href="#cite_note-Edmondson_2008_33-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a> claimed that the earliest Romans, famously tough, virile and dignified, had worn togas with no undergarment; not even a skimpy tunic.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Towards the end of the Republic, the arch-conservative <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a> favoured the shorter, ancient Republican type of toga; it was dark and "scanty" (exigua), and Cato wore it without tunic or shoes; all this would have been recognised as an expression of his moral probity.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Die-hard Roman traditionalists deplored an ever-increasing Roman appetite for ostentation, "un-Roman" comfort and luxuries, and sartorial offences such as Celtic trousers, brightly coloured Syrian robes and cloaks. The manly toga itself could signify corruption, if worn too loosely, or worn over a long-sleeved, "effeminate" tunic, or woven too fine and thin, near transparent.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>'s history of Rome finds its strife-torn Late Republic tottering at the edge of chaos; most seem to dress as they like, not as they ought: "For now the Roman people are much mixed with foreigners, there is equal citizenship for freedmen, and slaves dress like their masters. With the exception of the Senators, free citizens and slaves wear the same costume."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The Augustan <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> brought peace, and declared its intent as the restoration of true Republican order, morality and tradition. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg/175px-August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg/263px-August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg/350px-August_Labicana_Massimo_Inv56230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="2754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> wearing a toga capite velato ("with covered head"). A knee-length loop of fabric (left) forms the sinus; a smaller loop at waist level forms the umbo, which functions as a pocket. Circa c. 12 BC (<a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana_Augustus" title="Via Labicana Augustus">Via Labicana Augustus</a>).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> was determined to bring back "the traditional style" (the toga). He ordered that any theatre-goer in dark (or coloured or dirty) clothing be sent to the back seats, traditionally reserved for those who had no toga; ordinary or common women, freedmen, low-class foreigners and slaves. He reserved the most honourable seats, front of house, for senators and equites; this was how it had always been, before the chaos of the civil wars; or rather, how it was supposed to have been. Infuriated by the sight of a darkly clad throng of men at a public meeting, he sarcastically quoted <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> at them, "Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam " ("Romans, lords of the world and the toga-wearing people"), then ordered that in future, the <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aediles</a> ban anyone not wearing the toga from the Forum and its environs – Rome's "civic heart".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Augustus's reign saw the introduction of the toga rasa, an ordinary toga whose rough fibres were teased from the woven nap, then shaved back to a smoother, more comfortable finish. By <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliny the elder">Pliny</a>'s day (circa 70 AD) this was probably standard among the elite.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Pliny also describes a glossy, smooth, lightweight but dense fabric woven from poppy-stem fibres and flax, in use from at least the time of the Punic Wars. Though probably appropriate for a "summer toga", it was criticised for its improper luxuriance.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> Some Romans believed that in earlier times, both genders and all classes had worn the toga. Radicke (2002) claims that this belief goes back to a Late Antique scholiast misreading of earlier Roman writings.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-75">[75]</a> Women could also be citizens, but by the mid-to-late Republican era, respectable women were stolatae (<a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">stola</a>-wearing), expected to embody and display an appropriate set of female virtues: Vout cites <a href="/wiki/Pudicitia" title="Pudicitia">pudicitia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">fides</a> as examples. Women's adoption of the stola may have paralleled the increasing identification of the toga with citizen men, but this seems to have been a far from straightforward process. An <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a>, described by Pliny the Elder as "ancient", showed the early Republican heroine <a href="/wiki/Cloelia" title="Cloelia">Cloelia</a> on horseback, wearing a toga.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The unmarried daughters of respectable, reasonably well-off citizens sometimes wore the toga praetexta until puberty or marriage, when they adopted the <a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">stola</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> which they wore over a full-length, usually long-sleeved tunic. Higher-class female prostitutes (<a href="/wiki/Meretrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Meretrix">meretrices</a>) and women divorced for adultery were denied the stola. Meretrices might have been expected or perhaps compelled, at least in public, to wear the "female toga" (toga muliebris).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This use of the toga appears unique; all others categorised as <a href="/wiki/Infamia" title="Infamia">"infamous and disreputable"</a> were explicitly forbidden to wear it. In this context, modern sources understand the toga – or perhaps merely the description of particular women as togata – as an instrument of inversion and realignment; a respectable (thus stola-clad) woman should be demure, sexually passive, modest and obedient, morally impeccable. The archetypical meretrix of Roman literature dresses gaudily and provocatively. Edwards (1997) describes her as "antithetical to the Roman male citizen".<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2">[2]</a> An adulterous matron betrayed her family and reputation; and if found guilty, and divorced, the law forbade her remarriage to a Roman citizen. In the public gaze, she was aligned with the meretrix.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> When worn by a woman in this later era, the toga would have been a "blatant display" of her "exclusion from the respectable Roman hierarchy".<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-2">[2]</a> However, the view that a convicted adulteress (moecha damnata) actually wore a toga in public has been challenged; Radicke believes that the only prostitutes who could be made to wear particular items of clothing were unfree, compelled by their owners or pimps to wear the relatively shorter, "skimpy", less costly toga exigua, more revealing, easily opened and thus convenient to their profession.<a href="#cite_note-:2-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_military">Roman military</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Roman military">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperatore_togato_in_porfido,_forse_traiano,_da_retro_della_curia_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Imperatore_togato_in_porfido%2C_forse_traiano%2C_da_retro_della_curia_02.JPG/170px-Imperatore_togato_in_porfido%2C_forse_traiano%2C_da_retro_della_curia_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Imperatore_togato_in_porfido%2C_forse_traiano%2C_da_retro_della_curia_02.JPG/255px-Imperatore_togato_in_porfido%2C_forse_traiano%2C_da_retro_della_curia_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Imperatore_togato_in_porfido%2C_forse_traiano%2C_da_retro_della_curia_02.JPG/340px-Imperatore_togato_in_porfido%2C_forse_traiano%2C_da_retro_della_curia_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="3432" /></a><figcaption>Togate statue of an emperor in <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a>.</figcaption></figure> Until the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Marian_reforms" title="Marian reforms">Marian reforms</a>" of the Late Republic, the lower ranks of Rome's military forces were "farmer-soldiers", a militia of citizen smallholders conscripted for the duration of hostilities,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> expected to provide their own arms and armour. Citizens of higher status served in senior military posts as a foundation for their progress to high civil office (see <a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a>). The Romans believed that in Rome's earliest days, its military had gone to war in togas, hitching them up and back for action by using what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Cinctus_Gabinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinctus Gabinus">Gabine cinch</a>".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 206 BC, <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> was sent 1,200 togas and 12,000 tunics for his operations in North Africa. As part of a peace settlement of 205 BC, two formerly rebellious Spanish tribes provided Roman troops with togas and heavy cloaks. In the Macedonian campaign of 169 BC, the army was sent 6,000 togas and 30,000 tunics.<a href="#cite_note-Olson-83">[83]</a> From at least the mid-Republic on, the military reserved their togas for formal leisure and religious festivals; the tunic and <a href="/wiki/Sagum" title="Sagum">sagum</a> (heavy rectangular cloak held on the shoulder with a brooch) were used or preferred for active duty. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninus_Pius,_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek,_Copenhagen_(10686568905).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antoninus_Pius%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2810686568905%29.jpg/150px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2810686568905%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antoninus_Pius%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2810686568905%29.jpg/225px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2810686568905%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antoninus_Pius%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2810686568905%29.jpg/300px-Antoninus_Pius%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2810686568905%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3186" data-file-height="4812" /></a><figcaption>Togate statue of <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–161) in the <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a>.</figcaption></figure> Late republican practice and legal reform allowed the creation of standing armies, and opened a military career to any Roman citizen or freedman of good reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Phang-84">[84]</a> A soldier who showed the requisite "disciplined ferocity" in battle and was held in esteem by his peers and superiors could be promoted to higher rank: a <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeian</a> could achieve <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian order">equestrian</a> status.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Non-citizens and foreign-born auxiliaries given <a href="/wiki/Honesta_missio" title="Honesta missio">honourable discharge</a> were usually granted citizenship, land or stipend, the right to wear the toga, and an obligation to the patron who had granted these honours; usually their senior officer. A dishonourable discharge meant <a href="/wiki/Infamia" title="Infamia">infamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Colonies of retired veterans were scattered throughout the Empire. In literary stereotype, civilians are routinely bullied by burly soldiers, inclined to throw their weight around.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Though soldiers were citizens, Cicero typifies the former as "sagum wearing" and the latter as "togati". He employs the phrase cedant arma togae ("let arms yield to the toga"), meaning "may peace replace war", or "may military power yield to civilian power", in the context of his own uneasy alliance with <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>. He intended it as metonym, linking his own "power to command" as consul (<a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperator</a> togatus) with Pompey's as general (imperator armatus); but it was interpreted as a request to step down. Cicero, having lost Pompey's ever-wavering support, was driven to exile.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In reality, arms rarely yielded to civilian power. During the early Roman Imperial era, members of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> (the emperor's personal guard as "First Citizen", and a military force under his personal command), concealed their weapons under white, civilian-style togas when on duty in the city, offering the reassuring illusion that they represented a traditional Republican, civilian authority, rather than the military arm of an Imperial autocracy.<a href="#cite_note-Phang-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion">In religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In religion">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg/122px-Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg/183px-Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg/244px-Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Three_Quarter_Left.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Back.jpg/122px-Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Back.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Back.jpg/183px-Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Back.jpg/244px-Roman_-_Genius_Wearing_a_Toga_-_Walters_542329_-_Back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Statuette of a genius of a 1st-century AD official of the senatorial class, wearing a toga praetexta and with covered head, in priestly attitude.</div></div></div></div> Citizens attending Rome's frequent <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">religious festivals</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">games</a> were expected to wear the toga.<a href="#cite_note-Olson-83">[83]</a> The toga praetexta was the normal garb for most Roman priesthoods, which tended to be the preserve of high status citizens. When offering sacrifice, <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a> and prayer, and when performing <a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">augury</a>, the officiant priest covered his head with a fold of his toga, drawn up from the back: the ritual was thus performed capite velato (with covered head). This was believed a distinctively Roman form,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> in contrast to Etruscan, Greek and other foreign practices. The Etruscans seem to have sacrificed bareheaded (capite aperto).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In Rome, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#ritus_graecus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">ritus graecus</a> ("Greek rite") was used for deities believed Greek in origin or character; the officiant, even if a Roman citizen, wore Greek-style robes with wreathed or bare head, not the toga.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> It has been argued that the Roman expression of piety capite velato influenced <a href="/wiki/St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul">Paul</a>'s prohibition against Christian men praying with covered heads: "Any man who prays or prophesies with his head covered dishonors his head."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> An officiant capite velato who needed free use of both hands to perform ritual—as while plowing the <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_primigenius" title="Sulcus primigenius">sulcus primigenius</a> undertaken at the founding of new <a href="/wiki/Roman_colonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman colonia">colonies</a>—could employ the <a href="/wiki/Cinctus_Gabinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinctus Gabinus">"Gabine cinch" or "robe"</a> (cinctus Gabinus) or "rite" (ritus Gabinus) which tied the toga back.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> This style, later said to have been part of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan priestly dress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> was associated by the Romans with their early wars with nearby <a href="/wiki/Gabii" title="Gabii">Gabii</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and was thus used during Roman <a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Declarations of war">declarations of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Materials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_a_man_in_Toga,_probably_Appius_Annius_Gallius,_father_of_Regilla,_from_the_Nymphaeum_of_Herodes_Atticus_at_Olympia,_dating_from_between_149_and_153_AD_(posthumous),_Olympia_Archaeological_Museum,_Greece_(14003830641).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Statue_of_a_man_in_Toga%2C_probably_Appius_Annius_Gallius%2C_father_of_Regilla%2C_from_the_Nymphaeum_of_Herodes_Atticus_at_Olympia%2C_dating_from_between_149_and_153_AD_%28posthumous%29%2C_Olympia_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Greece_%2814003830641%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Statue_of_a_man_in_Toga%2C_probably_Appius_Annius_Gallius%2C_father_of_Regilla%2C_from_the_Nymphaeum_of_Herodes_Atticus_at_Olympia%2C_dating_from_between_149_and_153_AD_%28posthumous%29%2C_Olympia_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Greece_%2814003830641%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Statue_of_a_man_in_Toga%2C_probably_Appius_Annius_Gallius%2C_father_of_Regilla%2C_from_the_Nymphaeum_of_Herodes_Atticus_at_Olympia%2C_dating_from_between_149_and_153_AD_%28posthumous%29%2C_Olympia_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Greece_%2814003830641%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Togate statue in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Olympia" title="Archaeological Museum of Olympia">Archaeological Museum of Olympia</a></figcaption></figure> The traditional toga was made of wool, which was thought to possess <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">powers to avert misfortune</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>; the toga praetexta (used by magistrates, priests and freeborn youths) was always woollen.<a href="#cite_note-Sebesta_2001_47-9">[9]</a> Wool-working was thought a highly respectable occupation for Roman women. A traditional, high-status <a href="/wiki/Mater_familias" class="mw-redirect" title="Mater familias">mater familias</a> demonstrated her industry and frugality by placing wool-baskets, spindles and looms in the household's semi-public reception area, the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Augustus was particularly proud that his wife and daughter had set the best possible example to other Roman women by, allegedly, spinning and weaving his clothing.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Hand-woven cloth was slow and costly to produce, and compared to simpler forms of clothing, the toga used an extravagant amount of it. To minimise waste, the smaller, old-style forms of toga may have been woven as a single, seamless, selvedged piece; the later, larger versions may have been made from several pieces sewn together; size seems to have counted for a lot.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> More cloth signified greater wealth and usually, though not invariably, higher rank. The purple-red border of the toga praetexta was woven onto the toga using a process known as "<a href="/wiki/Tablet_weaving" title="Tablet weaving">tablet weaving</a>"; such applied borders are a feature of Etruscan dress.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Modern sources broadly agree that if made from a single piece of fabric, the toga of a high status Roman in the late Republic would have required a piece approximately 12 ft (3.7 m) in length; in the Imperial era, around 18 ft (5.5 m), a third more than its predecessor, and in the late Imperial era around 8 ft (2.4 m) wide and up to 18–20 ft (5.5–6.1 m) in length for the most complex, pleated forms.<a href="#cite_note-Stone_2001_13–30-103">[103]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_and_styles">Features and styles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Features and styles">edit</a>]</div> The toga was draped, rather than fastened, around the body, and was held in position by the weight and friction of its fabric. Supposedly, no pins or brooches were employed. The more voluminous and complex the style, the more assistance would have been required to achieve the desired effect. In classical statuary, draped togas consistently show certain features and folds, identified and named in contemporary literature. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Emperor_Gordian_III,_238-242_CE._Marble._Acquired_in_Paris,_France,_in_1742_CE._Altes_Museum,_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Roman_Emperor_Gordian_III%2C_238-242_CE._Marble._Acquired_in_Paris%2C_France%2C_in_1742_CE._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/170px-Roman_Emperor_Gordian_III%2C_238-242_CE._Marble._Acquired_in_Paris%2C_France%2C_in_1742_CE._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Roman_Emperor_Gordian_III%2C_238-242_CE._Marble._Acquired_in_Paris%2C_France%2C_in_1742_CE._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/255px-Roman_Emperor_Gordian_III%2C_238-242_CE._Marble._Acquired_in_Paris%2C_France%2C_in_1742_CE._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Roman_Emperor_Gordian_III%2C_238-242_CE._Marble._Acquired_in_Paris%2C_France%2C_in_1742_CE._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/340px-Roman_Emperor_Gordian_III%2C_238-242_CE._Marble._Acquired_in_Paris%2C_France%2C_in_1742_CE._Altes_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3708" data-file-height="5141" /></a><figcaption>Portrait bust of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> wearing a toga contabulata ("banded toga").</figcaption></figure> The sinus (literally, a bay or inlet) appears in the Imperial era as a loose over-fold, slung from beneath the left arm, downwards across the chest, then upwards to the right shoulder. Early examples were slender, but later forms were much fuller; the loop hangs at knee-length, suspended there by draping over the crook of the right arm.<a href="#cite_note-Stone_2001_13–30-103">[103]</a> The umbo (literally "knob") was a pouch of the toga's fabric pulled out over the balteus (the diagonal section of the toga across the chest) in imperial-era forms of the toga. Its added weight and friction would have helped (though not very effectively) secure the toga's fabric onto the left shoulder. As the toga developed, the umbo grew in size.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The most complex togas appear on high-quality portrait busts and imperial reliefs of the mid-to-late Empire, probably reserved for emperors and the highest civil officials. The so-called "banded" or "stacked" toga (Latinised as toga contabulata) appeared in the late 2nd century AD and was distinguished by its broad, smooth, slab-like panels or swathes of pleated material, more or less correspondent with umbo, sinus and balteus, or applied over the same. On statuary, one swathe of fabric rises from low between the legs, and is laid over the left shoulder; another more or less follows the upper edge of the sinus; yet another follows the lower edge of a more-or-less vestigial balteus then descends to the upper shin. As in other forms, the sinus itself is hung over the crook of the right arm.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> If its full-length representations are accurate, it would have severely constrained its wearer's movements. Dressing in a toga contabulata would have taken some time, and specialist assistance. When not in use, it required careful storage in some form of press or hanger to keep it in shape. Such inconvenient features of the later toga are confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, who preferred the <a href="/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)" title="Pallium (Roman cloak)">pallium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> High-status (consular or senatorial) images from the late 4th century show a further ornate variation, known as the "Broad Eastern Toga"; it hung to the mid-calf, was heavily embroidered, and was worn over two pallium-style undergarments, one of which had full length sleeves. Its sinus was draped over the left arm.<a href="#cite_note-Fejfer-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KHM_Wien_Zwischengoldglas_Ehepaar_XIa_35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KHM_Wien_Zwischengoldglas_Ehepaar_XIa_35.jpg/220px-KHM_Wien_Zwischengoldglas_Ehepaar_XIa_35.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KHM_Wien_Zwischengoldglas_Ehepaar_XIa_35.jpg/330px-KHM_Wien_Zwischengoldglas_Ehepaar_XIa_35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/KHM_Wien_Zwischengoldglas_Ehepaar_XIa_35.jpg/440px-KHM_Wien_Zwischengoldglas_Ehepaar_XIa_35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>4th-century <a href="/wiki/Gold_glass" title="Gold glass">gold glass</a> image of a married couple with the husband wearing a banded toga.</figcaption></figure> In the long term, the toga saw both a gradual transformation and decline, punctuated by attempts to retain it as an essential feature of true Romanitas. It was never a popular garment; in the late 1st century, <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> could disparage the urban <a href="/wiki/Pleb" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleb">plebs</a> as a vulgus tunicatus ("tunic-wearing crowd").<a href="#cite_note-George96-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> issued an edict compelling equites and senators to wear the toga in public; the edict did not mention commoners. The extension of citizenship, from around 6 million citizens under Augustus to between 40 and 60 million under the "universal citizenship" of <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a> (212 AD), probably further reduced whatever distinctive value the toga still held for commoners, and accelerated its abandonment among their class.<a href="#cite_note-Edmondson_2008_33-66">[66]</a> Meanwhile, the office-holding aristocracy adopted ever more elaborate, complex, costly and impractical forms of toga.<a href="#cite_note-Fejfer-107">[107]</a> The toga nevertheless remained the formal costume of the Roman senatorial elite. A law issued by co-emperors <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 382 AD (<a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a> 14.10.1) states that while senators in the city of Rome may wear the <a href="/wiki/Paenula" title="Paenula">paenula</a> in daily life, they must wear the toga when attending their official duties.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Failure to do so would result in the senator being stripped of rank and authority, and of the right to enter the <a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine Greek art and portraiture</a> show the highest functionaries of court, church and state in magnificently wrought, extravagantly exclusive court dress and priestly robes; some at least are thought to be versions of the Imperial toga.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In the West, the kings and aristocrats of new European kingdoms styled their dress after that of late military generals rather than the senatorial order, and the toga thus did not survive the end of centralized Roman governance.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/32px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/48px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/64px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricivara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricivara">Tricivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toga_party" title="Toga party">Toga party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, p. 215 (Vout cites Servius, In Aenidem, 1.281 and Nonius, 14.867L for the former wearing of togas by women other than prostitutes and adulteresses). </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1997">Edwards 1997</a>, pp. 81‒82. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Virgil. Aeneid, I.282; Martial, XIV.124. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, p. 26; <a href="#CITEREFDolansky2008">Dolansky 2008</a>, pp. 55–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwan2004" class="citation book cs1">Swan, Peter Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26s6CG8LffsC&pg=PA89">The Augustan Succession</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534714-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534714-2"><bdi>978-0-19-534714-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Augustan+Succession&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534714-2&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Peter+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26s6CG8LffsC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, p. 28 and note 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadicke2022" class="citation book cs1">Radicke, Jan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110711554-021/html">"5 praetexta – a dress of young Roman girls"</a>. Roman Women's Dress. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 355–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110711554-021">10.1515/9783110711554-021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071155-4"><bdi>978-3-11-071155-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5+praetexta+%E2%80%93+a+dress+of+young+Roman+girls&rft.btitle=Roman+Women%27s+Dress&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=355-364&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110711554-021&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071155-4&rft.aulast=Radicke&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110711554-021%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, p. 26. Not all modern scholarship agrees that girls wore the toga praetexta; see <a href="#CITEREFMcGinn1998">McGinn 1998</a>, p. 160, note 163). </li> <li id="cite_note-Sebesta_2001_47-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sebesta_2001_47_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sebesta_2001_47_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSebesta2001">Sebesta 2001</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Livy, XXVII.8,8 and XXXIII.42 (as cited by <a href="/wiki/The_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, pp. 26–27 (including footnote 24), citing <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a>, XIX.24, 6 and <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, Historiae, X.4, 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlower1996">Flower 1996</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeskel2001">Heskel 2001</a>, pp. 141‒142. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, pp. 26, 29; <a href="#CITEREFKoortbojian2008">Koortbojian 2008</a>, pp. 80–83; <a href="#CITEREFDewar2008">Dewar 2008</a>, pp. 225–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, pp. 26–27; <a href="#CITEREFDewar2008">Dewar 2008</a>, pp. 219–234. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, p. 29; this lost work survives in fragmentary form through summary and citation by later Roman authors. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2001">Goldman 2001</a>, pp. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRothe2020">Rothe 2020</a>, Chapter 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2001a">Goldman 2001a</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSebesta2001">Sebesta 2001</a>, pp. 13, 222, 228, 47, note 5, citing Macrobius, 1.6.7‒13, 15‒16. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleland2013">Cleland 2013</a>, p. 1589. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeruzzi1980">Peruzzi 1980</a>, p. 87, citing Artemidorus, 2.3. The usual form of Rome's Arcadian-origins myth has <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, not Arcadia, as Temenus's ancestral home. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArtemidorus2020">Artemidorus 2020</a>, p. 254, commentary on Artemidorus's use of tēbennos in 2.3.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeruzzi1980">Peruzzi 1980</a>, pp. 89–90; <a href="#CITEREFPeruzzi1975">Peruzzi 1975</a>, pp. 137–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> This and other problems in identification are discussed in <a href="#CITEREFBeard2007">Beard 2007</a>, pp. 306−308 and endnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlower1996">Flower 1996</a>, p. 118: "The best model for understanding Roman sumptuary legislation is that of aristocratic self-preservation within a highly competitive society which valued overt display of prestige above all else." <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Sumptuary laws</a> were intended to limit competitive displays of personal wealth in the public sphere. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> On coming of age, he also gave his protective <a href="/wiki/Bulla_(amulet)" title="Bulla (amulet)">bulla</a> into the care of the family <a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley2011">Bradley 2011</a>, pp. 189, 194‒195; <a href="#CITEREFDolansky2008">Dolansky 2008</a>, pp. 53‒54; <a href="#CITEREFSebesta2001">Sebesta 2001</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlson2008">Olson 2008</a>, pp. 141‒146: A minority of young girls seem to have used the praetexta, perhaps because their parents embraced the self-conscious revivalism typified in Augustan legislation and mores. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAubert2014">Aubert 2014</a>, pp. 175‒176, discussing the Lex Metilia Fullonibus Dicta of 220/217? BC, known only through its passing reference in Pliny's account of useful earths, including those employed in laundry. The best and most whitening compounds, which were also kind to coloured fabrics (such as those used in the praetextate stripe), probably cost more than ordinary Roman citizens could afford, so the togas of these status groups were laundered separately. The reasons for this law remain unclear: one scholar speculates that it was designed to protect "praetextate senators from the shame attached to the publicity of vastly unequal garb". </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Respectable women, the sons of freeborn men, and provincials during the early empire could hold lesser forms of citizenship; they were protected by law but could not vote, or stand for public office. Citizenship could be inherited, granted, up or down-graded, and removed for specific offences. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBispham2007">Bispham 2007</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Exiles were deprived of citizenship and the protection of Roman law. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Women probably sat or stood at the very back – apart from the sacred Vestals, who had their own box at the front. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, pp. 31‒33. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, p. 218ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoortbojian2008">Koortbojian 2008</a>, pp. 77‒79. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (circa 70 AD) describes togate statuary as the older, traditional form of public honour, and cuirassed statuary of famous generals as a relatively later development. An individual might hold different offices in succession, or simultaneously, each represented by a different statuary type, cuirassed as a general, and togate as a holder of state office or priest of a state cult. </li> <li id="cite_note-George99-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-George99_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George99_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2008">George 2008</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2012">Armstrong 2012</a>, p. 65, citing Thorstein Veblen. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, pp. 43, note 59, citing Martial, 10.74.3, 11.24.11 and 4.66. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, pp. 204‒220; throughout the empire, there is evidence that old clothing was recycled, repaired and handed down the social scale, from one owner to the next, until it fell to rags. Centonarii ("patch workers") made a living by sewing clothing and other items from recycled fabric patches. The cost of a new, simple hooded cloak, using far less material than a toga, might represent three fifths of an individual's annual minimum subsistence cost: see <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, pp. 211‒212. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCroom2010">Croom 2010</a>, p. 53, citing <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, Epodes, 4.8. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, p. 17, citing Juvenal, Satires, 3.171‒172, Martial, 10.47.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, pp. 205‒208: Contra Goldman's description of Roman clothing, including the toga, as "simple and elegant, practical and comfortable" in <a href="#CITEREFGoldman2001">Goldman 2001</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-George96-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-George96_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George96_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2008">George 2008</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToynbee1996">Toynbee 1996</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Sullivan2011">O'Sullivan 2011</a>, pp. 19, 51‒58. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, pp. 205‒208. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> The busts are presumed in some scholarship as marble representations of wax <a href="/wiki/Roman_funerals_and_burial#Funerary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman funerals and burial">imagines</a>: see <a href="#CITEREFFlower1996">Flower 1996</a> particularly the discussion of the Togatus Barberini ancestor busts on pp. 5‒7. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Cash-strapped or debtor citizens with a respectable lineage might have to seek patronage from rich freedmen, who ranked as inferiors and non-citizens. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2008">George 2008</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2008">George 2008</a>, pp. 101, 103–106, slaves were considered as chattels, and owed their master absolute, unconditional submission. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> A citizen's voting power was directly proportionate to his rank, status and wealth. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFGeorge2008">George 2008</a>, pp. 100–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2012">Armstrong 2012</a>, p. 64: At salutationes and during any other "business times", equites were expected to wear a gold ring. Along with their toga, striped tunic and formal shoes (or calcei), this signified their status. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, pp. 24, 36‒37, citing Dio Cassius, 71.35.4 and Suetonius, Lives. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCeccarelli2016">Ceccarelli 2016</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley2008">Bradley 2008</a>, p. 249, citing Quintilian. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDugan2005">Dugan 2005</a>, p. 156, note 35, citing Wyke (1994): "The Roman male citizen was defined through his body: the dignity and authority of a senator being constituted by his gait, his manner of wearing his toga, his oratorical delivery, his gestures." </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/11C*.html#">11.3.131‒149</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Edmondson_2008_33-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson_2008_33_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edmondson_2008_33_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, pp. 214‒215, citing Aulus Gellius, 6.123–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, p. 16: Some modern sources consider exigua as a republican type, others interpret it as poetic. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2012">Roller 2012</a>, pp. 303, "transparent" toga, following <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>'s Satire, 2, 65‒78. Juvenal's invective associates transparency with prostitute's clothing. The aristocratic divorce-and-adultery lawyer Creticus wears a "transparent" toga, which far from decently covering him, shows him for "what he really is", a <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Cinaedus" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">cinaedus</a> is a derogatory term for a passive homosexual. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRothfus2010">Rothfus 2010</a>, p. 1, citing Appian, B. Civ., 2.17.120. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdmondson2008">Edmondson 2008</a>, pp. 33, citing Suetonius, Augustus, 40.5, 44.2, and <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, 49.16.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSebesta2001">Sebesta 2001</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, p. 39, noted 9, citing Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 8.74.195. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadicke2022" class="citation book cs1">Radicke, Jan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110711554-049/html">"2 Varro (VPR 306) – the toga: a Primeval Unisex Garment?"</a>. Roman Women's Dress. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 578–581. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110711554-049">10.1515/9783110711554-049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071155-4"><bdi>978-3-11-071155-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+Varro+%28VPR+306%29+%E2%80%93+the+toga%3A+a+Primeval+Unisex+Garment%3F&rft.btitle=Roman+Women%27s+Dress&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=578-581&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110711554-049&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071155-4&rft.aulast=Radicke&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110711554-049%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadicke2022" class="citation book cs1">Radicke, Jan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110711554-022/html">"6 toga – an attire of unfree prostitutes"</a>. Roman Women's Dress. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 365–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110711554-022">10.1515/9783110711554-022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071155-4"><bdi>978-3-11-071155-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6+toga+%E2%80%93+an+attire+of+unfree+prostitutes&rft.btitle=Roman+Women%27s+Dress&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=365-374&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110711554-022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071155-4&rft.aulast=Radicke&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110711554-022%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlson2008">Olson 2008</a>, p. 151, note 18, citing <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>'s account of an equestrian statue to the legendary, early Republican heroine. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadicke2022" class="citation book cs1">Radicke, Jan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110711554-021/html">"5 praetexta – a dress of young Roman girls"</a>. Roman Women's Dress. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 355–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110711554-021">10.1515/9783110711554-021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071155-4"><bdi>978-3-11-071155-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5+praetexta+%E2%80%93+a+dress+of+young+Roman+girls&rft.btitle=Roman+Women%27s+Dress&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=355-364&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110711554-021&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071155-4&rft.aulast=Radicke&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110711554-021%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_den_Berg2012">van den Berg 2012</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVout1996">Vout 1996</a>, pp. 205‒208, 215, citing Servius, In Aenidem, 1.281 and Nonius, 14.867L; for the former wearing of togas by women other than prostitutes and adulteresses. Some modern scholars doubt the "togate adulteress" as more than literary and social invective: cf <a href="#CITEREFDixon2014">Dixon 2014</a>, pp. 298‒304. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeith2008">Keith 2008</a>, pp. 197‒198; <a href="#CITEREFSebesta2001">Sebesta 2001</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhang2008">Phang 2008</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlson2008">Olson 2008</a>, p. 151, note 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Phang-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phang_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phang_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhang2008">Phang 2008</a>, pp. 77‒78. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhang2008">Phang 2008</a>, pp. 12‒17, 49‒50. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhang2008">Phang 2008</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhang2008">Phang 2008</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDugan2005">Dugan 2005</a>, pp. 61‒65, citing Cicero's Ad Pisonem (Against Piso). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRankovHook1994">Rankov & Hook 1994</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalmer1996">Palmer 1996</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSöderlind2002">Söderlind 2002</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchilling1992">Schilling 1992</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2011:4&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 11:4</a>; <a href="#CITEREFElliott2006">Elliott 2006</a>, p. 210; <a href="#CITEREFWinter2001">Winter 2001</a>, pp. 121–123 citing as the standard source <a href="#CITEREFGill1990">Gill 1990</a>, pp. 245‒260; <a href="#CITEREFFantham2008">Fantham 2008</a>, p. 159, citing Richard Oster. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScheid2003">Scheid 2003</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScullard1980">Scullard 1980</a>, p. 455: "[...] the Gabine robe (cinctus Gabinus) was worn by Roman officials as a sacred vestment on certain occasions." </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Servius, note to Aeneid 7.612; <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Larissa Bonfante</a>, "Ritual Dress," p. 185, and Fay Glinister, "Veiled and Unveiled: Uncovering Roman Influence in Hellenistic Italy," p. 197, both in Votives, Places, and Rituals in Etruscan Religion: Studies in Honor of <a href="/wiki/Jean_MacIntosh_Turfa" title="Jean MacIntosh Turfa">Jean MacIntosh Turfa</a> (Brill, 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1890" class="citation cs2">Anderson, W.C.F. (1890), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=toga-cn">"Toga"</a>, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: John Murray</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Toga&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=W.C.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aid%3Dtoga-cn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Servius, note to Aeneid 7.612; see also <a href="#CITEREFBonfante2009">Bonfante 2009</a>, p. 185 and <a href="#CITEREFGlinister2009">Glinister 2009</a>, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> In reality, she was the female equivalent of the romanticised citizen-farmer: see <a href="#CITEREFHin2014">Hin 2014</a>, p. 153 and <a href="#CITEREFShaw2014">Shaw 2014</a>, pp. 195‒197. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCulham2014">Culham 2014</a>, pp. 153–154, citing Suetonius, Life of Augustus, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSebesta2001">Sebesta 2001</a>, pp. 43, note 59, citing Martial, 10.74.3, 11.24.11 and 4.66. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyers2016">Meyers 2016</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone_2001_13–30-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_2001_13–30_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_2001_13–30_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, pp. 13–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMétraux2008">Métraux 2008</a>, pp. 282–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Modern reconstructions have employed applied panels of fabric, pins, and hidden stitches to achieve the effect; the underlying structure of the original remains unknown. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, pp. 24–25, 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fejfer-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fejfer_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fejfer_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFejfer2008">Fejfer 2008</a>, pp. 189–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRothe2020">Rothe 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPharr2001">Pharr 2001</a>, p. 415. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLa_Follette2001">La Follette 2001</a>, p. 58 and footnote 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWickham2009">Wickham 2009</a>, p. 106. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2012" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, David (2012). "3 Juvenalis Eques: A Dissident Voice from the Lower Tier of the Roman Elite". In Braund, Susanna; Osgood, Josiah (eds.). A Companion to Persius and Juvenal. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 59‒78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9965-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-9965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3+Juvenalis+Eques%3A+A+Dissident+Voice+from+the+Lower+Tier+of+the+Roman+Elite&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Persius+and+Juvenal&rft.place=Oxford+and+Malden&rft.pages=59%E2%80%9278&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9965-0&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtemidorus2020" class="citation book cs1">Artemidorus (2020). The Interpretation of Dreams. Translated by Hammond, Martin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interpretation+of+Dreams&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Artemidorus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubert2014" class="citation book cs1">Aubert, Jean-Jacques (2014) [2004]. "8: The Republican Economy and Roman Law: Regulation, Promotion, or Reflection?". In Flower, Harriet I. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167‒186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03224-8"><bdi>978-1-107-03224-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+The+Republican+Economy+and+Roman+Law%3A+Regulation%2C+Promotion%2C+or+Reflection%3F&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=167%E2%80%92186&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03224-8&rft.aulast=Aubert&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Beard, Mary</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Roman_Triumph" title="The Roman Triumph">The Roman Triumph</a>. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02613-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02613-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02613-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Triumph&rft.place=Cambridge+and+London&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02613-1&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBispham2007" class="citation book cs1">Bispham, Edward (2007). From Asculum to Actium: The Municipalization of Italy from the Social War to Augustus. 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Votives, Places, and Rituals in Etruscan Religion: Studies in Honor of <a href="/wiki/Jean_MacIntosh_Turfa" title="Jean MacIntosh Turfa">Jean MacIntosh Turfa</a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 183‒191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Eleven+Ritual+Dress&rft.btitle=Votives%2C+Places%2C+and+Rituals+in+Etruscan+Religion%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Jean+MacIntosh+Turfa&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=183%E2%80%92191&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bonfante&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2008" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Keith (2008). "12 Appearing for the Defence: Apuleius on Display". In Edmondson, Johnathan; Keith, Alison (eds.). Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture. 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London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7154-0"><bdi>978-1-4725-7154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Toga+and+Roman+Identity&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-7154-0&rft.aulast=Rothe&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothfus2010" class="citation journal cs1">Rothfus, Melissa A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jasonthamdotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/rothfus_gens-togata-changing-styles-2010.pdf">"The Gens Togata: Changing Styles and Changing Identities"</a> (PDF). American Journal of Philology. 131 (3): 425‒452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2010.0009">10.1353/ajp.2010.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55972174">55972174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Gens+Togata%3A+Changing+Styles+and+Changing+Identities&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425%E2%80%92452&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fajp.2010.0009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55972174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rothfus&rft.aufirst=Melissa+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjasonthamdotcom.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F05%2Frothfus_gens-togata-changing-styles-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebesta2001" class="citation book cs1">Sebesta, Judith Lynn (2001). "2 Symbolism in the Costume of the Roman Woman". In Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa (eds.). The World of Roman Costume. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 46–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+Symbolism+in+the+Costume+of+the+Roman+Woman&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Roman+Costume&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pages=46-53&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Sebesta&rft.aufirst=Judith+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilling1992" class="citation book cs1">Schilling, Robert (1992) [1991]. "Roman Sacrifice". In Bonnefoy, Yves; Doniger, Wendy (eds.). Roman and European Mythologies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 77‒81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-06455-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-06455-7"><bdi>0-226-06455-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roman+Sacrifice&rft.btitle=Roman+and+European+Mythologies&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=77%E2%80%9281&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-226-06455-7&rft.aulast=Schilling&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheid2003" class="citation book cs1">Scheid, John (2003). An Introduction to Roman Religion. Translated by Lloyd, Janet. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34377-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34377-1"><bdi>0-253-34377-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Roman+Religion&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-253-34377-1&rft.aulast=Scheid&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScullard1980" class="citation book cs1">Scullard, Howard Hayes (1980) [1935]. A History of the Roman World: 753 to 146 BC (Fourth ed.). London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30504-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30504-7"><bdi>0-415-30504-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+World%3A+753+to+146+BC&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-415-30504-7&rft.aulast=Scullard&rft.aufirst=Howard+Hayes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2014" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Brent D. (2014) [2004]. "9: The Great Transformation: Slavery and the Free Republic". In Flower, Harriet I. (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 187‒212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03224-8"><bdi>978-1-107-03224-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%3A+The+Great+Transformation%3A+Slavery+and+the+Free+Republic&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=187%E2%80%92212&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03224-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Brent+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSöderlind2002" class="citation book cs1">Söderlind, Martin (2002). Late Etruscan Votive Heads from Tessennano: Production, Distribution, Socio-Historical Context. Rome: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-882-65186-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-882-65186-2"><bdi>978-8-882-65186-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Etruscan+Votive+Heads+from+Tessennano%3A+Production%2C+Distribution%2C+Socio-Historical+Context&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=%22L%27Erma%22+di+Bretschneider&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8-882-65186-2&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6derlind&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2001" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Shelley (2001). "1 The Toga: From National to Ceremonial Costume". In Sebesta, Judith Lynn; Bonfante, Larissa (eds.). The World of Roman Costume. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 13–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1+The+Toga%3A+From+National+to+Ceremonial+Costume&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Roman+Costume&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pages=13-45&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee1996" class="citation book cs1">Toynbee, J. M. C. (1996) [1971]. Death and Burial in the Roman World. Baltimore and London: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-85507-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-85507-8"><bdi>978-0-801-85507-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Burial+in+the+Roman+World&rft.place=Baltimore+and+London&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-801-85507-8&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Berg2012" class="citation book cs1">van den Berg, Christopher S. (2012). "12 Imperial Satire and Rhetoric". In Braund, Susanna; Osgood, Josiah (eds.). A Companion to Persius and Juvenal. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. 262‒282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9965-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-9965-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12+Imperial+Satire+and+Rhetoric&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Persius+and+Juvenal&rft.place=Oxford+and+Malden&rft.pages=262%E2%80%92282&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9965-0&rft.aulast=van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVout1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Vout" title="Caroline Vout">Vout, Caroline</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgr%2F43.2.204">"The Myth of the Toga: Understanding the History of Roman Dress"</a>. Greece & Rome. 43 (2): 204–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgr%2F43.2.204">10.1093/gr/43.2.204</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/643096">643096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+Toga%3A+Understanding+the+History+of+Roman+Dress&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=204-220&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgr%2F43.2.204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F643096%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vout&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fgr%252F43.2.204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2009" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Chris (2009). The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000. London and New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02098-0"><bdi>978-0-670-02098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inheritance+of+Rome%3A+A+History+of+Europe+from+400+to+1000&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02098-0&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2001" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Bruce W. (2001). After Paul Left Corinth: The Influence of Secular Ethics and Social Change. Grand Rapids, WI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-802-84898-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-802-84898-2"><bdi>0-802-84898-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Paul+Left+Corinth%3A+The+Influence+of+Secular+Ethics+and+Social+Change&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+WI&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-802-84898-2&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Bruce+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AToga" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Toga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Toga" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Toga">Toga</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drtoga.org/">Doctor Toga</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Toga_(Nova_Roma)">Toga (Nova Roma) – How to make a toga</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:id=toga-cn">William Smith's A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities on the toga</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_clothing" title="Template:Historical clothing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_clothing" title="Template talk:Historical clothing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_clothing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical clothing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_clothing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Historical clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body-length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolla" title="Abolla">Abolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)" title="Banyan (clothing)">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)" title="Brunswick (clothing)">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Court uniform and dress in the Empire of Japan">Court dress (Empire of Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frock" title="Frock">Frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">Frock coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justacorps" title="Justacorps">Justacorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paenula" title="Paenula">Paenula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">Stola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">Tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xout_lao" title="Xout lao">Xout lao</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Clothes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/150px-Clothes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/225px-Clothes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/300px-Clothes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2460" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Top_(clothing)" title="Top (clothing)">Tops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedgown" title="Bedgown">Bedgown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodice" title="Bodice">Bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peascod_belly" title="Peascod belly">Peascod belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poet_shirt" title="Poet shirt">Poet shirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbai" title="Sbai">Sbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_pat" title="Suea pat">Suea pat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braccae" title="Braccae">Braccae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Breeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben" title="Sompot Chong Kben">Sompot Chong Kben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culottes" title="Culottes">Culottes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_pants" title="Harem pants">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)" title="Knickerbockers (clothing)">Knickerbockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_pushers" title="Pedal pushers">Pedal pushers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarag%C3%BCells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saragüells (page does not exist)">Saragüells</a> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarag%C3%BCells" class="extiw" title="ca:Saragüells">ca</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">Skirts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobble_skirt" title="Hobble skirt">Hobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poodle_skirt" title="Poodle skirt">Poodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)" title="Safeguard (costume)">Safeguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompot">Sompot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">Sinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dresses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bliaut" title="Bliaut">Bliaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-bodied_gown" title="Close-bodied gown">Close-bodied gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante_dress" title="Debutante dress">Debutante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">Gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtle" title="Kirtle">Kirtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)" title="Mantua (clothing)">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)" title="Polonaise (clothing)">Polonaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_de_cour" title="Robe de cour">Robe de cour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack-back_gown" title="Sack-back gown">Sack-back gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_dress" title="Sailor dress">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_gown" title="Tea gown">Tea gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu" title="Zaju chuishao fu">Zaju chuishao fu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_outerwear" title="List of outerwear">Outerwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capote_(garment)" title="Capote (garment)">Capote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">Car coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraco" title="Caraco">Caraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_cloak" title="Cardinal cloak">Cardinal cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)" title="Chamail (clothing)">Chamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">Cloak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinsale_cloak" title="Kinsale cloak">Kinsale cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolman" title="Dolman">Dolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duster_(clothing)" title="Duster (clothing)">Duster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatcoat" title="Greatcoat">Greatcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houppelande" title="Houppelande">Houppelande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness_cape" title="Inverness cape">Inverness cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin" title="Jerkin">Jerkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandys" title="Kandys">Kandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket" title="Mackinaw jacket">Mackinaw jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadiri" title="Nadiri">Nadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_jacket" title="Norfolk jacket">Norfolk jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-frock_coat" title="Over-frock coat">Overfrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo" title="Pañuelo">Pañuelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palla_(garment)" title="Palla (garment)">Palla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)" title="Pallium (Roman cloak)">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelisse" title="Pelisse">Pelisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadbelly" title="Shadbelly">Shadbelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galway_shawl" title="Galway shawl">Galway shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullu_shawl" title="Kullu shawl">Kullu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smock-frock" title="Smock-frock">Smock-frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)" title="Spencer (clothing)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surcoat" title="Surcoat">Surcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtout" title="Surtout">Surtout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_coat" title="Ulster coat">Ulster coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visite" title="Visite">Visite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witzchoura" title="Witzchoura">Witzchoura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Undergarment" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergarment">Underwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustle" title="Bustle">Bustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausses" title="Chausses">Chausses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemise" title="Chemise">Chemise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codpiece" title="Codpiece">Codpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corselet" title="Corselet">Corselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">Corset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist_cincher" title="Waist cincher">Waist cincher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickey_(garment)" title="Dickey (garment)">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_skirt" title="Hoop skirt">Hoop skirt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinoline" title="Crinoline">Crinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farthingale" title="Farthingale">Farthingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)" title="Pannier (clothing)">Pannier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_(clothing)" title="Hose (clothing)">Hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_bodice" title="Liberty bodice">Liberty bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">Loincloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_drawers" title="Open drawers">Open drawers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantalettes" title="Pantalettes">Pantalettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat" title="Petticoat">Petticoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peignoir" title="Peignoir">Peignoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettipants" title="Pettipants">Pettipants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_suit" title="Union suit">Union suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm" title="Yếm">Yếm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">Headwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat" title="Anthony Eden hat">Anthony Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(headdress)" title="Apex (headdress)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakhchin" title="Arakhchin">Arakhchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attifet" title="Attifet">Attifet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviator_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator hat">Aviator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m" title="Ba tầm">Ba tầm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat" title="Bergère hat">Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat" title="Blessed sword and hat">Blessed hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capotain" title="Capotain">Capotain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">Caubeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_hat" title="Cavalier hat">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">Coonskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunce_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunce cap">Dunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)" title="Fillet (clothing)">Fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hood" title="French hood">French hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontange" title="Fontange">Fontange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou" title="Futou">Futou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable_hood" title="Gable hood">Gable hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennin" title="Hennin">Hennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongjagwan" title="Jeongjagwan">Jeongjagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">Kausia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llawt%27u" title="Llawt'u">Llawt'u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matron%27s_badge" title="Matron's badge">Matron's badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_cap" title="Miner's cap">Miner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobcap" title="Mobcap">Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooskappe" title="Mooskappe">Mooskappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoring_hood" title="Motoring hood">Motoring hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mounteere_Cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounteere Cap">Mounteere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightcap_(garment)" title="Nightcap (garment)">Nightcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochipok" title="Ochipok">Ochipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_hat" title="Pahlavi hat">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">Petasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_hat" title="Printer's hat">Printer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_bumper_headguard_cap" title="Baby bumper headguard cap">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakot" title="Salakot">Salakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">Snood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephane_(headdress)" title="Stephane (headdress)">Stephane (headdress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tainia_(costume)" title="Tainia (costume)">Tainia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranga_(clothing)" title="Taranga (clothing)">Taranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Wig" title="Welsh Wig">Welsh Wig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimple" title="Wimple">Wimple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">Footwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buskin" title="Buskin">Buskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcei" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcei">Calcei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligae" title="Caligae">Caligae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbatina" title="Carbatina">Carbatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_footwear" title="Hanfu footwear">Chinese styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopine" title="Chopine">Chopines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duckbill_shoe" title="Duckbill shoe">Duckbills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_sandals" title="Episcopal sandals">Episcopal sandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_(boot)" title="Hessian (boot)">Hessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus shoes">Lotus shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes" title="Manchu platform shoes">Manchu platform shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampootie" title="Pampootie">Pampooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patten_(shoe)" title="Patten (shoe)">Pattens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigache" title="Pigache">Pigaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulaine" title="Poulaine">Poulaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socci" class="mw-redirect" title="Socci">Socci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes" title="Tiger-head shoes">Tiger-head shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnshoe" title="Turnshoe">Turnshoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_tie" title="Ascot tie">Ascot tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointoise" title="Cointoise">Cointoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">Cravat (early)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin" title="Hairpin">Hairpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">Hatpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)" title="Jabot 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