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Niccolò Machiavelli - Wikipedia, a enciclopedia libre

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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mover á barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">agochar</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inicio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Traxectoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traxectoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Traxectoria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traxectoria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Traxectoria&quot;</span> </button> 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id="toc-Obras_principais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-O_príncipe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#O_príncipe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>O príncipe</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-O_príncipe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Príncipe_ou_república" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Príncipe_ou_república"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Príncipe ou república</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Príncipe_ou_república-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agradar_aos_lectores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agradar_aos_lectores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Agradar aos lectores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agradar_aos_lectores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discorsi_sopra_la_prima_deca_di_Tito_Livio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discorsi_sopra_la_prima_deca_di_Tito_Livio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discorsi_sopra_la_prima_deca_di_Tito_Livio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orixinalidade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orixinalidade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orixinalidade</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orixinalidade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Orixinalidade&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orixinalidade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coherencia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coherencia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coherencia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coherencia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influencias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influencias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Influencias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influencias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crenzas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crenzas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Crenzas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crenzas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Crenzas&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crenzas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empirismo_e_realismo_fronte_a_idealismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empirismo_e_realismo_fronte_a_idealismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Empirismo e realismo fronte a idealismo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empirismo_e_realismo_fronte_a_idealismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fortuna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección &quot;Véxase tamén&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligazóns_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligazóns_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ligazóns externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligazóns_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Niccolò Machiavelli</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 147 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли, Никколо – abkhazo" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Макиавелли, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhazo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – alemán suízo" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemán suízo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AB%E1%89%AC%E1%88%8A" title="ማካቬሊ – amhárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማካቬሊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhárico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="نيكولو مكيافيلي – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولو مكيافيلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89" title="نيكولو ماكيافيللى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولو ماكيافيللى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="म्याकियावेली – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="म्याकियावेली" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" title="Niccolo Machiavelli – aimará" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Niccolo Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimará" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkolo_Makiavelli" title="Nikkolo Makiavelli – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikkolo Makiavelli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیکولا ماکیاولی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکولا ماکیاولی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – baxkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нікало Макіявелі – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікало Макіявелі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нікалё Мак’явэльлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікалё Мак’явэльлі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Николо Макиавели – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Николо Макиавели" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="निकोलो मैकियावेली – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="निकोलो मैकियावेली" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="নিক্কোলো মাকিয়াভেল্লি – bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিক্কোলো মাকিয়াভেল্লি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_Maquiavel" title="Nicolau Maquiavel – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicolau Maquiavel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли, Никколо – checheno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Макиавелли, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="checheno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86_%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیکۆلۆ مەکیاڤێلی – kurdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکۆلۆ مەکیاڤێلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkolo_Makiavelli" title="Nikkolo Makiavelli – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nikkolo Makiavelli" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли Никколо – chuvaxo" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Макиавелли Никколо" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvaxo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Νικολό Μακιαβέλι – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νικολό Μακιαβέλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiavelo" title="Makiavelo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makiavelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maquiavelo" title="Nicolás Maquiavelo – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicolás Maquiavelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Makiavelo" title="Nikolas Makiavelo – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nikolas Makiavelo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیکولو ماکیاولی – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکولو ماکیاولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo de calidade"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Machiavel" title="Nicolas Machiavel – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicolas Machiavel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – frisón setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisón setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – frisón occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maquiavelo" title="Nicolás Maquiavelo – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nicolás Maquiavelo" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavelli" title="Machiavelli – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ניקולו מקיאוולי – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולו מקיאוולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="निकोलो मैकियावेली – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निकोलो मैकियावेली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Machiavel" title="Nicolas Machiavel – crioulo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nicolas Machiavel" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioulo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Նիկոլո Մաքիավելի – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլո Մաքիավելի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%85_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Նիքոլօ Մաքիավելլի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիքոլօ Մաքիավելլի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%AA" title="ニッコロ・マキャヴェッリ – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニッコロ・マキャヴェッリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – xavanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="xavanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნიკოლო მაკიაველი – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოლო მაკიაველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkolo_Makiavelli" title="Nikkolo Makiavelli – cabila" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nikkolo Makiavelli" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%A1%9C_%EB%A7%88%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84%EB%B2%A8%EB%A6%AC" title="니콜로 마키아벨리 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니콜로 마키아벨리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – kurdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – kirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Machiavelli" title="Nicolaus Machiavelli – latín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – luxemburgués" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiozo_Macciavello" title="Nichiozo Macciavello – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Nichiozo Macciavello" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolo_Makjavelli" title="Nikolo Makjavelli – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nikolo Makjavelli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавэлли – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Никколо Макиавэлли" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Machiavel" title="Nicolas Machiavel – malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nicolas Machiavel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" title="Niccolo Machiavelli – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Niccolo Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Николо Макијавели – macedonio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Николо Макијавели" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="നിക്കോളോ മാക്കിയവെല്ലി – malabar" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിക്കോളോ മാക്കിയവെല്ലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="निकोलॉ माक्याव्हेल्ली – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निकोलॉ माक्याव्हेल्ली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE" title="မက်ခီယာဗယ်လီ – birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက်ခီယာဗယ်လီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли, Никколо – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Макиавелли, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیکولو ماکیاولی – mazandaraní" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیکولو ماکیاولی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – baixo alemán" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="निकोलो म्याकियाभेली – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निकोलो म्याकियाभेली" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – noruegués nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegués nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_Maquiav%C3%A8l" title="Nicolau Maquiavèl – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nicolau Maquiavèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли, Никколо – ossetio" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Макиавелли, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਿਕੋਲੋ ਮੈਕਿਆਵੇਲੀ – panxabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਕੋਲੋ ਮੈਕਿਆਵੇਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panxabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo bo"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نکولو مکیاولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نکولو مکیاولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90" title="نېكولو مكياوېلې – paxto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نېكولو مكياوېلې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolau_Maquiavel" title="Nicolau Maquiavel – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicolau Maquiavel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" title="Niccolo Machiavelli – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Niccolo Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Макиавелли, Никколо – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макиавелли, Никколо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нікколо Макіавеллі – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нікколо Макіавеллі" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱭᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱤᱠᱳᱞᱳ ᱢᱮᱠᱤᱭᱟᱵᱷᱮᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqulu_Makyabilli" title="Niqulu Makyabilli – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Niqulu Makyabilli" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolo_Makiaveli" title="Nikolo Makiaveli – albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nikolo Makiaveli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Николо Макијавели – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Николо Макијавели" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccolo_Machiavelli" title="Niccolo Machiavelli – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Niccolo Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni-ke-low.Ma-ci-ya-wi-li%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%88%A9" title="Ni-ke-low.Ma-ci-ya-wi-li尼可羅·馬基亞維利 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ni-ke-low.Ma-ci-ya-wi-li尼可羅·馬基亞維利" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="நிக்கோலோ மாக்கியவெல்லி – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிக்கோலோ மாக்கியவெல்லி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80" title="మాకియవెలీ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాకియవెలీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Никколу Мокиовеллӣ – taxico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Никколу Мокиовеллӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taxico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="นิกโกเลาะ มาเกียเวลลี – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิกโกเลาะ มาเกียเวลลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkolo_Makiawelli" title="Nikkolo Makiawelli – turkmeno" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nikkolo Makiawelli" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Никколо Макиавелли – tártaro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Никколо Макиавелли" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Нікколо Макіавеллі – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нікколо Макіавеллі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نکولو مکیاویلی – urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نکولو مکیاویلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiavelli_Nikkolo" title="Makiavelli Nikkolo – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Makiavelli Nikkolo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – valón" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – wólof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wólof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E9%9B%85%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" title="尼科洛·马基雅维利 – chinés wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼科洛·马基雅维利" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinés wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნიკოლო მაკიაველი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიკოლო მაკიაველი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ניקאלא מאקיאוועלי – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניקאלא מאקיאוועלי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%9F%BA%E9%9B%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%88%A9" title="尼古洛·馬基雅維利 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼古洛·馬基雅維利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Niccolò Machiavelli" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%9F%BA%E9%9B%85%E7%B6%AD%E5%88%A9" title="馬基雅維利 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬基雅維利" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1399#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar as ligazóns interlingüísticas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar as ligazóns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espazos de nomes"> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/20px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/30px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/40px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></span><span class="fn">Niccolò Machiavelli</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/233px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/350px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg/467px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="3576" /></a></span><br /> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P18" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nome orixinal</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">(it) <span lang="it">Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P1559" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Biografía</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nacemento</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">3 de maio de 1469 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P569" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia">Florencia, Italia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P19" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Morte</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">21 de xuño de 1527 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P570" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> (58 anos)<br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2509922" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2509922">Sant'Andrea in Percussina (República de Florencia)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P20" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causa da morte</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q223102" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q223102">peritonite</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P509" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lugar de sepultura</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_da_Santa_Cruz" title="Basílica da Santa Cruz">Basílica da Santa Cruz</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126003985" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q126003985">Tomb of Niccolò Machiavelli</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126003985?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P119" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relixión</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Catolicismo" title="Catolicismo">Catolicismo</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P140" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Educación</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q820887" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q820887">Universidade de Florencia</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P69" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Actividade</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Campo de traballo</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía">Filosofía</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P101" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Lugar de traballo </span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P937" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ocupación</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Escritor,_escritora" title="Escritor, escritora">escritor</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12806039" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q12806039">military theorist</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12806039?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q333634" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q333634">tradutor</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49757" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q49757">poeta</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/Diplom%C3%A1tico,_diplom%C3%A1tica" title="Diplomático, diplomática">diplomático</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15994177" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q15994177">teórico político</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201788" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q201788">historiador</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4964182" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4964182">filósofo</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtico,_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Político, política">político</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/Dramaturgo,_dramaturga" title="Dramaturgo, dramaturga">dramaturgo</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P106" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Período de actividade</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">&#32;-&#32; 1527 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P2032" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movemento</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Alto_Renacemento" title="Alto Renacemento">Alto Renacemento</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P135" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Obra</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><b>Obras destacables</b></div><div style="text-align:start;"><ul><li><small>(1513)</small> <a href="/wiki/O_pr%C3%ADncipe" title="O príncipe">O príncipe</a></li><li><small>(1531 <sup>(Gregoriano)</sup>)</small> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q924424" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q924424">Discursos sobre a Primeira Década de Tito Lívio</a> <sup>(pt)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924424?uselang=gl" title="Traducir"><img alt="Traducir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P800" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Familia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cónxuxe</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45350389" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q45350389">Thomas Fontaine</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P26" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fillos</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45350838" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q45350838">Guido Machiavelli</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45350595" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q45350595">Ludovico peluche</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45350543" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q45350543">Bernardo Macciavelli</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45350476" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q45350476">Bartolomea Machiavelli</a>,&#32;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27093668" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q27093668">Piero Macchiavelli</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P40" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pais</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q823072" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q823072">Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P22" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>&#160; e&#160;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q111456925" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q111456925">Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P25" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Irmáns</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15851280" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q15851280">Totto Machiavelli</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P3373" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parentes</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15311816" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q15311816">Niccolò Machiavelli</a><small>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31819505" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q31819505">curmán entregue</a></small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P1038" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="infobox_coa"><b> Sinatura </b><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Machiavelli_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Machiavelli_Signature.svg/220px-Machiavelli_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Machiavelli_Signature.svg/330px-Machiavelli_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Machiavelli_Signature.svg/440px-Machiavelli_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="50" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P109" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="infobox_coa"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Arms_of_the_house_of_Macchiavelli.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Arms_of_the_house_of_Macchiavelli.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Macchiavelli.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Arms_of_the_house_of_Macchiavelli.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Macchiavelli.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Arms_of_the_house_of_Macchiavelli.svg/200px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Macchiavelli.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P94" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="center"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descrito pola fonte</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><small><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19180675" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q19180675">Pequeno Dicionario Enciclopédico de Brockhaus e Efron</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q602358" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q602358">Dicionario Enciclopédico Brockhaus e Efron</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4114391" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4114391">Enciclopedia militar Sytin</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#P1343" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=345&amp;url_prefix=https://www.imdb.com/&amp;id=nm0532608" title="IMDB: nm0532608"><img alt="IMDB: nm0532608" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IMDb_Logo_Square.svg/20px-IMDb_Logo_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IMDb_Logo_Square.svg/30px-IMDb_Logo_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/IMDb_Logo_Square.svg/40px-IMDb_Logo_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://datos.bne.es/persona/XX951763" title="BNE: XX951763" rel="nofollow"><img alt="BNE: XX951763" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BNE_logo.svg/20px-BNE_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BNE_logo.svg/30px-BNE_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/BNE_logo.svg/40px-BNE_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://bitraga.webs.uvigo.es/bibliotraducion/autores_ver.php?autor=853" title="Bitraga: 853" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Bitraga: 853" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bitraga.gif/20px-Bitraga.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bitraga.gif/30px-Bitraga.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bitraga.gif/40px-Bitraga.gif 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1c62911a-1a92-48fd-a44b-b8fa58aaf2d8" title="Musicbrainz: 1c62911a-1a92-48fd-a44b-b8fa58aaf2d8" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Musicbrainz: 1c62911a-1a92-48fd-a44b-b8fa58aaf2d8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg/19px-MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg/29px-MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg/39px-MusicBrainz_Logo_%282016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="144" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/2765082" title="Discogs: 2765082" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Discogs: 2765082" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Discogs_record_icon.svg/20px-Discogs_record_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Discogs_record_icon.svg/30px-Discogs_record_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Discogs_record_icon.svg/40px-Discogs_record_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Machiavelli-1" title="WikiTree: Machiavelli-1" rel="nofollow"><img alt="WikiTree: Machiavelli-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WikiTree.png/22px-WikiTree.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WikiTree.png/33px-WikiTree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WikiTree.png/44px-WikiTree.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="214" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1897" title="Find a Grave: 1897" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Find a Grave: 1897" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/22px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/33px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/44px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://genius.com/search?q=Niccolo-machiavelli" title="Genius: Niccolo-machiavelli" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Genius: Niccolo-machiavelli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Genius-logo.png/22px-Genius-logo.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Genius-logo.png/33px-Genius-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Genius-logo.png/44px-Genius-logo.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399?uselang=gl#identifiers" title="Editar o valor en Wikidata"><img alt="Editar o valor en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Niccolò Machiavelli</b>, tamén citado como <b>Nicolás Maquiavelo</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> e <b>Nicolao Maquiavelo</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>, nado en <a href="/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia">Florencia</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> o <a href="/wiki/3_de_maio" title="3 de maio">3 de maio</a> de <a href="/wiki/1469" title="1469">1469</a> e finado <i><a href="/wiki/Ib%C3%ADdem" title="Ibídem">ibídem</a></i> o <a href="/wiki/21_de_xu%C3%B1o" title="21 de xuño">21 de xuño</a> de <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>, foi un <a href="/wiki/Historiador" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiador">historiador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%B3sofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Filósofo">filósofo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtico" class="mw-redirect" title="Político">político</a> <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">italiano</a> da era do <a href="/wiki/Renacemento_italiano" title="Renacemento italiano">Renacemento italiano</a>. </p><p>É coñecido sobre todo polo seu tratado político <i><a href="/wiki/O_pr%C3%ADncipe" title="O príncipe">O príncipe</a></i> (<span lang="it">Il Principe</span>), escrito cara a 1513 pero non publicado até 1532, cinco anos despois da súa morte.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> A miúdo chamouselle como o pai da <a href="/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Filosofía política">filosofía política</a> e da <a href="/wiki/Ciencia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Ciencia política">ciencia política</a> modernas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durante moitos anos foi alto funcionario da <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Florencia" title="República de Florencia">república florentina</a> con responsabilidades en asuntos diplomáticos e militares. Escribiu comedias, cancións de entroido e poesía. A súa correspondencia persoal tamén é importante para os historiadores e estudosos da correspondencia italiana.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Traballou como <a href="/wiki/Diplom%C3%A1tico#Rankings_diplomáticos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomático">secretario</a> da segunda <a href="/wiki/Chanceler" title="Chanceler">chancelería</a> da República de Florencia de 1498 a 1512, cando os <a href="/wiki/Medici" title="Medici">Medicis</a> estaban fóra do poder. </p><p>Tras a súa morte o nome de Maquiavelo<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> pasou a evocar actos sen escrúpulos do tipo dos que aconsellou máis famosamente na súa obra <i>O príncipe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> Afirmaba que a súa experiencia e a lectura da historia demostrábanlle que a política sempre implicou engano, traizón e crime.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Tamén dixo en particular que un gobernante que está a establecer un reino ou unha república e é criticado polos seus actos, incluída a violencia, debe ser escusado cando a intención e o resultado son beneficiosos para el.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> O príncipe de Maquiavelo estivo rodeado de polémica desde a súa publicación. Algúns o consideran unha descrición directa da realidade política. Para outros, <i>O príncipe</i> é un manual que ensina aos aspirantes a tiranos como deben facerse co poder e mantelo.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> Mesmo en tempos recentes, algúns estudosos, como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Strauss&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Strauss (a páxina aínda non existe)">Leo Strauss</a>, reafirmaron a opinión tradicional de que Maquiavelo era un "mestre do mal".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aínda que Maquiavelo fíxose máis famoso pola súa obra sobre os principados, os estudosos tamén prestan atención ás exhortaciones das súas outras obras de filosofía política. Aínda que menos coñecido que <i>O príncipe</i>, díxose que os <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discorsi_sopra_la_prima_deca_di_Tito_Livio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (a páxina aínda non existe)">Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio</a></i> (<i>Discursos sobre a primeira década de Tito Livio</i>) (compostos <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;1517</span>) achandaron o camiño para o <a href="/wiki/Republicanismo" title="Republicanismo">republicanismo</a> moderno.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> As súas obras exerceron unha gran influencia en autores da <a href="/wiki/Ilustraci%C3%B3n" title="Ilustración">Ilustración</a> que reavivaron o interese polo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republicanismo_cl%C3%A1sico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Republicanismo clásico (a páxina aínda non existe)">republicanismo clásico</a>, como <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Harrington&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Harrington (a páxina aínda non existe)">James Harrington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> O realismo político de Maquiavelo seguiu influíndo en xeracións de académicos e políticos, como <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> e <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>É o fundador do pensamento político moderno. Traballou como funcionario público da <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica" title="República">república</a> florentina a partir de <a href="/wiki/1498" title="1498">1498</a>, mais coa fin da república en <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a> Machiavelli perdeu os cargos e marchou ao exilio. </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traxectoria">Traxectoria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Traxectoria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Traxectoria"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_Cristofano_di_Papi_dell%27Altissimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pintura_%C3%B3_%C3%B3leo" title="Pintura ó óleo">Pintura ó óleo</a> de Maquiavelo por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristofano_dell%27Altissimo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristofano dell&#39;Altissimo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Cristofano dell'Altissimo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Maquiavelo naceu en <a href="/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia">Florencia</a>, Italia, terceiro fillo e primeiro varón do avogado <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_di_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli (a páxina aínda non existe)">Bernardo di Niccolò Machiavelli</a> e a súa esposa, Bartolomea di Stefano Nelli, o 3 de maio de 1469.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Crese que a familia Maquiavelo descende dos antigos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marqueses_de_Toscana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marqueses de Toscana (a páxina aínda non existe)">marqueses de Toscana</a> que deu trece <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfaloniere_of_Justice" class="extiw" title="en:Gonfaloniere of Justice">Gonfalonieres de Xustiza</a> florentinos,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> un dos cargos dun grupo de nove cidadáns elixidos por sorteo cada dous meses e que formaban o goberno, ou <a href="/w/index.php?title=Signoria_de_Florencia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Signoria de Florencia (a páxina aínda non existe)">Signoria</a>; nunca foi, con todo, cidadán de pleno dereito de Florencia debido á natureza da cidadanía florentina naquela época, mesmo baixo o réxime republicano. Maquiavelo casou con Marietta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Familia_Corsini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Familia Corsini (a páxina aínda non existe)">Corsini</a> en 1501. Tiveron sete fillos, cinco homes e dúas mulleres: Primerana, Bernardo, Lodovico, Guido, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Machiavelli" class="extiw" title="it:Piero Machiavelli">Piero</a>, Baccina e Totto.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maquiavelo naceu nunha época tumultuosa. As <a href="/wiki/Cidade_estado" title="Cidade estado">cidades-estado</a> italianas e as familias e individuos que as dirixían podían xurdir e desaparecer repentinamente, a medida que os papas e os reis de Francia, España e o <a href="/wiki/Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Xerm%C3%A1nico" title="Sacro Imperio Romano Xermánico">Sacro Imperio Romano Xermánico</a> libraban guerras adquisitivas pola influencia e o control rexional. As alianzas político-militares cambiaban continuamente, con <a href="/w/index.php?title=Condotiero&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Condotiero (a páxina aínda non existe)">condotieros</a> (líderes mercenarios) que cambiaban de bando sen previo aviso, co ascenso e caída de moitos gobernos efémeros.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O seu mestre, Paolo dá Ronciglione, ensinoulle gramática, retórica e latín.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> Descoñécese si Maquiavelo sabía grego; Florencia era entón un dos centros de erudición grega de Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> En 1494 Florencia restaurou a <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Florencia" title="República de Florencia">a república</a>, expulsando á familia <a href="/wiki/Medici" title="Medici">Medici</a> que gobernara Florencia durante uns sesenta anos. Pouco despois da execución de <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Savonarola</a>, Maquiavelo foi nomeado para un cargo da segunda chancelaría, unha oficina de escritura medieval que puxo a Maquiavelo a cargo da produción de documentos oficiais do goberno florentino.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> Pouco despois, tamén foi nomeado secretario da <i>Dieci di Libertà e Pace</i>. </p><p>Na primeira década do século XVI levou a cabo varias misións diplomáticas, sobre todo ante o papado en Roma. Florencia enviouno a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pistoia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pistoia (a páxina aínda non existe)">Pistoia</a> para pacificar aos líderes de dúas faccións enfrontadas que estalaran en disturbios en 1501 e 1502; ao fracasar, os líderes foron desterrados da cidade, unha estratexia que Maquiavelo favorecera desde o principio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli1981136notes_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli1981136notes-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> De 1502 a 1503, foi testemuña da brutal realidade dos métodos de construción do Estado de <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9sar_Borgia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="César Borgia (a páxina aínda non existe)">César Borgia</a> (1475-1507) e o seu pai, o <a href="/wiki/Papa" title="Papa">papa</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_VI,_papa" title="Alexandre VI, papa">Alexandre VI</a>, quen estaban entón implicados no proceso de tentar traer unha gran parte da Italia central baixo a súa posesión.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> O pretexto de defender os intereses da Igrexa serviu de xustificación parcial aos Borgia. Outras excursións á corte francesa de <a href="/wiki/Lois_XII_de_Francia" title="Lois XII de Francia">Luís XII</a> e á corte española influíron nos seus escritos, como <i><a href="/wiki/O_pr%C3%ADncipe" title="O príncipe">O príncipe</a></i>. </p><p>A principios do século XVI, Maquiavelo concibiu unha <a href="/wiki/Milicia" title="Milicia">milicia</a> para Florencia e comezou a recrutala e creala.<sup id="cite_ref-Viroli_81–86_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viroli_81–86-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Desconfiaba dos mercenarios (unha desconfianza que explicou nos seus informes oficiais e máis tarde nas súas obras teóricas pola súa natureza antipatriótica e desinteresada na guerra, que fai que a súa lealdade sexa voluble e a miúdo pouco fiable cando máis se necesita),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>n. 1<span>]</span></a></sup> e no seu lugar dotou ao seu exército de cidadáns, unha política que deu algúns resultados positivos. En febreiro de 1506 conseguira que catrocentos campesiños desfilasen, vestidos (mesmo con corazas de ferro) e armados con lanzas e pequenas armas de fogo.<sup id="cite_ref-Viroli_81–86_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viroli_81–86-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> Baixo o seu mando, os cidadáns-soldados florentinos conquistaron <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> en 1509.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O éxito de Maquiavelo durou pouco. En agosto de 1512, os Medici, apoiados polo papa <a href="/wiki/Xulio_II,_papa" title="Xulio II, papa">Xulio II</a>, utilizaron tropas españolas para derrotar aos florentinos en <a href="/wiki/Prato,_Italia" title="Prato, Italia">Prato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>n. 2<span>]</span></a></sup> Tras o asedio, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piero_Soderini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piero Soderini (a páxina aínda non existe)">Piero Soderini</a> dimitiu como xefe de estado florentino e fuxiu ao exilio. A experiencia, do mesmo xeito que a estancia de Maquiavelo en cortes estranxeiras e cos Borgia, influiría enormemente nos seus escritos políticos. A cidade-estado florentina e a república disolvéronse, e Maquiavelo foi destituído do seu cargo e desterrado da cidade durante un ano.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro-36"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> En 1513, os Medici acusarono de conspiración contra eles e encarcerarono.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> A pesar de ser sometido a tortura<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro-36"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> ("<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garrucha_(tortura)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Garrucha (tortura) (a páxina aínda non existe)">coa corda</a>", na que o prisioneiro é colgado das súas bonecas atadas por detrás, obrigando aos brazos a soportar o peso do corpo e dislocando os ombreiros), negou a súa implicación e foi liberado ao cabo de tres semanas. </p><p>Maquiavelo retirouse entón á súa finca de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sant%27Andrea_in_Percussina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sant&#39;Andrea in Percussina (a páxina aínda non existe)">Sant'Andrea in Percussina</a>, preto de <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Casciano_in_Val_di_Pesa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="San Casciano in Val di Pesa (a páxina aínda non existe)">San Casciano in Val di Pesa</a>, onde se dedicou a estudar e escribir tratados políticos. Durante este período, representou á República florentina en visitas diplomáticas a Francia, Alemaña e outros lugares de Italia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro-36"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Desesperado pola oportunidade de seguir implicado directamente en asuntos políticos, ao cabo dun tempo comezou a participar en grupos intelectuais de Florencia e escribiu varias obras de teatro que (a diferenza dos seus traballos sobre teoría política) foron populares e amplamente coñecidas en vida. A política seguiu sendo a súa principal paixón e, para satisfacer este interese, mantivo unha coñecida correspondencia con amigos máis relacionados coa política, tentando involucrarse de novo na vida política.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Nunha carta a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Vettori&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Vettori (a páxina aínda non existe)">Francesco Vettori</a>, describe a súa experiencia: </p> <blockquote><p>Á tardiña, volvo a casa e diríxome ao meu estudo. No limiar, quítome a roupa de traballo, cuberta de barro e sucidade, e póñome a roupa que levaría un embaixador. Vestido con decencia, entro nas antigas cortes de gobernantes que hai tempo que morreron. Alí recíbenme calurosamente e aliméntome coa única comida que atopo nutritiva e para a que nacín. Non me avergoño de falar con eles e pedirlles explicacións sobre os seus actos e eles, por amabilidade, respóndenme. Pasan catro horas sen que sinta ansiedade algunha. Esquézome de todas as preocupacións. Xa non teño medo á pobreza nin á morte. Vivo enteiramente a través deles.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_(20).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG/170px-Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG/255px-Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG/340px-Santa_Croce_Firenze_Apr_2008_%2820%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Tumba de Maquiavelo na <a href="/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_da_Santa_Cruz" title="Basílica da Santa Cruz">Igrexa da Santa Cruz</a> de Florencia</figcaption></figure> <p>Maquiavelo morreu o 21 de xuño de 1527 dunha enfermidade estomacal.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> á idade de 58 anos, tras recibir a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extremaunci%C3%B3n&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Extremaunción (a páxina aínda non existe)">extremaunción</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>n. 3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> Foi enterrado na Basílica de Santa Cruz de Florencia. En 1789 <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Clavering-Cowper,_III_Conde_Cowper&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Clavering-Cowper, III Conde Cowper (a páxina aínda non existe)">George Nassau Clavering</a>, e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopoldo_II,_Emperador_do_Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Germ%C3%A1nico&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopoldo II, Emperador do Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico (a páxina aínda non existe)">Pietro Leopoldo, Gran Duque de Toscana</a>, iniciaron a construción dun monumento sobre a tumba de Maquiavelo. Foi esculpido por <a href="/w/index.php?title=Innocenzo_Spinazzi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Innocenzo Spinazzi (a páxina aínda non existe)">Innocenzo Spinazzi</a>, cun epitafio do doutor Ferroni inscrito nel.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>n. 4<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Niccolo_Machiavelli_uffizi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Niccolo_Machiavelli_uffizi.jpg/170px-Niccolo_Machiavelli_uffizi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Niccolo_Machiavelli_uffizi.jpg/255px-Niccolo_Machiavelli_uffizi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Niccolo_Machiavelli_uffizi.jpg/340px-Niccolo_Machiavelli_uffizi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption>Niccolò Machiavelli.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carreira_e_influencia">Carreira e influencia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Carreira e influencia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Carreira e influencia"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A invasión de <a href="/wiki/Carlos_VIII_de_Francia" title="Carlos VIII de Francia">Carlos VIII de Francia</a> en <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a> deu inicio a un período turbulento na historia de Italia, que entón se dividía en cinco poderes diferentes: Florencia, Milán, Venecia e Nápoles. Varias potencias estranxeiras, sobre todo Francia, España e o Sacro Imperio Romano, disputábanse o país. Florencia era militarmente inferior a estes exércitos, o que levou a Machiavelli a pasar catorce anos viaxando en misión diplomática a varias cidades nun intento por manter a flote á atribulada república. </p><p>No transcurso das súas actividades diplomáticas, Machiavelli coñeceu a <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9sar_Borgia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="César Borgia (a páxina aínda non existe)">César Borgia</a>, fillo ilexítimo do papa <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_VI,_papa" title="Alexandre VI, papa">Alexandre VI</a>. O papa era unha figura importante no norte de Italia e supoñía unha ameaza importante para Florencia. Aínda que César era inimigo de Florencia e Machiavelli defensor dunha postura republicana, este último quedou impresionado por fortaleza, intelixencia e capacidade do primeiro. Neste personaxe vemos unha das fontes para a coñecida obra de Machiavelli, <i>O Príncipe</i>. Alexandre VI faleceu en <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>, e o seu sucesor, o papa <a href="/wiki/Xulio_II,_papa" title="Xulio II, papa">Xulio II</a>, foi outro home forte e exitoso que impresionou a Machiavelli, tanto pola súa capacidade militar coma pola súa astucia. Non obstante, a tensión entre Francia e o papado levou a Florencia a aliarse cos franceses en contra do papa e os seus aliados españois. Os franceses perderon, e Florencia con eles. En <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>, España disolveu o goberno da cidade-estado e os <a href="/wiki/Medici" title="Medici">Medici</a> regresaron e instalaron o que foi unha tiranía de facto baixo o cardeal Médici. Machiavelli foi revelado do seu cargo político e exiliouse á súa granxa de Florencia. A súa carreira política podería ter rexurdido cos Médici, pero implicóuselle falsamente nun complot contra a familia, polo que foi torturado, multado e encarcerado. Foi liberado ao cabo dun mes, pero as posibilidades de que volvesen empregalo eran moi escasas e os seus intentos por encontrar un novo cargo político foron infrutuosos. Decidiu entón agasallar a <a href="/wiki/Clemente_VII,_papa" title="Clemente VII, papa">Giuliano de Medici</a>, cabeza da familia Médici en Florencia, cun libro. Cando o rematou, Giuliano xa morrera, polo que Machiavelli cambiou a dedicatoria ao seu sucesor, Lorenzo. A temática do libro era moi habitual na época: consellos a un príncipe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obras_principais">Obras principais</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Obras principais»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Obras principais"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="O_príncipe"><span id="O_pr.C3.ADncipe"></span><i>O príncipe</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar a sección: «O príncipe»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: O príncipe"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/O_pr%C3%ADncipe" title="O príncipe">O príncipe</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Duke-Lorenzo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Duke-Lorenzo.jpg/170px-Duke-Lorenzo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Duke-Lorenzo.jpg/255px-Duke-Lorenzo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Duke-Lorenzo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lourenzo_II_de_Medici&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lourenzo II de Medici (a páxina aínda non existe)">Lourenzo di Piero de Medici</a>, a quen se dedicou a versión definitiva de <i>O príncipe</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>O príncipe</i> é un libro enxeñoso e cínico, e demostra unha profunda comprensión de <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> en xeral e de <a href="/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia">Florencia</a> en particular. Nel, Machiavelli argúe que os obxectivos dun gobernante xustifican os medios que empregan para alcanzalos. <i>O príncipe</i> era moi distinto a outros libros da súa clase porque se afastaba decididamente da moralidade cristiá. Machiavelli ofrece consellos desapiadadamente prácticos a un príncipe, así que, tal e como aprendera durante a súa experiencia con papas e cardeais de éxito excepcional, os valores cristiáns debían deixarse a un lado se se interpoñían no camiño. A postura de Machiavelli céntrase na vida de virtude, pero non se trata do concepto moderno de virtual moral. Achégase máis ao concepto medieval das virtudes concibidas como as capacidades ou funcións das cousas, como o poder sandador de minerais e plantas. Machiavelli escribe sobre as virtudes dos príncipes, que eran os poderes e funcións que tiñan que ver co goberno. A raíz latina de virtude tamén se asocia á masculinidade (como en viril), e iso entronca co que Machiavelli afirma en relación ao príncipe e ao Estado, no que en certos casos virtude se utiliza como sinónimo de éxito e define un <a href="/wiki/Estado" title="Estado">Estado</a> que debe ser admirado e imitado. </p><p>Parte da argumentación de Machiavelli céntrase en que un gobernante non pode verse limitado pola <a href="/wiki/Moralidade" class="mw-redirect" title="Moralidade">moralidade</a>, senón que debe facer todo o necesario para garantir a súa propia gloria e o éxito do Estado que goberna, unha postura que logo se coñecería como realismo. Non obstante, segundo Machiavelli, o fin non xustifica os medios en todos os casos. Hai algúns medios que o príncipe sabio debe evitar, pois aínda que lle poidan axudar a obter os seus fins, tamén poden conducilo a futuros perigos. Os medios que han de evitarse son aqueles que poden facer que o pobo odie o seu príncipe. Poden amalo ou temelo, ou, preferiblemente, ambas as dúas cousas afirma Machiavelli, aínda que é máis importante que o príncipe sexa temido que amado. Pero o pobo non debe odialo, porque é moi probable que ese odio conduza a unha rebelión. Ademais, un príncipe que maltrata innecesariamente o seu pobo é merecedor de desprezo: ha de ter reputación de ser compasivo, non cruel. Isto pode implicar que, en ocasións, se castigue duramente uns poucos para lograr unha orde social xeral que beneficie a máis persoas a longo prazo. </p><p>Nos casos que Machiavelli afirma que o fin xustifica os medios, esta norma só é aplicable aos príncipes. A conduta adecuada para os cidadáns do Estado nunca é a mesma que para o príncipe. Non obstante, mesmo no caso de cidadáns normais, Machiavelli desdeña a moralidade cristiá convencional, á que considera débil e inadecuada para unha cidade forte. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Príncipe_ou_república"><span id="Pr.C3.ADncipe_ou_rep.C3.BAblica"></span>Príncipe ou república</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Príncipe ou república»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Príncipe ou república"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Existen motivos para sospeitar que <i>O príncipe</i> non recolle a opinión persoal de Machiavelli. Quizais a disparidade máis importante é a que se encontra entre as ideas que contén este texto e as que manifesta na súa outra obra fundamental, <i>Discursos sobre a primeira década de <a href="/wiki/Tito_Livio" title="Tito Livio">Tito Livio</a></i>. Nos <i>Discursos</i>, Machiavelli afirma que a república é o réxime ideal e que debería instituírse sempre que exista, ou poida establecerse, un grao razoable de igualdade. O principado só é adecuado cando non existe igualdade nin pode ser instaurada nun Estado. Non obstante, pode tamén argumentarse que <i>O príncipe</i> presenta as verdadeiras ideas de Machiavelli respecto a como se debe gobernar nese caso; se o principiado é, en ocasións, un mal necesario, debe gobernarse do mellor xeito posible. Ademais, Machiavelli cría que <a href="/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia">Florencia</a> estaba inmersa en tal axitación política que necesitaba dun gobernante forte para levala a bo porto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agradar_aos_lectores">Agradar aos lectores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Agradar aos lectores»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Agradar aos lectores"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outro motivo polo que se debe tratar o contido <i>O príncipe</i> con cautela é que Machiavelli o escribiu para congraciarse cos <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9dici" class="mw-redirect" title="Médici">Médici</a>. Non obstante, tamén dedicou os <i>Discursos</i> a varios membros do goberno republicano de Florencia. Podería argumentarse, pois, que Machiavelli escribía o que as persoas ás cales dedicaba a súa obra querían ler. Porén,<i>O príncipe</i> contén gran parte do que se cre eran as verdadeiras crenzas de Machiavelli, como a necesidade dunha milicia cidadá para non depender de mercenarios. O problema reside en saber discernir que partes reflicten as súas crenzas e cales non. Resulta tentador separalas en función do ben que encaixan coa ideoloxía do lector obxectivo, pero é pouco probable que o resultado fose acertado. Tamén se suxeriu que Machiavelli pretendía escribir unha sátira e que o seu verdadeiro público obxectivo eran os republicanos, non a elite no poder. Esta idea baséase en que Machiavelli non o escribiu en latín, a lingua da elite, senón en italiano, a lingua do pobo. Certamente, en ocasións <i>O príncipe</i> lese como unha sátira, coma se se esperase que o lector chegase á conclusión de que se é así como debe comportarse un príncipe, hai que evitar custe o que custe ser gobernado por un. Se Machiavelli satirizaba tamén a idea de que o fin xustifica os medios, o obxectivo deste breve e enganosamente sinxela obra é moito máis enigmático do que cabería pensar nun principio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discorsi_sopra_la_prima_deca_di_Tito_Livio">Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Os <i>Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio</i> (<i>Discursos sobre a primeira década de Tito Livio</i>), escritos ao redor de 1517 e publicados en 1531, a miúdo denominados simplemente <i>Discursos</i> ou <i>Discorsi</i>, son nominalmente unha discusión sobre a historia clásica da <a href="/wiki/Roma_antiga" title="Roma antiga">Antiga Roma</a>, aínda que se afasta moito deste tema e tamén utiliza exemplos políticos contemporáneos para ilustrar puntos. Maquiavelo preséntao como unha serie de leccións sobre como debe iniciarse e estruturarse unha república. É unha obra máis extensa que <i>O príncipe</i>, e aínda que explica máis abertamente as vantaxes das repúblicas, tamén contén moitos temas similares das súas outras obras.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Por exemplo, Maquiavelo sinalou que para salvar a unha república da corrupción é necesario devolvela a un "estado real" utilizando medios violentos.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Exculpa a Rómulo por asasinar ao seu irmán <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_e_Remo" title="Rómulo e Remo">Remo</a> e co-gobernante <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tito_Tacio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tito Tacio (a páxina aínda non existe)">Tito Tacio</a> para obter o poder absoluto para si mesmo en que estableceu unha "forma de vida civil".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> Os historiadores discrepan sobre o grao de coincidencia entre ambas as obras, xa que Maquiavelo refírese con frecuencia aos líderes das repúblicas como "príncipes".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Maquiavelo mesmo actúa ás veces como conselleiro de <a href="/wiki/Tiran%C3%ADa" title="Tiranía">tiranos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> Outros estudosos sinalaron os trazos engrandecedores e imperialistas da república de Maquiavelo.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> No entanto, converteuse nun dos textos centrais do <a href="/wiki/Republicanismo" title="Republicanismo">republicanismo</a> moderno, e a miúdo argumentouse que é unha obra máis completa que <i>O príncipe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orixinalidade">Orixinalidade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar a sección: «Orixinalidade»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Orixinalidade"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Niccol%C3%B2-Machiavelli-Amelot-de-La-Houssaie-Il-principe_MG_1089.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3412" data-file-height="5280" /></a><figcaption>Retrato gravado de Maquiavelo, de <i>Il Principe</i> da Biblioteca do Palacio da Paz, publicado en 1769</figcaption></figure> <p>Os principais comentarios sobre a obra de Maquiavelo centráronse en dúas cuestións: cuán unificada e filosófica é a súa obra e cuán innovadora ou tradicional é.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-54"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coherencia">Coherencia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar a sección: «Coherencia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Coherencia"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Existe certo desacordo sobre a mellor maneira de describir os temas unificadores, si é que os hai, que poden atoparse nas obras de Maquiavelo, especialmente nas dúas principais obras políticas, <i>O príncipe</i> e <i>Discursos</i>. Algúns comentaristas describírono como incoherente, e quizais mesmo como alguén que non concedía gran importancia á coherencia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-54"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> Outros, como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Baron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Baron (a páxina aínda non existe)">Hans Baron</a>, argumentaron que as súas ideas deberon de cambiar drasticamente co paso do tempo. Algúns argumentaron que as súas conclusións se entenden mellor como un produto da súa época, experiencias e educación. Outros, como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Strauss&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Strauss (a páxina aínda non existe)">Leo Strauss</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_Mansfield&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvey Mansfield (a páxina aínda non existe)">Harvey Mansfield</a>, defenderon firmemente que existe unha coherencia e unha distinción fortes e deliberadas, argumentando mesmo que isto esténdese a todas as obras de Maquiavelo, incluídas as súas comedias e cartas.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-54"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influencias">Influencias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar a sección: «Influencias»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Influencias"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comentaristas como Leo Strauss chegaron a sinalar a Maquiavelo como o creador deliberado da propia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernidade&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Modernidade (a páxina aínda non existe)">modernidade</a>. Outros argumentaron que Maquiavelo é só un exemplo particularmente interesante das tendencias que se estaban producindo o seu a redor. En calquera caso, Maquiavelo presentouse en varias ocasións como alguén que lembraba aos italianos as vellas virtudes dos romanos e gregos, e outras veces como alguén que promovía un enfoque completamente novo da política.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-54"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O feito de que Maquiavelo recibise influencias moi diversas non é en si mesmo controvertido. Con todo, a súa importancia relativa é obxecto de debate permanente. É posible resumir algunhas das principais influencias destacadas por diferentes comentaristas. </p><p><b>O xénero do espello dos príncipes</b> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFGilbert1938">Gilbert (1938)</a> resumiu as similitudes entre <i>O príncipe</i> e o <a href="/wiki/X%C3%A9nero_literario" title="Xénero literario">xénero</a> que obviamente imita, o chamado estilo «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Espello_dos_pr%C3%ADncipes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Espello dos príncipes (a páxina aínda non existe)">espello dos príncipes</a>». Tratábase dun xénero de influencia clásica, con modelos polo menos tan afastados como <a href="/wiki/Xenofonte_de_Atenas" title="Xenofonte de Atenas">Xenofonte</a> e <a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B3crates_de_Atenas" title="Isócrates de Atenas">Isócrates</a>. Aínda que Gilbert fixo fincapé nas similitudes, con todo, coincidiu con todos os demais comentaristas en que Maquiavelo foi particularmente novo na forma en que utilizou este xénero, mesmo en comparación cos seus contemporáneos como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldassare Castiglione (a páxina aínda non existe)">Baldassare Castiglione</a> e <a href="/wiki/Erasmo_de_Rotterdam" title="Erasmo de Rotterdam">Erasmo</a>. Unha das principais innovacións que sinalou Gilbert foi que Maquiavelo centrouse no «deliberado propósito de tratar cun novo gobernante que necesitará establecerse desafiando os costumes». Normalmente, este tipo de obras dirixíanse só aos príncipes hereditarios. (Xenofonte tamén é unha excepción neste sentido). </p><p><b>Republicanismo clásico</b> </p><p>Comentaristas como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quentin_Skinner&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Quentin Skinner (a páxina aínda non existe)">Quentin Skinner</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.G.A._Pocock&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="J.G.A. Pocock (a páxina aínda non existe)">J.G.A. Pocock</a>, da chamada <i>Escola de Cambridge</i> de interpretación, afirmaron que algúns dos temas republicanos das obras políticas de Maquiavelo, en particular os <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discorsi_sopra_la_prima_deca_di_Tito_Livio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio (a páxina aínda non existe)">Discorsi sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio</a></i>, poden atoparse na literatura italiana medieval, influída por autores clásicos como <a href="/wiki/Salustio" title="Salustio">Salustio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Filosofía política clásica: Xenofonte, Platón e Aristóteles</b> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Xenophon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/170px-Xenophon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/255px-Xenophon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Xenophon.jpg/340px-Xenophon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xenofonte_de_Atenas" title="Xenofonte de Atenas">Xenofonte</a>, autor da <i><a href="/wiki/Ciropedia" title="Ciropedia">Ciropedia</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>A escola socrática da filosofía política clásica, especialmente <a href="/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles">Aristóteles</a>, converteuse nunha gran influencia para o pensamento político europeo a finais da <a href="/wiki/Idade_Media" title="Idade Media">Idade Media</a>. Existía tanto na forma católica presentada por <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_de_Aquino" title="Tomé de Aquino">Tomé de Aquino</a>, como na forma máis controvertida «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Averro%C3%ADsmo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Averroísmo (a páxina aínda non existe)">Averroísta</a>» de autores como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsilio_de_Padua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsilio de Padua (a páxina aínda non existe)">Marsilio de Padua</a>. Maquiavelo foi crítico co pensamento político católico e puido estar influído polo averroísmo. Pero de cando en cando cita a Platón e Aristóteles, e o máis probable é que non os aprobase. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Strauss&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Strauss (a páxina aínda non existe)">Leo Strauss</a> argumentou que a forte influencia de Xenofonte, un estudante de Sócrates máis coñecido como historiador, retórico e soldado, foi unha fonte importante de ideas socráticas para Maquiavelo, ás veces non en liña con Aristóteles. Mentres que o interese por <a href="/wiki/Plat%C3%B3n" title="Platón">Platón</a> ía en aumento en Florencia durante a vida de Maquiavelo, este non mostra especial interese por el, pero viuse influído indirectamente polas súas lecturas de autores como <a href="/wiki/Polibio" title="Polibio">Polibio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_de_Queronea" title="Plutarco de Queronea">Plutarco</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cicer%C3%B3n" title="Cicerón">Cicerón</a>. </p><p>A principal diferenza entre Maquiavelo e os socráticos, segundo Strauss, é o materialismo de Maquiavelo e, por tanto, o seu rexeitamento tanto dunha visión teleolóxica da natureza como da opinión de que a filosofía está por encima da política. Coa súa concepción <a href="/wiki/Teleolox%C3%ADa" title="Teleoloxía">teleolóxica</a> das cousas, os socráticos sostiñan que, por natureza, todo o que actúa, actúa cara a algún fin, coma se a natureza o desexase, pero Maquiavelo afirmaba que tales cousas suceden por cego azar ou pola acción humana.<sup id="cite_ref-Strauss_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strauss-58"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Materialismo clásico</b> </p><p>Strauss sostén que Maquiavelo puido considerarse influído por algunhas ideas de materialistas clásicos como <a href="/wiki/Dem%C3%B3crito" title="Demócrito">Demócrito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicuro" title="Epicuro">Epicuro</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lucrecio" title="Lucrecio">Lucrecio</a>. Strauss, con todo, ve isto tamén como un signo de innovación importante en Maquiavelo, porque os materialistas clásicos non compartían a consideración socrática da vida política, mentres que Maquiavelo claramente si.<sup id="cite_ref-Strauss_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strauss-58"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> <b>Tucídides</b> </p><p>Algúns estudosos sinalan a similitude entre Maquiavelo e o historiador grego <a href="/wiki/Tuc%C3%ADdides" title="Tucídides">Tucídides</a>, xa que ambos facían fincapé na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol%C3%ADtica_do_poder&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Política do poder (a páxina aínda non existe)">política do poder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Strauss argumentou que Maquiavelo puido, en efecto, recibir influencias de <a href="/wiki/Presocr%C3%A1ticos" title="Presocráticos">filósofos presocráticos</a>, pero considerou que se trataba dunha nova combinación: </p> <blockquote><p>...os lectores contemporáneos lémbralles Maquiavelo o ensino de Tucídides; atopan en ambos os autores o mesmo «realismo», é dicir, a mesma negación do poder dos deuses ou da xustiza e a mesma sensibilidade ante a dura necesidade e o escorregadizo azar. Con todo, Tucídides nunca pon en dúbida a superioridade intrínseca da nobreza sobre a baixeza, superioridade que brilla especialmente cando a nobreza é destruída pola baixeza. Por iso a historia de Tucídides esperta no lector unha tristeza que nunca espertan os libros de Maquiavelo. En Maquiavelo atopamos comedias, parodias e sátiras, pero nada que lembre á traxedia. Unha metade da humanidade permanece á marxe do seu pensamento. Non hai traxedia en Maquiavelo porque non ten sentido da sacralidade de «o común». - <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958</a>, p.&#160;292)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crenzas">Crenzas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar a sección: «Crenzas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Crenzas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entre os historiadores, hai algunhas propostas consistentes sobre o que era máis novo na obra de Maquiavelo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empirismo_e_realismo_fronte_a_idealismo">Empirismo e realismo fronte a idealismo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar a sección: «Empirismo e realismo fronte a idealismo»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Empirismo e realismo fronte a idealismo"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ás veces considérase a Maquiavelo como o prototipo de científico empírico moderno, que constrúe xeneralizacións a partir da experiencia e os feitos históricos, e subliña a inutilidade de teorizar coa imaxinación.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-54"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6856698">.mw-parser-output .flexquote{display:flex;flex-direction:column;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border-left:3px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);font-size:90%;margin:1em 4em;padding:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.quote{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.separator{border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);margin:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.cite{text-align:right}@media all and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{flex-direction:column}}</style> <blockquote class="flexquote"> <div class="flex"> <div class="quote">Emancipou a política da teoloxía e a filosofía moral. Comprometeuse a describir simplemente o que os gobernantes facían en realidade e anticipou así o que máis tarde se chamou o espírito científico, no que se ignoran as cuestións do bo e o malo, e o observador tenta descubrir só o que realmente sucede.</div> </div><div class="cite">Joshua Kaplan, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-twsC11r44fzf_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsC11r44fzf-61"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup></div> </blockquote> <p>Maquiavelo consideraba que a súa escolarización temperá na liña da educación clásica tradicional era esencialmente inútil para comprender a política. No entanto, avogaba polo estudo intensivo do pasado, en particular no referente á fundación dunha cidade, que consideraba clave para comprender o seu desenvolvemento posterior.<sup id="cite_ref-twsC11r44fzf_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsC11r44fzf-61"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> Ademais, estudaba o modo de vida da xente e pretendía informar aos dirixentes de como debían gobernar e mesmo de como debían vivir eles mesmos. Maquiavelo nega a opinión clásica de que vivir virtuosamente sempre conduce á felicidade. Por exemplo, Maquiavelo consideraba a miseria como «un dos vicios que permiten gobernar a un príncipe».<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> Maquiavelo afirmaba que «o mellor sería ser á vez amado e temido. Pero como ambas as cousas de cando en cando danse xuntas, quen se vexa obrigado a elixir atopará maior seguridade en ser temido que en ser amado.»<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> En gran parte da súa obra, Maquiavelo afirma a miúdo que o gobernante debe adoptar políticas desagradables co fin da permanencia do seu réxime. </p><p>Unha proposta relacionada e máis controvertida que se fai a miúdo é que describiu como facer as cousas en política dun modo que parecía neutral en canto a quen utilizaba os consellos, se os tiranos ou os bos gobernantes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-54"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> Que Maquiavelo esforzábase por ser realista non se pon en dúbida, pero durante catro séculos os estudosos debateron cal é a mellor maneira de describir a súa moralidade. <i>O príncipe</i> converteu a palabra <i>maquiavélico</i> en sinónimo de engano, despotismo e manipulación política. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Strauss&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Strauss (a páxina aínda non existe)">Leo Strauss</a> declarouse inclinado cara á opinión tradicional de que Maquiavelo era conscientemente un «mestre do mal», xa que aconsella aos príncipes que eviten os valores da xustiza, a misericordia, a temperanza, a sabedoría e o amor ao seu pobo en favor do uso da crueldade, a violencia, o medo e o engano.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> Strauss recolle esta opinión porque afirma que se non se acepta a opinión tradicional bótase de menos a «intrepidez do seu pensamento» e «a grácil sutileza do seu discurso».<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup> O filósofo <a href="/wiki/Antifascismo" title="Antifascismo">antifascista</a> italiano <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> (1925) conclúe que Maquiavelo é simplemente un «realista» ou «pragmático» que afirma con exactitude que os valores morais, en realidade, non afectan moito ás decisións que toman os líderes políticos.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> O filósofo alemán <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a> (1946) sostivo que Maquiavelo simplemente adopta a postura dun politicólogo – un <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> da política– ao distinguir entre os «feitos» da vida política e os «valores» do xuízo moral.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> Doutra banda, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Russell_Mead&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Russell Mead (a páxina aínda non existe)">Walter Russell Mead</a> argumentou que os consellos de <i>O príncipe</i> presupoñen a importancia de ideas como <a href="/wiki/Lexitimidade" title="Lexitimidade">lexitimidade</a> para realizar cambios no sistema político.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortuna">Fortuna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar a sección: «Fortuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Fortuna"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xeralmente considérase que Maquiavelo foi crítico co cristianismo tal e como existía na súa época, concretamente co seu efecto na política e tamén na vida cotiá.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Na súa opinión, o cristianismo, xunto co <a href="/wiki/Aristotelismo" title="Aristotelismo">aristotelismo</a> <a href="/wiki/Teleolox%C3%ADa" title="Teleoloxía">teleolóxico</a> que a Igrexa chegara a aceptar, permitía que as decisións prácticas se guiasen demasiado por <a href="/wiki/Idealismo" title="Idealismo">ideais</a> imaxinarios e animaba á xente a deixar perezosamente os acontecementos en mans da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Divina_providencia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Divina providencia (a páxina aínda non existe)">providencia</a> ou, como el diría, do azar, a sorte ou a fortuna. Mentres que o cristianismo ve a modestia como unha virtude e o orgullo como un pecado, Maquiavelo adoptou unha postura máis clásica, vendo a ambición, o espírito e a procura da gloria como cousas boas e naturais, e parte da virtude e a prudencia que deben ter os bos príncipes. Por tanto, aínda que era tradicional dicir que os líderes debían ter virtudes, especialmente prudencia, o uso que Maquiavelo facía das palabras <i>virtù</i> e <i>prudenza</i> era infrecuente para a súa época, pois implicaba unha ambición fogosa e impúdica. Mansfield describe o seu uso de <i>virtù</i> como un «compromiso co mal».<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> É famoso o argumento de Maquiavelo de que a virtude e a prudencia poden axudar a un home a controlar máis o seu futuro, en lugar de deixar que o faga a fortuna. </p><p><a href="#CITEREFNajemy1993">Najemy (1993)</a> argumentou que leste mesmo enfoque pódese atopar no enfoque de Maquiavelo sobre o amor e o desexo, como se ve nas súas comedias e correspondencia. Najemy mostra como o amigo de Maquiavelo, Vettori, argumentou en contra de Maquiavelo e citou unha comprensión máis tradicional da fortuna. </p><p>Por outra banda, o <a href="/wiki/Humanismo_(filosof%C3%ADa)" title="Humanismo (filosofía)">humanismo</a> da época de Maquiavelo significaba que as ideas clásicas precristianas sobre a virtude e a prudencia, incluída a posibilidade de tentar controlar o propio futuro, non eran exclusivas del. Pero os humanistas non ían tan lonxe como para promover a gloria adicional de proporse deliberadamente establecer un novo Estado, desafiando as tradicións e as leis. </p><p>Aínda que a formulación de Maquiavelo tiña precedentes clásicos, argumentouse que fixo algo máis que recuperar vellas ideas e que Maquiavelo non era un humanista típico. <a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958)</a> sostén que a forma en que Maquiavelo combina as ideas clásicas é novas. Aínda que Xenofonte e Platón tamén describían unha política realista e estaban máis preto de Maquiavelo que Aristóteles, eles, do mesmo xeito que Aristóteles, tamén vían a filosofía como algo superior á política. Ao parecer, Maquiavelo era un <a href="/wiki/Materialismo" title="Materialismo">materialista</a> que se opuña ás explicacións que implicaban <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catro_causas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Catro causas (a páxina aínda non existe)">causalidade formal e final</a>, ou <a href="/wiki/Teleolox%C3%ADa" title="Teleoloxía">teleoloxía</a>. </p><p>O feito de que Maquiavelo fomentase a ambición entre os dirixentes, á vez que negaba calquera norma superior, significaba que alentaba a asunción de riscos e a innovación, sobre todo a fundación de novos modos e ordes. Os seus consellos aos príncipes non se limitaban, por tanto, a discutir como manter un Estado. Afirmouse que o fomento da innovación por parte de Maquiavelo conduciu directamente ao argumento do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Progreso_(historia)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Progreso (historia) (a páxina aínda non existe)">progreso</a> como obxectivo da <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Política">política</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n" title="Civilización">civilización</a>. Pero aínda que a crenza de que a humanidade pode controlar o seu propio futuro, controlar a natureza e "progresar" foi duradeira, os seguidores de Maquiavelo, empezando polo seu propio amigo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Guicciardini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Guicciardini (a páxina aínda non existe)">Guicciardini</a>, tenderon a preferir o progreso pacífico a través do desenvolvemento económico, e non o progreso bélico. Como escribiu Harvey <a href="#CITEREFMansfield1995">Mansfield (1995</a>, p.&#160;74): "Ao tentar outros modos máis regulares e científicos de superar a fortuna, os sucesores de Maquiavelo formalizaron e castraron a súa noción de virtude." </p><p>Con todo, Maquiavelo, do mesmo xeito que algúns dos seus predecesores clásicos, consideraba que a ambición e o espírito, e por tanto a guerra, eran inevitables e formaban parte da <a href="/wiki/Humanidade" title="Humanidade">natureza humana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Este punto trátase especialmente en <i>O Príncipe</i>, Cap XII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moitos historiadores argumentaron que isto debeuse á falta de vontade de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piero_Soderini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piero Soderini (a páxina aínda non existe)">Piero Soderini</a> para comprometerse cos Medici, que mantiñan Prato baixo asedio.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mesmo homes como Malatesta e Maquiavelo, despois de pasar a súa vida afastados da Igrexa, buscaron no seu leito de morte a súa axuda e consolo. Ambos fixeron boas confesións e recibiron o Santo Viático". – Ludwig von Pastor, <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A lenda en latín reza: <small>TANTO NOMINI NULLUM PAR ELOGIUM</small> ("Tan gran nome (non ten) eloxio axeitado" ou "Ningún eloxio (estaría) á altura de tan gran nome" ou "Non hai eloxio igual a tan gran nome".)</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Referencias</dt></dl> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Maquiavelo, Nicolás". <i><a href="/wiki/Diciopedia_do_s%C3%A9culo_21" title="Diciopedia do século 21">Diciopedia do século 21</a></i> <b>2</b>. <a href="/wiki/Edici%C3%B3ns_do_Cumio" title="Edicións do Cumio">Edicións do Cumio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editorial_Galaxia" title="Editorial Galaxia">Galaxia</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edici%C3%B3s_do_Castro" title="Ediciós do Castro">do Castro</a>. 2006. p.&#160;1303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Maquiavelo%2C+Nicol%C3%A1s&amp;rft.btitle=Diciopedia+do+s%C3%A9culo+21&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=1303&amp;rft.pub=Edici%C3%B3ns+do+Cumio%2C+Galaxia+e+do+Castro&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nicolás Maquiavelo</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_A._Fortes_Torres&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel A. Fortes Torres (a páxina aínda non existe)">Manuel A. Fortes Torres</a> (Baía, 2006), <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/9788496526358" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-84-96526-35-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>O príncipe</i>, Nicolás Maquiavelo, (USC-BBVA, 2002; trad. Isabel González).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Historia da Filosofía</i>, Proxecto de etapa: bacharelato, Rodeira-Edebé.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietz, Mary G.. Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527), 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-S080-1">https://doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-S080-1</a>. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Taylor and Francis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berridge, G.R., Lloyd, L. (2012). M. In: Barder, B., Pope, L.E., Rana, K.S. (eds) The Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137017611_13">https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137017611_13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Por exemplo: <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli">"Niccolo Machiavelli – Italian statesman and writer"</a>. 17 de xuño de 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.btitle=Niccolo+Machiavelli+%93+Italian+statesman+and+writer&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNiccolo-Machiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> and <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/machiave/">"Niccolò Machiavelli"</a>. <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 8 de xullo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fmachiave%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Por exemplo: <cite class="citation book">Smith, Gregory B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1w5sCPpcDPMC&amp;pg=PA65"><i>Between Eternities: On the Tradition of Political Philosophy, Past, Present, and Future</i></a>. Lexington Books. p.&#160;65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0739120774" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0739120774">978-0739120774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregory+B.&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.btitle=Between+Eternities%3A+On+the+Tradition+of+Political+Philosophy%2C+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0739120774&amp;rft.pages=65&amp;rft.pub=Lexington+Books&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1w5sCPpcDPMC%26pg%3DPA65&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, <cite class="citation book">Whelan, Frederick G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2d4qgsSLZQgC&amp;pg=PA29"><i>Hume and Machiavelli: Political Realism and Liberal Thought</i></a>. Lexington Books. p.&#160;29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0739106310" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0739106310">978-0739106310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Frederick+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Whelan&amp;rft.btitle=Hume+and+Machiavelli%3A+Political+Realism+and+Liberal+Thought&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0739106310&amp;rft.pages=29&amp;rft.pub=Lexington+Books&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2d4qgsSLZQgC%26pg%3DPA29&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>, <cite class="citation book">Strauss (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5m6lCFR53YC"><i>What is Political Philosophy? And Other Studies</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226777139" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226777139">978-0226777139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.au=Strauss&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+Political+Philosophy%3F+And+Other+Studies&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226777139&amp;rft.pages=41&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5m6lCFR53YC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Najemy, John M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1mYDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP1"><i>Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli-Vettori Letters of 1513–1515</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0691656649" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0691656649">978-0691656649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=John+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Najemy&amp;rft.btitle=Between+Friends%3A+Discourses+of+Power+and+Desire+in+the+Machiavelli-Vettori+Letters+of+1513%931515&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0691656649&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1mYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Definicións no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academia.gal/dicionario/-/termo/maquiav%C3%A9lico"><i>Dicionario da Real Academia Galega</i></a> e no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portaldaspalabras.gal/dicionario/procura/maquiav%C3%A9lico">Portal das Palabras</a> para <i>maquiavélico</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli">"Niccolo Machiavelli"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 8 de xullo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Niccolo+Machiavelli&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNiccolo-Machiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cassirer, Ernst (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofstate0000cass"><i>The Myth of the State</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofstate0000cass/page/141">141</a>–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0300000368" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0300000368">978-0300000368</a>. <q>ernst cassirer el mito del estado.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Ernst&amp;rft.aulast=Cassirer&amp;rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+State&amp;rft.date=1946&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0300000368&amp;rft.pages=141-145&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythofstate0000cass&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Por exemplo, O Príncipe cap. 15, e Os Discursos Libro I, capítulo 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Strauss, Leo; Cropsey, Joseph (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E7mScxst9UoC&amp;q=history%20of%20political%20philosophy&amp;pg=PT315"><i>History of Political Philosophy</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226924717" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226924717">978-0226924717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.au=Cropsey%2C+Joseph&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft.aulast=Strauss&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Political+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226924717&amp;rft.pages=297&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE7mScxst9UoC%26q%3Dhistory%2520of%2520political%2520philosophy%26pg%3DPT315&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4EULB2IM50C&amp;q=machiavelli&#39;s%20virtue&amp;pg=PA178"><i>Machiavelli's Virtue</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226503721" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226503721">978-0226503721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Harvey+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Mansfield&amp;rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Virtue&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226503721&amp;rft.pages=178&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4EULB2IM50C%26q%3Dmachiavelli%27s%2520virtue%26pg%3DPA178&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Giorgini, Giovanni (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-politics_fall-2013_75_4/page/625">"Five Hundred Years of Italian Scholarship on Machiavelli's Prince"</a>. <i>Review of Politics</i> <b>75</b> (4). pp.&#160;625–640. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670513000624">10.1017/S0034670513000624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Five+Hundred+Years+of+Italian+Scholarship+on+Machiavelli%27s+Prince&amp;rft.aufirst=Giovanni&amp;rft.aulast=Giorgini&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Review+of+Politics&amp;rft.pages=625-640&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_review-of-politics_fall-2013_75_4%2Fpage%2F625&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670513000624&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Strauss, Leo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi2GDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=thoughts+on+Machiavelli"><i>Thoughts on Machiavelli</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226230979" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226230979">978-0226230979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft.aulast=Strauss&amp;rft.btitle=Thoughts+on+Machiavelli&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226230979&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi2GDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthoughts%2Bon%2BMachiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov, "Introduction to the Discourses". In their translation of the <i>Discourses on Livy</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Theodosiadis, Michail (xuño-agosto de 2021). "From Hobbes and Locke to Machiavelli's virtù in the political context of meliorism: popular eucosmia and the value of moral memory". <i>Polis Revista</i> <b>11</b>. pp.&#160;25–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=From+Hobbes+and+Locke+to+Machiavelli%27s+virt%C3%B9+in+the+political+context+of+meliorism%3A+popular+eucosmia+and+the+value+of+moral+memory&amp;rft.aufirst=Michail&amp;rft.aulast=Theodosiadis&amp;rft.chron=xu%C3%B1o-agosto+de+2021&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Polis+Revista&amp;rft.pages=25-60&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pflanze, Otto (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1404857">"Bismarck's "Realpolitik<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. <i>The Review of Politics</i> <b>20</b> (4). pp.&#160;492–514. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6705">0034-6705</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1404857">1404857</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500034185">10.1017/S0034670500034185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Bismarck%27s+%22Realpolitik%22&amp;rft.aufirst=Otto&amp;rft.aulast=Pflanze&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0034-6705&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&amp;rft.pages=492-514&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404857&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1404857&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500034185&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Arendt, Hannah (1988). <i>The Human Condition</i>. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p.&#160;77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Hannah&amp;rft.aulast=Arendt&amp;rft.btitle=The+Human+Condition&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=77&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Grazia1989">de Grazia (1989)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Herbermann, Charles. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Nicol%C3%B2_Machiavelli">"Niccolò Machiavelli"</a>. <i>Enciclopedia Católica</i> (ed. (1913) ed.). Nova York:: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.au=Herbermann%2C+Charles&amp;rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+Cat%C3%B3lica&amp;rft.edition=ed.+%281913%29&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Nova+York%3A&amp;rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FCatholic_Encyclopedia_%281913%29%2FNicol%25C3%25B2_Machiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuarini1999">Guarini (1999</a>:21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/niccolo-machiavelli">"Machiavèlli, Niccolò nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_italiana" title="Lingua italiana">italiano</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 9 de xullo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Machiav%C3%A8lli%2C+Niccol%C3%B2+nell%27Enciclopedia+Treccani&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fniccolo-machiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurizio Viroli, <i>Niccolò's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli</i> (2000), ch 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://totallyhistory.com/niccolo-machiavelli/"><i>Niccolo Machiavelli Biography – Life of Florentine Republic Official</i></a>. 13 de decembro de 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.btitle=Niccolo+Machiavelli+Biography+%93+Life+of+Florentine+Republic+Official&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftotallyhistory.com%2Fniccolo-machiavelli%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/machiave/">"Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)"</a>. <i>IEP</i>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli+%281469%931527%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=IEP&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fmachiave%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ridolfi, Roberto (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMasak4LLcQC&amp;pg=PT28"><i>The Life of Niccolò Machiavelli</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Routledge. p.&#160;28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1135026615" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1135026615">978-1135026615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&amp;rft.aulast=Ridolfi&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1135026615&amp;rft.pages=28&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMasak4LLcQC%26pg%3DPT28&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli1981136notes-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli1981136notes_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachiavelli1981">Machiavelli 1981</a>, p.&#160;136, notes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli">"Niccolo Machiavelli | Biography, Books, Philosophy, &amp; Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Niccolo+Machiavelli+%7C+Biography%2C+Books%2C+Philosophy%2C+%26+Facts&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNiccolo-Machiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viroli_81–86-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viroli_81–86_32-0">32,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Viroli_81–86_32-1">32,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Viroli, Maurizio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hIPlryeSTQC&amp;pg=PA105"><i>Niccolo's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli</i></a>. Macmillan. pp.&#160;81–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0374528003" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0374528003">978-0374528003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurizio&amp;rft.aulast=Viroli&amp;rft.btitle=Niccolo%27s+Smile%3A+A+Biography+of+Machiavelli&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0374528003&amp;rft.pages=81-86&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hIPlryeSTQC%26pg%3DPA105&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Viroli, Maurizio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hIPlryeSTQC&amp;pg=PA105"><i>Niccolo's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli</i></a>. Macmillan. p.&#160;105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0374528003" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0374528003">978-0374528003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurizio&amp;rft.aulast=Viroli&amp;rft.btitle=Niccolo%27s+Smile%3A+A+Biography+of+Machiavelli&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0374528003&amp;rft.pages=105&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hIPlryeSTQC%26pg%3DPA105&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro_36-0">34,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro_36-1">34,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachiavelli19813intro_36-2">34,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachiavelli1981">Machiavelli 1981</a>, p.&#160;3, intro.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Skinner, Quentin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kiYz6d278IC&amp;q=quentin%20skinner%20machiavelli&amp;pg=PT36"><i>Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0191540349" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0191540349">978-0191540349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Quentin&amp;rft.aulast=Skinner&amp;rft.btitle=Machiavelli%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0191540349&amp;rft.pages=36&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kiYz6d278IC%26q%3Dquentin%2520skinner%2520machiavelli%26pg%3DPT36&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Niccolò Machiavelli (1996), <i>Machiavelli and his friends: Their personal correspondence</i>, Northern Illinois University Press, translated and edited by James B. Atkinson and David Sices.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua Kaplan, "Political Theory: The Classic Texts and their Continuing Relevance," <i>The Modern Scholar</i> (14 lectures in the series; lecture #7 / disc 4), 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/horizon/jan99/morality.htm">"Washingtonpost.com: Horizon Section"</a>. <i>www.washingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o <span class="nowrap">2023-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Washingtonpost.com%3A+Horizon+Section&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.washingtonpost.com&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Fhorizon%2Fjan99%2Fmorality.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/historyofthepope05pastuoft#page/136/mode/2up"><i>History of the Popes</i></a>, Vol. 5, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Black, Robert (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C54lAgAAQBAJ"><i>Machiavelli</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Routledge. p.&#160;283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1317699583" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1317699583">978-1317699583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.btitle=Machiavelli&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1317699583&amp;rft.pages=283&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC54lAgAAQBAJ&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sil, Narasingha Prosad (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2_9tHqptIMC"><i>Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra: A Comparative Study</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Academic Publishers Calcutta. p.&#160;217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Narasingha+Prosad&amp;rft.aulast=Sil&amp;rft.btitle=Kau%E1%B9ilya%27s+Artha%C5%9B%C4%81stra%3A+A+Comparative+Study&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=217&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Publishers+Calcutta&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2_9tHqptIMC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mansfield, Harvey C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia_oOgHlR58C"><i>Machiavelli's New Modes and Orders: A Study of the Discourses on Livy</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226503707" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226503707">978-0226503707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Harvey+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Mansfield&amp;rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+New+Modes+and+Orders%3A+A+Study+of+the+Discourses+on+Livy&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226503707&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIa_oOgHlR58C&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constitution.org/mac/disclivy1.htm">"Discourses on Livy: Book 1, Chapter 18"</a>. <i>www.constitution.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 12 de xullo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Discourses+on+Livy%3A+Book+1%2C+Chapter+18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.constitution.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2Fmac%2Fdisclivy1.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km5itjMehYUC&amp;q=discourses+machiavelli"><i>Discourses on Livy: Book One, Chapter 9</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226500331" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226500331">978-0226500331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&amp;rft.aulast=Machiavelli&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses+on+Livy%3A+Book+One%2C+Chapter+9&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226500331&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm5itjMehYUC%26q%3Ddiscourses%2Bmachiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km5itjMehYUC&amp;q=the+discourses+machiavelli+mansfield"><i>Discourses on Livy</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226500331" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226500331">978-0226500331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&amp;rft.aulast=Machiavelli&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses+on+Livy&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226500331&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm5itjMehYUC%26q%3Dthe%2Bdiscourses%2Bmachiavelli%2Bmansfield&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km5itjMehYUC&amp;q=discourses+machiavelli"><i>Discourses on Livy: Book One, Chapter 16</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226500331" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226500331">978-0226500331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&amp;rft.aulast=Machiavelli&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses+on+Livy%3A+Book+One%2C+Chapter+16&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226500331&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm5itjMehYUC%26q%3Ddiscourses%2Bmachiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rahe, Paul A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqroV-TkIhgC&amp;q=Thus,+the+charge+that+Machiavelli&#39;s+republic+is+a+tyranny+turns+out+to+be+true+after+&amp;pg=PR60"><i>Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p.&#160;3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1139448338" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1139448338">978-1139448338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Rahe&amp;rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Liberal+Republican+Legacy&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1139448338&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZqroV-TkIhgC%26q%3DThus%2C%2Bthe%2Bcharge%2Bthat%2BMachiavelli%27s%2Brepublic%2Bis%2Ba%2Btyranny%2Bturns%2Bout%2Bto%2Bbe%2Btrue%2Bafter%2B%26pg%3DPR60&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hulliung, Mark (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCsxDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=hulliung+citizen+machiavelli"><i>Citizen Machiavelli</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1351528481" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1351528481">978-1351528481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft.aulast=Hulliung&amp;rft.btitle=Citizen+Machiavelli&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1351528481&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCsxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhulliung%2Bcitizen%2Bmachiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPocock1975">Pocock (1975</a>, pp.&#160;183–219)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_54-0">50,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_54-1">50,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_54-2">50,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_54-3">50,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_54-4">50,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer_54-5">50,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischer2000">Fischer (2000)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4EULB2IM50C&amp;q=mansfield+machiavelli+virtue"><i>Machiavelli's Virtue</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226503721" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226503721">978-0226503721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Harvey+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Mansfield&amp;rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Virtue&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226503721&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4EULB2IM50C%26q%3Dmansfield%2Bmachiavelli%2Bvirtue&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Skinner, Quentin (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GF6X2ow__MgC&amp;q=quentin+skinner+machiavelli"><i>The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: Volume 1, The Renaissance</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0521293372" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0521293372">978-0521293372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Quentin&amp;rft.aulast=Skinner&amp;rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Modern+Political+Thought%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Renaissance&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521293372&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGF6X2ow&#95;_MgC%26q%3Dquentin%2Bskinner%2Bmachiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pocock, J. G. A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oj8CwAAQBAJ&amp;q=pocock+machiavelli"><i>The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-1400883516" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-1400883516">978-1400883516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+G.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Pocock&amp;rft.btitle=The+Machiavellian+Moment%3A+Florentine+Political+Thought+and+the+Atlantic+Republican+Tradition&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1400883516&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1oj8CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpocock%2Bmachiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strauss-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_58-0">54,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Strauss_58-1">54,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrauss1958">Strauss (1958)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Anthony Rahe, <i>Against throne and altar: Machiavelli and political theory under the English Republic</i> (2008), p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Donnelly, <i>Realism and International Relations</i> (2000), p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twsC11r44fzf-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-twsC11r44fzf_61-0">57,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-twsC11r44fzf_61-1">57,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Joshua Kaplan (2005). "Political Theory: The Classic Texts and their Continuing Relevance". The Modern Scholar. <q>14 conferencias da serie; (conferencias núm. 7) - véxase o disco 4</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Political+Theory%3A+The+Classic+Texts+and+their+Continuing+Relevance&amp;rft.au=Joshua+Kaplan&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo Strauss, Joseph Cropsey, <i>History of Political Philosophy</i> (1987), p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Niccolò Machiavelli, <i>The Prince</i>, Chap 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Strauss, Leo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi2GDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=leo+strauss"><i>Thoughts on Machiavelli</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226230979" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226230979">978-0226230979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft.aulast=Strauss&amp;rft.btitle=Thoughts+on+Machiavelli&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226230979&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi2GDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dleo%2Bstrauss&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Strauss, Leo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/LeoStraussThoughtsOnMachiavelli_201411"><i>Leo Strauss "Thoughts On Machiavelli"</i></a>. p.&#160;9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft.aulast=Strauss&amp;rft.btitle=Leo+Strauss+%22Thoughts+On+Machiavelli%22&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLeoStraussThoughtsOnMachiavelli_201411&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carritt, E. F. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.123166"><i>Benedetto Croce My Philosophy</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+F.&amp;rft.aulast=Carritt&amp;rft.btitle=Benedetto+Croce+My+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1949&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.123166&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cassirer, Ernst (1961-09-10). <i>The Myth of the State</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en English)</span>. New Haven, Connecticut; London, England: Yale University Press. p.&#160;136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-300-00036-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-300-00036-8">978-0-300-00036-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Ernst&amp;rft.aulast=Cassirer&amp;rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+State&amp;rft.date=1961-09-10&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-00036-8&amp;rft.pages=136&amp;rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut%3B+London%2C+England&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210725/http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/stratblog/2011/05/03/when-isms-go-to-war/">"When Isms go to War | StratBlog"</a>. 29 October 2013. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.the-american-interest.com/stratblog/2011/05/03/when-isms-go-to-war/">o orixinal</a> o 29 de outubro de 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 28 de xullo do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.btitle=When+Isms+go+to+War+%7C+StratBlog&amp;rft.date=2013-10-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.the-american-interest.com%2Fstratblog%2F2011%2F05%2F03%2Fwhen-isms-go-to-war%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Machiavelli, Niccolò (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Km5itjMehYUC&amp;q=machiavelli"><i>Discourses on Livy</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226500331" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226500331">978-0226500331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&amp;rft.aulast=Machiavelli&amp;rft.btitle=Discourses+on+Livy&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226500331&amp;rft.pages=131&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm5itjMehYUC%26q%3Dmachiavelli&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4EULB2IM50C&amp;dq=machiavelli&#39;s%20virtue&amp;pg=PA233"><i>Machiavelli's Virtue</i></a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. University of Chicago Press. p.&#160;233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-226-50372-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-226-50372-1">978-0-226-50372-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Harvey+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Mansfield&amp;rft.btitle=Machiavelli%27s+Virtue&amp;rft.date=1998-02-25&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-50372-1&amp;rft.pages=233&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ4EULB2IM50C%26dq%3Dmachiavelli%27s%2520virtue%26pg%3DPA233&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">A <a href="https://gl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Portada" class="extiw" title="q:Portada">Galicitas</a> posúe citas sobre:&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://gl.wikiquote.org/wiki/Maquiavelo" class="extiw" title="q:Maquiavelo">Niccolò Machiavelli</a></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portada_galega" class="extiw" title="commons:Portada galega">Wikimedia Commons</a> ten máis contidos multimedia na categoría:&#8201;&#8201;<i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399" title="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata"><img alt="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/18px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/24px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar a sección: «Bibliografía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Bibliografía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Fortes Torres, Manuel A. (2006). Baía, ed. <i>Nicolás Maquiavelo</i>. A Coruña. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-84-96526-35-8" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-84-96526-35-8">978-84-96526-35-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Manuel+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Fortes+Torres&amp;rft.btitle=Nicol%C3%A1s+Maquiavelo&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-96526-35-8&amp;rft.place=A+Coru%C3%B1a&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Akal, ed. (2011). <i>El libro de la filosofía</i>. Madrid. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-84-460-3426-1" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-84-460-3426-1">978-84-460-3426-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.btitle=El+libro+de+la+filosof%C3a&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-84-460-3426-1&amp;rft.place=Madrid&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Machiavelli, Niccolò (1981). <i>The Prince and Selected Discourses</i>. Traducido por Daniel Donno. New York: Bantam Classic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0553212273" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0553212273">0553212273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&amp;rft.aulast=Machiavelli&amp;rft.btitle=The+Prince+and+Selected+Discourses&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0553212273&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Bantam+Classic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Haitsma Mulier, Eco (1999). "A controversial republican". En Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio. <i>Machiavelli and Republicanism</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=A+controversial+republican&amp;rft.aufirst=Eco&amp;rft.aulast=Haitsma+Mulier&amp;rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+Republicanism&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Harper, John Lamberton (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanmachiave0000harp"><i>American Machiavelli: Alexander Hamilton and the Origins of US Foreign Policy</i></a>. Nova York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0521834858" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0521834858">978-0521834858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Lamberton&amp;rft.aulast=Harper&amp;rft.btitle=American+Machiavelli%3A+Alexander+Hamilton+and+the+Origins+of+US+Foreign+Policy&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521834858&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanmachiave0000harp&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Najemy, John (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweenfriendsdi0000naje"><i>Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli-Vettori Letters of 1513–1515</i></a>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Najemy&amp;rft.btitle=Between+Friends%3A+Discourses+of+Power+and+Desire+in+the+Machiavelli-Vettori+Letters+of+1513%931515&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetweenfriendsdi0000naje&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Mansfield, Harvey C. "Machiavelli's Political Science," <i>The American Political Science Review,</i> Vol. 75, No. 2 (Jun. 1981), pp.&#160;293–305 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1961365">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808041013/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1961365">Arquivado</a> 8 de agosto de 2016 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mansfield, Harvey (1993). <i>Taming the Prince</i>. The Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Harvey&amp;rft.aulast=Mansfield&amp;rft.btitle=Taming+the+Prince&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mansfield, Harvey (1995). "Machiavelli and the Idea of Progress". En Melzer; Weinberger; Zinman. <i>History and the Idea of Progress</i>. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Machiavelli+and+the+Idea+of+Progress&amp;rft.aufirst=Harvey&amp;rft.aulast=Mansfield&amp;rft.btitle=History+and+the+Idea+of+Progress&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Mansfield, Harvey C. <i> Machiavelli's Virtue</i> (1996), 371 pp.</li> <li>Mansfield, Harvey C. <i>Machiavelli's New Modes and Orders: A Study of the Discourses on Livy</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226503704">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311142259/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226503704">Arquivado</a> 11 March 2021 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Najemy, John M. (1996). <i>Baron's Machiavelli and Renaissance Republicanism</i>. <i>American Historical Review</i> <b>101</b>. pp.&#160;119–129. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2169227">2169227</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2169227">10.2307/2169227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=John+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Najemy&amp;rft.btitle=Baron%27s+Machiavelli+and+Renaissance+Republicanism&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=119-129&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2169227&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2169227&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Shklar, J. (1999). "Montesquieu and the new republicanism". En Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio. <i>Machiavelli and Republicanism</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Montesquieu+and+the+new+republicanism&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.aulast=Shklar&amp;rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+Republicanism&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Worden, Blair (1999). "Milton's republicanism and the tyranny of heaven". En Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; Viroli, Maurizio. <i>Machiavelli and Republicanism</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Milton%27s+republicanism+and+the+tyranny+of+heaven&amp;rft.aufirst=Blair&amp;rft.aulast=Worden&amp;rft.btitle=Machiavelli+and+Republicanism&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Pocock, J.G.A. (1975). <i>The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition</i>. Princeton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=J.G.A.&amp;rft.aulast=Pocock&amp;rft.btitle=The+Machiavellian+Moment%3A+Florentine+Political+Thought+and+the+Atlantic+Republican+Tradition&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Princeton&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> new ed. 2003, a highly influential study of <i>Discourses</i> and its vast influence; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691114722">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318183144/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691114722">Arquivado</a> 18 March 2021 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/100774068?title=The%20Machiavellian%20Moment%3a%20Florentine%20Political%20Thought%20and%20the%20Atlantic%20Republican%20Tradition">online 1975 edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007145157/http://www.questia.com/read/100774068?title=The%20Machiavellian%20Moment%3A%20Florentine%20Political%20Thought%20and%20the%20Atlantic%20Republican%20Tradition">Arquivado</a> 7 de outubro de 2010 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Pocock, J. G. A. "The Machiavellian Moment Revisited: a Study in History and Ideology.: <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 1981 53(1): 49–72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877064">Fulltext: in Jstor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191259/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877064">Arquivado</a> 11 de setembro de 2018 en <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Strauss, Leo (1987). "Niccolò Machiavelli". En Strauss, Leo; Cropsey, Joseph. <i>History of Political Philosophy</i> (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.atitle=Niccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft.aulast=Strauss&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Political+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Strauss&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Strauss (a páxina aínda non existe)">Strauss, Leo</a> (1958). <i>Thoughts on Machiavelli</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0226777023" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0226777023">978-0226777023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ANiccol%C3%B2+Machiavelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft.aulast=Strauss&amp;rft.btitle=Thoughts+on+Machiavelli&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226777023&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligazóns_externas"><span id="Ligaz.C3.B3ns_externas"></span>Ligazóns externas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Ligazóns externas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/universal/teoría/maquiavel.html">Biografía, Extractos de "O Príncipe", contexto histórico</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ligaz%C3%B3ns_mortas" title="Wikipedia:Ligazóns mortas">Ligazón morta</a></i>]</sup> <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_portuguesa" title="Lingua portuguesa">portugués</a>)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/563">Obras</a> de Niccolò Machiavelli no <a href="/wiki/Proxecto_Gutenberg" title="Proxecto Gutenberg">Proxecto Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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<span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&amp;local_base=BNA10&amp;doc_number=000026109">000026109</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Chile&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Chile (a páxina aínda non existe)">BNCHL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F/?func=direct&amp;local_base=red10&amp;doc_number=000042455">000042455</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX951763">XX951763</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Francia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Francia">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119137957">119137957</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Grande_Enciclopedia_Rusa" title="Grande Enciclopedia Rusa">BRE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.bigenc.ru/text/2166086">2166086</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Virtual_Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes">BVMC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cervantesvirtual.com/person/1596">1596</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A1logo_de_autoridades_de_nomes_e_t%C3%ADtulos_de_Catalu%C3%B1a" title="Catálogo de autoridades de nomes e títulos de Cataluña">CANTIC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a10435347">a10435347</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Consortium_of_European_Research_Libraries" title="Consortium of European Research Libraries">CERL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cerl.org/thesaurus/cnp01878145">cnp01878145</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00584386">DA00584386</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">DBI: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/niccolo-machiavelli_(Dizionario-Biografico)">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">DeutscheBio: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118575775.html">118575775</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/2765082">2765082</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Documents_diplomatiques_suisses&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Documents diplomatiques suisses (a páxina aínda non existe)">Dodis</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dodis.ch/P677">P677</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina" title="Bibliotheca Alexandrina">EGAXA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/processed/EGAXA%7Cvtls000931205">vtls000931205</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.europeana.eu/agent/base/145346">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/29240">29240</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Filmportal: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.filmportal.de/201685f9ec50441c96c2aeb7f8a9daf2">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">GEC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0039943.xml">0039943</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Genius_(p%C3%A1xina_web)" title="Genius (páxina web)">Genius</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/artists/Niccolo-machiavelli">Niccolo-machiavelli</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118575775">118575775</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Proxecto_Gutenberg" title="Proxecto Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/563">563</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Dicionario_Hist%C3%B3rico_de_Su%C3%ADza" title="Dicionario Histórico de Suíza">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/018699">018699</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Centrale_per_il_Catalogo_Unico" title="Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico">ICCU</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/risultati-autori/-/opac-autori/detail/CFIV019140?core=autoriall">CFIV019140</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">IMDb</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=345&amp;url_prefix=https://www.imdb.com/&amp;id=nm0532608">nm0532608</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Isidore: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isidore.science/a/machiavel_auteur_du_texte">machiavel_auteur_du_texte</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121441233">0000000121441233</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/KulturNav" title="KulturNav">KulturNav</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturnav.org/04d53891-bf0c-452f-a9a2-c20005f2795a">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_e_Arquivos_do_Canad%C3%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca e Arquivos do Canadá (a páxina aínda non existe)">LAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collectionscanada.gc.ca/canadiana-authorities/index/view?index_name=cdnAutNbr&amp;search_text=0014H4099&amp;page=1&amp;cdnAutNbr=0014H4099">0014H4099</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78096105">n78096105</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/885">885</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1c62911a-1a92-48fd-a44b-b8fa58aaf2d8">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Central_Library&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Central Library (a páxina aínda non existe)">NCL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&amp;acc_sequence=002201763">002201763</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448380">00448380</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" title="Biblioteca Nacional da República Checa">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jn19990005296">jn19990005296</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Australia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&amp;id=35319152">35319152</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Grecia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Grecia">NLG</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koha.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&amp;authid=61917">61917</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" title="Notable Names Database">NNDB</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/654/000034552/">000034552</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Real_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Biblioteca Real dos Países Baixos">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068445172">068445172</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">OBP: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Machiavelli,Niccolò,1469-1527">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL23135A?mode=all">OL23135A</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">openMLOL: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medialibrary.it/media/ricercaopen.aspx?selcrea=334">334</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Orthodox Encyclopedia: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravenc.ru/text/2561518.html">2561518</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal">PTBNP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/38840">38840</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_do_Estado_Ruso" title="Biblioteca do Estado Ruso">RSL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&amp;find_code=SYS&amp;adjacent=Y&amp;local_base=RSL11&amp;request=000080095&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">000080095</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Scopus_(base_de_datos)" title="Scopus (base de datos)">Scopus</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56930436600">56930436600</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/213466">213466</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">SNAC: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60v8cfv">w60v8cfv</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027000168">027000168</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Theatricalia: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theatricalia.com/person/zfm">zfm</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">TMDb: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoviedb.org/person/28209">28209</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Treccani" title="Enciclopedia Treccani">Treccani</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/niccolo-machiavelli">niccolo-machiavelli</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&amp;role=&amp;nation=&amp;subjectid=500208005">500208005</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_UNZ_Review&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The UNZ Review (a páxina aínda non existe)">UNZ</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unz.com/print/author/MachiavelliNiccolo">MachiavelliNiccolo</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WikiTree" title="WikiTree">WikiTree</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Machiavelli-1">Machiavelli-1</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐r2wfs Cached time: 20241124000657 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.580 seconds Real time usage: 2.258 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 12034/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 227969/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 28957/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 25/100 Expensive parser function count: 62/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 71566/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.133/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 12723975/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity 400 ms 33.3% ? 200 ms 16.7% 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