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You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantis&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atlantis"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantis&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantis&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Atlantis" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Atlantis" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantis&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAtlantis%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAtlantis%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25373" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-protectedpagetext"><div class="mw-parser-output"> <div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1099782930">.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat h2{margin-top:1em;border-bottom:0;font-size:130%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.15em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-submit{list-style:none;display:inline;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:2em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat>div{flex:1 1 400px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238441935">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}</style><table id="mw-protectedpagetext" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-protection" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/60px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/80px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:130%;"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div style="text-align: center;">This page is currently semi-protected so that only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">registered users</a> can edit it.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="pptext-whywhat"> <div class="pptext-why"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Why_is_the_page_protected?"><span id="Why_is_the_page_protected.3F"></span>Why is the page protected?</h2></div> <ul> <li>While most articles can be edited by anyone, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Semi-protection" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">semi-protection</a> is sometimes necessary to prevent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">vandalism</a> to popular pages.</li> <li>The reason for protection can be found in the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=protect&page=Atlantis">protection log</a>. If there are no relevant entries in the protection log, the page may have been moved after being protected. </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pptext-what"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_can_I_do?"><span id="What_can_I_do.3F"></span>What can I do?</h2></div> <ul> <li>If you have a user account, <a href="/wiki/Special:UserLogin" title="Special:UserLogin">log in</a> first. If you do not yet have an account, you may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&type=signup&campaign=semiprotectednotice">create one</a>; after <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">4 days and 10 edits</a>, you will be able to edit semi-protected pages.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Talk:Atlantis" title="Talk:Atlantis">Discuss this page</a> with others.</li> <li>For move-protected pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">requested moves</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">Request that the page's protection level be reduced</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Find out more about how to get started editing Wikipedia</a>.</li> <li>If you have noticed an error or have a suggestion for a <b>simple, non-controversial change</b>, you can submit an edit request by clicking the button below and following the instructions. An <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established user</a> may then make the change on your behalf. Please check <a href="/wiki/Talk:Atlantis" title="Talk:Atlantis">the talk page</a> first in case the issue is already being discussed.</li> <li class="pptext-submit"><div> <p><span class="plainlinks clickbutton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAtlantis&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+semi-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Semi-protected+edit+request+on+30+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+semi-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Atlantis"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Submit an edit request</span></a></span> </p> </div></li> <li>If you wrote any text, please save it temporarily to your device until you can edit this page.</li> </ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. 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The map is oriented with [[South-up map orientation|south at the top]].]] {{Platonism}} '''Atlantis''' ({{langx|grc|Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος|{{grc-transl|Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος}}|island of [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]}}) is a [[fiction]]al island mentioned in [[Plato]]'s works ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' and ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'' as part of an [[allegory]] on the [[hubris]] of nations. In the story, Atlantis is described as a naval empire that ruled all Western parts of the [[Ecumene|known world]],<ref>Plato's contemporaries pictured the world as consisting of only Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia (see the map of [[Hecataeus of Miletus]]).</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John R. |last=Hale |title=Lords of the Sea: The Epic Story of the Athenian Navy and the Birth of Democracy |location=New York |publisher=Penguin |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-670-02080-5 |page=368 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1iI-C4r09oC |quote=Plato also wrote the myth of Atlantis as an allegory of the archetypal [[thalassocracy]] or naval power. }}</ref> making it the literary counter-image of the [[Achaemenid Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Welliver |first=Warman |title=Character, Plot and Thought in Plato's Timaeus-Critias |location=Leiden |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1977 |isbn=978-90-04-04870-6 |page=42 |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=Ppg3AAAAIAAJ |page=42}} }}</ref> After an ill-fated attempt to conquer "Ancient Athens," Atlantis falls out of favor with the deities and submerges into the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Since Plato describes Athens as resembling his ideal state in the ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'', the Atlantis story is meant to bear witness to the superiority of his concept of a state.<ref name="Hackforth">{{cite journal |last=Hackforth |first=R. |title=The Story of Atlantis: Its Purpose and Its Moral |journal=[[Bryn Mawr Classical Review|Classical Review]] |volume=58 |issue=1 |year=1944 |pages=7–9 |jstor=701961 |doi=10.1017/s0009840x00089356|s2cid=162292186 |issn=0009-840X }}</ref><ref name=David>{{cite journal |first=Ephraim |last=David |title=The Problem of Representing Plato's Ideal State in Action |journal=[[Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica|Riv. Fil.]] |volume=112 |year=1984 |pages=33–53 }}</ref> Despite its minor importance in Plato's work, the Atlantis story has had a considerable impact on literature. The allegorical aspect of Atlantis was taken up in [[utopia]]n works of several [[Renaissance]] writers, such as [[Francis Bacon]]'s ''[[New Atlantis]]'' and [[Thomas More]]'s ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Lewis |last=Mumford |title=Utopia, the City and the Machine |journal=[[Daedalus (journal)|Daedalus]] |volume=94 |issue=2 |year=1965 |pages=271–292 |jstor=20026910 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hartmann |first1=Anna-Maria |year=2015 |title=The Strange Antiquity of Francis Bacon's ''New Atlantis'' |journal=Renaissance Studies |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=375–393 |doi=10.1111/rest.12084 |s2cid=161272260 }}</ref> On the other hand, nineteenth-century amateur scholars misinterpreted Plato's narrative as historical tradition, most famously [[Ignatius L. Donnelly]] in his ''[[Atlantis: The Antediluvian World]]''. Plato's vague indications of the time of the events (more than 9,000 years before his time<ref>The [[frame story]] in ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'' tells about an alleged visit of the Athenian lawmaker [[Solon]] (c. 638 BC – 558 BC) to Egypt, where he was told the Atlantis story that supposedly occurred 9,000 years before his time.</ref>) and the alleged location of Atlantis ("beyond the [[Pillars of Hercules]]") gave rise to much [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] speculation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Feder |first=Kenneth |chapter=Lost: One Continent – Reward |title=Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2011 |edition=Seventh |isbn=978-0-07-811697-1 |pages=141–164 |chapter-url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=8yw5QwAACAAJ |page=141 }} }}</ref> As a consequence, Atlantis has become a byword for any and all supposed advanced prehistoric [[Lost world|lost civilizations]] and continues to inspire contemporary fiction, from comic books to films. While present-day [[Philology|philologists]] and [[Classics|classicists]] agree on the story's fictional nature,<ref>{{cite book |last=Clay |first=Diskin |author-link=Diskin Clay |chapter=The Invention of Atlantis: The Anatomy of a Fiction |title=Proceedings of the Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy |editor-first=John J. |editor-last=Cleary |editor2-first=Gary M. |editor2-last=Gurtler |publisher=E. J. Brill |location=Leiden |volume=15 |year=2000 |pages=1–21 |isbn=978-90-04-11704-4 |chapter-url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=AMRl67uqD9wC |page=1}} }}</ref><ref>"As Smith discusses in the opening article in this theme issue, the lost island-continent was – in all likelihood – entirely Plato's invention for the purposes of illustrating arguments around Grecian polity. Archaeologists broadly agree with the view that Atlantis is quite simply 'utopia' (Doumas, 2007), a stance also taken by classical philologists, who interpret Atlantis as a metaphorical rather than an actual place (Broadie, 2013; Gill, 1979; Nesselrath, 2002). One might consider the question as being already reasonably solved but despite the general expert consensus on the matter, countless attempts have been made at finding Atlantis." ([http://shimajournal.org/issues/v10n2/c.-Dawson-Hayward-Introduction-Shima-v10n2.pdf Dawson & Hayward, 2016])</ref> there is still debate on what served as its inspiration. Plato is known to have freely borrowed some of his allegories and metaphors from older traditions, as he did with the [[Ring of Gyges|story of Gyges]].<ref>{{Cite journal | jstor = 631825 | title = Ringing the Changes on Gyges: Philosophy and the Formation of Fiction in Plato's Republic | journal = [[Journal of Hellenic Studies]] | volume = 121 | pages = 12–29 | year = 2001 | last1 = Laird | first1 = A. | doi = 10.2307/631825 | s2cid = 170951759 }}</ref> This led a number of scholars to suggest possible inspiration of Atlantis from [[History of Achaemenid Egypt|Egyptian]] records of the [[Thera eruption]],<ref name="Luce" /><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Griffiths | first1 = J. Gwyn | author-link = J. Gwyn Griffiths | year = 1985 | title = Atlantis and Egypt | journal = [[Historia (Antiquity journal)|Historia]] | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–28 | jstor = 4435908 }}</ref> the [[Sea Peoples]] invasion,<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Görgemanns | first1 = Herwig | year = 2000 | title = Wahrheit und Fiktion in Platons Atlantis-Erzählung | journal = Hermes | volume = 128 | issue = 4 | pages = 405–419 | jstor = 4477385 }}</ref> or the [[Trojan War#Historical basis|Trojan War]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Zangger | first1 = Eberhard | year = 1993 | title = Plato's Atlantis Account – A Distorted Recollection of the Trojan War | journal = Oxford Journal of Archaeology | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 77–87 | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-0092.1993.tb00283.x }}</ref> Others have rejected this chain of tradition as implausible and insist that Plato created an entirely fictional account,<ref name=Gill>{{cite journal |last=Gill |first=Christopher |title=Plato's Atlantis Story and the Birth of Fiction |journal=Philosophy and Literature |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=1979 |pages=64–78 |doi=10.1353/phl.1979.0005 |s2cid=170851163 }}</ref><ref name=Naddaf>{{cite journal |last=Naddaf |first=Gerard |year=1994 |title=The Atlantis Myth: An Introduction to Plato's Later Philosophy of History |journal=[[Phoenix (classics journal)|Phoenix]] |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=189–209 |jstor=3693746 |doi=10.2307/3693746 }}</ref><ref name=Morgan>{{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=K. A. |year=1998 |title=Designer History: Plato's Atlantis Story and Fourth-Century Ideology |journal=[[Journal of Hellenic Studies]] |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=101–118 |jstor=632233 |doi=10.2307/632233 |s2cid=162318214 }}</ref> drawing loose inspiration from contemporary events such as the failed [[Sicilian Expedition|Athenian invasion of Sicily]] in 415–413 BC or the destruction of [[Helike]] in 373 BC.<ref>Plato's ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' is usually dated 360 BC; it was followed by his ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]''.</ref> ==Plato's dialogues== ===''Timaeus''=== [[File:Plato Timaeus.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.8|A fifteenth-century Latin translation of Plato's ''Timaeus'']] {{main|Timaeus (dialogue)}} The only primary sources for Atlantis are Plato's dialogues ''Timaeus'' and ''Critias''; all other mentions of the island are based on them. The dialogues claim to quote [[Solon]], who visited Egypt between 590 and 580 BC; they state that he translated Egyptian records of Atlantis.<ref name="ley196706">{{Cite magazine |last=Ley |first=Willy |date=June 1967 |title=Another Look at Atlantis |department=For Your Information |url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v25n05_1967-06_modified#page/n37/mode/2up |magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction |pages=74–84 }}</ref> Plato introduced Atlantis in ''Timaeus'', written in 360 BC: {{blockquote|For it is related in our records how once upon a time your State stayed the course of a mighty host, which, starting from a distant point in the Atlantic ocean, was insolently advancing to attack the whole of Europe, and Asia to boot. For the ocean there was at that time navigable; for in front of the mouth which you Greeks call, as you say, 'the [[pillars of Heracles]],' there lay an island which was larger than Libya and Asia together; and it was possible for the travelers of that time to cross from it to the other islands, and from the islands to the whole of the continent over against them which encompasses that veritable ocean. For all that we have here, lying within the mouth of which we speak, is evidently a haven having a narrow entrance; but that yonder is a real ocean, and the land surrounding it may most rightly be called, in the fullest and truest sense, a continent. Now in this island of Atlantis there existed a confederation of kings, of great and marvelous power, which held sway over all the island, and over many other islands also and parts of the continent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180%3Atext%3DTim.%3Asection%3D24e|at=Section 24e-25a|title=Timaeus|author=Plato|translator=[[Robert Gregg Bury|R. G. Bury]]|publisher=Loeb Classical Library}}</ref>}} The four people appearing in those two dialogues are the politicians [[Critias]] and [[Hermocrates]] as well as the philosophers [[Socrates]] and [[Timaeus of Locri]], although only Critias speaks of Atlantis. In his works Plato makes extensive use of the [[Socratic method]] in order to discuss contrary positions within the context of a supposition. The ''Timaeus'' begins with an introduction, followed by an account of the creations and structure of the universe and ancient civilizations. In the introduction, Socrates muses about the perfect society, described in Plato's ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' ({{circa|380 BC}}), and wonders if he and his guests might recollect a story which exemplifies such a society. Critias mentions a tale he considered to be historical, that would make the perfect example, and he then follows by describing Atlantis as is recorded in the ''Critias''. In his account, ancient Athens seems to represent the "perfect society" and Atlantis its opponent, representing the very antithesis of the "perfect" traits described in the ''Republic''. ===''Critias''=== {{main|Critias (dialogue)}} According to Critias, the [[Ancient Greece|Hellenic]] deities of old divided the land so that each deity might have their own lot; [[Poseidon]] was appropriately, and to his liking, bequeathed the island of Atlantis. The island was larger than [[Ancient Libya]] and [[Asia Minor]] combined,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9010107/Atlantis |title=Atlantis—Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=29 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>Also it has been interpreted that Plato or someone before him in the chain of the oral or written tradition of the report, accidentally changed the very similar Greek words for "bigger than" ("meson") and "between" ("mezon") – {{cite book|last=Luce|first=J.V.|title=The End of Atlantis – New Light on an Old Legend|year=1969|publisher=Thames and Hudson|location=London|page=224}}</ref> but it was later sunk by an earthquake and became an impassable mud shoal, inhibiting travel to any part of the ocean. Plato asserted that the Egyptians described Atlantis as an island consisting mostly of mountains in the northern portions and along the shore and encompassing a great plain in an oblong shape in the south "extending in one direction three thousand ''[[Stadia (length)|stadia]]'' [about 555&nbsp;km; 345&nbsp;mi], but across the center inland it was two thousand stadia [about 370&nbsp;km; 230&nbsp;mi]." Fifty stadia [9&nbsp;km; 6&nbsp;mi] from the coast was a mountain that was low on all sides&nbsp;... broke it off all round about&nbsp;... the central island itself was five stades in diameter [about 0.92&nbsp;km; 0.57&nbsp;mi]. In Plato's metaphorical tale, Poseidon fell in love with Cleito, the daughter of [[Evenor]] and Leucippe, who bore him five pairs of male twins. The eldest of these, [[Atlas of Atlantis|Atlas]], was made rightful king of the entire island and the ocean (called the Atlantic Ocean in his honor), and was given the mountain of his birth and the surrounding area as his [[fiefdom]]. Atlas's twin Gadeirus, or Eumelus in Greek, was given the extremity of the island toward the pillars of Hercules.<ref>The name is a back-formation from ''Gades'', the Greek name for [[Cadiz]].</ref> The other four pairs of twins—Ampheres and Evaemon, [[Mneseus]] and Autochthon, Elasippus and Mestor, and Azaes and Diaprepes—were also given "rule over many men, and a large territory." Poseidon carved the mountain where his love dwelt into a palace and enclosed it with three circular [[moat]]s of increasing width, varying from one to three stadia and separated by rings of land proportional in size. The Atlanteans then built bridges northward from the mountain, making a route to the rest of the island. They dug a great canal to the sea, and alongside the bridges carved tunnels into the rings of rock so that ships could pass into the city around the mountain; they carved docks from the rock walls of the moats. Every passage to the city was guarded by gates and towers, and a wall surrounded each ring of the city. The walls were constructed of red, white, and black rock, quarried from the moats, and were covered with [[brass]], [[tin]], and the precious metal [[orichalcum]], respectively. According to Critias, 9,000 years before his lifetime a war took place between those outside the Pillars of Hercules at the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] and those who dwelt within them. The Atlanteans had conquered the parts of Libya within the Pillars of Hercules, as far as Egypt, and the European continent as far as [[Tyrrhenia]], and had subjected its people to slavery. The Athenians led an alliance of resistors against the Atlantean empire, and as the alliance disintegrated, prevailed alone against the empire, liberating the occupied lands. {{blockquote|But afterwards there occurred violent earthquakes and floods; and in a single day and night of misfortune all your warlike men in a body sank into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared in the depths of the sea. For which reason the sea in those parts is impassable and impenetrable, because there is a shoal of mud in the way; and this was caused by the subsidence of the island.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timaeus |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/timaeus.html |author=[[Plato]] (360 BCE) |translator=[[Benjamin Jowett]] |access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref>}} The [[Logographer (history)|logographer]] [[Hellanicus of Lesbos]] wrote an earlier work entitled ''Atlantis'', of which only a few fragments survive. Hellanicus' work appears to have been a genealogical one concerning the daughters of Atlas (Ἀτλαντὶς in Greek means "of Atlas"),<ref name="Luce">{{cite book |year=1978 |title=Atlantis, Fact or Fiction? |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-10482-3 |first=John V. |last=Luce |author-link=John V. Luce |chapter=The Literary Perspective |editor-first=Edwin S. |editor-last=Ramage |page=[https://archive.org/details/atlantisfactorfi00rama/page/72 72] |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/atlantisfactorfi00rama/page/72 }}</ref> but some authors have suggested a possible connection with Plato's island. [[John V. Luce]] notes that when Plato writes about the genealogy of Atlantis's kings, he writes in the same style as Hellanicus, suggesting a similarity between a fragment of Hellanicus's work and an account in the ''Critias''.<ref name="Luce" /> Rodney Castleden suggests that Plato may have borrowed his title from Hellanicus, who may have based his work on an earlier work about Atlantis.<ref>Castleden 2001, p. 164</ref> Castleden has pointed out that Plato wrote of Atlantis in 359 BC, when he returned to Athens from Sicily. He notes a number of parallels between the physical organisation and fortifications of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] and Plato's description of Atlantis.<ref>Castleden 2001, pp. 156–158.</ref> Gunnar Rudberg was the first who elaborated upon the idea that Plato's attempt to realize his political ideas in the city of Syracuse could have heavily inspired the Atlantis account.<ref>[[Gunnar Rudberg|Rudberg, G.]] (1917/2012). ''Atlantis och Syrakusai'', 1917; English: ''Atlantis and Syracuse'', 2012. {{ISBN|978-3-8482-2822-5}}</ref> ==Interpretations== [[File:Herodotus world map-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|A reconstruction of the [[Oikoumene]] (inhabited world), an ancient map based on [[Herodotus]]' description of the world, circa 450 BC]] ===Ancient=== Some ancient writers viewed Atlantis as fictional or metaphorical myth; others believed it to be real.<ref>[[Heinz-Günther Nesselrath|Nesselrath, HG]] (2005). 'Where the Lord of the Sea Grants Passage to Sailors through the Deep-blue Mere no More: The Greeks and the Western Seas', ''Greece & Rome'', vol. 52, pp.&nbsp;153–171 [pp. 161–171].</ref> [[Aristotle]] believed that Plato, his teacher, had invented the island to teach philosophy.{{r|ley196706}} The philosopher [[Crantor]], a student of Plato's student [[Xenocrates]], is cited often as an example of a writer who thought the story to be historical fact. His work, a commentary on ''Timaeus'', is lost, but [[Proclus]], a [[Neoplatonist]] of the fifth century AD, reports on it.<ref>{{cite web |author=Plato |title=Timaeus |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0179%3Atext%3DTim.%3Asection%3D24a |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Perseus Digital Library |at=Section 24a |language=grc |quote={{lang|grc|τὰ γράμματα λαβόντες}}}}</ref> The passage in question has been represented in the modern literature either as claiming that Crantor visited Egypt, had conversations with priests, and saw hieroglyphs confirming the story, or, as claiming that he learned about them from other visitors to Egypt.<ref>Cameron 2002{{full citation needed|date=July 2013}}</ref> Proclus wrote: {{blockquote|As for the whole of this account of the Atlanteans, some say that it is unadorned history, such as Crantor, the first commentator on Plato. Crantor also says that Plato's contemporaries used to criticize him jokingly for not being the inventor of his Republic but copying the institutions of the Egyptians. Plato took these critics seriously enough to assign to the Egyptians this story about the Athenians and Atlanteans, so as to make them say that the Athenians really once lived according to that system.}} The next sentence is often translated "Crantor adds, that this is testified by the prophets of the Egyptians, who assert that these particulars [which are narrated by Plato] are written on pillars which are still preserved." But in the original, the sentence starts not with the name Crantor but with the ambiguous ''He''; whether this referred to Crantor or to Plato is the subject of considerable debate. Proponents of both Atlantis as a metaphorical myth and Atlantis as history have argued that the pronoun refers to Crantor.<ref>Castleden 2001, p. 168</ref> Alan Cameron argues that the pronoun should be interpreted as referring to Plato, and that, when Proclus writes that "we must bear in mind concerning this whole feat of the Athenians, that it is neither a mere myth nor unadorned history, although some take it as history and others as myth", he is treating "Crantor's view as mere personal opinion, nothing more; in fact he first quotes and then dismisses it as representing one of the two unacceptable extremes".<ref name="Cameron 1983">{{cite journal |last=Cameron |first=Alan |title=Crantor and Posidonius on Atlantis |journal=The Classical Quarterly |series=New Series |volume=33 |issue=1 |year=1983 |pages=81–91 |doi=10.1017/S0009838800034315 |s2cid=170592886 }}</ref> Cameron also points out that whether ''he'' refers to Plato or to Crantor, the statement does not support conclusions such as Otto Muck's "Crantor came to Sais and saw there in the temple of [[Neith]] the column, completely covered with hieroglyphs, on which the history of Atlantis was recorded. Scholars translated it for him, and he testified that their account fully agreed with Plato's account of Atlantis"<ref>Muck, Otto Heinrich, ''The Secret of Atlantis'', Translation by Fred Bradley of ''Alles über Atlantis'' (Econ Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf-Wien, 1976), Times Books, a division of Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., Inc., New York{{ISBN|978-0-671-82392-4}}</ref> or J. V. Luce's suggestion that Crantor sent "a special enquiry to Egypt" and that he may simply be referring to Plato's own claims.<ref name="Cameron 1983"/> Another passage from the commentary by Proclus on the ''Timaeus'' gives a description of the geography of Atlantis: {{blockquote|That an island of such nature and size once existed is evident from what is said by certain authors who investigated the things around the outer sea. For according to them, there were seven islands in that sea in their time, sacred to [[Persephone]], and also three others of enormous size, one of which was sacred to Hades, another to [[Amun|Ammon]], and another one between them to Poseidon, the extent of which was a thousand stadia [200&nbsp;km; 124 mi]; and the inhabitants of it—they add—preserved the remembrance from their ancestors of the immeasurably large island of Atlantis which had really existed there and which for many ages had reigned over all islands in the Atlantic sea and which itself had like-wise been sacred to Poseidon. Now these things Marcellus has written in his ''Aethiopica''.<ref>[[Proclus]], ''Commentary on Plato's Timaeus'', pp. 117.10–30 (=''FGrHist'' 671 F 1), trans. Taylor, Nesselrath.</ref>|source=}} Marcellus remains unidentified. Other ancient historians and philosophers who believed in the existence of Atlantis were [[Strabo]] and [[Posidonius]].<ref>Strabo 2.3.6</ref> Some have theorized that, before the sixth century BC, the "Pillars of Hercules" may have applied to mountains on either side of the [[Gulf of Laconia]], and also may have been part of the pillar cult of the Aegean.<ref name="Davis, J.L 1990">Davis, J.L. and Cherry, J.F., (1990) "Spatial and temporal uniformitarianism in LCI: Perspectives from Kea and Melos on the prehistory of Akrotiri" in Hardy, D.A and Renfrew, A.C. (Eds)(1990) "Thera and the Aegean World III, Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Santorini, Greece, 3–9 September 1989" (Thera Foundation)</ref><ref name="Castleden, Rodney 1998 p6">Castleden, Rodney (1998), "Atlantis Destroyed" (Routledge), p6</ref> The mountains stood at either side of the southernmost gulf in Greece, the largest in the Peloponnese, and it opens onto the Mediterranean Sea. This would have placed Atlantis in the Mediterranean, lending credence to many details in Plato's discussion. The fourth-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], relying on a lost work by [[Timagenes]], a historian writing in the first century BC, writes that the [[Druids]] of [[Gaul]] said that part of the inhabitants of Gaul had migrated there from distant islands. Some have understood Ammianus's testimony as a claim that at the time of Atlantis's sinking into the sea, its inhabitants fled to western Europe; but Ammianus, in fact, says that "the Drasidae (Druids) recall that a part of the population is indigenous but others also migrated in from islands and lands beyond the [[Rhine]]" (''Res Gestae'' 15.9), an indication that the immigrants came to Gaul from the north (Britain, the Netherlands, or Germany), not from a theorized location in the Atlantic Ocean to the south-west.<ref>Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith. ''[http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/cult_archaeology/lost_continents.html Lost Continents: Atlantis].''</ref> Instead, the Celts who dwelled along the ocean were reported to venerate twin gods, ([[Dioscori]]), who appeared to them coming from that ocean.<ref>[http://www.theoi.com/Text/DiodorusSiculus4A.html] [[Bibliotheca historica]] – [[Diodorus Siculus]] 4.56.4: ''"And the writers even offer proofs of these things, pointing out that the Celts who dwell along the ocean venerate the Dioscori above any of the gods, since they have a tradition handed down from ancient times that these gods appeared among them coming from the ocean. Moreover, the country which skirts the ocean bears, they say, not a few names which are derived from the Argonauts and the Dioscori."''</ref> ===Jewish and Christian=== During the early first century, the [[Hellenistic Judaism|Hellenistic Jewish]] philosopher [[Philo]] wrote about the destruction of Atlantis in his ''On the Eternity of the World'', xxvi. 141, in a longer passage allegedly citing Aristotle's successor [[Theophrastus]]:<ref>T. Franke, ''Aristotle and Atlantis'', 2012; pp.&nbsp;131–133</ref> {{blockquote|...&nbsp;And the island of Atalantes [translator's spelling; original: "{{lang|grc|Ἀτλαντίς}}"] which was greater than Africa and Asia, as Plato says in the Timaeus, in one day and night was overwhelmed beneath the sea in consequence of an extraordinary earthquake and inundation and suddenly disappeared, becoming sea, not indeed navigable, but full of gulfs and eddies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book35.html |title=Philo: On the Eternity of the World |publisher=Earlychristianwritings.com |date=2 February 2006 |access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>}} The theologian [[Joseph Barber Lightfoot]] (''Apostolic Fathers'', 1885, II, p.&nbsp;84) noted on this passage: "Clement may possibly be referring to some known, but hardly accessible land, lying without the pillars of Hercules. But more probably he contemplated some unknown land in the far west beyond the ocean, like the fabled Atlantis of Plato&nbsp;..."<ref>Lightfoot, translator, ''The Apostolic Fathers'', II, 1885, p. 84, Edited & Revised by Michael W. Holmes, 1989.</ref> Other early Christian writers wrote about Atlantis, although they had mixed views on whether it once existed or was an untrustworthy myth of pagan origin.<ref>[[L. Sprague de Camp|De Camp, LS]] (1954). ''[[Lost Continents|Lost Continents: The Atlantis Theme in History, Science, and Literature]]''. New York: Gnome Press, p. 307. {{ISBN|978-0-486-22668-2}}</ref> [[Tertullian]] believed Atlantis was once real and wrote that in the Atlantic Ocean once existed "[the isle] that was equal in size to Libya or Asia"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0401.htm |title=Church Fathers: On the Pallium (Tertullian) |publisher=Newadvent.org |access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref> referring to Plato's geographical description of Atlantis. The early Christian apologist writer [[Arnobius]] also believed Atlantis once existed, but blamed its destruction on pagans.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2005 |title=ANF06. Fathers of the Third Century: Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius the Great, Julius Africanus, Anatolius, and Minor Writers, Methodius, Arn |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf06.xii.iii.i.v.html |access-date=24 October 2012 |website=Christian Classics Ethereal Library}}</ref> [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] in the sixth century wrote of Atlantis in his ''[[Christian Topography]]'' in an attempt to prove his theory that the world was flat and surrounded by water:<ref name="Indicopleustes2010">{{cite book|author=Cosmas Indicopleustes|title=The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp9S9o5lj5oC|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01295-9}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} {{blockquote|...&nbsp;In like manner the philosopher Timaeus also describes this Earth as surrounded by the Ocean, and the Ocean as surrounded by the more remote earth. For he supposes that there is to westward an island, Atlantis, lying out in the Ocean, in the direction of Gadeira (Cadiz), of an enormous magnitude, and relates that the ten kings having procured mercenaries from the nations in this island came from the earth far away, and conquered Europe and Asia, but were afterwards conquered by the Athenians, while that island itself was submerged by God under the sea. Both Plato and Aristotle praise this philosopher, and Proclus has written a commentary on him. He himself expresses views similar to our own with some modifications, transferring the scene of the events from the east to the west. Moreover he mentions those ten generations as well as that earth which lies beyond the Ocean. And in a word it is evident that all of them borrow from Moses, and publish his statements as their own.<ref>{{cite web|author=Roger Pearse |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cosmas_12_book12.htm |title=Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 374–385. Book 12 |publisher=Tertullian.org |access-date=24 October 2012}}</ref>}} [[File:Atlantis map 1882 crop.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|A map showing the supposed extent of the Atlantean Empire, from [[Ignatius L. Donnelly]]'s ''Atlantis: the Antediluvian World'', 1882<ref>[[Ignatius L. Donnelly|Donnelly, I]] (1882). ''[[Atlantis: The Antediluvian World]]'', New York: Harper & Bros. Retrieved 6 November 2001, from [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4032 Project Gutenberg] p. 295.</ref>]] ===Modern=== Aside from Plato's original account, modern interpretations regarding Atlantis are an amalgamation of diverse, speculative movements that began in the sixteenth century,<ref>[[Kenneth Feder|Feder, KL.]] ''Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology,'' Mountain View, Mayfield 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-07-811697-1}}</ref> when scholars began to identify Atlantis with the [[New World]]. [[Francisco Lopez de Gomara]] was the first to state that Plato was referring to America, as did [[Francis Bacon]] and [[Alexander von Humboldt]]; Janus Joannes Bircherod said in 1663 ''orbe novo non-novo'' ("the New World is not new"). [[Athanasius Kircher]] accepted Plato's account as literally true, describing Atlantis as a small continent in the Atlantic Ocean.{{r|ley196706}} Contemporary perceptions of Atlantis share roots with [[Mayanism]], which can be traced to the beginning of the [[Modern Age]], when European imaginations were fueled by their initial encounters with the indigenous peoples of the Americas.<ref name="Hoopes 2011">{{cite book |author=Hoopes, John W. |chapter=Mayanism Comes of (New) Age |editor=Joseph Gelfer |title=2012: Decoding the Counterculture Apocalypse |year=2011 |location=London |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=978-1-84553-639-8 |pages=38–59}}</ref> From this era sprang [[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic]] and [[utopian]] visions that would inspire many subsequent generations of theorists.<ref name="Hoopes 2011"/> Most of these interpretations are considered [[pseudohistory]], [[pseudoscience]], or [[pseudoarchaeology]], as they have presented their works as [[academic]] or [[scientific]], but lack the standards or criteria. The Flemish cartographer and geographer [[Abraham Ortelius]] is believed to have been the first person to imagine that the continents were joined before [[continental drift|drifting]] to their present positions. In the 1596 edition of his ''Thesaurus Geographicus'' he wrote: "Unless it be a fable, the island of Gadir or Gades {{bracket|[[Cadiz]]}} will be the remaining part of the island of Atlantis or America, which was not sunk (as Plato reports in the ''Timaeus'') so much as torn away from Europe and Africa by earthquakes and flood... The traces of the ruptures are shown by the projections of Europe and Africa and the indentations of America in the parts of the coasts of these three said lands that face each other to anyone who, using a map of the world, carefully considered them. So that anyone may say with [[Strabo]] in Book 2, that what Plato says of the island of Atlantis on the authority of Solon is not a figment."<ref>{{cite book|last=Ortelius|first=Abraham|title=Thesaurus Geographicus|chapter-url={{Google books|id=AWhXAAAAcAAJ|page=RA1-PR24|plainurl=yes}}|chapter=Gadiricus|date=1596|publisher=Plantin|place=Antwerp|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> ====Early influential literature==== The term "[[utopia]]" (from "no place") was coined by [[Sir Thomas More]] in his sixteenth-century work of [[fiction]] ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |author=Callahan, Tim |author2=Friedhoffer, Bob |author3=Pat Linse |year=2001 |title=The Search for Atlantis! |journal=Skeptic |volume=8 |issue=4 |page=96 |issn=1063-9330}}</ref> Inspired by [[Plato]]'s Atlantis and travelers' accounts of the [[Americas]], More described an imaginary land set in the [[New World]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hoopes, John W. |chapter=Mayanism Comes of (New) Age |editor=Joseph Gelfer |title=2012: Decoding the Counterculture Apocalypse |year=2011 |location=London |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=978-1-84553-639-8 |pages=38–59 [p. 46] }}</ref> His idealistic vision established a connection between the Americas and utopian societies, a theme that Bacon discussed in ''[[New Atlantis|The New Atlantis]]'' ({{circa|1623}}).<ref name="Hoopes 2011"/> A character in the narrative gives a history of Atlantis that is similar to Plato's and places Atlantis in America. People had begun believing that the [[Maya civilization|Mayan]] and [[Aztec]] ruins could possibly be the remnants of Atlantis.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ====Impact of Mayanism==== Much speculation began as to the origins of the [[Maya civilization|Maya]], which led to a variety of narratives and publications that tried to rationalize the discoveries within the context of the [[Bible]] and that had undertones of [[racism]] in their connections between the Old and New World. The [[Europeans]] believed the [[indigenous people]] to be inferior and incapable of building that which was now in ruins and by sharing a common history, they insinuated that another race must have been responsible. In the middle and late nineteenth century, several renowned [[Mesoamerica]]n scholars, starting with [[Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg]], and including [[Edward Herbert Thompson]] and [[Augustus Le Plongeon]], formally proposed that Atlantis was somehow related to Mayan and [[Aztec]] culture. The French scholar Brasseur de Bourbourg traveled extensively through Mesoamerica in the mid-1800s, and was renowned for his translations of [[Mayan languages|Mayan]] texts, most notably the sacred book [[Popol Vuh]], as well as a comprehensive history of the region. Soon after these publications, however, Brasseur de Bourbourg lost his academic credibility, due to his claim that the [[Maya peoples]] had descended from the [[Toltecs]], people he believed were the surviving population of the racially superior civilization of Atlantis.<ref>{{cite book |author=Evans, R. Tripp |year=2004 |title=Romancing the Maya: Mexican Antiquity in the American Imagination, 1820–1915 |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-70247-9 |page=113 }}</ref> His work combined with the skillful, romantic illustrations of [[Jean Frederic Waldeck]], which visually alluded to [[Egypt]] and other aspects of the [[Old World]], created an authoritative [[fantasy]] that excited much interest in the connections between worlds. Inspired by Brasseur de Bourbourg's diffusion theories, the pseudoarchaeologist Augustus Le Plongeon traveled to Mesoamerica and performed some of the first [[excavations]] of many famous Mayan ruins. Le Plongeon invented narratives, such as the kingdom of [[Mu (lost continent)|Mu]] saga, which romantically drew connections to him, his wife Alice, and [[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian]] deities [[Osiris]] and [[Isis]], as well as to [[Heinrich Schliemann]], who had just discovered the ancient city of [[Troy]] from [[Homer]]'s [[epic poetry]] (that had been described as merely mythical).<ref>{{cite book |author=Evans, R. Tripp |year=2004 |title=Romancing the Maya: Mexican Antiquity in the American Imagination, 1820–1915 |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-70247-9 |pages=141–146 }}</ref>{{Page range too broad|date=August 2021}} He also believed that he had found connections between the [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Mayan languages]], which produced a [[narrative]] of the destruction of Atlantis.<ref>{{cite book |author=Brunhouse, Robert L. |url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmayafi00brun/page/153 |title=In Search of the Maya: The First Archaeologists |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-8263-0276-2 |location=Albuquerque |page=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofmayafi00brun/page/153 153] |language=en-US}}</ref> ====Ignatius Donnelly==== The 1882 publication of ''[[Atlantis: the Antediluvian World]]'' by [[Ignatius L. Donnelly]] stimulated much popular interest in Atlantis. He was greatly inspired by early works in [[Mayanism]], and like them, attempted to establish that all known [[ancient civilizations]] were descended from Atlantis, which he saw as a technologically sophisticated, more advanced [[culture]]. Donnelly drew parallels between creation stories in the Old and New Worlds, attributing the connections to Atlantis, where he believed the Biblical [[Garden of Eden]] existed.<ref>Donnelly 1941: 192–203</ref> As implied by the title of his book, he also believed that Atlantis was destroyed by the [[Great Flood]] mentioned in the Bible. Donnelly is credited as the "father of the nineteenth century Atlantis revival" and is the reason the [[myth]] endures today.<ref>{{cite book |author=Williams, Stephen |year=1991 |title=Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory |url=https://archive.org/details/fantasticarchaeo00will |url-access=registration |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-8238-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fantasticarchaeo00will/page/137 137–138] }}</ref> He unintentionally promoted an alternative method of inquiry to history and science, and the idea that myths contain hidden information that opens them to "ingenious" interpretation by people who believe they have new or special insight.<ref>Jordan, Paul (2006). "Esoteric Egypt". In Garrett G. Fagan. Archaeological Fantasies. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 23–46. {{ISBN|978-0-415-30593-8}}</ref> ====Madame Blavatsky and the Theosophists==== [[File:Map of Atlantis.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|{{center|Map of Atlantis according to [[William Scott-Elliot]] (''The Story of Atlantis'', Russian edition, 1910)}}]] [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]], the founder of the [[Theosophists]], took up [[Donnelly]]'s interpretations when she wrote ''[[The Secret Doctrine]]'' (1888), which she claimed was originally dictated in Atlantis. She maintained that the Atlanteans were cultural heroes (contrary to [[Plato]], who describes them mainly as a military threat). She believed in a form of racial [[evolution]] (as opposed to primate evolution). In her process of evolution the Atlanteans were the fourth "[[root race]]", which were succeeded by the fifth, the "[[Aryan race]]", which she identified with the modern human race.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In her book, Blavatsky reported that the civilization of Atlantis reached its peak between 1,000,000 and 900,000 years ago, but destroyed itself through internal [[warfare]] brought about by the dangerous use of [[psychic]] and [[supernatural]] powers of the inhabitants. [[Rudolf Steiner]], the founder of [[anthroposophy]] and [[Waldorf Schools]], along with other well known Theosophists, such as [[Annie Besant]], also wrote of [[cultural]] evolution in much the same vein. Other occultists followed the same lead, at least to the point of tracing the lineage of occult practices back to Atlantis. Among the most famous is [[Dion Fortune]] in her ''Esoteric Orders and Their Work''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fortune |first=Dion |title=Esoteric Orders and Their Work |url=http://www.ourladyisgod.com/images/eBooks/Dion_Fortune_-_Esoteric_Orders_And_Their_Work_cd6_id1971727491_size183.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ourladyisgod.com/images/eBooks/Dion_Fortune_-_Esoteric_Orders_And_Their_Work_cd6_id1971727491_size183.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-01-19 |website=ourladyisgod.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Drawing on the ideas of Rudolf Steiner and [[Hanns Hörbiger]], [[Egon Friedell]] started his book ''{{interlanguage link|Kulturgeschichte des Altertums|de}}'', and thus his historical analysis of antiquity, with the ancient culture of Atlantis. The book was published in 1940. ====Nazism and occultism==== {{See also|Nazism and occultism}} [[Blavatsky]] was also inspired by the work of the 18th-century [[astronomer]] [[Jean-Sylvain Bailly]], who had "Orientalized" the Atlantis [[myth]] in his mythical continent of [[Hyperborea]], a reference to [[Greek myths]] featuring a Northern European region of the same name, home to a giant, godlike race.<ref name="Edelstein 2006: 268">{{cite journal |author=Edelstein, Dan |year=2006 |title=Hyperborean Atlantis: Jean-Sylvain Bailly, Madame Blavatsky, and the Nazi Myth |journal=Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture |volume=35 |pages=267–291 [p. 268] |issn=0360-2370 |doi=10.1353/sec.2010.0055|s2cid=144152893 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ratner. |first1=Paul |date=26 November 2018 |title=Why the Nazis were obsessed with finding the lost city of Atlantis |url=https://bigthink.com/culture-religion/why-the-nazis-were-obsessed-with-finding-the-lost-city-of-atlantis |access-date=2020-06-19}}</ref> Dan Edelstein claims that her reshaping of this theory in ''[[The Secret Doctrine]]'' provided the [[Nazism|Nazis]] with a mythological precedent and a pretext for their ideological platform and [[The Holocaust|their subsequent genocide]].<ref name="Edelstein 2006: 268" /> However, Blavatsky's writings mention that the Atlantean were in fact olive-skinned peoples with Mongoloid traits who were the ancestors of modern [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], [[Mongolia]]ns, and [[Malayans]].<ref name="Powell-36">Powell, ''The Solar System'', pp. 25–26. (Ch. 36. "The second Atlantean sub-race: the Tlavatli".)</ref><ref name="Powell-39">Powell, ''The Solar System'', pp. 252–263. (Ch. 39. "Ancient Peru: A Toltec remnant".)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Root races |url=http://www.unariunwisdom.com/the-seven-root-races/ |access-date=29 September 2018 |website=Uranian Wisdom|date=11 August 2015 }}</ref> The idea that the Atlanteans were [[Hyperborean]], [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] supermen who originated in the Northern Atlantic or even in the far North, was popular in the German [[Ariosophy#The occult roots of Nazism|ariosophic movement]] around 1900, propagated by [[Guido von List]] and others.<ref>Joscelyn Godwin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=26v0qQcI0vwC&pg=PA37 Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival]'', Kempton ILL 1996, pp. 37–78.</ref> It gave its name to the ''Thule Gesellschaft'', an antisemite Münich lodge, which preceded the German [[Nazi Party]] (see [[Thule]]). The scholars {{ill|Karl Georg Zschaetzsch|de}} (1920) and [[Herman Wirth]] (1928) were the first to speak of a "Nordic-Atlantean" or "Aryan-Nordic" master race that spread from Atlantis over the Northern Hemisphere and beyond. The Hyperboreans were contrasted with the Jewish people. Party ideologist [[Alfred Rosenberg]] (in ''[[The Myth of the Twentieth Century]]'', 1930) and SS-leader [[Heinrich Himmler]] made it part of the official doctrine.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alfred Rosenberg |title=Excerpts from "The Myth of the Twentieth Century" |url=http://www.cwporter.com/mythos.htm |access-date=28 June 2019 |website=cwporter.com}}</ref> The idea was followed up by the adherents of [[Esoteric Nazism]] such as [[Julius Evola]] (1934) and, more recently, [[Miguel Serrano]] (1978). The idea of Atlantis as the homeland of the Caucasian race would contradict the beliefs of older Esoteric and Theosophic groups, which taught that the Atlanteans were non-Caucasian brown-skinned peoples. Modern Esoteric groups, including the Theosophic Society, do not consider Atlantean society to have been superior or Utopian—they rather consider it a lower stage of evolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Theosophical Root Races |url=http://www.kheper.net/topics/Theosophy/root_races.html |access-date=29 September 2018 |website=Kepher |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901224225/http://www.kheper.net/topics/Theosophy/root_races.html }}</ref> ====Edgar Cayce==== The clairvoyant [[Edgar Cayce]] spoke frequently of Atlantis. During his "life readings", he claimed that many of his subjects were [[reincarnations]] of people who had lived there. By tapping into their [[collective consciousness]], the "[[Akashic Records]]" (a term borrowed from [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]]),<ref>See Tillett, Gregory John ''[[Charles Webster Leadbeater]] (1854–1934), a biographical study''. Ph.D. Thesis. [[University of Sydney]], Department of Religious Studies, Sydney, 1986 – [http://leadbeater.org/tillettcwlnotes.htm p. 985] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130034314/http://leadbeater.org/tillettcwlnotes.htm |date=30 November 2014 }}.</ref> Cayce declared that he was able to give detailed descriptions of the lost continent.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cayce, Edgar Evans |year=1968 |title=Edgar Cayce on Atlantis |url=https://archive.org/details/edgarcayceonatla00cayc_018 |url-access=limited |location=New York and Boston |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=978-0-446-35102-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/edgarcayceonatla00cayc_018/page/n13 27]–28 }}</ref> He also asserted that Atlantis would "rise" again in the 1960s (sparking much popularity of the myth in that decade) and that there is a "[[Hall of Records]]" beneath the [[Egyptian Sphinx]] which holds the historical texts of Atlantis. ====Recent times==== As [[continental drift]] became widely accepted during the 1960s, and the increased understanding of [[plate tectonics]] demonstrated the impossibility of a lost continent in the geologically recent past,<ref>{{cite book |title=Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide |last=Runnels |first=Curtis |author2=Murray, Priscilla |year=2004 |publisher=Stanford UP |location=Stanford |isbn=978-0-8047-4036-4 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rg4rTjo0OCQC&pg=PA130 |access-date=17 January 2010}}</ref> most "Lost Continent" theories of Atlantis began to wane in popularity. Plato scholar [[Julia Annas]], [[Regents Professor]] of Philosophy at the [[University of Arizona]], had this to say on the matter: {{blockquote|The continuing industry of discovering Atlantis illustrates the dangers of reading Plato. For he is clearly using what has become a standard device of fiction—stressing the historicity of an event (and the discovery of hitherto unknown authorities) as an indication that what follows is fiction. ''The idea is that we should use the story to examine our ideas of government and power''. We have missed the point if instead of thinking about these issues we go off exploring the sea bed. The continuing misunderstanding of Plato as historian here enables us to see why his distrust of imaginative writing is sometimes justified.<ref>J. Annas, ''Plato: A Very Short Introduction'' (OUP 2003), p. 42 ''(emphasis not in the original)''</ref>}} One of the proposed explanations for the historical context of the Atlantis story is that it serves as Plato's warning to his fellow citizens against their striving for naval power.<ref name=Morgan /> [[Kenneth Feder]] points out that Critias's story in the ''Timaeus'' provides a major clue. In the dialogue, Critias says, referring to Socrates' hypothetical society: {{blockquote|And when you were speaking yesterday about your city and citizens, the tale which I have just been repeating to you came into my mind, and I remarked with astonishment how, by some mysterious coincidence, you agreed in almost every particular with the narrative of Solon.&nbsp;...<ref>''Timaeus'' 25e, Jowett translation.</ref>}} Feder quotes A. E. Taylor, who wrote, "We could not be told much more plainly that the whole narrative of Solon's conversation with the priests and his intention of writing the poem about Atlantis are an invention of Plato's fancy."<ref>[[Kenneth Feder|Feder, KL.]] ''Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology,'' Mountain View, Mayfield 1999, p. 164 {{ISBN|978-0-07-811697-1}}</ref> ==Location hypotheses==  {{Main|Location hypotheses of Atlantis}} Since Donnelly's day, there have been dozens of locations proposed for Atlantis, to the point where the name has become a generic concept, divorced from the specifics of Plato's account. This is reflected in the fact that many proposed sites are not within the Atlantic at all. Few today are scholarly or archaeological hypotheses, while others have been made by [[psychic]] (e.g., [[Edgar Cayce]]) or other [[pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] means. (The Atlantis researchers Jacques Collina-Girard and Georgeos Díaz-Montexano, for instance, each claim the other's hypothesis is pseudoscience.)<ref>Collina-Girard, Jacques, ''L'Atlantide retrouvée: enquête scientifique autour d'un mythe'' (Paris: Belin – pour la science, 2009).</ref> Many of the proposed sites share some of the characteristics of the Atlantis story (water, catastrophic end, relevant time period), but none has been demonstrated to be a true historical Atlantis. [[File:Crop of ISS067-E-153820 Santorini caldera.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|The [[Santorini caldera]] on June 24, 2022, taken from the International Space Station. From the [[Minoan eruption]] event, and the 1964 discovery of [[Akrotiri (prehistoric city)|Akrotiri]] on the island, this location is one of many sites purported to have been the location of Atlantis.]] ===In or near the Mediterranean Sea=== Most of the historically proposed locations are in or near the Mediterranean Sea: islands such as [[Sardinia]],<ref>Valente Poddighe, Paolo. ''Atlantide Sardegna: Isola dei Faraoni'' (Atlantis Sardinia: Island of the Pharaohs). Stampacolor</ref><ref>Frau, Sergio. ''Le Colonne d'Ercole. Un'inchiesta. La prima geografia. Tutt'altra storia''. Nur Neon 2002</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Evin |first=Florence |date=15 August 2015 |title=Was Sardinia home to the mythical civilisation of Atlantis? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/aug/15/bronze-age-sardinia-archaeology-atlantis |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Crete]], [[Santorini]] (Thera), [[Sicily]], [[Cyprus]], and [[Malta]]; land-based cities or states such as [[Troy]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Zangger |first=Eberhard |title=The Flood from Heaven: Deciphering the Atlantis legend |location=New York |publisher=William Morrow and Company |date=1993}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} [[Tartessos]], and Tantalis (in the province of [[Manisa]], [[Turkey]]);<ref>{{cite book|last1=James|first1=Peter|last2=Thorpe|first2=Nick|title=Ancient Mysteries|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmysteries0000jame|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York City, New York|isbn=978-0-345-43488-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientmysteries0000jame/page/16 16–41]}}</ref> [[Israel]]-[[Sinai peninsula|Sinai]] or [[Canaan]];{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} and northwestern Africa,<ref>{{cite web |title=Plato's Atlantis in South Morocco? |url=http://asalas.org/doku.php |publisher=Asalas.org |access-date=27 December 2009 |archive-date=11 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211073030/http://asalas.org/doku.php }}</ref> including the [[Richat Structure]] in [[Mauritania]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/article263581168.html |title=Origin of surreal 'Eye of the Sahara' debated – yet again – after NASA shares photo |work=Miami Herald |last=Price |first=Mark |date=22 July 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> The [[Thera eruption]], dated to the seventeenth or sixteenth century BC, caused a large [[tsunami]] that some experts hypothesize devastated the [[Minoan civilization]] on the nearby island of Crete, further leading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the story.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6568053.stm |title=The wave that destroyed Atlantis |first=Harvey |last=Lilley |publisher=BBC News |date=20 April 2007 |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bruins |first=Hendrik J. |year=2008 |title=Geoarchaeological tsunami deposits at Palaikastro (Crete) and the Late Minoan IA eruption of Santorini |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=191–212 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2007.08.017 |bibcode=2008JArSc..35..191B |display-authors=etal |url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/6712369/2008JArchaeolSciBruins.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/6712369/2008JArchaeolSciBruins.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|hdl=11370/01bb92b9-dc59-47b2-bac7-63ad80afb745 |s2cid=43944032 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In the area of the [[Black Sea]] the following locations have been proposed: [[Bosporus]] and [[Ancomah]] (a legendary place near [[Trabzon]]). Others have noted that, before the sixth century BC, the mountains on either side of the [[Laconian Gulf]] were called the "Pillars of Hercules",<ref name="Davis, J.L 1990"/><ref name="Castleden, Rodney 1998 p6"/> and they could be the geographical location being described in ancient reports upon which Plato was basing his story. The mountains stood at either side of the southernmost gulf in Greece, the largest in the [[Peloponnese]], and that gulf opens onto the Mediterranean Sea. If from the beginning of discussions, misinterpretation of Gibraltar as the location rather than being at the Gulf of Laconia, would lend itself to many erroneous concepts regarding the location of Atlantis. Plato may have not been aware of the difference. The Laconian pillars open to the south toward Crete and beyond which is Egypt. The [[Thera eruption]] and the [[Late Bronze Age collapse]] affected that area and might have been the devastation to which the sources used by Plato referred. Significant events such as these would have been likely material for tales passed from one generation to another for almost a thousand years. ===In the Atlantic Ocean=== The location of Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean has a certain appeal given the closely related names. Popular culture often places Atlantis there, perpetuating the original Platonic setting as they understand it. The [[Canary Islands]] and [[Madeira Islands]] have been identified as a possible location,<ref name=Canarias>{{cite book|last=Afonso|first=Leoncio|author-link=Leoncio Afonso|title=Geografía física de Canarias: Geografía de Canarias|year=1980|publisher=Editorial Interinsular Canaria|isbn=978-84-85543-15-1|page=11|chapter=El mito de la Atlántida|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rodríguez Hernández|first=María Jesús|title=Imágenes de Canarias 1764–1927. Historia y ciencia|year=2011|publisher=Fundación Canaria Orotava|isbn=978-84-614-5110-4|page=38|language=es}}</ref><ref name=Madeira-Azores>{{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=Emmet|title=Atlantis: The Evidence of Science|year=2010|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-771-7|page=84}}</ref><ref name=Vidal-Naquet>{{cite book|last=Vidal-Naquet|first=Pierre|title=L'Atlantide: Petite histoire d'un mythe platonicien|year=2005|publisher=Belles Lettres|isbn=978-2-251-38071-1|page=92|language=fr}}</ref> west of the Straits of Gibraltar, but in relative proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. Detailed studies of their geomorphology and geology have demonstrated, however, that they have been steadily uplifted, without any significant periods of subsidence, over the last four million years, by geologic processes such as erosional unloading, gravitational unloading, lithospheric flexure induced by adjacent islands, and volcanic underplating.<ref name="MenendezOthers2009">Menendez, I., P.G. Silva, M. Martín-Betancor, F.J. Perez-Torrado, H. Guillou, and S. Scaillet, 2009, ''Fluvial dissection, isostatic uplift, and geomorphological evolution of volcanic islands (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain)'' Geomorphology. v. 102, no.1, pp. 189–202.</ref><ref name="MecoOthers2007">Meco J., S. Scaillet, H. Guillou, A. Lomoschitz, J.C. Carracedo, J. Ballester, J.-F. Betancort, and A. Cilleros, 2007, ''Evidence for long-term uplift on the Canary Islands from emergent Mio–Pliocene littoral deposits.'' Global and Planetary Change. v. 57, no. 3-4, pp. 222–234.</ref> Various islands or island groups in the Atlantic were also identified as possible locations, notably the [[Azores]].<ref name=Madeira-Azores /><ref name=Vidal-Naquet /> Similarly, cores of sediment covering the ocean bottom surrounding the Azores and other evidence demonstrate that it has been an undersea plateau for millions of years.<ref name=HuangOther1979>Huang, T.C., N.D. Watkins, and L. Wilson, 1979, ''Deep-sea tephra from the Azores during the past 300,000 years: eruptive cloud height and ash volume estimates.'' Geological Society of America Bulletin. vol. 90, no. 2, pp. 131–133.</ref><ref name=DennielouOther1999>Dennielou, B. G.A. Auffret, A. Boelaert, T. Richter, T. Garlan, and R. Kerbrat, 1999, ''Control of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Gulf Stream over Quaternary sedimentation on the Azores Plateau.'' Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série II. Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes. v. 328, no. 12, pp. 831–837.,</ref> The area is known for its volcanism however, which is associated with rifting along the [[Azores triple junction]]. The spread of the crust along the existing faults and fractures has produced many volcanic and seismic events.<ref name="Ferreira, 2005, p. 4">Ferreira, 2005, p. 4</ref> The area is supported by a buoyant upwelling in the deeper mantle, which some associate with an [[Azores hotspot]].<ref>Ting Yang, et al., 2006, p. 20</ref> Most of the volcanic activity has occurred primarily along the [[Terceira Rift]]. From the beginning of the islands' settlement, around the 15th century, there have been about 30 volcanic eruptions (terrestrial and submarine) as well as numerous, powerful earthquakes.<ref>{{cite conference |author=Carlos S. Oliveira |author2=Ragnar Sigbjörnsson |author3=Simon Ólafsson |date=August 1–6, 2004 |title=A Comparative Study on Strong Ground Motion in Two Volcanic Environments: Azores and Iceland |url=https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_2369.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_2369.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=2016-04-26 |conference=13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering}}</ref> The island of [[São Miguel Island|São Miguel]] in the Azores is the site of the [[Sete Cidades Massif|Sete Cidades volcano]] and caldera, which are the byproducts of historical volcanic activity in the Azores.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/44/1/87/tab-figures-data |author=G. Queiroz |author2=J. L. Gaspar |author3=J. E. Guest |author4=A. Gomes |author5=M. H. Almeida |title=Eruptive history and evolution of Sete Cidades Volcano, São Miguel Island, Azores |journal=Geological Society, London, Memoirs |publisher=Geological Society of London |date=16 September 2015 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=87–104 |doi=10.1144/M44.7 |s2cid=131501147}}</ref> The submerged island of [[Spartel]] near the Strait of Gibraltar has also been suggested.<ref name=Antiquity /> ===In Europe=== [[File:Doggerland.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|A map showing the hypothetical extent of [[Doggerland]] (c.&nbsp;8,000&nbsp;BC), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe]] Several hypotheses place the sunken island in northern Europe, including [[Doggerland]] in the [[North Sea]], and [[Sweden]] (by [[Olof Rudbeck]] in ''[[Olaus Rudbeck#Historical linguistics|Atland]]'', 1672–1702). Doggerland, as well as Viking Bergen Island, is thought to have been flooded by a [[megatsunami]] following the [[Storegga Slide]] of c. 6100 BC. Some have proposed the [[Celtic Sea#Seabed|Celtic Shelf]] as a possible location, and that there is a link to Ireland.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Lovgren |first=Stefan |title=Atlantis "Evidence" Found in Spain and Ireland |magazine=[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]] |date=19 August 2004 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/08/0819_040819_atlantis.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820045716/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/08/0819_040819_atlantis.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2004 }}</ref> In 2004, Swedish [[Physical geography|physiographist]] Ulf Erlingsson<ref name=":0">{{Cite conference|conference=Atlantis Conference|location=Milos|last=Erlingsson|first=Ulf|date=2005-07-11|title=A geographic comparison of Plato's Atlantis and Ireland as a test of the megalithic culture hypothesis|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242275382}}</ref> proposed that the legend of Atlantis was based on Stone Age Ireland. He later stated that he does not believe that Atlantis ever existed but maintained that his hypothesis that its description matches Ireland's geography has a 99.8% probability. The director of the [[National Museum of Ireland]] commented that there was no archaeology supporting this.<ref>{{cite news |title=Swedish academic plays down Atlantis claims |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/swedish-academic-plays-down-atlantis-claims-1.987962 |access-date=22 August 2020 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=19 August 2004 |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, a team, working on a documentary for the [[National Geographic Channel]],<ref name="National Geographic">{{cite web|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/finding-atlantis-4982/Overview |title=Finding Atlantis |publisher=National Geographic Channel |access-date=10 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707180542/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/episode/finding-atlantis-4982/Overview |archive-date=7 July 2011 }}</ref> led by Professor Richard Freund from the [[University of Hartford]], claimed to have found possible evidence of Atlantis in southwestern [[Andalusia]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Howard|first=Zach|title=Lost city of Atlantis, swamped by tsunami, may be found|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tsunami-atlantis-idUSTRE72B2JR20110312|agency=Reuters|access-date=13 March 2011|date=12 March 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110315070554/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/12/us-tsunami-atlantis-idUSTRE72B2JR20110312| archive-date= 15 March 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref> The team identified its possible location within the [[marsh]]lands of the [[Doñana National Park]], in [[Las Marismas|the area]] that once was the [[Lacus Ligustinus]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Silent Past: Mysterious and forgotten cultures of the world|url=https://archive.org/details/silentpastmyster00liss|url-access=registration|author=Ivar Lissner|publisher=Putnam|year=1962|page=[https://archive.org/details/silentpastmyster00liss/page/156 156]}}</ref> between the [[Huelva Province|Huelva]], [[Cadiz Province|Cádiz]], and [[Seville province]]s, and they speculated that Atlantis had been destroyed by a [[tsunami]],<ref>{{cite magazine| url= https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/03/14/lost-no-longer-researchers-claim-to-have-found-atlantis-off-mainland-spain/ |author=Zoe Fox| title=Science Lost No Longer? Researchers Claim to Have Found 'Atlantis' in Spain.|magazine=Time |date=14 March 2011| access-date=14 March 2011}}</ref> extrapolating results from a previous study by Spanish researchers, published four years earlier.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Geological Record of the Oldest Historical Tsunamis in Southwestern Spain |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |author=Francisco Ruiz |author2=Manuel Abad |volume=114 |issue=1 |pages=145–154 |url=http://gte526.geoma.net/uploads/122469523654Ruiz%20et%20al%202008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120040526/http://gte526.geoma.net/uploads/122469523654Ruiz%20et%20al%202008.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-20 |issn=0035-6883 |year=2008 |display-authors=etal }}</ref> Spanish scientists have dismissed Freund's speculations, claiming that he sensationalised their work. The anthropologist Juan Villarías-Robles, who works with the [[Spanish National Research Council]], said, "Richard Freund was a newcomer to our project and appeared to be involved in his own very controversial issue concerning King Solomon's search for ivory and gold in [[Tartessos]], the well documented settlement in the Doñana area established in the first millennium BC", and described Freund's claims as "fanciful".<ref>{{cite news|last=Owen|first=Edward|title=Lost city of Atlantis 'buried in Spanish wetlands'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8381219/Lost-city-of-Atlantis-buried-in-Spanish-wetlands.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8381219/Lost-city-of-Atlantis-buried-in-Spanish-wetlands.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London|date=14 March 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A similar theory had previously been put forward by a German researcher, Rainer W. Kühne, that is based only on satellite imagery and places Atlantis in the [[Marismas de Hinojos]], north of the city of [[Cádiz]].<ref name=Antiquity>{{cite journal|last=Kühne|first=Rainer W.|title=A location for Atlantis?|journal=Antiquity|date=June 2004|volume= 78| issue = 300|url=https://scholar.google.de/citations?view_op=view_citation&user=W_OUOaEAAAAJ&citation_for_view=W_OUOaEAAAAJ:hqOjcs7Dif8C|access-date=19 April 2015|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> Before that, the historian [[Adolf Schulten]] had stated in the 1920s that Plato had used Tartessos as the basis for his Atlantis myth.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schulten|first=Adof|title=Tartessos und Atlantis|journal=Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen|year=1927|volume=73|pages=284–288|language=de}}</ref> ===Other locations=== Several writers, such as Flavio Barbiero as early as 1974,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Polidoro |first=Massimo |author-link=Massimo Polidoro |date=November–December 2020 |title=Atlantis under Ice? Part 1 |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/11/atlantis-under-ice-part-1/ |magazine=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |location=Amherst, New York |publisher=[[Center for Inquiry]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723183607/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/11/atlantis-under-ice-part-1/ |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> have speculated that [[Antarctica]] is the site of Atlantis.<ref>{{cite book |title = The Atlantis Blueprint: Unlocking the Ancient Mysteries of a Long-Lost Civilization |publisher = Delta; Reprint edition |date= 28 May 2002 |isbn = 978-0-440-50898-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = Earth's shifting crust: A key to some basic problems of earth science |url = https://archive.org/details/eathsshiftingcru033562mbp |publisher = Pantheon Books |year= 1958 |id = ASIN B0006AVEEU }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} A number of claims involve the [[Caribbean Sea|Caribbean]], such as an alleged [[Cuban underwater formation|underwater formation]] off the [[Guanahacabibes Peninsula]] in [[Cuba]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ballingrud|first=David|title=Underwater world: Man's doing or nature's?|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/11/17/Worldandnation/Underwater_world__Man.shtml|access-date=3 October 2012|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|date=17 November 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110001838/http://www.sptimes.com/2002/11/17/Worldandnation/Underwater_world__Man.shtml|archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> The adjacent [[Bahamas]] or the folkloric [[Bermuda Triangle]] have been proposed as well. Areas in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and Indian Oceans have also been proposed, including [[Indonesia]] (i.e. [[Sundaland]]).<ref>[http://www.atlan.org/book/ Atlantis – The Lost Continent Finally Found] Santos, Arysio; Atlantis Publications, August 2005, {{ISBN|0-9769550-0-8}}.</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} The stories of a lost continent off the coast of [[India]], named "[[Kumari Kandam]]", have inspired some to draw parallels to Atlantis.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Sumathi|title=The lost land of Lemuria: fabulous geographies, catastrophic histories|year=2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24440-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elYyJuYuAhwC&pg=PA205}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} ==Literary interpretations== ===Ancient versions=== [[File:POxy1084 Hellanicus Atlantis.png|thumb|upright=0.8|A fragment of ''Atlantis'' by [[Hellanicus of Lesbos]]]] In order to give his account of Atlantis [[Verisimilitude (fiction)|verisimilitude]], Plato mentions that the story was heard by [[Solon]] in Egypt, and transmitted orally over several generations through the family of Dropides, until it reached Critias, a dialogue speaker in ''Timaeus'' and ''Critias''.<ref>Smith, O. D. (2016). "The Atlantis Story: An Authentic Oral Tradition?". ''Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures''. 10(2): 10-17.</ref> Solon had supposedly tried to adapt the Atlantis [[oral tradition]] into a poem (that if published, was to be greater than the works of [[Hesiod]] and [[Homer]]). While it was never completed, Solon passed on the story to Dropides. Modern classicists deny the existence of Solon's Atlantis poem and the story as an oral tradition.<ref>Mauro Tulli, "The Atlantis poem in the Timaeus-Critias", in ''The Platonic Art of Philosophy'', Cambridge University 2013, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uXRGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269 pp. 269–282]</ref> Instead, Plato is thought to be the sole inventor or fabricator. [[Hellanicus of Lesbos]] used the word "Atlantis" as the title for a poem published before Plato,<ref>"The following papyrus, 1359, which Grenfell and Hunt identified as also from the Catalogue, is regarded by C. Robert as part of a separate epic, which he calls Atlantis." Bell, H. Idris, "Bibliography: Graeco-Roman Egypt A. Papyri (1915–1919)", ''The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'', Vol. 6, No. 2 (Apr. 1920), pp. 119–146.</ref> a fragment of which may be [[Oxyrhynchus]] Papyrus 11, 1359.<ref>P.Oxy. 1359. See Carl Robert (1917): ''Eine epische Atlantias'', ''Hermes'', Vol. 52, No. 3 (Jul. 1917), pp. 477–79.</ref> This work only describes the Atlantides, the daughters of Atlas, and has no relation to Plato's Atlantis account. In the new era, the third century AD [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonist]] Zoticus wrote an epic poem based on Plato's account of Atlantis.<ref>[[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], ''Life of Plotinus'', 7=35.</ref> Plato's work may already have inspired [[parody|parodic]] imitation, however. Writing only a few decades after the ''Timaeus'' and ''Critias'', the historian [[Theopompus]] of [[Chios]] wrote of a land beyond the ocean known as [[Meropis]]. This description was included in Book 8 of his ''Philippica'', which contains a dialogue between [[Silenus]] and King [[Midas]]. Silenus describes the Meropids, a race of men who grow to twice normal size, and inhabit two cities on the island of Meropis: ''Eusebes'' ({{lang|grc|Εὐσεβής}}, "Pious-town") and ''Machimos'' ({{lang|grc|Μάχιμος}}, "Fighting-town").<ref name="Nesselrath 1998 pp. 1">[[Heinz-Günther Nesselrath|Nesselrath, HG]] (1998). 'Theopomps Meropis und Platon: Nachahmung und Parodie', ''Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaft'', vol. 1, pp.&nbsp;1–8.</ref> He also reports that an army of ten million soldiers crossed the ocean to conquer [[Hyperborea]], but abandoned this proposal when they realized that the Hyperboreans were the luckiest people on earth. Heinz-Günther Nesselrath has argued that these and other details of Silenus' story are meant as imitation and exaggeration of the Atlantis story, by parody, for the purpose of exposing Plato's ideas to ridicule.<ref name="Nesselrath 1998 pp. 1"/> ===Utopias and dystopias=== The creation of [[Utopian and dystopian fiction]]s was renewed after the Renaissance, most notably in Francis Bacon's ''[[New Atlantis]]'' (1627), the description of an ideal society that he located off the western coast of America. Thomas Heyrick (1649–1694) followed him with "The New Atlantis" (1687), a satirical poem in three parts. His new continent of uncertain location, perhaps even a floating island either in the sea or the sky, serves as background for his exposure of what he described in a second edition as "A True Character of Popery and Jesuitism".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heyrick |first1=Thomas |title=The New Atlantis: A Poem, in Three Books |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A43565.0001.001?view=toc|date=1687 |location=London |publisher=Privately printed |via= ''Early English Books Online'', University of Michigan Library Digital Collections |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> The title of ''[[The New Atalantis]]'' by [[Delarivier Manley]] (1709), distinguished from the two others by the single letter, is an equally dystopian work but set this time on a fictional Mediterranean island.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/stream/secretmemoirsman00manl#page/n5/mode/2up| title = Archived online| year = 1709}}</ref> In it sexual violence and exploitation is made a metaphor for the hypocritical behaviour of politicians in their dealings with the general public.<ref>Nováková, Soňa, [http://www.phil.muni.cz/angl/thepes/thepes_02_17.pdf pp. 121–6 "Sex and Politics: Delarivier Manley's New Atalantis"]</ref> In Manley's case, the target of satire was the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig Party]], while in David Maclean Parry's ''[[The Scarlet Empire]]'' (1906) it is [[Socialism]] as practised in foundered Atlantis.<ref>{{cite book| url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=dul1.ark:/13960/t3vt2bh65;view=1up;seq=7| title = Online edition| date = April 2022| publisher = Grosset & Dunlap}}</ref> It was followed in Russia by [[Velimir Khlebnikov]]'s poem ''The Fall of Atlantis'' (''Gibel' Atlantidy'', 1912), which is set in a future rationalist dystopia that has discovered the secret of immortality and is so dedicated to progress that it has lost touch with the past. When the high priest of this ideology is tempted by a slave girl into an act of irrationality, he murders her and precipitates a second flood, above which her severed head floats vengefully among the stars.<ref>Boris Thomson, ''Lot's Wife and the Venus of Milo: Conflicting Attitudes to the Cultural Heritage in Modern Russia'', Cambridge University 1978, [https://books.google.com/books?id=y3UTbrInnAoC&pg=PA77 pp. 77–8]</ref> A slightly later work, ''The Ancient of Atlantis'' (Boston, 1915) by Albert Armstrong Manship, expounds the Atlantean wisdom that is to redeem the earth. Its three parts consist of a verse narrative of the life and training of an Atlantean wise one, followed by his Utopian moral teachings and then a psychic drama set in modern times in which a reincarnated child embodying the lost wisdom is reborn on earth.<ref>Archived [https://archive.org/stream/ancientatlantis00mansgoog#page/n15/mode/2up online]</ref> In [[Hispanic]] eyes, Atlantis had a more intimate interpretation. The land had been a colonial power which, although it had brought civilization to ancient Europe, had also enslaved its peoples. Its tyrannical fall from grace had contributed to the fate that had overtaken it, but now its disappearance had unbalanced the world. This was the point of view of [[Jacint Verdaguer]]'s vast mythological epic ''L'Atlantida'' (1877). After the sinking of the former continent, Hercules travels east across the Atlantic to found the city of [[Barcelona]] and then departs westward again to the [[Hesperides]]. The story is told by a hermit to a shipwrecked mariner, who is inspired to follow in his tracks and so "call the New World into existence to redress the balance of the Old". This mariner, of course, was [[Christopher Columbus]].<ref>Robert Hughes, ''Barcelona'', London 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HJd9esHdz5YC&q=Atlantida+%22poem%22&pg=PA341 pp. 341–3]</ref> Verdaguer's poem was written in [[Catalan language|Catalan]], but was widely translated in both Europe and Hispano-America.<ref>Isidor Cònsul, [http://www.visat.cat/traduccions-literatura-catalana/eng/ressenyes/85/122/0/3/poesia/jacint-verdaguer.html "The translations of Verdaguer]</ref> One response was the similarly entitled Argentinian ''Atlantida'' of [[Olegario Víctor Andrade]] (1881), which sees in "Enchanted Atlantis that Plato foresaw, a golden promise to the fruitful race" of Latins.<ref>''Obras Poeticas'', [https://archive.org/stream/3202277#page/151/mode/2up/search/atlantida pp. 151–166]; there is a translation of canto 8 by [http://www.poetrynook.com/poem/atl%E2%94%9C%C3%ADntida Elijah Clarence Hills]</ref> The bad example of the colonising world remains, however. [[José Juan Tablada]] characterises its threat in his "De Atlántida" (1894) through the beguiling picture of the lost world populated by the underwater creatures of Classical myth, among whom is the [[Siren (mythology)|Siren]] of its final stanza with {{poemquote| her eye on the keel of the wandering vessel that in passing deflowers the sea's smooth mirror, launching into the night her amorous warbling and the dulcet lullaby of her treacherous voice!<ref>''Los Trovadores de México'' (Barcelona, 1898), [https://books.google.com/books?id=1MwpAAAAYAAJ&dq=Tablada+%22De+Atl%C3%A1ntida%22&pg=PA413 pp.383-4]</ref> }} There is a similar ambivalence in [[Janus Djurhuus]]' six-stanza "Atlantis" (1917), where a celebration of the [[Faroese language conflict|Faroese linguistic revival]] grants it an ancient pedigree by linking Greek to Norse legend. In the poem a female figure rising from the sea against a background of Classical palaces is recognised as a priestess of Atlantis. The poet recalls "that the Faroes lie there in the north Atlantic Ocean/ where before lay the poet-dreamt lands," but also that in Norse belief, such a figure only appears to those about to drown.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Joensen |first=Leyvoy |title=Atlantis, Bábylon, Tórshavn: The Djurhuus Brothers and William Heinesen in Faroese Literary History |journal=Scandinavian Studies |volume=74 |issue=2 |year=2002 |jstor=40920372 |pages=181–204 [esp. 192–4] }}</ref> ===A land lost in the distance=== [[File:Faroe stamp 493 Djurhuus poems - atlantis.jpg|thumb|A Faroe Islands postage stamp honoring [[Janus Djurhuus]]'s poem "Atlantis" ]] The fact that Atlantis is a lost land has made of it a metaphor for something no longer attainable. For the American poet [[Edith Willis Linn Forbes]], "The Lost Atlantis" stands for idealisation of the past; the present moment can only be treasured once that is realised.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.blackcatpoems.com/f/the_lost_atlantis.html| title = Black Cat poems}}</ref> [[Ella Wheeler Wilcox]] finds the location of "The Lost Land" (1910) in one's carefree youthful past.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.litscape.com/author/Ella_Wheeler_Wilcox/The_Lost_Land.html| title = Litscape}}</ref> Similarly, for the Irish poet [[Eavan Boland]] in "Atlantis, a lost sonnet" (2007), the idea was defined when "the old fable-makers searched hard for a word/ to convey that what is gone is gone forever".<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/atlantis%E2%80%94-lost-sonnet| title = Poets.org| access-date = 7 February 2016| archive-date = 22 April 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160422224620/https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/atlantis%E2%80%94-lost-sonnet| url-status = dead}}</ref> For some male poets too, the idea of Atlantis is constructed from what cannot be obtained. [[Charles Bewley]] in his [[Newdigate Prize]] poem (1910) thinks it grows from dissatisfaction with one's condition, {{poemquote| And, because life is partly sweet And ever girt about with pain, We take the sweetness, and are fain To set it free from grief's alloy }} in a dream of Atlantis.<ref>Google Books [http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/charles-bewley/atlantis-the-newdigate-prize-poem-1910-lwe/1-atlantis-the-newdigate-prize-poem-1910-lwe.shtml p. 11]</ref> Similarly for the Australian [[Gary Catalano]] in a 1982 prose poem, it is "a vision that sank under the weight of its own perfection".<ref>Gary Catalano, Heaven of Rags, Sydney 1982, [http://www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/catalano-gary/atlantis-0359028 Australian Poetry Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423174323/http://www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/catalano-gary/atlantis-0359028 |date=23 April 2016 }}</ref> [[W. H. Auden]], however, suggests a way out of such frustration through the metaphor of journeying toward Atlantis in his poem of 1941.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.poeticous.com/w-h-auden/atlantis-1| title = "Atlantis"}}</ref> While travelling, he advises the one setting out, you will meet with many definitions of the goal in view, only realising at the end that the way has all the time led inward.<ref>[[Bonnie Costello]], "Setting out for Atlantis", from ''Auden at Work'', Palgrave Macmillan 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AauhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 pp. 133–53]</ref> === Epic verse narratives === A few late-19th century verse narratives complement the [[Atlantis in popular culture#Fiction|genre fiction]] that was beginning to be written at the same period. Two of them report the disaster that overtook the continent as related by long-lived survivors. In [[Frederick Tennyson]]'s ''Atlantis'' (1888), an ancient Greek mariner sails west and discovers an inhabited island which is all that remains of the former kingdom. He learns of its end and views the shattered remnant of its former glory, from which a few had escaped to set up the Mediterranean civilisations.<ref>In two parts at Black Cat Poems; [http://www.blackcatpoems.com/t/atlantis_part_i.html part 1] and [http://www.blackcatpoems.com/t/atlantis_part_ii.html part 2]</ref> In the second, ''Mona, Queen of Lost Atlantis: An Idyllic Re-embodiment of Long Forgotten History'' (Los Angeles CA 1925) by James Logue Dryden (1840–1925), the story is told in a series of visions. A Seer is taken to Mona's burial chamber in the ruins of Atlantis, where she revives and describes the catastrophe. There follows a survey of the lost civilisations of Hyperborea and Lemuria as well as Atlantis, accompanied by much spiritualist lore.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3eIcpA4coC| title = Mona, Queen of Lost Atlantis| isbn = 978-0-7873-0298-6| last1 = Dryden| first1 = J. L.| date = December 1998| publisher = Health Research Books}}</ref> William Walton Hoskins (1856–1919) admits to the readers of his ''Atlantis and other poems'' (Cleveland OH, 1881), that he is only 24. Its melodramatic plot concerns the poisoning of the descendant of god-born kings. The usurping poisoner is poisoned in his turn, following which the continent is swallowed in the waves.<ref>Archived online, [https://archive.org/details/atlantisotherpoe00hosk pp. 7–127]</ref> Asian gods people the landscape of ''The Lost Island'' (Ottawa 1889) by Edward Taylor Fletcher (1816–97). An angel foresees impending catastrophe and that the people will be allowed to escape if their semi-divine rulers will sacrifice themselves.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/stream/lostislandatlant00flet/lostislandatlant00flet_djvu.txt| title = Archived online| year = 1895}}</ref> A final example, Edward N. Beecher's ''The Lost Atlantis or The Great Deluge of All'' (Cleveland OH, 1898) is just a doggerel vehicle for its author's opinions: that the continent was the location of the Garden of Eden; that Darwin's theory of evolution is correct, as are Donnelly's views.<ref>{{cite book| url = http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t5q81xg08;view=1up;seq=9| title = Hathi Trust| year = 1897| publisher = The Brooks Company}}</ref> Atlantis was to become a theme in Russia following the 1890s, taken up in unfinished poems by [[Valery Bryusov]] and [[Konstantin Balmont]], as well as in a drama by the schoolgirl [[Larissa Reissner|Larissa Reisner]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |type=M.A. thesis |first=Madeleine |last=Pichler |title=Atlantis als Motiv in der russischen Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts |publisher=Vienna University |year=2013 |url=https://othes.univie.ac.at/25256/1/2013-01-21_0401826.pdf#page=27 |pages=27–30 |url-status=live |archive-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508181855/https://othes.univie.ac.at/25256/1/2013-01-21_0401826.pdf }}</ref> One other long narrative poem was published in New York by George V. Golokhvastoff. His 250-page ''The Fall of Atlantis'' (1938) records how a high priest, distressed by the prevailing degeneracy of the ruling classes, seeks to create an androgynous being from royal twins as a means to overcome this polarity. When he is unable to control the forces unleashed by his occult ceremony, the continent is destroyed.<ref>Pichler, pp. 37–40.</ref> ==Artistic representations== {{See also|Atlantis in popular culture}} ===Music=== The Spanish composer [[Manuel de Falla]] worked on a dramatic [[cantata]] based on Verdaguer's ''L'Atlántida'', during the last 20 years of his life.<ref>There is a performance on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbO0U3BMEfo YouTube]</ref> The name has been affixed to symphonies by [[Jānis Ivanovs]] (Symphony 4, 1941),<ref>Symphony 4, of which there is a performance on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZN83Q11GZg YouTube]</ref> [[Richard Nanes]],<ref>[http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/1538965/a/nanes%3A+symphonies+no+1+%26+2+%2F+keith+clark,+london+po.htm Symphony 1], "Atlantis, the sunken city", recorded by the London Philharmonic Orchestra during the 1990s</ref> and Vaclav Buzek (2009).<ref>A performance on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvUUfewPZa8 YouTube]</ref> There was also the symphonic celebration of [[Alan Hovhaness]]: "Fanfare for the New Atlantis" (Op. 281, 1975).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/w/122552| title = Presto Classical}}</ref> The Bohemian-American composer and arranger [[Vincent Frank Safranek]] wrote ''Atlantis (The Lost Continent) Suite in Four Parts''; I. Nocturne and Morning Hymn of Praise, II. A Court Function, III. "I Love Thee" (The Prince and Aana), IV. The Destruction of Atlantis, for military (concert) band in 1913.<ref>''The Heritage Encyclopedia of Band Music'' by William H. Rehrig, ed. by Paul Bierley. Westerville OH: Integrity Press, 1991. vol. 2, pp. 655–656</ref> The [[opera]] ''[[Der Kaiser von Atlantis]]'' (''The Emperor of Atlantis'') was written in 1943 by [[Viktor Ullmann]] with a [[libretto]] by [[Petr Kien]], while they were both inmates at the [[Nazi]] concentration camp of [[Theresienstadt Ghetto|Theresienstadt]]. The Nazis did not allow it to be performed, assuming the opera's reference to an Emperor of Atlantis to be a satire on [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. Though Ullmann and Kiel were murdered in [[Auschwitz]], the manuscript survived and was performed for the first time in 1975 in Amsterdam.<ref>Beaumont, Antony (2001), in [[Amanda Holden (writer)|Holden, Amanda]] (Ed.), ''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', New York: Penguin Putnam. {{ISBN|0-140-29312-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Karas|first=Joža|author-link=Joža Karas|year=1990|title=Music in Terezín, 1941–1945|location=Hillsdale, New York|publisher=[[Pendragon Press]]}}</ref><ref>Unknown author (26 April 1977), [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2014/apr/26/archive-1977-death-takes-holiday "From the archive: Death takes a holiday"], ''The Guardian'' (London), 26 April 1977; reprinted on 26 April 2014</ref> [[File:Atlantis_Monsu_Desiderio.jpg|thumb|right|[[François de Nomé]]'s ''The Fall of Atlantis'']] [[File:N.Roerich_"Gibel Atlantidy".jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|Nicholas Roerich's ''The Last of Atlantis'']] [[File:Terror Antiquus by L.Bakst (1908).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|[[Léon Bakst]]'s vision of cosmic catastrophe]] ===Painting and sculpture=== Paintings of the submersion of Atlantis are comparatively rare. In the seventeenth century there was [[François de Nomé]]'s ''The Fall of Atlantis'', which shows a tidal wave surging toward a Baroque city frontage. The style of architecture apart, it is not very different from [[Nicholas Roerich]]'s ''The Last of Atlantis'' of 1928. The most dramatic depiction of the catastrophe was [[Léon Bakst]]'s ''Ancient Terror'' (''Terror Antiquus'', 1908), although it does not name Atlantis directly. It is a mountain-top view of a rocky bay breached by the sea, which is washing inland about the tall structures of an ancient city. A streak of lightning crosses the upper half of the painting, while below it rises the impassive figure of an enigmatic goddess who holds a blue dove between her breasts. [[Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)|Vyacheslav Ivanov]] identified the subject as Atlantis in a public lecture on the painting given in 1909, the year it was first exhibited, and he has been followed by other commentators in the years since.<ref>{{cite book |first=Pamela |last=Davidson |title=Cultural Memory and Survival: The Russian Renaissance of Classical Antiquity in the Twentieth Century |series=Studies in Russia and Eastern Europe |volume=6 |publisher=School of Slavonic and East European Studies, UCL |location=London, UK |year=2009 |url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/69111 |pages=5–15 }}</ref> Sculptures referencing Atlantis have often been stylized single figures. One of the earliest was [[Einar Jónsson]]'s ''The King of Atlantis'' (1919–1922), now in the garden of his museum in [[Reykjavík]]. It represents a single figure, clad in a belted skirt and wearing a large triangular helmet, who sits on an ornate throne supported between two young bulls.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2452/3695419751_47fc7eecd1_b.jpg| title = Flicker}}</ref> The walking female entitled ''Atlantis'' (1946) by [[Ivan Meštrović]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://previews.123rf.com/images/shufu/shufu1212/shufu121200021/17025830-Atlantis-Ivan-Mestrovic-bronze-sculpture-1946-Stock-Photo.jpg| title = View online}}</ref> was from a series inspired by ancient Greek figures<ref>Meštrović, Matthew, "Meštrović's American Experience", [http://www.studiacroatica.org/jcs/24/2411.htm ''Journal of Croatian Studies'', XXIV, 1983]</ref> with the symbolical meaning of unjustified suffering.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.weatherforecast.co.uk/europe/croatia/the-metrovi-gallery-17403.html| title = Meštrović Gallery}}</ref> In the case of the [[Brussels]] fountain feature known as ''The Man of Atlantis'' (2003) by the Belgian sculptor {{Interlanguage link|Luk van Soom|nl|3=Luk van Soom}}, the 4-metre tall figure wearing a diving suit steps from a plinth into the spray.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.brusselspictures.com/wp-content/photos/statues/de-man-van-atlantis.JPG| title = Brussels Pictures}}</ref> It looks light-hearted but the artist's comment on it makes a serious point: "Because habitable land will be scarce, it is no longer improbable that we will return to the water in the long term. As a result, a portion of the population will mutate into fish-like creatures. Global warming and rising water levels are practical problems for the world in general and here in the Netherlands in particular".<ref>Kunstbus article quoting [http://www.kunstbus.nl/kunst/luk+van+soom.html "Luk van Soom"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216221819/http://www.kunstbus.nl/kunst/luk+van+soom.html |date=16 February 2016 }}</ref> [[Robert Smithson]]'s ''Hypothetical Continent – Map of Broken Clear Glass: Atlantis'' was first created as a photographical project in [[Loveladies, New Jersey]], in 1969,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.robertsmithson.com/photoworks/hc_atlantis_300.htm| title = Hypothetical Continent – Map of Broken Clear Glass: Atlantis|website=Robert Smithson|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107223810/http://www.robertsmithson.com/photoworks/hc_atlantis_300.htm|archive-date=7 January 2012}}</ref> and then recreated as a gallery installation of broken glass.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://worleygig.com/2015/07/27/modern-art-monday-presents-robert-smithson-map-of-broken-glass-atlantis| title = Dia Beacon Gallery| date = 27 July 2015 }}</ref> On this he commented that he liked "landscapes that suggest prehistory", and this is borne out by the original conceptual drawing of the work that includes an inset map of the continent sited off the coast of Africa and at the straits into the Mediterranean.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.robertsmithson.com/drawings/map_of_broken_glass_374.htm| title = Artist's site| access-date = 11 February 2016| archive-date = 21 March 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160321063927/http://robertsmithson.com/drawings/map_of_broken_glass_374.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> ==See also== '''Mythology:''' {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} *[[Antillia]] *[[Avalon]] *[[Brasil (mythical island)]] *[[Brittia]] *[[Cantre'r Gwaelod]] *[[Iram of the Pillars]] *[[Lemuria (continent)]] *[[List of mythological places]] *[[Mayda]] *[[Mu (lost continent)]] *[[Numenor]] *[[Saint Brendan's Island]] *[[Sandy Island, New Caledonia]] *[[Thule]] *[[Ys]] {{div col end}} '''Underwater geography:''' {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} *[[Yonaguni Monument]] *[[Bimini Road]] {{div col end}} '''Other:''' {{Div col|colwidth=15em}} *[[Atlantis in comics]] *[[Doggerland]] *''[[Hidden Worlds]]'' *[[Kumari Kandam]] *[[List of lost lands]] *[[Minoan eruption]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{Wiktionary-inline}} {{Refbegin|60em}} '''Ancient sources''' *[[Plato]], ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'', translated by [[Benjamin Jowett]] at [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1572 Project Gutenberg]; [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180&layout=&loc=Tim.+1a alternative version] with commentary. *Plato, ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'', translated by Benjamin Jowett at [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1571 Project Gutenberg]; [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180&layout=&loc=Criti.+106a alternative version] with commentary. '''Modern sources''' *{{cite book |editor-last=Calvo |editor-first=T. |year=1997 |title=Interpreting the Timaeus-Critias, Proceedings of the IV. Symposium Platonicum in Granada September 1995 |publisher=Academia St. Augustin |isbn=978-3-89665-004-7 }} *{{cite book |last=Castleden |first=Rodney |year=2001 |title=Atlantis Destroyed |location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-24759-7 }} *{{cite book |last=Forsyth |first=P. Y. |year=1980 |title=Atlantis: The Making of Myth |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-0355-7 }} *{{cite book |last=Gill |first=C. |year=1980 |title=Plato, The Atlantis Story: Timaeus 17–27 Critias |publisher=Bristol Classical Press |isbn=978-0-906515-59-4 }} *{{cite book |last=Jordan |first=P. |year=1994 |title=The Atlantis Syndrome |location=Stroud |publisher=Sutton Publishing |isbn=978-0-7509-3518-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/atlantissyndrome0000jord }} *{{cite book |editor-last=Ramage |editor-first=E. S. |year=1978 |title=Atlantis: Fact or Fiction? |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-10482-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/atlantisfactorfi00rama }} *{{cite book |author-link=Pierre Vidal-Naquet |first=Pierre |last=Vidal-Naquet |title=The Atlantis Story: A Short History of Plato's Myth |location=Exeter |publisher=University of Exeter Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-85989-805-8 }} {{Refend}} {{Prone to spam|date=February 2014}}   {{Plato navbox}} {{Continents of the world|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Atlantis| ]] [[Category:Allegory]] [[Category:Esoteric anthropogenesis]] [[Category:Legendary tribes in Greco-Roman historiography]] [[Category:Mythological populated places]] [[Category:Phantom islands]] [[Category:Platonism]] [[Category:Theoretical continents]] [[Category:Pseudohistory]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current 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