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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Offline_and_online_social_networking_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offline_and_online_social_networking_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Offline and online social networking services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offline_and_online_social_networking_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Social impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Typical features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Additional features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Emerging trends </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emerging_trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Emerging trends subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Emerging_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Niche_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Niche networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Professional use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curriculum_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Curriculum use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curriculum_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Learning use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constraints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constraints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Constraints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constraints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_correlates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_correlates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Positive correlates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_correlates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grassroots_organizing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grassroots_organizing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Grassroots organizing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grassroots_organizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hosting_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hosting_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Hosting service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hosting_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Trade network </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Business model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Social interaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Investigations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_domains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_domains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Application domains </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application_domains-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Application domains subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Application_domains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Government applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Business applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Dating applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Educational applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Finance applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_and_health_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_and_health_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Medical and health applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_and_health_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Social and political applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crowdsourcing_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crowdsourcing_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Crowdsourcing applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crowdsourcing_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_source_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_source_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Open source software </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_source_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_social_networking_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_social_networking_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Largest social networking services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_social_networking_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Social networking service</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خدمة شبكة اجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خدمة شبكة اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ret_social" title="Ret social – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ret social" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_%C5%9F%C9%99b%C9%99k%C9%99_xidm%C9%99tl%C9%99ri" title="Sosial şəbəkə xidmətləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial şəbəkə xidmətləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-k%C3%BBn_b%C4%81ng-ch%C4%81m" title="Siā-kûn bāng-chām – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-kûn bāng-chām" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сацыяльная сетка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыяльная сетка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сацыяльная сетка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сацыяльная сетка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Онлайн социална мрежа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Онлайн социална мрежа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziale_Netzweak-Portale" title="Soziale Netzweak-Portale – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Soziale Netzweak-Portale" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servei_de_xarxa_social" title="Servei de xarxa social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Servei de xarxa social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Social network service" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_s%C3%AD%C5%A5" title="Sociální síť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální síť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwasanaeth_rhwydweithio_cymdeithasol" title="Gwasanaeth rhwydweithio cymdeithasol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwasanaeth rhwydweithio cymdeithasol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziales_Netzwerk_(Internet)" title="Soziales Netzwerk (Internet) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziales Netzwerk (Internet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhtlusv%C3%B5rgustik" title="Suhtlusvõrgustik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suhtlusvõrgustik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servicio_de_red_social" title="Servicio de red social – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Servicio de red social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare_sozialak" title="Sare sozialak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sare sozialak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="خدمات شبکه‌های اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدمات شبکه‌های اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_social_(internet)" title="Réseau social (internet) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réseau social (internet)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%85%9C_%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC_%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4" title="소셜 네트워크 서비스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소셜 네트워크 서비스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81" title="Սոցիալական ցանց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալական ցանց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82" title="सामाजिक नेटवर्किंग सेवाएं – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक नेटवर्किंग सेवाएं" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvena_mre%C5%BEa" title="Društvena mreža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Društvena mreža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layanan_jejaring_sosial" title="Layanan jejaring sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Layanan jejaring sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platteforma_social" title="Platteforma social – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Platteforma social" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Social network" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA" title="רשת חברתית מקוונת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשת חברתית מקוונת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ತಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ತಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Әлеуметтік желі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлеуметтік желі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtandao_wa_kijamii" title="Mtandao wa kijamii – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtandao wa kijamii" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Социалдык тармак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Социалдык тармак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie%C5%A1saistes_soci%C4%81lais_t%C4%ABkls" title="Tiešsaistes sociālais tīkls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tiešsaistes sociālais tīkls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialinis_tinklas" title="Socialinis tinklas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialinis tinklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Друштвена мрежа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Друштвена мрежа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="सोशल नेटवर्किंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोशल नेटवर्किंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სოციალური რშვილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სოციალური რშვილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%89" title="مواقع التواصل الاجتماعى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مواقع التواصل الاجتماعى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkhidmatan_rangkaian_sosial" title="Perkhidmatan rangkaian sosial – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkhidmatan rangkaian sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%8D_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Сошиал сүлжээ үйлчилгээ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сошиал сүлжээ үйлчилгээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociaalnetwerksite" title="Sociaalnetwerksite – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociaalnetwerksite" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9" title="ソーシャル・ネットワーキング・サービス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソーシャル・ネットワーキング・サービス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettsamfunn" title="Nettsamfunn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nettsamfunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettsamfunn" title="Nettsamfunn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nettsamfunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtimoiy_tarmoq" title="Ijtimoiy tarmoq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ijtimoiy tarmoq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਮੇਲ-ਜੋਲ ਸੇਵਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਮੇਲ-ਜੋਲ ਸੇਵਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ټولنیزو شبکو خدمتونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ټولنیزو شبکو خدمتونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serwis_spo%C5%82eczno%C5%9Bciowy" title="Serwis społecznościowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Serwis społecznościowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_social_virtual" title="Rede social virtual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rede social virtual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociall%C4%B1q_tarmaq" title="Sociallıq tarmaq – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sociallıq tarmaq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networking_social" title="Networking social – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Networking social" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Социальная сеть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальная сеть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%82-%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Түмэт-ситим – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түмэт-ситим" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%ABrbimi_i_rrjeteve_shoq%C3%ABrore" title="Shërbimi i rrjeteve shoqërore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shërbimi i rrjeteve shoqërore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="සමාජ ජාල සේවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සමාජ ජාල සේවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network_service" title="Social network service – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social network service" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1lna_sie%C5%A5_(internet)" title="Sociálna sieť (internet) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociálna sieť (internet)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spletno_dru%C5%BEbeno_omre%C5%BEje" title="Spletno družbeno omrežje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spletno družbeno omrežje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%95%DB%95_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خزمەتگوزاریی تۆڕە کۆمەڵایەتییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خزمەتگوزاریی تۆڕە کۆمەڵایەتییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Услуга друштвеног умрежавања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Услуга друштвеног умрежавања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servis_za_dru%C5%A1tveno_umre%C5%BEavanje" title="Servis za društveno umrežavanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Servis za društveno umrežavanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhteis%C3%B6palvelu" title="Yhteisöpalvelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhteisöpalvelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_n%C3%A4tverkstj%C3%A4nst" title="Social nätverkstjänst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Social nätverkstjänst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Social networking service" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சமூக வலைத் தளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Online platform that facilitates the building of relations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of service. For the social science theoretical concept of relationships between people, see <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social network</a>. For a list of services, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">List of social networking services</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_networking_services.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Social_networking_services.jpg/300px-Social_networking_services.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Social_networking_services.jpg/450px-Social_networking_services.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Social_networking_services.jpg/600px-Social_networking_services.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1679" /></a><figcaption>Illustrations showing various icons of some popular social networking services</figcaption></figure> A social networking service (SNS), or social networking site, is a type of online <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> platform which people use to build <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relationships</a> with other people who share similar personal or career content, interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.<a href="#cite_note-Obar_&_Wildman_2015-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_&_Ellison_2007-2">[2]</a> Social networking services vary in format and the number of features. They can incorporate a range of new information and communication tools, operating on <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktops</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>, on mobile devices such as <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>. This may feature digital photo/video/sharing and diary entries online (blogging).<a href="#cite_note-Boyd_&_Ellison_2007-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">Online community</a> services are sometimes considered social-network services by developers and users, though in a broader sense, a social-network service usually provides an individual-centered service whereas online community services are groups centered. Generally defined as "websites that facilitate the building of a network of contacts in order to exchange various types of content online," social networking sites provide a space for interaction to continue beyond in-person interactions. These computer mediated interactions link members of various networks and may help to create, sustain and develop new social and professional relationships.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, digital photos and videos, posts, and to inform others about online or real-world activities and events with people within their social network. While in-person social networking – such as gathering in a village market to talk about events – has existed since the earliest development of towns,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> the web enables people to connect with others who live in different locations across the globe (dependent on access to an <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet connection</a> to do so). Depending on the platform, members may be able to contact any other member. In other cases, members can contact anyone they have a connection to, and subsequently anyone that contact has a connection to, and so on. <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> having a massive 2.13 billion active monthly users and an average of 1.4 billion <a href="/wiki/Daily_active_users" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily active users">daily active users</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>, a career-oriented social-networking service, generally requires that a member personally know another member in <a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">real life</a> before they contact them online. Some services require members to have a preexisting connection to contact other members. With <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videoconferencing</a> platform, has taken an integral place to connect people located around the world and facilitate many online environments such as school, university, work and government meetings. The main types of social networking services contain <a href="/wiki/Psychographics" title="Psychographics">category places</a> (such as age or occupation or religion), means to connect with friends (usually with self-description pages), and a recommendation system linked to trust. One can categorize social-network services into four types:<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <ul><li>socialization social network services used primarily for socializing with existing friends or users (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter/X</a>)</li> <li>online social networks are decentralized and distributed computer networks where users communicate with each other through Internet services.</li> <li>networking social network services used primarily for non-social interpersonal communication (e.g., <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>, a career- and employment-oriented site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_navigation" title="Social navigation">social navigation</a> social network services used primarily for helping users to find specific information or resources (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Goodreads" title="Goodreads">Goodreads</a> for books, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>)</li></ul> There have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests (see the <a href="/wiki/FOAF_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="FOAF (software)">FOAF</a> standard). A study reveals that <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> recorded world's largest growth in terms of social media users in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> A 2013 survey found that 73% of U.S. adults use social-networking sites.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Offline_and_online_social_networking_services">Offline and online social networking services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Offline and online social networking services">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: left;">Differences between offline and online social networking services<a href="#cite_note-buettner2017a-9">[9]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="120px">Characteristic </th> <th width="600px">Offline social network </th> <th width="600px">Online social network </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Degree centrality</td> <td>While the number of cognitively manageable ties is limited to about 150,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> most people report having 14–56 ties at average<a href="#cite_note-Granovetter1983-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td> <td>Huge number of ties technologically possible, but average number is limited, e.g., Facebook: 395<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Utz2016-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Symmetry</td> <td>Usually symmetric (reciprocal behavior<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>)</td> <td>Symmetric (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, LinkedIn, XING)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and asymmetric (e.g., Twitter)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Affect</td> <td>Positive (92–97%) and negative (3–8%) tie relationships<a href="#cite_note-Kane_et_al_2014-21">[21]</a> can be managed using high sophisticated coordination mechanisms such as argumentation and negotiation<a href="#cite_note-buettner2017a-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td> <td>Except through blocking (e.g., Twitter) or hiding (e.g., Facebook) limited support to deal with negative tie relationships </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Strength</td> <td>2–8 strong ties and 12–48 weak/latent ties on average<a href="#cite_note-Granovetter1983-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></td> <td>9–37 strong ties and 68–131 weak/latent ties on average<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Utz2016-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>Dynamic of change</td> <td>Low due to manual interaction<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miritello_et_al_1950-29">[29]</a></td> <td>High because of technological support<a href="#cite_note-Miritello_et_al_1950-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kane_et_al_2014-21">[21]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The potential for computer networking to facilitate newly improved forms of computer-mediated social interaction was suggested early on.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Efforts to support social networks via <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">computer-mediated communication</a> were made in many early online services, including <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, <a href="/wiki/LISTSERV" title="LISTSERV">LISTSERV</a>, and bulletin board services (<a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">BBS</a>). Many prototypical features of social networking sites were also present in online services such as <a href="/wiki/The_Source_(online_service)" title="The Source (online service)">The Source</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(online_service)" title="Delphi (online service)">Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/America_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="America Online">America Online</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prodigy_(online_service)" title="Prodigy (online service)">Prodigy</a>, <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_WELL" title="The WELL">The WELL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Early social networking on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> began in the form of generalized online communities such as <a href="/wiki/Theglobe.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Theglobe.com">Theglobe.com</a> (1995),<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geocities" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocities">Geocities</a> (1994) and <a href="/wiki/Tripod.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripod.com">Tripod.com</a> (1995). Many of these early communities focused on bringing people together to interact with each other through chat rooms and encouraged users to share personal information and ideas via personal web pages by providing easy-to-use publishing tools and free or inexpensive web space. Some communities – such as <a href="/wiki/Classmates.com" title="Classmates.com">Classmates.com</a> – took a different approach by simply having people link to each other via email addresses. <a href="/wiki/PlanetAll" title="PlanetAll">PlanetAll</a> started in 1996. In the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">user profiles</a> became a central feature of social networking sites, allowing users to compile lists of "<a href="/wiki/Friending" class="mw-redirect" title="Friending">friends</a>" and search for other users with similar interests. New social networking methods were developed by the end of the 1990s, and many sites began to develop more advanced features for users to find and manage friends.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_Diary" title="Open Diary">Open Diary</a>, a community for online diarists, invented both friends-only content and the reader comment, two features of social networks important to user interaction.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan_&_Haenlein_2010-35">[35]</a> This newer generation of social networking sites began to flourish with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/SixDegrees.com" title="SixDegrees.com">SixDegrees</a> in 1997,<a href="#cite_note-Boyd_&_Ellison_2007-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_Diary" title="Open Diary">Open Diary</a> in 1998,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixi" title="Mixi">Mixi</a> in 1999,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Makeoutclub" title="Makeoutclub">Makeoutclub</a> in 2000,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyworld" title="Cyworld">Cyworld</a> in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_&_Ellison_2007-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hub_Culture" title="Hub Culture">Hub Culture</a> in 2002, and <a href="/wiki/Friendster" title="Friendster">Friendster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nexopia" title="Nexopia">Nexopia</a> in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Cyworld also became one of the first companies to profit from the sale of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_goods" title="Virtual goods">virtual goods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/MySpace" class="mw-redirect" title="MySpace">MySpace</a> and <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> were launched in 2003, and <a href="/wiki/Bebo" title="Bebo">Bebo</a> was launched in 2005. <a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a> became the first popular social networking service in Brazil (although most of its very first users were from the United States) and quickly grew in popularity in India (Madhavan, 2007).<a href="#cite_note-Boyd_&_Ellison_2007-2">[2]</a> There was a rapid increase in social networking sites' popularity; in 2005, MySpace had more <a href="/wiki/Pageview" title="Pageview">pageviews</a> than <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Many of these services were displaced by <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, which launched in 2004 and became the largest social networking site in the world in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_media#Definition_and_features" title="Social media">Social media § Definition and features</a></div> The term social media was first used in 2004 and is often used to describe social networking services.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_impact">Social impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet#Social_impact" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology of the Internet § Social impact</a></div> Web-based social networking services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Through e-mail and instant messaging, <a href="/wiki/Online_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Online communities">online communities</a> are created where a <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">reciprocal altruism</a> are encouraged through <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a>. Information is suited to a <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift economy</a>, as information is a <a href="/wiki/Nonrival_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonrival good">nonrival good</a> and can be gifted at practically no cost.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heylighen-51">[51]</a> Scholars have noted that the term "social" cannot account for technological features of the social network platforms alone.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Hence, the level of network sociability should determine by the actual performances of its users. According to the communication theory of uses and gratifications, an increasing number of individuals are looking to the Internet and social media to fulfill cognitive, affective, personal integrative, social integrative, and tension free needs. With Internet technology as a supplement to fulfill needs, it is in turn affecting everyday life, including relationships, school, church, entertainment, and family.<a href="#cite_note-communicationtheory1-53">[53]</a> Companies are using social media as a way to learn about potential employees' personalities and behavior. In numerous situations, a candidate who might otherwise have been hired has been rejected due to offensive or otherwise unseemly photos or comments posted to social networks or appearing on a newsfeed. <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and other social networking tools are increasingly the aims of scholarly research. Scholars in many fields have begun to investigate the impact of social networking sites, investigating how such sites may play into issues of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>, politics, <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">youth culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boyd2007-55">[55]</a> Research has also suggested that individuals add offline friends on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> to maintain contact and often this blurs the lines between work and home lives.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Users from around the world also utilise social networking sites as an alternative <a href="/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> source.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> While social networking sites have arguably changed how we access the news,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> users tend to have mixed opinions about the reliability of content accessed through these sites.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> According to a study in 2015, 63% of the users of Facebook or Twitter in the USA consider these networks to be their main source of news, with entertainment news being the most seen. In the times of breaking news, Twitter users are more likely to stay invested in the story. In some cases when the news story is more political, users may be more likely to voice their opinion on a linked Facebook story with a comment or like, while Twitter users will just follow the site's feed and retweet the article.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In online social networks, the veracity and reliability of news may be diminished due to the absence of traditional media gatekeepers.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A 2015 study shows that 85% of people aged 18 to 34 use social networking sites for their purchase decision making. While over 65% of people aged 55 and over-rely on word of mouth.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Several websites are beginning to tap into the power of the social networking model for <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a>. Such models provide a means for connecting otherwise fragmented industries and small organizations without the resources to reach a broader audience with interested users.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Social networks are providing a different way for individuals to communicate digitally. These communities of hypertexts allow for the sharing of information and ideas, an old concept placed in a digital environment. In 2011, HCL Technologies conducted research that showed that 50% of British employers had banned the use of social networking sites/services during office hours.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Research has provided us with mixed results as to whether or not a person's involvement in social networking can affect their feelings of <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">loneliness</a>. Studies have indicated that how a person chooses to use social networking can change their feelings of loneliness in either a negative or positive way. Some companies with mobile workers have encouraged their workers to use social networking to feel connected. Educators are using social networking to stay connected with their students whereas individuals use it to stay connected with their close relationships.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Social networking sites can be used by consumers to create a social media firestorm which is "A digital artifact created by large numbers of user comments of multiple purposes (condemnation and support) and tones (aggressive and cordial) that appear rapidly and recede shortly after”.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07421222.2022.2096546">[1]</a> Each social networking user is able to create a community that centers around a personal identity they choose to create online.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In his book Digital Identities: Creating and Communicating the Online Self,<a href="#cite_note-Cover-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rob_Cover" title="Rob Cover">Rob Cover</a> argues that social networking's foundation in <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>, high-speed networking shifts online representation to one which is both visual and relational to other people, complexifying the identity process for younger people and creating new forms of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cover-68">[68]</a> In 2016, news reports stated that excessive usage of SNS sites may be associated with an increase in the rates of depression, to almost triple the rate for non-SNS users. Experts worldwide[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] have said that 2030 people who use SNS more have higher levels of depression than those who use SNS less.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> At least one study went as far as to conclude that the negative effects of Facebook usage are equal to or greater than the positive effects of face-to-face interactions.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> According to a recent article from Computers in Human Behavior, Facebook has also been shown to lead to issues of social comparison. Users are able to select which photos and status updates to post, allowing them to portray their lives in acclamatory manners.<a href="#cite_note-Cramer_739–746-71">[71]</a> These updates can lead to other users feeling like their lives are inferior by comparison.<a href="#cite_note-Shakya_&_Christakis_2017-72">[72]</a> Users may feel especially inclined to compare themselves to other users with whom they share similar characteristics or lifestyles, leading to a fairer comparison.<a href="#cite_note-Cramer_739–746-71">[71]</a> Motives for these comparisons can be associated with the goals of improving oneself by looking at profiles of people who one feels are superior, especially when their lifestyle is similar and possible.<a href="#cite_note-Cramer_739–746-71">[71]</a> One can also self-compare to make oneself feel superior to others by looking at the profiles of users who one believes to be worse off.<a href="#cite_note-Cramer_739–746-71">[71]</a> However, a study by the Harvard Business Review shows that these goals often lead to negative consequences, as use of Facebook has been linked with lower levels of well-being; mental health has been shown to decrease due to the use of Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-Shakya_&_Christakis_2017-72">[72]</a> Computers in Human Behavior emphasizes that these feelings of poor mental health have been suggested to cause people to take time off from their Facebook accounts; this action is called "Facebook Fatigue" and has been common in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-Cramer_739–746-71">[71]</a> Usage of social networking has contributed to a new form of abusive communication, and academic research has highlighted a number of social-technological explanations for this behaviour. These including the anonymity afforded by interpersonal communications,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> factors that include boredom or attention seeking,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> or the result of more <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">polarised</a> online debate.<a href="#cite_note-Ward_47–73-75">[75]</a> The impact in this abuse has found impacts through the prevalence of online <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">online trolling</a>. There has also been a marked increase in political violence and abuse through social media platforms. For instance, one study by Ward and McLoughlin found that 2.57% of all messages sent to <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">UK MPs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> were found to contain abusive messages.<a href="#cite_note-Ward_47–73-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_features">Typical features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Typical features">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Danah_boyd" title="Danah boyd">boyd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Ellison" title="Nicole Ellison">Ellison</a>'s 2007 article, "Why Youth (Heart) Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked Publics in Teenage Social Life", social networking sites share a variety of technical features that allow individuals to: construct a public/semi-public profile, articulate a list of other users that they share a connection with, and view their list of connections within the system. The most basic of these are visible profiles with a list of "friends" who are also users of the site.<a href="#cite_note-Boyd2007-55">[55]</a> In an article entitled "Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship," boyd and Ellison adopt Sunden's (2003) description of profiles as unique pages where one can "type oneself into being".<a href="#cite_note-Boyd_&_Ellison_2007-2">[2]</a> A profile is generated from answers to questions, such as age, location, interests, etc. Some sites allow users to upload pictures, add multimedia content or modify the look and feel of the profile. Others, e.g., Facebook, allow users to enhance their profile by adding modules or "Applications".<a href="#cite_note-Boyd_&_Ellison_2007-2">[2]</a> Many sites allow users to post blog entries, search for others with similar interests and compile and share lists of contacts. User profiles often have a section dedicated to comments from friends and other users. To protect user privacy, social networks typically have controls that allow users to choose who can view their profile, contact them, add them to their list of contacts, and so on. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_features">Additional features</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional features">edit</a>]</div> There is a trend towards more <a href="/wiki/Social_network_aggregation" title="Social network aggregation">interoperability between social networks</a> led by technologies such as <a href="/wiki/OpenID" title="OpenID">OpenID</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a>. In most mobile communities, mobile phone users can now create their own profiles, make friends, participate in chat rooms, create chat rooms, hold private conversations, share photos and videos, and share blogs by using their mobile phone. Some companies provide wireless services that allow their customers to build their own mobile community and brand it; one of the most popular wireless services for social networking in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> is Facebook Mobile. Recently, Twitter has also introduced fact check labels to combat misinformation which was primarily spread due to the coronavirus but also has had an impact on debunking false claims by Donald Trump in the 2020 election. Social media platforms may allow users to change their <a href="/wiki/User_name" class="mw-redirect" title="User name">user name</a> (or "handle", distinct from the "display name"), which could change the <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> to their profile. Users are advised to do so with caution, since it could break <a href="/wiki/Back_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Back link">back links</a> from others' posts and comments depending on implementation, and external back links.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emerging_trends">Emerging trends</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emerging trends">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">The things you share are things that make you look good, things which you are happy to tie into your identity.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hilary Mason, chief data scientist, <a href="/wiki/Bitly" title="Bitly">bitly</a>, <a href="/wiki/VentureBeat" title="VentureBeat">VentureBeat</a>, 2012<a href="#cite_note-VentureBeat_Byrne_2012-77">[77]</a></cite></div></blockquote> While the popularity of social networking consistently rises,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> new uses for the technology are frequently being observed. Today's technologically savvy population requires convenient solutions to their daily needs.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> At the forefront of emerging trends in social networking sites is the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Real-time_web" title="Real-time web">real-time web</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Location-based_service" title="Location-based service">location-based</a>". Real-time allows users to contribute contents, which is then broadcast as it is being uploaded—the concept is analogous to live radio and television broadcasts. <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> set the trend for "real-time" services, wherein users can broadcast to the world what they are doing, or what is on their minds within a 140-character limit. <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> followed suit with their "Live Feed" where users' activities are streamed as soon as it happens. While Twitter focuses on words, <a href="/wiki/Clixtr" title="Clixtr">Clixtr</a>, another real-time service, focuses on group photo sharing wherein users can update their photo streams with photos while at an event. Facebook, however, remains the largest photo sharing site with over 250 billion photos as of September 2013.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In April 2012, the image-based social media network <a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a> had become the third largest social network in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Companies have begun to merge business technologies and solutions, such as <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, with social networking concepts. Instead of connecting individuals based on social interest, companies are developing interactive communities that connect individuals based on shared business needs or experiences. Many provide specialized networking tools and <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> that can be accessed via their websites, such as <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>. Others companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Monster.com" title="Monster.com">Monster.com</a>, have been steadily developing a more "socialized" feel to their career center sites to harness some of the power of social networking sites. These more business related sites have their own nomenclature for the most part but the most common naming conventions are "Vocational Networking Sites" or "Vocational Media Networks", with the former more closely tied to individual networking relationships based on social networking principles. <a href="/wiki/Foursquare_(service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foursquare (service)">Foursquare</a> gained popularity as it allowed for users to check into places that they are frequenting at that moment. <a href="/wiki/Gowalla" title="Gowalla">Gowalla</a> is another such service that functions in much the same way that Foursquare does, leveraging the <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> in phones to create a location-based user experience. Clixtr, though in the real-time space, is also a location-based social networking site, since events created by users are automatically geotagged, and users can view events occurring nearby through the Clixtr <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> app. Recently, <a href="/wiki/Yelp,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Yelp, Inc.">Yelp</a> announced its entrance into the location-based social networking space through check-ins with their mobile app; whether or not this becomes detrimental to Foursquare or Gowalla is yet to be seen, as it is still considered a new space in the Internet technology industry.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> One popular use for this new technology is social networking between businesses. Companies have found that social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are great ways to build their brand image. According to Jody Nimetz, author of Marketing Jive,<a href="#cite_note-marketing-jive.com-83">[83]</a> there are five major uses for businesses and social media: to create brand awareness, as an online <a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">reputation management</a> tool, for recruiting, to learn about new technologies and competitors, and as a <a href="/wiki/Lead_generation" title="Lead generation">lead generation</a> tool to intercept potential prospects.<a href="#cite_note-marketing-jive.com-83">[83]</a> These companies are able to drive traffic to their own online sites while encouraging their consumers and clients to have discussions on how to improve or change products or services. As of September 2013, 71% of online adults use Facebook, 17% use Instagram, 21% use Pinterest, and 22% use LinkedIn.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche_networks">Niche networks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Niche networks">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, it was reported that in the past few years, the niche social network has steadily grown in popularity, thanks to better levels of user interaction and engagement. In 2012, a survey by Reuters and research firm Ipsos<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> found that one in three users were getting bored with Facebook and in 2014 the GlobalWebIndex found that this figured had risen to almost 50%. The niche social network offers a specialized space that's designed to appeal to a very specific market with a clearly defined set of needs. Where once the streams of social minutia on networks such as Facebook and Twitter were the ultimate in online voyeurism, now users are looking for connections, community and shared experiences. Social networks that tap directly into specific activities, hobbies, tastes, and lifestyles are seeing a consistent rise in popularity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Science">edit</a>]</div> One other use that is being discussed is the use of social networks in the science communities. Julia Porter Liebeskind et al. have published a study on how new biotechnology firms are using social networking sites to share exchanges in scientific knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> They state in their study that by sharing information and knowledge with one another, they are able to "increase both their learning and their flexibility in ways that would not have been possible within a self-contained hierarchical organization". Social networking is allowing scientific groups to expand their knowledge base and share ideas, and without these new means of communicating their theories might become "isolated and irrelevant". Researchers use social networks frequently to maintain and develop professional relationships.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> They are interested in consolidating social ties and professional contact, keeping in touch with friends and colleagues and seeing what their own contacts are doing. This can be related to their need to keep updated on the activities and events of their friends and colleagues in order to establish collaborations on common fields of interest and knowledge sharing.<a href="#cite_note-Ferri_F._2012_pp._121-137-88">[88]</a> Social networks are also used to communicate scientists research results<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and as a public communication tool and to connect people who share the same professional interests, their benefits can vary according to the discipline.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The most interesting aspects of social networks for professional purposes are their potentialities in terms of dissemination of information and the ability to reach and multiple professional contacts exponentially. Social networks like <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>, <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a> give the possibility to join professional groups and pages, to share papers and results, publicize events, to discuss issues and create debates.<a href="#cite_note-Ferri_F._2012_pp._121-137-88">[88]</a> Academia.edu is extensively used by researchers, where they follow a combination of social networking and scholarly norms.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> ResearchGate is also widely used by researchers, especially to disseminate and discuss their publications,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> where it seems to attract an audience that it wider than just other scientists.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The usage of ResearchGate and Academia in different academic communities has increasingly been studied in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> The advent of social networking platforms may also be impacting the ways in which learners engage with technology in general. For a number of years, Prensky's (2001) dichotomy between <a href="/wiki/Digital_Natives" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Natives">Digital Natives</a> and Digital Immigrants has been considered a relatively accurate representation of the ease with which people of a certain age range—in particular those born before and after 1980—use technology. Prensky's theory has been largely disproved, however, and not least on account of the burgeoning popularity of social networking sites and other metaphors such as White and Le Cornu's "Visitors" and "Residents" (2011) are greater currency. The use of online social networks by school libraries is also increasingly prevalent and they are being used to communicate with potential library users, as well as extending the services provided by individual school libraries. Social networks and their educational uses are of interest to many researchers. According to Livingstone and Brake (2010), "<a href="/wiki/Social_networking_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking sites">Social networking sites</a>, like much else on the Internet, represent a moving target for researchers and policymakers."<a href="#cite_note-group-95">[95]</a> Pew Research Center project, called Pew Internet, did a USA-wide survey in 2009 and in 2010 February published that 47% of American adults use a social networking website.<a href="#cite_note-Lenhart-96">[96]</a> Same survey found that 73% of online teenagers use SNS, which is an increase from 65% in 2008, 55% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Lenhart-96">[96]</a> Recent studies have shown that social network services provide opportunities within professional education, curriculum education, and learning. However, there are constraints in this area. Researches, especially in Africa, have disclosed that the use of social networks among students has been known to affect their academic life negatively. This is buttressed by the fact that their use constitutes distractions, as well as that the students tend to invest a good deal of time in the use of such technologies. Albayrak and Yildirim (2015) examined the educational use of social networking sites. They investigated students' involvement in Facebook as a Course Management System (CMS) and the findings of their study support that Facebook as a CMS has the potential to increase student involvement in discussions and out-of-class communication among instructors and students.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_use">Professional use</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Professional use">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional network service</a></div> Professional use of social networking services refers to the employment of a network site to connect with other professionals within a given field of interest. These type of social networking services are referred to as "Career-oriented social networking markets (CSNM)".<a href="#cite_note-buettner2017a-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> is one example and is a social networking website geared towards companies and industry professionals looking to make new business contacts or keep in touch with previous co-workers, affiliates, and clients. LinkedIn provides not only a professional social use but also encourages people to inject their personality into their profile – making it more personal than a resume.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Similar websites to LinkedIn (also geared towards companies and industry professionals looking for work opportunities) to connect include <a href="/wiki/AngelList" title="AngelList">AngelList</a>, <a href="/wiki/XING" title="XING">XING</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goodwall" title="Goodwall">Goodwall</a>, The Dots,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jobcase_(company)" title="Jobcase (company)">Jobcase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bark.com" title="Bark.com">Bark.com</a>, ...<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Freelance_marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Freelance marketplace">freelance marketplace</a> websites (which focus on freelance work) also exist. There are also a number of other <a href="/wiki/Employment_website" title="Employment website">employment websites</a> focused on <a href="/wiki/International_volunteering" title="International volunteering">international volunteering</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/VolunteerMatch" title="VolunteerMatch">VolunteerMatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idealist.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealist.org">Idealist.org</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_for_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="All for Good">All for Good</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> National <a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a> networks finally allow for searching for <a href="/wiki/Homestay" title="Homestay">homestays</a> on organic farms.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Now other social network sites are also being used in this manner. <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> has become [a] mainstay for professional development as well as promotion<a href="#cite_note-Davis1-103">[103]</a> and online SNSs support both the maintenance of existing social ties and the formation of new connections. Much of the early research on online communities assume that individuals using these systems would be connecting with others outside their preexisting social group or location, liberating them to form communities around shared interests, as opposed to shared geography.<a href="#cite_note-Ellison-104">[104]</a> Other researchers have suggested that the professional use of network sites produce "<a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>". For individuals, social capital allows a person to draw on resources from other members of the networks to which he or she belongs.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> These resources can take the form of useful information, personal relationships, or the capacity to organize groups. As well, networks within these services also can be established or built by joining special interest groups that others have made, or creating one and asking others to join.<a href="#cite_note-Knobel-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curriculum_use">Curriculum use</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Curriculum use">edit</a>]</div> According to Doering, Beach, and O'Brien, a future English curriculum needs to recognize a significant shift in how adolescents are communicating with each other.<a href="#cite_note-Doering-107">[107]</a> Curriculum uses of social networking services can also include sharing curriculum-related resources. Educators tap into user-generated content to find and discuss curriculum-related content for students. Responding to the popularity of social networking services among many students, teachers are increasingly using social networks to supplement teaching and learning in traditional classroom environments. This way they can provide new opportunities for enriching existing curriculum through creative, authentic and flexible, non-linear learning experiences.<a href="#cite_note-Buzzetto-More-108">[108]</a> Some social networks, such as <a href="/wiki/English,_baby!" title="English, baby!">English, baby!</a> and <a href="/wiki/LiveMocha" class="mw-redirect" title="LiveMocha">LiveMocha</a>, are explicitly education-focused and couple instructional content with an educational peer environment.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The new <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a> technologies built into most social networking services promote conferencing, interaction, creation, research on a global scale, enabling educators to share, remix, and repurpose curriculum resources. In short, social networking services can become research networks as well as <a href="/wiki/Learning_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning network">learning networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mason-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Learning_use">Learning use</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Learning use">edit</a>]</div> Educators and advocates of new <a href="/wiki/Digital_literacy" title="Digital literacy">digital literacies</a> are confident that social networking encourages the development of transferable, technical, and social skills of value in formal and informal learning.<a href="#cite_note-group-95">[95]</a> In a formal learning environment, goals or objectives are determined by an outside department or agency. <a href="/wiki/Tweeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweeting">Tweeting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Blogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Blogging">blogging</a> enhances student involvement. Students who would not normally participate in class are more apt to partake through social network services. Networking allows participants the opportunity for just-in-time learning and higher levels of engagement.<a href="#cite_note-luo-111">[111]</a> The use of SNSs allow educators to enhance the prescribed curriculum. When learning experiences are infused into a website student utilize every day for fun, students realize that learning can and should be a part of everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> It does not have to be separate and unattached.<a href="#cite_note-Gardner-113">[113]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Informal learning consists of the learner setting the goals and objectives. It has been claimed that media no longer just influence human culture; they are human culture.<a href="#cite_note-Graber-114">[114]</a> With such a high number of users between the ages of 13 and 18, a number of skills are developed. Participants hone technical skills in choosing to navigate through social networking services. This includes elementary items such as sending an instant message or updating a status. The development of new media skills are paramount in helping youth navigate the digital world with confidence. Social networking services foster learning through what <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenkins" title="Henry Jenkins">Jenkins</a> (2006) describes as a "<a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">participatory culture</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-115">[115]</a> A participatory culture consists of a space that allows engagement, sharing, mentoring, and an opportunity for social interaction. Participants of social network services avail of this opportunity. Informal learning, in the forms of participatory and social learning online, is an excellent tool for teachers to sneak in material and ideas that students will identify with and therefore, in a secondary manner, students will learn skills that would normally be taught in a formal setting in the more interesting and engaging environment of social learning.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor,_Gina,_Rozi,_Kristina-116">[116]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Sites like Twitter provide students with the opportunity to converse and collaborate with others in real time. Social networking services provide a virtual "space" for learners. <a href="/wiki/James_Paul_Gee" title="James Paul Gee">James Gee</a> (2004) suggests that <a href="/wiki/Affinity_spaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity spaces">affinity spaces</a> instantiate participation, collaboration, distribution, dispersion of expertise, and relatedness.<a href="#cite_note-Gee-117">[117]</a> Registered users share and search for knowledge which contributes to informal learning. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constraints">Constraints</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Constraints">edit</a>]</div> In the past, social networking services were viewed as a distraction and offered no educational benefit. Blocking these social networks was a form of protection for students against wasting time, bullying, and invasions of privacy. In an educational setting, Facebook, for example, is seen by many instructors and educators as a frivolous, time-wasting distraction from schoolwork, and it is not uncommon to be banned in junior high or high school computer labs.<a href="#cite_note-Gardner-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a> has become an issue of concern with social networking services. According to the UK Children Go Online survey of 9- to 19-year-olds, it was found that a third have received bullying comments online.<a href="#cite_note-Livingstone_and_bober-118">[118]</a> To avoid this problem, many school districts/boards have blocked access to social networking services such as Facebook, MySpace, and Twitter within the school environment. Social networking services often include a lot of personal information posted publicly, and many believe that sharing personal information is a window into privacy theft. Schools have taken action to protect students from this. It is believed that this outpouring of identifiable information and the easy communication vehicle that social networking services open the door to sexual predators, cyberbullying, and <a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">cyberstalking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Munoz-119">[119]</a> In contrast, however, 70% of social media using teens and 85% of adults believe that people are mostly kind to one another on social network sites.<a href="#cite_note-Lenhart-96">[96]</a> Recent research suggests that there has been a shift in blocking the use of social networking services. In many cases, the opposite is occurring as the potential of online networking services is being realized. It has been suggested that if schools block them [social networking services], they are preventing students from learning the skills they need.<a href="#cite_note-Davis2-120">[120]</a> Banning social networking [...] is not only inappropriate but also borderline irresponsible when it comes to providing the best educational experiences for students.<a href="#cite_note-Waddington-121">[121]</a> Schools and school districts have the option of educating safe media usage as well as incorporating <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a> into the classroom experience, thus preparing students for the literacy they will encounter in the future. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_correlates">Positive correlates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Positive correlates">edit</a>]</div> A cyberpsychology research study conducted by Australian researchers demonstrated that a number of positive psychological outcomes are related to Facebook use.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> These researchers established that people can derive a sense of social connectedness and belongingness in the online environment. Importantly, this online social connectedness was associated with lower levels of depression and anxiety, and greater levels of subjective well-being. These findings suggest that the nature of online social networking determines the outcomes of online social network use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grassroots_organizing">Grassroots organizing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Grassroots organizing">edit</a>]</div> Social networks are being used by activists as a means of low-cost grassroots organizing. Extensive use of an array of social networking sites enabled organizers of 2009 <a href="/wiki/National_Equality_March" title="National Equality March">National Equality March</a> to mobilize an estimated 200,000 participants to march on Washington with a cost savings of up to 85% per participant over previous methods.<a href="#cite_note-march-124">[124]</a> The August <a href="/wiki/2011_England_riots" title="2011 England riots">2011 England riots</a> were similarly considered to have escalated and been fuelled by this type of grassroots organization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Employment">edit</a>]</div> A rise in social network use is being driven by college students using the services to network with professionals for internship and job opportunities. Many studies have been done on the effectiveness of networking online in a college setting, and one notable one is by Phipps Arabie and Yoram Wind published in Advances in Social Network Analysis.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Many schools have implemented online alumni directories which serve as makeshift social networks that current and former students can turn to for career advice. However, these alumni directories tend to suffer from an oversupply of advice-seekers and an undersupply of advice providers. One new social networking service, Ask-a-peer, aims to solve this problem by enabling advice seekers to offer modest compensation to advisers for their time. LinkedIn is also another great resource. It helps alumni, students and unemployed individuals look for work. They are also able to connect with others professionally and network with companies. In addition, employers have been found to use social network sites to screen job candidates.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hosting_service">Hosting service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hosting service">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Social_network_hosting_service" title="Social network hosting service">social network hosting service</a> is a web hosting service that specifically hosts the user creation of web-based social networking services, alongside related applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_network">Trade network</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Trade network">edit</a>]</div> A social trade network is a service that allows participants interested in specific trade sectors to share related contents and personal opinions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_model">Business model</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Business model">edit</a>]</div> Few social networks charge money for membership. In part, this may be because social networking is a relatively new service, and the value of using them has not been firmly established in customers' minds. Companies such as <a href="/wiki/MySpace" class="mw-redirect" title="MySpace">Myspace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> sell <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">online advertising</a> on their site. Their business model is based upon large membership count, and charging for membership would be counterproductive.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Some believe that the deeper information that the sites have on each user will allow much better targeted advertising than any other site can currently provide.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In recent times, Apple has been critical of the Google and Facebook model, in which users are defined as product and a commodity, and their data being sold for marketing revenue.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Social networks operate under an autonomous business model, in which a social network's members serve dual roles as both the suppliers and the consumers of content. This is in contrast to a traditional business model, where the suppliers and consumers are distinct agents. Revenue is typically gained in the autonomous business model via advertisements, but subscription-based revenue is possible when membership and content levels are sufficiently high.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_interaction">Social interaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Social interaction">edit</a>]</div> People use social networking sites for meeting new friends, finding old friends, or locating people who have the same problems or interests they have, called niche networking. More and more relationships and friendships are being formed online and then carried to an offline setting. Psychologist and University of Hamburg professor Erich H. Witte says that relationships which start online are much more likely to succeed. In this regard, there are studies which predict tie strength among the friends<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> on social networking websites. One online dating site claims that 2% of all marriages begin at its site, the equivalent of 236 marriages a day. Other sites claim one in five relationships begin online. Users do not necessarily share with others the content which is of most interest to them, but rather that which projects a good impression of themselves.<a href="#cite_note-VentureBeat_Byrne_2012-77">[77]</a> While everyone agrees that social networking has had a significant impact on social interaction, there remains a substantial disagreement as to whether the nature of this impact is completely positive. A number of scholars have done research on the negative effects of Internet communication as well. These researchers have contended that this form of communication is an impoverished version of conventional face-to-face social interactions, and therefore produce negative outcomes such as loneliness and depression for users who rely on social networking entirely. By engaging solely in online communication, interactions between communities, families, and other social groups are weakened.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_social_networking_services" title="Issues relating to social networking services">Issues relating to social networking services</a></div> Social networking services have led to many <a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">issues regarding privacy</a>, bullying, social anxiety and potential for misuse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigations">Investigations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Investigations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Use_of_social_network_websites_in_investigations" title="Use of social network websites in investigations">Use of social network websites in investigations</a></div> Social networking services are increasingly being used in legal and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">criminal investigations</a>. The information posted on sites such as MySpace and Facebook has been used by police (<a href="/wiki/Forensic_profiling" title="Forensic profiling">forensic profiling</a>), probation, and university officials to prosecute users of said sites. In some situations, content posted on MySpace has been used in court.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Facebook is increasingly being used by school administrations and law enforcement agencies as a source of evidence against student users. This site being the number one online destination for college students, allows users to create profile pages with personal details. These pages can be viewed by other registered users from the same school, which often include resident assistants and campus police who have signed up for the service.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> One <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> police force has sifted pictures from Facebook and arrested some people who had been photographed in a public place holding a weapon such as a knife (having a weapon in a public place is illegal).<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_domains">Application domains</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Application domains">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_applications">Government applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Government applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/300px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/450px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg/600px-Thai-coup-detat-2014-social-media-banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption>Banner in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, observed on June 30, 2014, during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014 Thai coup d'état</a>, informing the <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thai</a> public that 'like' or 'share' activity on social media could land them in prison</figcaption></figure> Social networking is more recently being used by various government agencies. Social networking tools serve as a quick and easy way for the government to get the suggestion of the public and to keep the public updated on their activity, however, this comes with a significant risk of abuse, for example, to cultivate a <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">culture of fear</a> such as that outlined in <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> or <a href="/wiki/THX-1138" class="mw-redirect" title="THX-1138">THX-1138</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a> demonstrated the importance of <a href="/wiki/Vaccinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinations">vaccinations</a> on the popular children's site <a href="/wiki/Whyville" title="Whyville">Whyville</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> has a virtual island on <a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a> where people can explore caves or explore the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming">effects of global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Likewise, NASA has taken advantage of a few social networking tools, including <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a>. The NSA is taking advantage of them all.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> NASA is using such tools to aid the <a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Review of U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee</a>, whose goal it is to ensure that the nation is on a vigorous and sustainable path to achieving its boldest aspirations in space.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_applications">Business applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Business applications">edit</a>]</div> The use of social networking services in an enterprise context presents the potential of having a major impact on the world of business and work.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Social networks connect people at low cost; this can be beneficial for <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small businesses</a> looking to expand their contact bases. These networks often act as a customer relationship management tool for companies selling products and services. Companies can also use social networks for advertising in the form of banners and text ads. Since businesses operate globally, social networks can make it easier to keep in touch with contacts around the world. Applications for social networking sites have extended toward businesses and brands are creating their own, high functioning sites, a sector known as <a href="/wiki/Brand_networking" title="Brand networking">brand networking</a>. It is the idea that a brand can build its consumer relationship by connecting their consumers to the brand image on a platform that provides them relative content, elements of participation, and a ranking or score system. Brand networking is a new way to capitalize on social trends as a marketing tool. The power of social networks is beginning to permeate into internal culture of businesses where they are finding uses for <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_transfer" title="Knowledge transfer">knowledge transfer</a>. The term "<a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_software" title="Enterprise social software">enterprise social software</a>" is becoming increasingly popular for these types of applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating_applications">Dating applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dating applications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Online_dating_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Online dating service">Online dating service</a></div> Many social networks provide an online environment for people to communicate and exchange personal information for dating purposes. Intentions can vary from looking for a one time date, short-term relationships, and long-term relationships.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Most of these social networks, just like online dating services, require users to give out certain pieces of information. This usually includes a user's age, gender, location, interests, and perhaps a picture. Releasing very personal information is usually discouraged for safety reasons.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> This allows other users to search or be searched by some sort of criteria, but at the same time, people can maintain a degree of anonymity similar to most online dating services. Online dating sites are similar to social networks in the sense that users create profiles to meet and communicate with others, but their activities on such sites are for the sole purpose of finding a person of interest to date. Social networks do not necessarily have to be for dating; many users simply use it for keeping in touch with friends, and colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> However, an important difference between social networks and online dating services is the fact that online dating sites usually require a fee, where social networks are free.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> This difference is one of the reasons the online dating industry is seeing a massive decrease in revenue due to many users opting to use social networking services instead. Many popular online dating services such as <a href="/wiki/Match.com" title="Match.com">Match.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Personals" title="Yahoo Personals">Yahoo Personals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EHarmony.com" class="mw-redirect" title="EHarmony.com">eHarmony.com</a> are seeing a decrease in users, where social networks like <a href="/wiki/MySpace" class="mw-redirect" title="MySpace">MySpace</a> and Facebook are experiencing an increase in users. The number of Internet users in the United States that visit online dating sites has fallen from a peak of 21% in 2003 to 10% in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Whether it is the cost of the services, the variety of users with different intentions, or any other reason, it is undeniable that social networking sites are quickly becoming the new way to find dates online. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_applications">Educational applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Educational applications">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/National_School_Boards_Association" title="National School Boards Association">National School Boards Association</a> reports that almost 60% of students who use social networking talk about education topics online, and more than 50% talk specifically about schoolwork. Yet the vast majority of school districts have stringent rules against nearly all forms of social networking during the school day—even though students and parents report few problem behaviors online. Social networks focused on supporting relationships between teachers and their students are now used for learning, educators professional development, and content sharing. <a href="/wiki/HASTAC" title="HASTAC">HASTAC</a> is a collaborative social network space for new modes of learning and research in higher education, K-12, and lifelong learning; <a href="/wiki/Ning_(website)" title="Ning (website)">Ning</a> supports teachers; <a href="/wiki/TermWiki" title="TermWiki">TermWiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/TeachStreet" class="mw-redirect" title="TeachStreet">TeachStreet</a> and other sites are being built to foster relationships that include educational blogs, portfolios, formal and ad hoc communities, as well as communication such as chats, discussion threads, and synchronous forums. These sites also have content sharing and rating features. Social networks are also emerging as online <a href="/wiki/Yearbook" title="Yearbook">yearbooks</a>, both public and private. One such service is <a href="/wiki/MyYearbook" class="mw-redirect" title="MyYearbook">MyYearbook</a>, which allows anyone from the general public to register and connect. A new trend emerging is private label yearbooks accessible only by students, parents, and teachers of a particular school, similar to <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>'s beginning within Harvard.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance_applications">Finance applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Finance applications">edit</a>]</div> The use of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_economy" title="Virtual economy">virtual currency</a> systems inside social networks create new opportunities for global finance. <a href="/wiki/Hub_Culture" title="Hub Culture">Hub Culture</a> operates a virtual currency <a href="/wiki/Ven_(currency)" title="Ven (currency)">Ven</a> used for global transactions among members, product sales<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and financial trades in commodities and carbon credits.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> In May 2010, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon pricing">carbon pricing</a> contracts were introduced to the weighted basket of currencies and commodities that determine the floating exchange value of Ven. The introduction of carbon to the calculation price of the currency made Ven the first and only currency that is linked to the environment.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_and_health_applications">Medical and health applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Medical and health applications">edit</a>]</div> Social networks are beginning to be adopted by healthcare professionals as a means to manage institutional knowledge, disseminate peer to peer knowledge and to highlight individual physicians and institutions. The advantage of using a dedicated medical social networking site is that all the members are screened against the state licensing board list of practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> A new trend is emerging with social networks created to help its members with various physical and mental ailments.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> For people suffering from life-altering diseases or chronic health conditions, companies such as <a href="/wiki/HealthUnlocked" title="HealthUnlocked">HealthUnlocked</a> and <a href="/wiki/PatientsLikeMe" title="PatientsLikeMe">PatientsLikeMe</a> offers their members the chance to connect with others dealing with similar issues and share experiences. For alcoholics and addicts, SoberCircle gives people in recovery the ability to communicate with one another and strengthen their recovery through the encouragement of others who can relate to their situation. <a href="/wiki/DailyStrength" title="DailyStrength">DailyStrength</a> is also a website that offers support groups for a wide array of topics and conditions, including the support topics offered by <a href="/wiki/PatientsLikeMe" title="PatientsLikeMe">PatientsLikeMe</a> and SoberCircle. Some social networks aim to encourage healthy lifestyles in their users. <a href="/wiki/SparkPeople" title="SparkPeople">SparkPeople</a> and <a href="/wiki/HealthUnlocked" title="HealthUnlocked">HealthUnlocked</a> offer community and social networking tools for peer support during weight loss. <a href="/wiki/Fitocracy" title="Fitocracy">Fitocracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/QUENTIQ" class="mw-redirect" title="QUENTIQ">QUENTIQ</a> are focused on exercise, enabling users to share their own workouts and comment on those of other users. Other aspects of social network usage include the analysis of data coming from existing social networks (such as Twitter) to discover large crowd concentration events (based on tweets location statistical analysis) and disseminate the information to e.g. mobility-challenged individuals for e.g. avoiding the specific areas and optimizing their journey in an urban environment.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_political_applications">Social and political applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Social and political applications">edit</a>]</div> Social networking sites have recently showed a value in social and political movements.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> both played an allegedly pivotal role in keeping people connected to the revolt. <a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution#Online_activism_and_the_role_of_social_media" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian activists</a> have credited social networking sites with providing a platform for planning protest and sharing news from <a href="/wiki/Tahrir_Square" title="Tahrir Square">Tahrir Square</a> in real time. By presenting a platform for thousands of people to instantaneously share videos of mainly events featuring brutality, social networking can be a vital tool in revolutions.<a href="#cite_note-Sutter,_John_D._'The_faces_of_Egypt's_'Revolution_2.0'_CNN.com,_21_February_2011-153">[153]</a> On the flip side, social networks enable government authorities to easily identify, and repress, protestors and dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Another political application of social media is promoting the involvement of younger generations in politics and ongoing political issues.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Perhaps the most significant political application of social media is <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Barack Obama's election campaign in 2008</a>. It was the first of its kind, as it successfully incorporated social media into its campaign winning strategy, evolving the way of political campaigns forevermore in the ever-changing technological world we find ourselves in today. His campaign won by engaging everyday people and empowering volunteers, donors, and advocates, through social networks, text messaging, email messaging and online videos.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Obama's social media campaign was vast, with his campaign boasting 5 million 'friends' on over 15 social networking sites, with over 3 million friends just on Facebook.<a href="#cite_note-McNally-157">[157]</a> Another significant success of the campaign was online videos, with nearly 2,000 YouTube videos being put online, receiving over 80 million views.<a href="#cite_note-McNally-157">[157]</a> In 2007, when Obama first announced his candidacy, there was no such thing as an iPhone or Twitter. However, a year later, Obama was sending out voting reminders to thousands of people through Twitter, showing just how fast social media moves. Obama's campaign was current and needed to be successful in incorporating social media, as social media acts best and is most effective in real time.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Building up to the 2012 presidential election, it was interesting to see how strong the influence of social media would be following the 2008 campaigns, where Obama's winning campaign had been social media-heavy, whereas McCain's campaign did not really grasp social media. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> was the first president who really understood television, and similarly, Obama is the first president to fully understand the power of social media.<a href="#cite_note-Rutledge-159">[159]</a> Obama has recognized social media is about creating relationships and connections and therefore used social media to the advantage of presidential election campaigns, in which Obama has dominated his opponents in terms of social media space. Other political campaigns have followed on from Obama's successful social media campaigns, recognizing the power of social media and incorporating it as a key factor embedded within their political campaigns, for example, Donald Trump's presidential electoral campaign, 2016. Dan Pfeiffer, Obama's former digital and social media guru, commented that Donald Trump is "way better at the internet than anyone else in the GOP which is partly why he is winning".<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Research has shown that 66% of social media users actively engage in political activity online, and like many other behaviors, online activities translate into offline ones.<a href="#cite_note-Rutledge-159">[159]</a> With research from the 'MacArthur Research Network on Youth and Participatory Politics' stating that young people who are politically active online are double as likely to vote than those who are not politically active online.<a href="#cite_note-Rutledge-159">[159]</a> Therefore, political applications of social networking sites are crucial, particularly to engage with the youth, who perhaps are the least educated in politics and the most in social networking sites. Social media is, therefore, a very effective way in which politicians can connect with a younger audience through their political campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> On June 28, 2020, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> released an article sharing the finding of two researchers who studied the impact of <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, a video-sharing and social networking application, on political expression. The application, besides being a creative space to express oneself, has been used maliciously to spread disinformation ahead of US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s Tulsa rally in Oklahoma and amplified footage of police brutality at <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> protests.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crowdsourcing_applications">Crowdsourcing applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Crowdsourcing applications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></div> Crowdsourcing social media platform, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_Contest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Design Contest (page does not exist)">Design Contest</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcbazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcbazar (page does not exist)">Arcbazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongal" title="Tongal">Tongal</a>, combined group of professional <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Designer" title="Designer">designers</a>, and help them communicate with business owners interested in their suggestion. This process is often used to subdivide tedious work or to fund-raise startup companies and charities, and can also occur offline.<a href="#cite_note-wired2006-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_source_software">Open source software</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Open source software">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_software_and_protocols_for_distributed_social_networking" title="Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking">Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking</a></div> There are a number of projects that aim to develop <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open source software">free and open source software</a> to use for social networking services. These technologies are often referred to as social engine or social networking engine software. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Largest_social_networking_services">Largest social networking services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Largest social networking services">edit</a>]</div> The following is a list of the largest social networking services, in order by number of active users, as of January 2024, as published by <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a>:<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Service</th> <th>Active users (in millions) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> </td> <td>3,049 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> </td> <td>2,491 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>* </td> <td>2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> </td> <td>2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> </td> <td>1,562 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a> </td> <td>1,336 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a> </td> <td>979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a> </td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Douyin">Douyin</a>** </td> <td>752 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a> </td> <td>750 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a> </td> <td>685 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">X (Twitter)</a> </td> <td>619 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a> </td> <td>605 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a> </td> <td>558 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a> </td> <td>482 </td></tr> </tbody></table> *Platforms have not published updated user figures in the past 12 months, figures may be out of date and less reliable **Figure uses daily active users, so monthly active user number is likely higher <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_social_media" title="Anonymous social media">Anonymous social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_research_networking_tools_and_research_profiling_systems" title="Comparison of research networking tools and research profiling systems">Comparison of research networking tools and research profiling systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_social_network" title="Distributed social network">Distributed social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_bookmarking" title="Enterprise bookmarking">Enterprise bookmarking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_social_network_service_use" title="Gender differences in social network service use">Gender differences in social network service use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosocial_networking" title="Geosocial networking">Geosocial networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral diffusion">Lateral diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_gaming_networks" title="List of social gaming networks">List of social gaming networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">List of social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_collaboration" title="Mass collaboration">Mass collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_network" title="Personal network">Personal network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional network service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bookmarking" title="Social bookmarking">Social bookmarking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Social identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_seating" title="Social seating">Social seating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_television" title="Social television">Social television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_platforms_with_at_least_100_million_active_users" title="List of social platforms with at least 100 million active users">List of social platforms with at least 100 million active users</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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Vol. 123. pp. 149–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-32273-0_13">10.1007/978-3-642-32273-0_13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-32272-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-32272-3"><bdi>978-3-642-32272-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Argumentation%E2%80%93Based+Negotiation%3F+Negotiation%E2%80%93Based+Argumentation%21&rft.btitle=E-Commerce+and+Web+Technologies&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Business+Information+Processing&rft.pages=149-162&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-32273-0_13&rft.isbn=978-3-642-32272-3&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Buettner%2C+Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+networking+service" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuettner2016" class="citation journal cs1">Buettner, Ricardo (June 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2016/115/">"A User's Cognitive Workload Perspective in Negotiation Support Systems: An Eye-tracking Experiment"</a>. 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Retrieved May 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=March+2.0%3A+success+of+the+National+Equality+March+relied+on+social+media+tools&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediabullseye.com%2F2010%2F04%2Fmarch-2-0-success-of-the-national-equality-march-relied-on-social-media-tools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+networking+service" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Arabie, Phipps, and Yoram Wind. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C6juDKDmvCcC&dq=social+networking&pg=PR9">"Marketing and Social Networks"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009061117/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=C6juDKDmvCcC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=social+networking&ots=Aw9oXw-AtG&sig=CPAZMmPPnAhSZzAu0lh-k4iUXt4#PRA1-PA254,M1">Archived</a> October 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Martínez; Wartman, Katherine Lynk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GH4KOM3MS-sC">"Online social networking on campus: understanding what matters in student culture"</a>, New York and London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1st edition, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-99019-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-99019-X">0-415-99019-X</a></li> <li>Barham, Nick, Disconnected: Why our kids are turning their backs on everything we thought we knew, 1st ed., Ebury Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-189586-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-189586-3">0-09-189586-3</a></li> <li>Baron, Naomi S., Always on: language in an online and mobile world, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531305-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531305-5">978-0-19-531305-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaoBasogluShengLowry2015" class="citation ssrn cs1">Cao, Jinwei; Basoglu, Kamile; Sheng, Hong; Lowry, Paul Benjamin (June 1, 2015). 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"Myspace Isn't Your Space: Expanding the Fair Credit Reporting Act to Ensure Accountability and Fairness in Employer Searches of Online Social Networking Services". Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1601471">10.2139/ssrn.1601471</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166271279">166271279</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1601471">1601471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kansas+Journal+of+Law+%26+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Myspace+Isn%27t+Your+Space%3A+Expanding+the+Fair+Credit+Reporting+Act+to+Ensure+Accountability+and+Fairness+in+Employer+Searches+of+Online+Social+Networking+Services&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166271279%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1601471%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.1601471&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Donald+Carrington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+networking+service" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElseTurkle2006" class="citation news cs1">Else, Liz; Turkle, Sherry (September 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19125691-600-living-online-ill-have-to-ask-my-friends/">"Living online: I'll have to ask my friends"</a>. New Scientist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Living+online%3A+I%27ll+have+to+ask+my+friends&rft.date=2006-09-13&rft.aulast=Else&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft.au=Turkle%2C+Sherry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg19125691-600-living-online-ill-have-to-ask-my-friends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+networking+service" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Glaser, Mark, Your Guide to Social Networking Online", <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> MediaShift, August 2007</li> <li>Powers, William, Hamlet's Blackberry: a practical philosophy for building a good life in the digital age, 1st ed., New York: Harper, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-168716-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-168716-7">978-0-06-168716-7</a></li> <li>Robert W. Gehl, Reverse Engineering Social Media: Software, Culture, and Political Economy in New Media Capitalism, Philadelphia: Temple University Press 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-43991-035-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-43991-035-1">978-1-43991-035-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharplesGraberHarrisonLogan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sharples, Mike; Graber, Rebecca; Harrison, Colin; Logan, Kit (January 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00592998/file/Sharples_et_al_JCAL_web2_and_esafety_preprint.pdf">"E-safety and Web 2.0 for children aged 11–16"</a> (PDF). Journal of Computer Assisted Learning. 25 (1): 70–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2729.2008.00304.x">10.1111/j.1365-2729.2008.00304.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5733615">5733615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer+Assisted+Learning&rft.atitle=E-safety+and+Web+2.0+for+children+aged+11%E2%80%9316&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-84&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2729.2008.00304.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5733615%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharples&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Graber%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Colin&rft.au=Logan%2C+Kit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00592998%2Ffile%2FSharples_et_al_JCAL_web2_and_esafety_preprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+networking+service" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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href="/wiki/23snaps" title="23snaps">23snaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amikumu" title="Amikumu">Amikumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anobii" title="Anobii">anobii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Are.na" title="Are.na">Are.na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask.fm" title="Ask.fm">Ask.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badoo" title="Badoo">Badoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeReal" title="BeReal">BeReal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluesky" title="Bluesky">Bluesky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BharatMatrimony" title="BharatMatrimony">BharatMatrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondee" title="Bondee">Bondee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumble" title="Bumble">Bumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cara_(app)" title="Cara (app)">Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clubhouse_(app)" title="Clubhouse (app)">Clubhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohost" title="Cohost">Cohost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoz" title="Convoz">Convoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyworld" title="Cyworld">Cyworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_(social_network)" title="Display (social network)">display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douban" title="Douban">Douban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugiem.lv" title="Draugiem.lv">Draugiem.lv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_City_Guide" title="Foursquare City Guide">Foursquare City Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Swarm" title="Foursquare Swarm">Foursquare Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendica" title="Friendica">Friendica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapo" title="Gapo">Gapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_(app)" title="Gas (app)">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_social" title="GNU social">GNU social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi5" title="Hi5">Hi5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_Social" title="Hive Social">Hive Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huddles_(app)" title="Huddles (app)">Huddles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idka" title="Idka">Idka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGTV" title="IGTV">IGTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC-Galleria" title="IRC-Galleria">IRC-Galleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumu_(social_network)" title="Kumu (social network)">Kumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterboxd" title="Letterboxd">Letterboxd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likee" title="Likee">Likee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeevansathi.com" title="Jeevansathi.com">Jeevansathi.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimony.com" title="Matrimony.com">Matrimony.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(app)" title="Marco Polo (app)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastodon_(social_network)" title="Mastodon (social network)">Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meet_Group" title="The Meet Group">The Meet Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meetup" title="Meetup">Meetup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeWe" title="MeWe">MeWe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaopai" title="Miaopai">Miaopai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro.blog" title="Micro.blog">micro.blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixi" title="Mixi">Mixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MX_Player#MX_TakaTak" title="MX Player">MX TakaTak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_World@Mail.Ru" title="My World@Mail.Ru">My World@Mail.Ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nextdoor" title="Nextdoor">Nextdoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odnoklassniki" title="Odnoklassniki">Odnoklassniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_(social_network)" title="Peach (social network)">Peach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixnet" title="Pixnet">Pixnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma_(software)" title="Pleroma (software)">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurk" title="Plurk">Plurk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promo.com" title="Promo.com">Promo.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qzone" title="Qzone">Qzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readgeek" title="Readgeek">Readgeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renren" title="Renren">Renren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaadi.com" title="Shaadi.com">Shaadi.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShareChat" title="ShareChat">ShareChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(app)" title="Snow (app)">SNOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaces_(social_network)" title="Spaces (social network)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagged_(website)" title="Tagged (website)">Tagged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Canal" title="Tal Canal">Tal Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threads_(social_network)" title="Threads (social network)">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinder_(app)" title="Tinder (app)">Tinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triller_(app)" title="Triller (app)">Triller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuenti" title="Tuenti">Tuenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Time" title="TV Time">TV Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untappd" title="Untappd">Untappd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_(app)" title="Vero (app)">Vero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weibo" title="Weibo">Weibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(app)" title="Whisper (app)">Whisper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaohongshu" title="Xiaohongshu">Xiaohongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yik_Yak" title="Yik Yak">Yik Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behance" title="Behance">Behance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainly" title="Brainly">Brainly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">HCL Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodle" title="Moodle">Moodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaborate" title="Solaborate">Solaborate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadeo" title="Viadeo">Viadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XING" title="XING">XING</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammer">Yammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_social_networking_services" title="List of defunct social networking services">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App.net" title="App.net">App.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsianAve" title="AsianAve">AsianAve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatars_United" title="Avatars United">Avatars United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebo" title="Bebo">Bebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(website)" title="Bolt (website)">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BranchOut" title="BranchOut">BranchOut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capazoo" title="Capazoo">Capazoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloob" title="Cloob">Cloob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EConozco" title="EConozco">eConozco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmodo" title="Edmodo">Edmodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ello_(social_network)" title="Ello (social network)">Ello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emojli" title="Emojli">Emojli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EWorld" title="EWorld">eWorld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyegroove" title="Eyegroove">Eyegroove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitFinder" title="FitFinder">FitFinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FriendFeed" title="FriendFeed">FriendFeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Reunited" title="Friends Reunited">Friends Reunited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendster" title="Friendster">Friendster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Google Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(social_app)" title="Google Currents (social app)">Google Currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grono.net" title="Grono.net">Grono.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heello" title="Heello">Heello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_(social_network)" title="Hello (social network)">Hello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlight_(application)" title="Highlight (application)">Highlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houseparty_(app)" title="Houseparty (app)">Houseparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyves" title="Hyves">Hyves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IdeaPlane" title="IdeaPlane">IdeaPlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Ping" title="ITunes Ping">iTunes Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWiW" title="IWiW">iWiW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keek" title="Keek">Keek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koo_(social_network)" title="Koo (social network)">Koo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeknot" title="Lifeknot">Lifeknot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunarStorm" title="LunarStorm">LunarStorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me2day" title="Me2day">Me2day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat_(app)" title="Meerkat (app)">Meerkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miiverse" title="Miiverse">Miiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MixBit" title="MixBit">MixBit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobli" title="Mobli">Mobli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugshot_(website)" title="Mugshot (website)">Mugshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply_(website)" title="Multiply (website)">Multiply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical.ly" title="Musical.ly">Musical.ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natter_(social_network)" title="Natter (social network)">Natter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlog" title="Netlog">Netlog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NK.pl" title="NK.pl">NK.pl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(social_network)" title="Path (social network)">Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periscope_(service)" title="Periscope (service)">Periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheed" title="Pheed">Pheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piczo" title="Piczo">Piczo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetAll" title="PlanetAll">PlanetAll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterous" title="Posterous">Posterous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pownce" title="Pownce">Pownce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaiku" title="Qaiku">Qaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciencescape" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciencescape">Sciencescape</a> (Metaα)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SixDegrees.com" title="SixDegrees.com">SixDegrees.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrock_(social_network_site)" title="Skyrock (social network site)">Skyrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So.cl" title="So.cl">So.cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify_Live" title="Spotify Live">Spotify Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring.me" title="Spring.me">Spring.me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetlife_(website)" title="Streetlife (website)">Streetlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudiVZ" title="StudiVZ">StudiVZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfbook" title="Surfbook">Surfbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkbits" title="Talkbits">Talkbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taringa!" title="Taringa!">Taringa!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbh" title="Tbh">tbh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Community" title="Tea Party Community">Tea Party Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Voice" title="Third Voice">Third Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tout_(company)" title="Tout (company)">Tout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe.net" title="Tribe.net">tribe.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvtag" title="Tvtag">tvtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_(service)" title="Vine (service)">Vine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Spaces" title="Windows Live Spaces">Windows Live Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wretch_(website)" title="Wretch (website)">Wretch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanga" title="Xanga">Xanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_360%C2%B0" title="Yahoo 360°">Yahoo! 360°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Kickstart" title="Yahoo Kickstart">Yahoo! Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Mash" title="Yahoo Mash">Yahoo! Mash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Meme" title="Yahoo Meme">Yahoo! Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_(app)" title="Yo (app)">Yo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_social_networking_software" title="Comparison of social networking software">Software comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-label_product" title="White-label product">White-label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ning_(website)" title="Ning (website)">Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall.fm" title="Wall.fm">Wall.fm</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0_Suicide_Machine" title="Web 2.0 Suicide Machine">Web 2.0 Suicide Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessions_page" title="Confessions page">Confessions page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse">Fediverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">Online identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_experiment" title="Small-world experiment">Small-world experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">Small-world network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst_trap" title="Thirst trap">Thirst trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">User profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">Hospitality exchange service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_dating" title="Online dating">Online dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_online_dating_services" title="Comparison of online dating services">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_advertising" title="Social network advertising">Social network advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_hosting_service" title="Social network hosting service">Social network hosting service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_profiling" title="Social profiling">Social profiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_stream" title="Activity stream">Activity stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_page" title="Brand page">Brand page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_(online_social_networking)" title="Group (online social networking)">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_button" title="Like button">Like button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">Online petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_poll" title="Open-access poll">Polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_(social_media)" title="Story (social media)">Story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_social_networking_services" title="Issues relating to social networking services">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Privacy concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_social_network_websites_in_investigations" title="Use of social network websites in investigations">Use in investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Use in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_social_network_service_use" title="Gender differences in social network service use">User gender differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT_Protocol" title="AT Protocol">AT Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Social_Networking_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized Social Networking Protocol">Decentralized Social Networking Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Social_Networking_Protocol" title="Distributed Social Networking Protocol">Distributed Social Networking Protocol</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostr" title="Nostr">Nostr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OStatus" title="OStatus">OStatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump.io" title="Pump.io">Pump.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_networks_and_social_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_networking" title="Template:Social networking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_networking" title="Template talk:Social networking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_networking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social networking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_networks_and_social_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_network" title="Personal network">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_network" title="Sexual network">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_network" title="Value network">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">Adolescent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_media" title="Corporate social media">Corporate social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_social_network" title="Distributed social network">Distributed social network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_software_and_protocols_for_distributed_social_networking" title="Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_networking" title="Enterprise social networking">Enterprise social networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_software" title="Enterprise social software">Enterprise social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_knowledge_networking" title="Personal knowledge networking">Personal knowledge networking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">List of social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users">List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_awareness" title="Ambient awareness">Ambient awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assortative_mixing" title="Assortative mixing">Assortative mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(interpersonal)" title="Bridge (interpersonal)">Interpersonal bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_network_analysis" title="Organizational network analysis">Organizational network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_experiment" title="Small-world experiment">Small-world experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_data_revolution" title="Social data revolution">Social data revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exchange_theory" title="Social exchange theory">Social exchange theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_psychology" title="Social media and psychology">Social media and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_intelligence" title="Social media intelligence">Social media intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_mining" title="Social media mining">Social media mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_optimization" title="Social media optimization">Social media optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_endogamy" title="Structural endogamy">Structural endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_collective_consciousness" title="Virtual collective consciousness">Virtual collective consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Account_verification" title="Account verification">Account verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_aggregation" title="Social network aggregation">Aggregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_change_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network change detection">Change detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockmodeling" title="Blockmodeling">Blockmodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_graph" title="Collaboration graph">Collaboration graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Global_Graph" title="Giant Global Graph">Giant Global Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_communication" title="Lateral communication">Lateral communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_system" title="Reputation system">Reputation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_graph" title="Social graph">Social graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_analytics" title="Social media analytics">Social media analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Social network analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking potential">Social networking potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_television" title="Social television">Social television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_cohesion" title="Structural cohesion">Structural cohesion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td 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