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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Relations with the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Hopewell_(1786)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Hopewell_(1786)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Treaty of Hopewell (1786)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Hopewell_(1786)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_1818" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_1818"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Treaty of 1818</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_1818-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_era_(1837)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_era_(1837)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Removal era (1837)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_era_(1837)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War_(1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War_(1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>American Civil War (1861)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War_(1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Post–Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Chickasaw_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Chickasaw_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable Chickasaw people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Chickasaw_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88" title="تشيكاساو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشيكاساو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ikasolar" title="Çikasolar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çikasolar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Чыкаса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чыкаса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Чикасо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чикасо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw_(grup_hum%C3%A0)" title="Chickasaw (grup humà) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chickasaw (grup humà)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cikasavov%C3%A9" title="Čikasavové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čikasavové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicachas" title="Chicachas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chicachas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_chickasaw" title="Pobo chickasaw – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%98%EC%B9%B4%EC%86%8C%EC%A1%B1" title="치카소족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="치카소족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8_(%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B2)" title="Չիկասո (ցեղ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չիկասո (ցեղ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Чикасо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чикасо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cikasai" title="Čikasai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čikasai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csikasz%C3%B3k" title="Csikaszók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csikaszók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Чикасо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чикасо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsikasao" title="Tsikasao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsikasao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B" title="ചിക്കാൻസോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചിക്കാൻസോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC" title="チカソー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チカソー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikaso_xalqi" title="Chikaso xalqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chikaso xalqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czikasawowie" title="Czikasawowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czikasawowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chickasaw" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikasa" title="Chikasa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chikasa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Чикасо (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чикасо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Чикасо (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чикасо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw%E2%80%99t" title="Chickasaw’t – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chickasaw’t" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasawer" title="Chickasawer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chickasawer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B" title="சிக்காசோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிக்காசோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="ชิคาซอว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชิคาซอว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ikasovlar" title="Çikasovlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çikasovlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Чикасо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чикасо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="奇克索人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奇克索人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Chickasaw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Chikashsha</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chickasaw_Nation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Chickasaw_Nation.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Chickasaw_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Chickasaw_Nation.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Chickasaw_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Chickasaw_Nation.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Chickasaw_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">38,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chickasaw language (not yet started)">Chickasaw</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Traditional tribal religion, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muscogee people (not yet started)">Muscogee Creek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> peoples </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chickasaw</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans">Native American</a> people. They are from the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Before Europeans came to America, they lived in the area of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. They speak the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chickasaw language (not yet started)">Chickasaw language</a>. This language is in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskogean_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muskogean languages (not yet started)">Muskogean</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>. The Chickasaw are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federally_recognized_tribe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federally recognized tribe (not yet started)">federally recognized</a> as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chickasaw Nation (not yet started)">Chickasaw Nation</a>. </p><p>The Chickasaw first lived in western North America. Before the first <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European contact</a>, they moved to east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. They settled mostly in what is now northeast Mississippi. They were living here when European explorers and traders came. They had relationships with the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> during the colonial years. The United States considered the Chickasaw one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a>. The tribe had advanced social structures and did many things that European Americans did. The US forced them to sell their land in 1832. They also forced them to move to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>) during the 1830s. </p><p>Most Chickasaw now live in Oklahoma. The Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma is the 13th largest federally recognized tribe in the United States. Its members are related to the <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> and share a common history with them. The Chickasaw are divided into two groups: the <i>Impsaktea</i> and the <i>Intcutwalipa</i>. They traditionally followed a system of <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal descent</a>. Some property was controlled by women. Leadership in the tribe passed from a mother to her children. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Etymology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etymology"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>chickasaw</i> originally belonged to a Chickasaw leader.<sup id="cite_ref-john_swanton_figure_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john_swanton_figure-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chickasaw</i> is the English spelling of <i>Chikashsha</i> (<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">mus</span>). This means "rebel" or "comes from Chicsa". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the Chickasaw is not known for certain. Twentieth-century scholars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Archeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeologist">archeologist</a> Patricia Galloway, think that the Chickasaw and Choctaw came from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaquemine_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaquemine culture (not yet started)">Plaquemine culture</a> and other groups whose ancestors had lived in the Lower Mississippi Valley for thousands of years. The Chickasaw and Choctaw then became distinct peoples in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-GALLOWAY_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GALLOWAY-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Europeans first encountered them, the Chickasaw were living in villages in present-day <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>. </p><p>The Chickasaw may have been migrants to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-cushman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cushman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a> says that they moved from west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> into present-day Mississippi in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times. </p><p>Another version of the Chickasaw creation story is that they came out of the ground at <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanih_Waiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanih Waiya (not yet started)">Nanih Waiya</a>,</i> a great <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mound (not yet started)">mound</a> <a href="/wiki/Mound_builders" title="Mound builders">built</a> about 300 CE by <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">Woodland</a> peoples. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeSoto_Map_Leg_2_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/DeSoto_Map_Leg_2_HRoe_2008.jpg/250px-DeSoto_Map_Leg_2_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/DeSoto_Map_Leg_2_HRoe_2008.jpg/375px-DeSoto_Map_Leg_2_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/DeSoto_Map_Leg_2_HRoe_2008.jpg/500px-DeSoto_Map_Leg_2_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The second leg of the de Soto Expedition, from <a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a> to the Chicaza</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1540 the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando de Soto (explorer)">Hernando De Soto</a> encountered the ancestors of the Chickasaw and stayed in one of their towns. After various disagreements, the American Indians attacked the De Soto expedition in a nighttime raid, nearly destroying it. The Spanish moved on quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chickasaw began to buy guns from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">colony of Carolina</a> was founded in 1670. They used these weapons to raid the Choctaw. They captured some members and sold them into <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas (not yet started)">Indian slavery</a> to the British. When the Choctaw started buying guns from the French, the slave raids stopped. </p><p>Allied with the British, the Chickasaw had battles with the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> and the Choctaw in the 18th century, such as in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ackia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ackia (not yet started)">Battle of Ackia</a> on May 26, 1736. They continued until France was defeated by the British in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (called the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> in North America). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the Chickasaw were allies of the new United States and fought against the Indians of the old <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> and other Northwest Indians were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> on August 20, 1794. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_United_States">Relations with the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Relations with the United States" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Relations with the United States"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickasaw_cultural_center_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chickasaw_cultural_center_1.jpg/220px-Chickasaw_cultural_center_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chickasaw_cultural_center_1.jpg/330px-Chickasaw_cultural_center_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Chickasaw_cultural_center_1.jpg/440px-Chickasaw_cultural_center_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of a stylized 18th-century Chickasaw warrior by <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Kelly_Haney" title="Enoch Kelly Haney">Enoch Kelly Haney</a>, at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw_Cultural_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chickasaw Cultural Center (not yet started)">Chickasaw Cultural Center</a> in Oklahoma</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (first U.S. President) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> (first U.S. Secretary of War) proposed the cultural transformation of Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-perdue_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington believed that <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> were <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equals</a> of <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>, but that their <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> was not as good. He came up with a policy to "civilize" them, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> continued it.<sup id="cite_ref-remini_reform_begins_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remini_reform_begins-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington's plan included impartial <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; and punishing those who violated Indian rights.<sup id="cite_ref-eric_miller_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eric_miller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_agent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian agent (not yet started)">Indian agents</a>. They lived among the Indians to teach them how to live like whites.<sup id="cite_ref-perdue_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, the Chickasaw increasingly adopted European-American practices, as they established schools, adopted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeoman_farming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeoman farming (not yet started)">yeoman farming</a> practices, converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and built homes in styles like their European-American neighbors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treaty_of_Hopewell_(1786)"><span id="Treaty_of_Hopewell_.281786.29"></span>Treaty of Hopewell (1786)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Treaty of Hopewell (1786)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Treaty of Hopewell (1786)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Characteristic_Chicasaw_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Characteristic_Chicasaw_Head.jpg/220px-Characteristic_Chicasaw_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Characteristic_Chicasaw_Head.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A sketch of a Chickasaw by Bernard Romans, 1775</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chickasaw signed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Hopewell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Hopewell (not yet started)">Treaty of Hopewell</a> in 1786. This treaty officially recognized peace between the Chickasaw and the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treaty_of_1818">Treaty of 1818</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Treaty of 1818" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Treaty of 1818"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1818, the leaders of the Chickasaw signed a treaty giving up all land north of the southern border of Tennessee.<sup id="cite_ref-EOHC-Chickasaw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-Chickasaw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chickasaw kept a four-square-mile reservation, but were required to <a href="/wiki/Lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lease">lease</a> the land to European immigrants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_era_(1837)"><span id="Removal_era_.281837.29"></span>Removal era (1837)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Removal era (1837)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Removal era (1837)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Road_Marker_US_64_Marion_AR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Military_Road_Marker_US_64_Marion_AR.jpg/220px-Military_Road_Marker_US_64_Marion_AR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Military_Road_Marker_US_64_Marion_AR.jpg/330px-Military_Road_Marker_US_64_Marion_AR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Military_Road_Marker_US_64_Marion_AR.jpg/440px-Military_Road_Marker_US_64_Marion_AR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Historic Marker in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Arkansas" title="Marion, Arkansas">Marion, Arkansas</a> for the Trail of Tears</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chickasaw received $3 million U.S. dollars from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-burt_and_ferguson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burt_and_ferguson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1836, the Chickasaw agreed to purchase land in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> from the Choctaw. They paid the Choctaw $530,000 for the western part of their land. For nearly 30 years, the US did not pay the Chickasaw the $3 million it owed them for their territory in the Southeast. </p><p>The Chickasaw gathered at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, on July 4, 1837, with all of their portable assets: belongings, livestock, and <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">enslaved African Americans</a>. Three thousand and one Chickasaw crossed the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burt_and_ferguson_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burt_and_ferguson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the journey, often called the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> by all the Southeast tribes that had to make it, more than 500 Chickasaw died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. </p><p>When the Chickasaw reached Indian Territory, the United States merged them with the Choctaw nation. The Chickasaw wrote their own constitution in the 1850s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War_(1861)"><span id="American_Civil_War_.281861.29"></span>American Civil War (1861)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: American Civil War (1861)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: American Civil War (1861)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chickasaw Nation became allies of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-cyrus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyrus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did this because the United States government had forced them off their lands and did not protect them against the Plains tribes in the West. Confederate officials suggested that the American Indian tribes would receive an independent Indian state if the Confederacy won. </p><p>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Pike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Pike (not yet started)">Albert Pike</a> was made the Confederate envoy to Native Americans. He negotiated several treaties, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_with_Choctaws_and_Chickasaws&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws (not yet started)">Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws</a> in July 1861. The treaty covered many things, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw nation, the possibility of citizenship in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, and a delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-choctaw_ok_statehood_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choctaw_ok_statehood-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Chickasaw sided with the Confederate States of America during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, they had to give up some of their land after the war. The US also freed all the slaves owned by the Chickasaw. Members of the Chickasaw who returned to the United States were given US citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-burt_and_ferguson_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burt_and_ferguson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treaties">Treaties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Treaties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Treaties"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr style="background:#CCCCCC"> <td><b>Treaty</b></td> <td><b>Year</b></td> <td><b>Signed with</b></td> <td><b>Where</b></td> <td><b>Main Purpose</b></td> <td><b>Ceded Land</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">Treaty with the Chickasaw<sup id="cite_ref-treaty_1786_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty_1786-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1786</td> <td>United States</td> <td>Hopwell, SC</td> <td>Peace and Protection provided by the U.S. and Define boundaries</td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">Treaty with the Chickasaw<sup id="cite_ref-treaty_1801_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty_1801-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1801</td> <td>United States</td> <td>Chickasaw Nation</td> <td>Right to make wagon road through the Chickasaw Nation, Acknowledge the protection provided by the U.S.</td> <td>(Not Available yet) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">Treaty with the Chickasaw<sup id="cite_ref-treaty_1805_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty_1805-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1805</td> <td>United States</td> <td>Chickasaw Nation</td> <td>Eliminate debt to U.S. merchants and traders</td> <td>(Not Available yet) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">Treaty of with the Chickasaw<sup id="cite_ref-treaty_1816_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty_1816-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1816</td> <td>United States</td> <td>Chickasaw Nation</td> <td>Cede land, provide allowances, and tracts reserved to Chickasaw Nation</td> <td>(Not Available yet) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">Treaty of with the Chickasaw<sup id="cite_ref-treaty_1818_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty_1818-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1818</td> <td>United States</td> <td>Chickasaw Nation</td> <td>Cede land, payments for land cession, and Define boundaries</td> <td>(Not Available yet) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">Treaty of Franklin<sup id="cite_ref-treaty_1830_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty_1830-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (un-ratified) </td> <td>1830 </td> <td>United States </td> <td>Chickasaw Nation, See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiram_Masonic_Lodge_No._7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiram Masonic Lodge No. 7 (not yet started)">Hiram Masonic Lodge No. 7</a><sup id="cite_ref-nrhpinv2Hiram_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv2Hiram-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Cede lands east of the Mississippi River and provide protection for the 'weak' tribe </td> <td>(Not Available yet) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DDDDDD">Treaty of Pontotoc<sup id="cite_ref-treaty_1832_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treaty_1832-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1832</td> <td>United States</td> <td>Chickasaw Nation</td> <td>Removal and Monetary gain from the sale of land</td> <td>6,422,400 acres (25,991 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-burt_and_ferguson_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burt_and_ferguson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post–Civil_War"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Civil_War"></span>Post–Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Post–Civil War" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Post–Civil War"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FredWaite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/FredWaite.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="287" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Waite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Waite (not yet started)">Fred Tecumseh Waite</a>, a cowboy and Chickasaw Nation statesman</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the Chickasaw were on the side of the Confederacy during the Civil War, the United States government made a new peace treaty with them in 1866. It required that they free their <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> and give citizenship to freed slaves who wanted to stay in the Chickasaw Nation. The freed slaves and their descendants became known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw_Freedmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chickasaw Freedmen (not yet started)">Chickasaw Freedmen</a>. However, the Chickasaw Nation did not give citizenship to the Chickasaw Freedmen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of the Freedmen continue to live in Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaloklowa_Chickasaw_Indian_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People (not yet started)">Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People</a> were recognized as a "state-recognized group" by <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> in 2005. Their headquarters is in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemingway,_South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemingway, South Carolina (not yet started)">Hemingway, South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, they asked the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of the Interior">US Department of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> for federal recognition, but they did not receive it.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Government" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Government"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the twentieth century, the Chickasaw became independent from the Choctaw and re-established their government. They are now federally recognized as the Chickasaw Nation. The tribe's government is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Ada,_Oklahoma" title="Ada, Oklahoma">Ada, Oklahoma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Culture"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chiefs have the suffix <i>-mingo</i> at the end of their names. For example, <i>Tishomingo</i> was the name of a famous Chickasaw chief. </p><p>In 2010, the tribe opened the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw_Cultural_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chickasaw Cultural Center (not yet started)">Chickasaw Cultural Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sulphur,_Oklahoma" title="Sulphur, Oklahoma">Sulphur, Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Chickasaw_people">Notable Chickasaw people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Notable Chickasaw people" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Notable Chickasaw people"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9467161">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Childers" title="Travis Childers">Travis Childers</a>, Democratic U.S. Congressman from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Footnotes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Footnotes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050211064810/http://www.census.gov/statab/www/sa04aian.pdf">No Job Name</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-john_swanton_figure-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-john_swanton_figure_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwanton1931" class="citation book cs1">Swanton, John (1931). <i>Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians</i>. The University of Alabama Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1109-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1109-2"><bdi>0-8173-1109-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Source+Material+for+the+Social+and+Ceremonial+Life+of+the+Choctaw+Indians&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.isbn=0-8173-1109-2&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GALLOWAY-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GALLOWAY_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway1995" class="citation book cs1">Galloway, Patricia (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2HVOImebydMC&dq=Plaquemine&pg=PA49"><i>Choctaw Genesis, 1500–1700</i></a>. Indians of the Southeast. Lincoln, NE: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. p. 49–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803270701" title="Special:BookSources/9780803270701"><bdi>9780803270701</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32012964">32012964</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choctaw+Genesis%2C+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.series=Indians+of+the+Southeast&rft.pages=49-54&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32012964&rft.isbn=9780803270701&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2HVOImebydMC%26dq%3DPlaquemine%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cushman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cushman_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCushman1899" class="citation book cs1">Cushman, Horatio (1899). "Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez". <i>History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3127-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3127-6"><bdi>0-8061-3127-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Choctaw%2C+Chickasaw%2C+and+Natchez&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Choctaw%2C+Chickasaw+and+Natchez+Indians&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=0-8061-3127-6&rft.aulast=Cushman&rft.aufirst=Horatio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHudson,_Charles_M.1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_M._Hudson_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles M. Hudson (author) (not yet started)">Hudson, Charles M.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knightsofspainwa0000huds"><i>Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820318882" title="Special:BookSources/9780820318882"><bdi>9780820318882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knights+of+Spain%2C+Warriors+of+the+Sun&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780820318882&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fknightsofspainwa0000huds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perdue-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perdue_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perdue_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFPerdue2003" class="citation book cs1">Perdue, Theda (2003). "Chapter 2 "Both White and Red"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mixedbloodindian0000perd"><i>Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mixedbloodindian0000perd/page/51">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-2731-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-2731-X"><bdi>0-8203-2731-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+%22Both+White+and+Red%22&rft.btitle=Mixed+Blood+Indians%3A+Racial+Construction+in+the+Early+South&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8203-2731-X&rft.aulast=Perdue&rft.aufirst=Theda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmixedbloodindian0000perd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-remini_reform_begins-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-remini_reform_begins_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRemini" class="citation book cs1">Remini, Robert. "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Reform Begins"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Andrew Jackson</i>. History Book Club. p. 201. 0060801328.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22The+Reform+Begins%22&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=History+Book+Club&rft.aulast=Remini&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eric_miller-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eric_miller_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1994" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Eric (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dreric.org/library/northwest.shtml">"Washington and the Northwest War, Part One"</a>. <i>George Washington And Indians</i>. Eric Miller<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Washington+and+the+Northwest+War%2C+Part+One&rft.btitle=George+Washington+And+Indians&rft.pub=Eric+Miller&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreric.org%2Flibrary%2Fnorthwest.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOHC-Chickasaw-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EOHC-Chickasaw_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pate, James C. <i>Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture</i>. "Chickasaw." Retrieved December 27, 2012.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH033.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001210055/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH033.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burt_and_ferguson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-burt_and_ferguson_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-burt_and_ferguson_10-1">10.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-burt_and_ferguson_10-2">10.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-burt_and_ferguson_10-3">10.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Burt_&_Bob_Ferguson1973" class="citation book cs1">Jesse Burt & Bob Ferguson (1973). "The Removal". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansofsouthea00burt"><i>Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now</i></a>. Abingdon Press, Nashville and New York. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansofsouthea00burt/page/170">170</a>–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-687-18793-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-687-18793-1"><bdi>0-687-18793-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Removal&rft.btitle=Indians+of+the+Southeast%3A+Then+and+Now&rft.pages=170-173&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press%2C+Nashville+and+New+York&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-687-18793-1&rft.au=Jesse+Burt+%26+Bob+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiansofsouthea00burt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyrus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cyrus_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFMeserve1937" class="citation web cs1">Meserve, John Bartlett (December 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518093850/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p373.html">"Chronicles of Oklahoma, Volume 15, No. 4"</a>. Oklahoma State/Kansas State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v015/v015p373.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronicles+of+Oklahoma%2C+Volume+15%2C+No.+4&rft.pub=Oklahoma+State%2FKansas+State&rft.date=1937-12&rft.aulast=Meserve&rft.aufirst=John+Bartlett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fchronicles%2Fv015%2Fv015p373.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-choctaw_ok_statehood-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-choctaw_ok_statehood_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Oklahoma_History_and_Culture" class="citation web cs1">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009193249/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH047.html">"Choctaw"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH047.html">the original</a> on 2008-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choctaw&rft.au=Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+and+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentries%2FC%2FCH047.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty_1786-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_1786_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1904" class="citation web cs1">Kappler, Charles (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512151521/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0014.htm">"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties"</a>. Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0014.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDIAN+AFFAIRS%3A+LAWS+AND+TREATIES+Vol.+II%2C+Treaties&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fchi0014.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty_1801-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_1801_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1904" class="citation web cs1">Kappler, Charles (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509191505/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0055.htm">"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties"</a>. Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0055.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDIAN+AFFAIRS%3A+LAWS+AND+TREATIES+Vol.+II%2C+Treaties&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fchi0055.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty_1805-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_1805_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1904" class="citation web cs1">Kappler, Charles (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509055424/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0079.htm">"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties"</a>. Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0079.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDIAN+AFFAIRS%3A+LAWS+AND+TREATIES+Vol.+II%2C+Treaties&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fchi0079.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty_1816-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_1816_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1904" class="citation web cs1">Kappler, Charles (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512151900/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0135.htm">"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties"</a>. Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0135.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDIAN+AFFAIRS%3A+LAWS+AND+TREATIES+Vol.+II%2C+Treaties&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fchi0135.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty_1818-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_1818_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1904" class="citation web cs1">Kappler, Charles (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211162357/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0174.htm">"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties"</a>. Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0174.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDIAN+AFFAIRS%3A+LAWS+AND+TREATIES+Vol.+II%2C+Treaties&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fchi0174.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty_1830-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_1830_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1904" class="citation web cs1">Kappler, Charles (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100907051003/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi1035.htm">"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties"</a>. Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi1035.htm">the original</a> on 2010-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDIAN+AFFAIRS%3A+LAWS+AND+TREATIES+Vol.+II%2C+Treaties&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fchi1035.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhpinv2Hiram-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nrhpinv2Hiram_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Levy_and_Cecil_N._McKithan1973" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Levy and Cecil N. McKithan (February 26, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903101422/http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/73001859.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Hiram Masonic Lodge No. 7 / Masonic Hall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/73001859.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory-Nomination%3A+Hiram+Masonic+Lodge+No.+7+%2F+Masonic+Hall&rft.date=1973-02-26&rft.au=Ben+Levy+and+Cecil+N.+McKithan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfhost.focus.nps.gov%2Fdocs%2FNHLS%2FText%2F73001859.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> and <span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Photos/73001859.pdf"><i>Accompanying one photo, exterior, undated</i></a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a> (32 KB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treaty_1832-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-treaty_1832_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKappler1904" class="citation web cs1">Kappler, Charles (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513065155/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0356.htm">"INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES Vol. II, Treaties"</a>. Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0356.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDIAN+AFFAIRS%3A+LAWS+AND+TREATIES+Vol.+II%2C+Treaties&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Kappler&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fchi0356.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2017" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Alaina E. (September 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/09/07/a-federal-court-has-ruled-blood-cannot-determine-tribal-citizenship-heres-why-that-matters/">"A federal court has ruled blood cannot determine tribal citizenship. Here's why that matters"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+federal+court+has+ruled+blood+cannot+determine+tribal+citizenship.+Here%27s+why+that+matters.&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Alaina+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fmade-by-history%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F07%2Fa-federal-court-has-ruled-blood-cannot-determine-tribal-citizenship-heres-why-that-matters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AChickasaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.african-nativeamerican.com/8-chocfreed.htm">The Choctaw Freedmen of Oklahoma</a>, african-nativeamerican.com. (accessed October 17, 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southcarolinaindianaffairs.com/members.html">"South Carolina Indian Affairs Commission.<i></i></a><i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017000238/http://southcarolinaindianaffairs.com/members.html">Archived</a> 2015-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 19 September 2012.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2003-03-20/html/03-6659.htm">"Receipt of Petitions for Federal Acknowledgment of Existence as an Indian Tribe."</a> <i>Federal Register.</i> Volume 68, Number 54. 20 March 2003. Retrieved 19 September 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chickasawculturalcenter.com/about.html?p=1.1.5">"About the Center."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902225200/http://www.chickasawculturalcenter.com/about.html?p=1.1.5">Archived</a> 2011-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Chickasaw Cultural Center</i> (accessed September 21, 2011)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chickasaw&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chickasaw" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chickasaw"><span style="">Chickasaw</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chickasaw.tv/">Chickasaw.tv</a> The online video network of the Chickasaw Nation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chickasaw.net">The Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma</a>, official site)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chickasaw.com">Chickasaw Nation Industires (government contracting arm of the Chickasaw Nation)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/index.php?id=8">"Chickasaws: The Unconquerable People", a brief history by Greg O’Brien, Ph.D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113194128/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/index.php?id=8">Archived</a> 2009-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_006900_chickasaw.htm">Encyclopedia of North American Indians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208070938/http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_006900_chickasaw.htm">Archived</a> 2006-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/chick.html">"Chickasaw History" by Lee Sultzman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080112101147/http://www.tolatsga.org/chick.html">Archived</a> 2008-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chickasaw.net/governor/index_1739.htm">John Bennett Herrington is First Native American Astronaut (on chickasaw.net)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227033052/http://www.chickasaw.net/governor/index_1739.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwaralbum.com/indian/tish1.htm">Tishomingo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927001440/http://www.civilwaralbum.com/indian/tish1.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativetech.org/recipes/recipe.php?recipeid=326">Pashofa recipe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativetech.org/recipes/recipe.php?recipeid=510">Tanshpashofa recipe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.verizon.net/vze7ugru/debunksheppard/id7.html">Some Chickasaw information in discussion of DeSoto Trail</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084714/http://mysite.verizon.net/vze7ugru/debunksheppard/id7.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH033.html">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Chickasaw</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001210055/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CH033.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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