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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Qoph" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Qoph" title="You're encouraged to log in; 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_qāf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_qāf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Arabic qāf</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arabic_qāf-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arabic qāf subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arabic_qāf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Velar_gāf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velar_gāf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Velar gāf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Velar_gāf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_across_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_across_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pronunciation across other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_across_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghrebi_variant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghrebi_variant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Maghrebi variant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghrebi_variant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew_qof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_qof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hebrew qof</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hebrew_qof-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hebrew qof subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_qof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Numeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qoph</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qof" title="Qof – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Qof" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuf" title="Kuf – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kuf" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qop" title="Qop – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Qop" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Qoph" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82" title="ق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qof" title="Qof – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Qof" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qof" title="Qof – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qof" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Коф (буква) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Коф (буква)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kof" title="Kof – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kof" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofe" title="Cofe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cofe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Qoph" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuf" title="Kuf – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kuf" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82" title="ق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Qoph" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17525415" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nineteenth letter of many Semitic alphabets</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Semitic letter. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Qoph_(band)" title="Qoph (band)">Qoph (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kuf" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/KUF_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="KUF (disambiguation)">KUF (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ccccff; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;"><div style="float: left;"><small><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">← Tsade</a></small></div> Qoph <div style="float: right;"><small><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh →</a></small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385857">.mw-parser-output .script-phoenician{font-family:"Noto Sans Phoenician",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-phoenician">𐤒</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226385528">.mw-parser-output .script-aramaic{font-family:"Noto Sans Imperial Aramaic",sans-serif}</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-aramaic">𐡒</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009732421">.mw-parser-output .script-Syre{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrj{font-family:"Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Western"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrn{font-family:"East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern",FreeSans,Code2000}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrc{font-family:"Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Noto Sans Syriac Western","FreeSans","Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Segoe UI Historic","Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy",Code2000}</style><span class="script-Syre" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;" lang="syc-Syre">ܩ</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 300%; line-height: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ق</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Phonemic representation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Position in alphabet</th><td class="infobox-data">19</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Numerical value</th><td class="infobox-data">100</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ccccff; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;">Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%CF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϙ">Ϙ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Φ">Φ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D2%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҁ">Ҁ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">Ф</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ԛ">Ԛ</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Qoph</b> is the nineteenth <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_abjads" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic abjads">Semitic abjads</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <i>qāf</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ق</span>‎, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <i>qop</i> 𐡒, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <i>qūp̄</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <i>qōp</i> 𐤒, and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <i>qōp̄</i> ܩ. </p><p>Its original sound value was a <a href="/wiki/West_Semitic_languages" title="West Semitic languages">West Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic stop</a>, presumably <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>]</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Arabic (Abjad)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew</a> numerals, it has the numerical value of 100. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_net_needle_MET_15.3.944_view_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fish_net_needle_MET_15.3.944_view_2.jpg/220px-Fish_net_needle_MET_15.3.944_view_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fish_net_needle_MET_15.3.944_view_2.jpg/330px-Fish_net_needle_MET_15.3.944_view_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fish_net_needle_MET_15.3.944_view_2.jpg/440px-Fish_net_needle_MET_15.3.944_view_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3880" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Needle from Ancient Egypt, 13th–10th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the glyph shape of <i>qōp</i> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_qoph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/12px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/18px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/24px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span>) is uncertain. It is usually suggested to have originally depicted either a <a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle" title="Sewing needle">sewing needle</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_a_needle" title="Eye of a needle">eye of a needle</a> (Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קוף</span></span> <i>quf</i> and Aramaic <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">קופא</span></span> <i>qopɑʔ</i> both refer to the eye of a needle), or the back of a head and neck (<i>qāf</i> in Arabic meant "<a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">nape</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an older suggestion, it may also have been a picture of a monkey and its tail (the Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קוף</span></span> means "monkey").<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <i>Qop</i>, which gave rise to the letter in the Semitic abjads used in classical antiquity, Phoenician <i>qōp</i> is also the origin of the Latin letter <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> and Greek <a href="/wiki/%CF%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϙ">Ϙ</a> (<i>qoppa</i>) and <a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Φ">Φ</a> (<i>phi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabic_qāf"><span id="Arabic_q.C4.81f"></span>Arabic qāf</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arabic qāf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:palegreen; color:black;;">qāf قاف</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal">ق</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alphabetical position</th><td class="infobox-data">21</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: normal"><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>𐤒<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>𐡒<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>𐢚‎<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>ٯ<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>ق</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:palegreen; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Right-to-left</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The Arabic letter <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ق</span></span> is named <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قاف</span></span> <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span></i>. It is written in several ways depending in its position in the word: </p><table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ق</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـق</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـقـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">قـ</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Traditionally in the <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">scripts of the Maghreb</a> it is written with a single dot (now obsolete), similarly to how the letter <i><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)#Arabic_fāʾ" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">fā</a></i> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> is written in Mashreqi scripts:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left">Position in word </th> <th scope="col">Isolated </th> <th scope="col">Final </th> <th scope="col">Medial </th> <th scope="col">Initial </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Glyph form:<br />(<a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">Help</a>) </th> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڧ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـڧ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـڧـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڧـ</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is usually transliterated into Latin script as <i>q</i>, though some scholarly works use <i>ḳ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Sibawayh" title="Sibawayh">Sibawayh</a>, author of the first book on <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic grammar</a>, the letter is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Voiced_phoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced phoneme">voiced</a> (<i>maǧhūr</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some scholars argue, that Sibawayh's term <i>maǧhūr</i> implies lack of <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (linguistics)">aspiration</a> rather than voice.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted above, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">voiceless uvular plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> as its standard pronunciation of the letter, but dialectal pronunciations vary as follows: </p><p>The three main pronunciations: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span>: in most of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Ta%27izzi-Adeni_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Western</a> Yemen and parts of Oman, Northern Iraq, parts of the Levant (especially the <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> dialects). In fact, it is so characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> that Levantines invented a verb "yqaqi" /jqæqi/ that means "speaking with a /q/".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most other dialects of Arabic will use this pronunciation in learned words that are borrowed from Standard Arabic into the respective dialect or when Arabs speak Modern Standard Arabic.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span>: in most of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/San%27ani_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="San'ani Arabic">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Eastern</a> Yemen and parts of Oman, Southern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Iraq</a>, some parts within Jordan, eastern Syria and southern Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> (<i>Ṣaʿīd</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and to lesser extent in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> but it is also used partially across those countries in some words.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span>: in most of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Egypt</a>, as well as some North African towns such as <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>.</li></ul> <p>Other pronunciations: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>]</span>: In <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a> and some forms of <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a>, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span>: In rural <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a> it is often pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">voiceless velar plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span>, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.</li></ul> <p>Marginal pronunciations: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>]</span>: In some positions in <a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a>, though this pronunciation is fading in favor of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingham1994_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingham1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span>: Optionally in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Arabic">Iraqi</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf Arabic</a>, it is sometimes pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">voiced postalveolar affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span>, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]</span>: in <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a> and some Yemeni dialects (<a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yafi'i</a>), and sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf Arabic</a> by Persian influence, even in loanwords from Modern Standard Arabic or when speaking Modern Standard Arabic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velar_gāf"><span id="Velar_g.C4.81f"></span>Velar gāf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Velar gāf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is not well known when the pronunciation of qāf <span class="nowrap">⟨<big>ق</big>⟩</span> as a velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> occurred or the probability of it being connected to the pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">jīm</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a></span></span>⟩</span> as an affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span>, but the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a> which is the homeland of the Arabic language, there are two sets of pronunciations, either the <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a></span></span>⟩</span> represents a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a></span></span>⟩</span> represents a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the main pronunciation in most of the peninsula except for western and southern <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemen</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Oman</a> where <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a></span></span>⟩</span> represents a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a></span></span>⟩</span> represents a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span>. </p><p>The Standard Arabic (MSA) combination of <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a></span></span>⟩</span> as a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a></span></span>⟩</span> as a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> does not occur in any natural modern dialect in the Arabian peninsula, which shows a strong correlation between the palatalization of <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a></span></span>⟩</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> and the pronunciation of the <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a></span></span>⟩</span> as a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> as shown in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Languages - Dialects </th> <th colspan="2">Pronunciation of the letters </th></tr> <tr> <th>ج </th> <th>ق </th></tr> <tr> <td>Dialects in parts of Oman and Yemen<sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[g]</span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a><sup>2</sup> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dialects in most of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ol><li>Western and southern Yemen: <a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi, Adeni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihamiyya</a> dialects (coastal Yemen), in addition to southwestern (<a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a> region) and eastern Oman, including <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, the capital.</li> <li>The standard pronunciation for Standard Arabic’s <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ق</span></span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> in most of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, except in parts of Yemen as in <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>; where <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ق</span></span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> in both the literary Standard Arabic pronunciation and the dialectal speech (<a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani dialect</a>). For the pronunciation of <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ج</span></span> in Modern Standard Arabic, check <a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel">Jīm</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_across_other_languages">Pronunciation across other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pronunciation across other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronunciation of <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a></span></span>⟩</span> in other languages </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Dialect(s) / Script(s) </th> <th>Pronunciation (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/South_Azeri" class="mw-redirect" title="South Azeri">Azeri</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet#Azerbaijani_Arabic_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Kurdish</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sorani_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorani alphabet">Sorani</a> </th> <td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu Alphabet">Urdu</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabets" title="Uyghur alphabets">Uyghur</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet#Arabic_script" title="Uzbek alphabet">Arabic script</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets#Arabic_script" title="Kazakh alphabets">Tote Jazu</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a> </th> <th>Dari </th></tr> <tr> <th>Iranian </th> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> </th> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Ajami" title="Swahili Ajami">Ajami</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Ajami" title="Hausa Ajami">Ajami</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a>/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> Note: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> is a native sound to <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, but in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> (excl. Kurdish) it mostly occurs as an Arabic or a Turkic influence. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maghribi_script_sura_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maghribi_script_sura_5.jpg/195px-Maghribi_script_sura_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maghribi_script_sura_5.jpg/293px-Maghribi_script_sura_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maghribi_script_sura_5.jpg/390px-Maghribi_script_sura_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The Maghribi text renders <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">fāʼ</i></span></i> differently than elsewhere would</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maghrebi_variant">Maghrebi variant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maghrebi variant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a>, a letter with the same initial and medial forms in other languages.</div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi style</a> of writing <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span></i> is different: having only a single point (dot) above; when the letter is isolated or word-final, it may sometimes become unpointed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>The Maghrebi <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span></i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Position in word: </td> <th>Isolated </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th></tr> <tr> <td>Form of letter: </td> <td style="font-size:300%;line-height:170%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڧ</span>‎<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ٯ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:300%;line-height:170%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـڧ</span>‎<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـٯ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:300%;line-height:170%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـڧـ</span>‎ </td> <td style="font-size:300%;line-height:170%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڧـ</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The earliest Arabic manuscripts show <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span></i> in several variants: pointed (above or below) or unpointed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the prevalent convention was having a point above for <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span></i> and a point below for <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">fāʼ</i></span></i>; this practice is now only preserved in manuscripts from the Maghribi,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exception of Libya and Algeria, where the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriqi</a> form (two dots above: <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ق</span></span>) prevails. </p><p>Within Maghribi texts, there is no possibility of confusing it with the letter <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/F%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Fāʼ">fāʼ</a></i></span></i>, as it is instead written with a dot underneath (<big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڢ</span>‎</big>) in the Maghribi script.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_qof">Hebrew qof</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hebrew qof"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Oxford Hebrew-English Dictionary</i> transliterates the letter Qoph (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">קוֹף</span>‎) as <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">q</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">k</i></span></i>; and, when word-final, it may be transliterated as <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ck</i></span></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The English spellings of Biblical names (as derived via <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Latin</a> from <a href="/wiki/LXX" class="mw-redirect" title="LXX">Biblical Greek</a>) containing this letter may represent it as <i>c</i> or <i>k</i>, e.g. <i>Cain</i> for Hebrew <i>Qayin</i>, or <i>Kenan</i> for <i>Qenan</i> (Genesis 4:1, 5:9). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><small><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographic</a> variants</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><small>Various print fonts</small> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive<br />Hebrew</a></small> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi<br />script</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>Serif</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Monospaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Monospaced">Monospaced</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <td width="20%"><span style="font:30pt 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'New Peninim MT', 'Taamey Frank CLM', serif">ק</span> </td> <td width="20%"><span style="font:28pt Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, sans-serif;">ק</span> </td> <td width="20%"><span style="font:30pt 'Courier New', 'Miriam Fixed', 'Miriam Mono CLM', FreeMono, monospace;">ק</span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/22px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/33px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/44px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td width="20%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuf_(Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/40px-Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/60px-Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg/80px-Kuf_%28Rashi-script_-_Hebrew_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="125" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_2">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">modern Israeli Hebrew</a> the letter <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet#Pronunciation_of_letter_names" title="Hebrew alphabet">is also called</a> <i><b><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kuf</i></span></b></i>. The letter represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>; i.e., no distinction is made between the pronunciations of Qof and <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaph with <i>Dagesh</i></a> (in modern Hebrew). </p><p>However, many historical groups have made that distinction, with Qof being pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> by <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Jews">Iraqi Jews</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a>, or even as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> by <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni Arabic</a>. </p><p>Qoph is consistently transliterated into classical Greek with the unaspirated〈κ〉/k/, while Kaph (both its allophones) is transliterated with the aspirated〈χ〉/kʰ/. Thus Qoph was unaspirated /k/ where Kaph was /kʰ/, this distinction is no longer present. Further we know that Qoph is one of the emphatic consonants through comparison with other Semitic languages, and most likely was ejective /kʼ/. In Arabic the emphatics are pharyngealised and this causes a preference for back vowels, this is not shown in Hebrew orthography. Though the gutturals show a preference for certain vowels, Hebrew emphatics do not in Tiberian Hebrew (the Hebrew dialect recorded with vowels) and therefore were most likely not pharyngealised, but ejective, pharyngealisation being a result of Arabisation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numeral">Numeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Numeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qof in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Hebrew numerals</a> represents the number 100. <a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a> is described in <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis Rabba">Genesis Rabba</a> as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בת ק' כבת כ' שנה לחטא</span>‎, literally "At Qof years of age, she was like <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaph</a> years of age in sin", meaning that when she was 100 years old, she was as sinless as when she was 20.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ק</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ق</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ڧ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ࢼ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ܩ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ࠒ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061632564">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">HEBREW LETTER QOF </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC LETTER QAF </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC LETTER QAF WITH DOT ABOVE </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC LETTER AFRICAN QAF </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">SYRIAC LETTER QAPH </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">SAMARITAN LETTER QUF </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>1511</td> <td>U+05E7</td> <td>1602</td> <td>U+0642</td> <td>1703</td> <td>U+06A7</td> <td>2236</td> <td>U+08BC</td> <td>1833</td> <td>U+0729</td> <td>2066</td> <td>U+0812 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>215 167</td> <td>D7 A7</td> <td>217 130</td> <td>D9 82</td> <td>218 167</td> <td>DA A7</td> <td>224 162 188</td> <td>E0 A2 BC</td> <td>220 169</td> <td>DC A9</td> <td>224 160 146</td> <td>E0 A0 92 </td></tr> <tr class="template-charmap-numchr"> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#1511;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x5E7;<wbr /></td> <td>&#1602;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x642;<wbr /></td> <td>&#1703;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x6A7;<wbr /></td> <td>&#2236;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x8BC;<wbr /></td> <td>&#1833;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x729;<wbr /></td> <td>&#2066;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x812;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𐎖</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𐡒</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">𐤒 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061632564">Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">UGARITIC LETTER QOPA </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER QOPH </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">PHOENICIAN LETTER QOF </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>66454</td> <td>U+10396</td> <td>67666</td> <td>U+10852</td> <td>67858</td> <td>U+10912 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>240 144 142 150</td> <td>F0 90 8E 96</td> <td>240 144 161 146</td> <td>F0 90 A1 92</td> <td>240 144 164 146</td> <td>F0 90 A4 92 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></td> <td>55296 57238</td> <td>D800 DF96</td> <td>55298 56402</td> <td>D802 DC52</td> <td>55298 56594</td> <td>D802 DD12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#66454;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x10396;<wbr /></td> <td>&#67666;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x10852;<wbr /></td> <td>&#67858;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x10912;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Travers Wood, Henry Craven Ord Lanchester, <i>A Hebrew Grammar</i>, 1913, p. 7. A. B. Davidson, <i>Hebrew Primer and Grammar</i>, 2000, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3e0nqF9_1MC&pg=RA1-PA4">p. 4</a>. The meaning is doubtful. "Eye of a needle" has been suggested, and also "knot" Harvard Studies in Classical Philology vol. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Isaac Taylor, <i>History of the Alphabet: Semitic Alphabets, Part 1</i>, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52285/page/n1/mode/1up">p. 174</a>: "The old explanation, which has again been revived by Halévy, is that it denotes an 'ape,' the character <i>Q</i> being taken to represent an ape with its tail hanging down. It may also be referred to a Talmudic root which would signify an 'aperture' of some kind, as the 'eye of a needle,' ... Lenormant adopts the more usual explanation that the word means a 'knot'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Qop may have been assigned the sound value /kʷʰ/ in <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">early Greek</a>; as this was allophonic with /pʰ/ in certain contexts and certain dialects, the letter qoppa continued as the letter phi. C. Brixhe, "History of the Alpbabet", in Christidēs, Arapopoulou, & Chritē, eds., 2007, A History of Ancient Greek.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFal-Banduri2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">al-Banduri, Muhammad (2018-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alquds.co.uk/الخطاط-المغربي-عبد-العزيز-مجيب-بين-الت/">"الخطاط المغربي عبد العزيز مجيب بين التقييد الخطي والترنح الحروفي"</a> [Moroccan calligrapher Abd al-Aziz Mujib: between calligraphic restriction and alphabetic staggering]. <i>Al-Quds</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Quds&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2+%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft.aulast=al-Banduri&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alquds.co.uk%2F%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQoph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>e.g.</i>, <i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, Second Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kees_Versteegh" title="Kees Versteegh">Kees Versteegh</a>, <i>The Arabic Language</i>, pg. 131. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, 2001. Paperback edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748614363" title="Special:BookSources/9780748614363">9780748614363</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Jallad2020" class="citation book cs1">Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38100372"><i>A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic (Draft)</i></a>. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+the+Historical+Grammar+of+Arabic+%28Draft%29&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Al-Jallad&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38100372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQoph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamy_Swayd2015" class="citation book cs1">Samy Swayd (10 March 2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of the Druzes</i> (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-4617-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-4617-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-4617-1&rft.au=Samy+Swayd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQoph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This variance has led to the <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi#Name" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">confusion over the spelling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muammar al-Gaddafi">Muammar al-Gaddafi</a>'s name in Latin letters. In Western Arabic dialects the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> is more preserved but can also be sometimes pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> or as a simple <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> under <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> influence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingham1994-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingham1994_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Ingham1994" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Ingham (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1W7sEB_Kg8C"><i>Najdi Arabic: Central Arabian</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3801-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3801-4"><bdi>90-272-3801-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Najdi+Arabic%3A+Central+Arabian&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=90-272-3801-4&rft.au=Bruce+Ingham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1W7sEB_Kg8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQoph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Lewis, Robert Jr. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619075254/http://home.uchicago.edu/~robertlewis/writings/thesis.pdf"><i>Complementizer Agreement in Najdi Arabic</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (MA thesis). University of Kansas. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.uchicago.edu/~robertlewis/writings/thesis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Complementizer+Agreement+in+Najdi+Arabic&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=University+of+Kansas&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Robert+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.uchicago.edu%2F~robertlewis%2Fwritings%2Fthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQoph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal_Nassir1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">al Nassir, Abdulmunʿim Abdulamir (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10917/1/354409.pdf"><i>Sibawayh the Phonologist</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Arabic). University of New York. p. 80<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibawayh+the+Phonologist&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=University+of+New+York&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=al+Nassir&rft.aufirst=Abdulmun%CA%BFim+Abdulamir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F10917%2F1%2F354409.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQoph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Boogert1989" class="citation journal cs1">van den Boogert, N. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF">"Some notes on Maghrebi script"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Manuscript of the Middle East</i>. <b>4</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manuscript+of+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Some+notes+on+Maghrebi+script&rft.volume=4&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=van+den+Boogert&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicmanuscripts.info%2Freference%2Farticles%2Fboogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQoph" class="Z3988"></span> p. 38 shows <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāf</i></span></i> with a superscript point in all four positions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGacek2008" class="citation book cs1">Gacek, Adam (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GfZYCcOL8dYC&pg=PA61"><i>The Arabic Manuscript Tradition</i></a>. Brill. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16540-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16540-3"><bdi>978-90-04-16540-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Manuscript+Tradition&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16540-3&rft.aulast=Gacek&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGfZYCcOL8dYC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQoph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGacek2009" class="citation book cs1">Gacek, Adam (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NeaHnLb6RdUC&pg=PA145"><i>Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers</i></a>. Brill. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17036-0"><bdi>978-90-04-17036-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Manuscripts%3A+A+Vademecum+for+Readers&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17036-0&rft.aulast=Gacek&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNeaHnLb6RdUC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQoph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Ghoniem, M S M Saifullah, <sup>c</sup>Abd ar-Rahmân Robert Squires & <sup>c</sup>Abdus Samad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Quran/Text/Scribal/scribal.html">Are There Scribal Errors In The Qur'ân?</a>, see <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">qif</i></span></i> on a traffic sign written <big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڧڢ</span>‎</big> which is written elsewhere as <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قف</span></span>, Retrieved 2011-August-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Ari_Kahn2013" class="citation web cs1">Rabbi Ari Kahn (20 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aish.com/tp/i/moha/The-First-Matriarch.html">"A deeper look at the life of Sarah"</a>. aish.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+deeper+look+at+the+life+of+Sarah.&rft.pub=aish.com&rft.date=2013-10-20&rft.au=Rabbi+Ari+Kahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Ftp%2Fi%2Fmoha%2FThe-First-Matriarch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQoph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoph&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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aria-labelledby="Arabic_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arabic_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_Arabic_on_other_languages" title="Influence of Arabic on other languages">Influence on other languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#I‘jām_(phonetic_distinctions_of_consonants)" title="Arabic diacritics">i‘jām</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Tashkil_(marks_used_as_phonetic_guides)" title="Arabic diacritics">Tashkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics#Harakat_(short_vowel_marks)" title="Arabic diacritics">Harakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> (tanwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">Shaddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic_ʼAlif" title="Aleph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾAlif</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Arabic_bāʾ" title="Bet (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw#Arabic_tāʾ" title="Taw"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%AE%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ṯāʾ">Ṯāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel#Arabic_ǧīm" title="Gimel"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ǧīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth#Arabic_ḥāʾ" title="Heth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AA%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ḫāʾ">Ḫāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet#Arabic_dāl" title="Dalet"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dāl</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">Ḏāl</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh#Arabic_rāʼ" title="Resh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Zāy</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_sīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Arabic_shīn" title="Shin (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šīn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade#Arabic_Ṣād" title="Tsade"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṣād</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8C%C4%81d" title="Ḍād">Ḍād</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth#Arabic_Ṭāʾ" title="Teth"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ṭāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%92%C4%81%CA%BE" title="Ẓāʾ">Ẓāʾ</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin#Arabic_ʿAyn" title="Ayin"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAyn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ġayn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Fāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Arabic_qāf"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph#Arabic_kāf" title="Kaph"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kāf</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh#Arabic_lām" title="Lamedh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lām</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem#Arabic_mīm" title="Mem"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mīm</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)#Arabic_nūn" title="Nun (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nūn</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)#Arabic_hāʾ" title="He (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hāʾ</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)#Arabic_wāw" title="Waw (letter)"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wāw</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh#Arabic_yāʾ" title="Yodh"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Yāʾ</i></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Arabic_language" title="Proto-Arabic language">Proto-Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hijazi_Arabic" title="Old Hijazi Arabic">Old Hijazi Arabic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-classical_Arabic" title="Pre-classical Arabic">Pre-classical Arabic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Arabic dialects">Pre-Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siculo-Arabic" title="Siculo-Arabic">Sicilian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonera_dialect" title="Cottonera dialect">Cottenera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozitan_dialects" title="Gozitan dialects">Gozitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qormi_dialect" title="Qormi dialect">Qormi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBejtun_dialect" title="Żejtun dialect">Żejtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurrieq_dialect" title="Zurrieq dialect">Żurrieqi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Hilalian_Urban_Arabic_dialects" title="Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects">Urban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Tunis" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunis</a> (North-Eastern Tunisian)</li></ul></li> <li>Village <ul><li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sahil" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sahili</a> (Sahel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic#Sfax" title="Tunisian Arabic">Sfaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Arabic" title="Jijel Arabic">Jijel</a> (Lesser Kabylia)</li></ul></li> <li>Western <ul><li>Traras-Msirda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebli_Arabic" title="Jebli Arabic">Jebli</a> (Mountain)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Judeo-Maghrebi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_dialects" title="Hilalian dialects">Hilalian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Saharan_Arabic" title="Algerian Saharan Arabic">Algerian Saharan</a></li> <li>Eastern Algerian</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Hilal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian koiné</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maqil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemadi_dialect" title="Nemadi dialect">Nemadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Morocco_Arabic" title="Eastern Morocco Arabic">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Morocco_Arabic" title="Western Morocco Arabic">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Algerian_Arabic" title="Western Algerian Arabic">Western Algerian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sulaym <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan koiné</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Egyptian_Bedawi_Arabic" title="Western Egyptian Bedawi Arabic">Western Egyptian Bedawi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nile Valley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic" title="Sudanese Arabic">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_Arabic" title="Cilician Arabic">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Arabic" title="Aleppo Arabic">Aleppine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Arabic" title="Damascus Arabic">Damascene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arabic" title="Jordanian Arabic">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Palestinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilit_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Gilit Mesopotamian Arabic">Gilit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Arabic" title="Baghdadi Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawi_Arabic" title="Shawi Arabic">Shawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="South Mesopotamian Arabic">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="North Mesopotamian Arabic">North</a> (Qeltu)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Arabic" title="Anatolian Arabic">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrani_Arabic" title="Bahrani Arabic">Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareqi_Arabic" title="Bareqi Arabic">Bareqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Arabian_Arabic" title="Northwest Arabian Arabic">Bedawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Gulf_Arabic" title="Bahraini Gulf Arabic">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Arabic" title="Emirati Arabic">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Arabic" title="Kuwaiti Arabic">Kuwaiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihhi_Arabic" title="Shihhi Arabic">Shihhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San%CA%BDani_Arabic" title="Sanʽani Arabic">Sanʽani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BDizzi-Adeni_Arabic" title="Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic">Taʽizzi-Adeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamiyya_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihamiyya Arabic">Tihami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Arabic" title="Central Asian Arabic">Central Asian</a> <ul><li>Bakhtiari</li> <li>Bukhara</li> <li>Kashkadarya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Arabic" title="Khorasani Arabic">Khorasani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shirvani_Arabic" title="Shirvani Arabic">Shirvani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Arabic" title="Chadian Arabic">Chadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Arabic">Nigerian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a> <ul><li>Kjal</li> <li>Wqal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a> <ul><li>Tunisene</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a> <ul><li>Adeni</li> <li>Beda</li> <li>Habban</li> <li>Sanʽani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-based creole languages">Creoles</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin Arabic">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bimbashi_Arabic" title="Bimbashi Arabic">Bimbashi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Gulf Pidgin Arabic">Gulf Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Bengali_Pidgin_Arabic" title="Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic">Jordanian Bengali Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maridi_Arabic" title="Maridi Arabic">Maridi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Arabic" title="Turku Arabic">Turku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongor_Arabic" title="Bongor Arabic">Bongor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">Sun and moon letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajwid" title="Tajwid">Tajwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im%C4%81la" title="Imāla">Imāla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab" title="ʾIʿrab"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIʿrāb</i></span> (case)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Triliteral root</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_Arabic_Corpus" title="Quranic Arabic Corpus">Quranic Arabic Corpus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a><br />· <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Script</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">Nastaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasm" title="Rasm">Rasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini (script)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliq_script" title="Taliq script">Taliq script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_keyboard" title="Arabic keyboard">Arabic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">Windows-1256</a></li> <li>MS-DOS codepages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li>709</li> <li>710</li> <li>711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">MacArabic encoding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Islam and Arabic language</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_language" title="Category:Arabic language">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hebrew_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Template talk:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest_Semitic_abjad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northwest Semitic abjad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Northwest_Semitic_abjad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Northwest Semitic abjad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 125%;"> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">ʾ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">b</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">g</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">d</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">h</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">w</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">z</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">ṭ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">y</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">k</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">l</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">m</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">n</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">s</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʿ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">p</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">ṣ</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">q</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">r</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">š</a></i></span> </p> </td> <td> <p><span title="Semitic languages collective text"><i lang="sem-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">t</a></i></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>20</td> <td>30</td> <td>40</td> <td>50</td> <td>60</td> <td>70</td> <td>80</td> <td>90</td> <td>100</td> <td>200</td> <td>300</td> <td>400 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet#Semitic_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Inscriptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qoph&oldid=1254934628">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qoph&oldid=1254934628</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_letters" title="Category:Arabic letters">Arabic letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hebrew_letters" title="Category:Hebrew letters">Hebrew letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Urdu_letters" title="Category:Urdu letters">Urdu letters</a></li><li><a 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