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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthroposophical_Society_and_its_cultural_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Anthroposophical Society and its cultural activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthroposophical_Society_and_its_cultural_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_engagement_and_social_agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_engagement_and_social_agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Political engagement and social agenda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_engagement_and_social_agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks,_illness,_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks,_illness,_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Attacks, illness, and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks,_illness,_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Spiritual research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breadth_of_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breadth_of_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Breadth of activity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Breadth_of_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Breadth of activity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Breadth_of_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodynamic_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodynamic_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Biodynamic agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodynamic_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthroposophical_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthroposophical_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Anthroposophical medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthroposophical_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Social reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Architecture and visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esoteric_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esoteric_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Esoteric schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esoteric_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Philosophical ideas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophical_ideas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophical ideas subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goethean_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goethean_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Goethean science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goethean_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge_and_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_and_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Knowledge and freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_and_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Spiritual science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steiner_and_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steiner_and_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Steiner and Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steiner_and_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christ_and_human_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christ_and_human_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Christ and human evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christ_and_human_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divergence_from_conventional_Christian_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divergence_from_conventional_Christian_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Divergence from conventional Christian thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divergence_from_conventional_Christian_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Christian_Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Christian_Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 The Christian Community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Christian_Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Scientism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings_(selection)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_(selection)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Writings (selection) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings_(selection)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rudolf Steiner</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1" title="رودلف شتاينر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رودلف شتاينر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_%C5%9Eteyner" title="Rudolf Şteyner – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rudolf Şteyner" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রুডলফ স্টেইনার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রুডলফ স্টেইনার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рудольф Штэйнер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рудольф Штэйнер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рудолф Щайнер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рудолф Щайнер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%86_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ρούντολφ Στάινερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρούντολφ Στάινερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1" title="رودولف اشتاینر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رودولف اشتاینر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%84%88" title="루돌프 슈타이너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루돌프 슈타이너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D6%86_%D5%87%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռուդոլֆ Շտայներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուդոլֆ Շտայներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="רודולף שטיינר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רודולף שטיינר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რუდოლფ შტაინერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუდოლფ შტაინერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Штейнер Рудольф – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Штейнер Рудольф" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolphus_Steiner" title="Rudolphus Steiner – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rudolphus Steiner" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABdolfs_%C5%A0teiners" title="Rūdolfs Šteiners – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūdolfs Šteiners" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рудолф Штајнер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рудолф Штајнер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="رودلف شتاينر (فنان) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رودلف شتاينر (فنان)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="ルドルフ・シュタイナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルドルフ・シュタイナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%89%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1" title="روډولف سټاينر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روډولف سټاينر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner_(filozof)" title="Rudolf Steiner (filozof) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rudolf Steiner (filozof)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Штейнер, Рудольф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Штейнер, Рудольф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рудолф Штајнер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рудолф Штајнер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="รูด็อล์ฟ ชไตเนอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูด็อล์ฟ ชไตเนอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рудольф Штайнер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рудольф Штайнер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rudolf Steiner" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E7%BA%B3" title="鲁道夫·施泰纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鲁道夫·施泰纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q78484#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Rudolf Steiner, see <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rudolf Steiner (disambiguation)">Rudolf Steiner (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rudolf Steiner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Steiner_um_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Steiner_um_1905.jpg/220px-Steiner_um_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Steiner_um_1905.jpg/330px-Steiner_um_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Steiner_um_1905.jpg/440px-Steiner_um_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1276" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Steiner <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1905</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner</div> (1861-02-27)27 February 1861<a href="#cite_note-birth-1">[1]</a> <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Donji_Kraljevec,_Me%C4%91imurje_County" title="Donji Kraljevec, Međimurje County">Murakirály</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Auto-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Donji_Kraljevec" class="mw-redirect" title="Donji Kraljevec">Donji Kraljevec</a>, Croatia)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 March 1925(1925-03-30) (aged 64) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Dornach" title="Dornach">Dornach</a>, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/TU_Wien" title="TU Wien">Vienna Institute of Technology</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rostock" title="University of Rostock">University of Rostock</a> (PhD, 1891)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Anna Eunicke</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1899; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1904)</div><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindenberg2011356-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZander2007241-9">[9]</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Steiner-von_Sivers" title="Marie Steiner-von Sivers">Marie Steiner-von Sivers</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1914)</div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) 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Wegman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goetheanum" title="Goetheanum">Goetheanum</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Anthroposophically inspired work</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphill_Movement" title="Camphill Movement">Camphill Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurythmy" title="Eurythmy">Eurythmy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Philosophy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_threefolding" title="Social threefolding">Social threefolding</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="239" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Founders</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Theosophists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Cooper-Oakley" title="Isabel Cooper-Oakley">Isabel Cooper-Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crosbie" title="Robert Crosbie">Robert Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hodson" title="Geoffrey Hodson">Geoffrey Hodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavan_N._Iyer" title="Raghavan N. Iyer">Raghavan N. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Keightley" title="Archibald Keightley">Archibald Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._W._Leadbeater" class="mw-redirect" title="C. W. Leadbeater">C. W. Leadbeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._S._Mead" title="G. R. S. Mead">G. R. S. Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Powell" title="Arthur E. Powell">Arthur E. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Morgan_Pryse" title="James Morgan Pryse">James Morgan Pryse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallapragada_Subba_Row" title="Tallapragada Subba Row">Subba Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scott-Elliot" title="William Scott-Elliot">William Scott-Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Percy_Sinnett" title="Alfred Percy Sinnett">Alfred Percy Sinnett</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stonehouse" title="Brian Stonehouse">Brian Stonehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Tingley" title="Katherine Tingley">Katherine Tingley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Wood" title="Ernest Wood">Ernest Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Root_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Root races">Root races</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_rays#In_Theosophy" title="Seven rays">Seven rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_mysticism" title="Theosophical mysticism">Theosophical mysticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organizations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_in_America" title="Theosophical Society in America">Theosophical Society in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_in_America_(Hargrove)" title="Theosophical Society in America (Hargrove)">Theosophical Society in America (Hargrove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Pasadena" title="Theosophical Society Pasadena">Theosophical Society Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Point_Loma_-_Blavatskyhouse" title="Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse">Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Lodge_of_Theosophists" title="United Lodge of Theosophists">United Lodge of Theosophists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Texts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_the_Feet_of_the_Master" title="At the Feet of the Master">At the Feet of the Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dzyan" title="Book of Dzyan">Book of Dzyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Buddhism_(book)" title="Esoteric Buddhism (book)">Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_Unveiled" title="Isis Unveiled">Isis Unveiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Key_to_Theosophy" title="The Key to Theosophy">The Key to Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophical Glossary">Theosophical Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Silence" title="The Voice of the Silence">The Voice of the Silence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Publications</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(magazine)" title="Lucifer (magazine)">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise (magazine)">Sunrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophist" title="The Theosophist">The Theosophist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Masters</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuthumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthumi">Kuthumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Theosophy)" title="Maitreya (Theosophy)">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Hilarion" title="Master Hilarion">Master Hilarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_(Theosophy)" title="Morya (Theosophy)">Morya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Germain_(Theosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Germain (Theosophy)">St. Germain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Comparative</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Buddhism and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Theosophy" title="Christianity and Theosophy">Christianity and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Hinduism and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_literature" title="Theosophy and literature">Theosophy and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy and visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Western_philosophy" title="Theosophy and Western philosophy">Theosophy and Western philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascended_Master_Teachings" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascended Master Teachings">Ascended Master Teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholic_Church" title="Liberal Catholic Church">Liberal Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_the_Ancient_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Masters of the Ancient Wisdom">Masters of the Ancient Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_in_the_East" title="Order of the Star in the East">Order of the Star in the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(esotericism)" title="Plane (esotericism)">Plane (esotericism)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theosophy" title="Template:Theosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theosophy" title="Template talk:Theosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Esotericism" title="Category:Esotericism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Esotericism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:10px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esoteric symbolism"><img alt="Esoteric symbolism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/90px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/135px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/180px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_esotericism" title="Eastern esotericism">Eastern esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(perennialism)" title="Traditionalism (perennialism)">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Esoteric transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propitiation" title="Propitiation">Propitiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Ritual purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4" title="A∴A∴">A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lus_Co%C3%ABns" class="mw-redirect" title="Élus Coëns">Élus Coëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinism" title="Martinism">Martinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">List of magical organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Myriam" title="Brotherhood of Myriam">Brotherhood of Myriam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Faivre" title="Antoine Faivre">Faivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff">Gurdjieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manly_P._Hall" title="Manly P. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Lavey">Lavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Lévi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_Mathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Liddell Mathers">Mathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Oldmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Schuon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edward_Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Edward Waite">Waite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Kremmerz" title="Giuliano Kremmerz">Giuliano Kremmerz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Neo-Nazism" title="Esoteric Neo-Nazism">Esoteric Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Esotericism" title="Template:Esotericism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Esotericism" title="Template talk:Esotericism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Esotericism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Esotericism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 or 25 February 1861<a href="#cite_note-birth-1">[1]</a> – 30 March 1925) was an <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occultist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2008-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_reformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reformer">social reformer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esotericist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-v651-12">[12]</a> and claimed <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CorrDoc-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruse2018-14">[14]</a> Steiner gained initial recognition at the end of the nineteenth century as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary critic</a> and published works including <a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Freedom" title="The Philosophy of Freedom">The Philosophy of Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cees-15">[15]</a> At the beginning of the twentieth century he founded an esoteric spiritual movement, <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">anthroposophy</a>, with roots in <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">theosophy</a>. His teachings are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[i]</a> or neognosticism.<a href="#cite_note-Christian_Gnosticism-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diener_Hipolito_2013_p._77-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellwood_Partin_2016_p.-20">[19]</a> Many of his ideas are pseudoscientific.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> He was also prone to <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Staudenmaier_2014_p.-22">[21]</a> In the first, more philosophically oriented phase of this movement, Steiner attempted to find a synthesis between <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> His philosophical work of these years, which he termed "<a href="/wiki/Spiritual_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual science">spiritual science</a>", sought to apply what he saw as the clarity of thinking characteristic of Western philosophy to spiritual questions,<a href="#cite_note-RAMcD-24">[23]</a>: 291  differentiating this approach from what he considered to be vaguer approaches to mysticism. In a second phase, beginning around 1907, he began working collaboratively in a variety of artistic media, including drama, dance and architecture, culminating in the building of the <a href="/wiki/Goetheanum" title="Goetheanum">Goetheanum</a>, a cultural centre to house <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">all the arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> In the third phase of his work, beginning after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Steiner worked on various ostensibly applied <a href="#Breadth_of_activity">projects</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf education</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CL-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodynamic Agriculture">biodynamic agriculture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BD1924-27">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroposophical medicine">anthroposophical medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CL-26">[25]</a> Steiner advocated a form of <a href="/wiki/Ethical_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical individualism">ethical individualism</a>, to which he later brought a more explicitly spiritual approach. He based his <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> on <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe">Johann Wolfgang Goethe</a>'s world view in which "thinking…is no more and no less an organ of perception than the eye or ear. Just as the eye perceives colours and the ear sounds, so thinking perceives ideas."<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> A consistent thread that runs through his work is the goal of demonstrating that there are no limits to human knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood and education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Steiner_Geburtshaus,Donji_Kraljevec,_Croatia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rudolf_Steiner_Geburtshaus%2CDonji_Kraljevec%2C_Croatia.JPG/220px-Rudolf_Steiner_Geburtshaus%2CDonji_Kraljevec%2C_Croatia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rudolf_Steiner_Geburtshaus%2CDonji_Kraljevec%2C_Croatia.JPG/330px-Rudolf_Steiner_Geburtshaus%2CDonji_Kraljevec%2C_Croatia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rudolf_Steiner_Geburtshaus%2CDonji_Kraljevec%2C_Croatia.JPG/440px-Rudolf_Steiner_Geburtshaus%2CDonji_Kraljevec%2C_Croatia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The house where Rudolf Steiner was born, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> Steiner's father, Johann(es) Steiner (1829–1910), left a position as a <a href="/wiki/Gamekeeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamekeeper">gamekeeper</a><a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a> in the service of Count <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hoyos" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hoyos">Hoyos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geras,_Austria" title="Geras, Austria">Geras</a>, northeast <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> to marry one of the Hoyos family's housemaids, Franziska Blie (1834 <a href="/wiki/Horn,_Austria" title="Horn, Austria">Horn</a> – 1918, Horn), a marriage for which the Count had refused his permission. Johann became a telegraph operator on the Southern Austrian Railway, and at the time of Rudolf's birth was stationed in Murakirály (<a href="/wiki/Donji_Kraljevec" class="mw-redirect" title="Donji Kraljevec">Kraljevec</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_(region)" title="Međimurje (region)">Muraköz</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (present-day Donji Kraljevec in the <a href="/wiki/Medjimurje" class="mw-redirect" title="Medjimurje">Međimurje</a> region of northernmost <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>). In the first two years of Rudolf's life, the family moved twice, first to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6dling" title="Mödling">Mödling</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, and then, through the promotion of his father to stationmaster, to <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottschach" class="extiw" title="de:Pottschach">Pottschach</a>, located in the foothills of the eastern Austrian <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CL-26">[25]</a> Steiner entered the village school, but following a disagreement between his father and the schoolmaster, he was briefly educated at home. In 1869, when Steiner was eight years old, the family moved to the village of <a href="/wiki/Neud%C3%B6rfl" title="Neudörfl">Neudörfl</a> and in October 1872 Steiner proceeded from the village school there to the <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">realschule</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiener_Neustadt" title="Wiener Neustadt">Wiener Neustadt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Auto-2">[2]</a>: Chap. 2  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Steiner_als_Abiturient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Rudolf_Steiner_als_Abiturient.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Rudolf Steiner, graduation photo from secondary school</figcaption></figure> In 1879, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Inzersdorf_(Vienna)" title="Inzersdorf (Vienna)">Inzersdorf</a> to enable Steiner to attend the <a href="/wiki/TU_Wien" title="TU Wien">Vienna Institute of Technology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> where he enrolled in courses in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> and audited courses in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, on an academic scholarship from 1879 to 1883, where he completed his studies and the requirements of the Ghega scholarship satisfactorily.<a href="#cite_note-Final_exams_at_the_Technical_University-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In 1882, one of Steiner's teachers, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Julius_Schr%C3%B6er" title="Karl Julius Schröer">Karl Julius Schröer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Auto-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA028/TSoML/GA028_c03.html">Chap. 3</a>  suggested Steiner's name to Joseph Kürschner, chief editor of a new edition of Goethe's works,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhern2009-34">[33]</a> who asked Steiner to become the edition's natural science editor,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> a truly astonishing opportunity for a young student without any form of academic credentials or previous publications.<a href="#cite_note-ZanderBio-36">[35]</a>: 43  In fact, it was a low-paid and boring job, according to Steiner himself.<a href="#cite_note-Cees-15">[15]</a> Before attending the Vienna Institute of Technology, Steiner had studied <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Fichte">Fichte</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._W._J._Schelling" class="mw-redirect" title="F. W. J. Schelling">Schelling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CorrDoc-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_spiritual_experiences">Early spiritual experiences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early spiritual experiences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steiner_als_Student.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Steiner_als_Student.jpg/170px-Steiner_als_Student.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Steiner_als_Student.jpg/255px-Steiner_als_Student.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Steiner_als_Student.jpg/340px-Steiner_als_Student.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Rudolf Steiner as 21-year-old student (1882)</figcaption></figure> When he was nine years old, Steiner believed that he saw the spirit of an aunt who had died in a far-off town, asking him to help her at a time when neither he nor his family knew of the woman's death.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Steiner later related that as a child, he felt "that one must carry the knowledge of the spiritual world within oneself after the fashion of geometry ... [for here] one is permitted to know something which the mind alone, through its own power, experiences. In this feeling I found the justification for the spiritual world that I experienced ... I confirmed for myself by means of geometry the feeling that I must speak of a world 'which is not seen'."<a href="#cite_note-Auto-2">[2]</a> Steiner believed that at the age of 15 he had gained a complete understanding of the concept of time, which he considered to be the precondition of spiritual <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CorrDoc-13">[13]</a> At 21, on the train between his home village and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Steiner met a herb gatherer, Felix Kogutzki, who spoke about the spiritual world "as one who had his own experience therein".<a href="#cite_note-Auto-2">[2]</a>: 39–40 <a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writer_and_philosopher">Writer and philosopher</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writer and philosopher">edit</a>]</div> The young Steiner emerged as an individualist, <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> and freethinker, who was not afraid to refer to scandalous philosophers such as Stirner, Nietzsche and Haeckel. His freethinking culminated in a contempt for religion and faith. He attributed almost pathological traits to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In 1888, as a result of his work for the Kürschner edition of <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s works, Steiner was invited to work as an editor at the Goethe archives in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>. Steiner remained with the archive until 1896. It was a low-paid and boring job.<a href="#cite_note-Cees-15">[15]</a> As well as the introductions for and commentaries to four volumes of Goethe's scientific writings, Steiner wrote two books about Goethe's philosophy: The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception (1886),<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> which Steiner regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Epistemological" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological">epistemological</a> foundation and justification for his later work,<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> and Goethe's Conception of the World (1897).<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> During this time he also collaborated in complete editions of the works of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> and the writer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a> and wrote numerous articles for various journals. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Steiner_um_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rudolf_Steiner_um_1891.jpg/170px-Rudolf_Steiner_um_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rudolf_Steiner_um_1891.jpg/255px-Rudolf_Steiner_um_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rudolf_Steiner_um_1891.jpg/340px-Rudolf_Steiner_um_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Rudolf Steiner around 1891–92, etching by Otto Fröhlich</figcaption></figure> In 1891, Steiner received a doctorate in philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rostock" title="University of Rostock">University of Rostock</a>, for his dissertation discussing <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a>'s concept of the ego,<a href="#cite_note-RAMcD-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> submitted to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_von_Stein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich von Stein (page does not exist)">Heinrich von Stein</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stein" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich von Stein">de</a>], whose Seven Books of Platonism Steiner esteemed.<a href="#cite_note-Auto-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA028/TSoML/GA028_c14.html">Chap. 14</a>  Steiner's dissertation was later published in expanded form as Truth and Knowledge: Prelude to a Philosophy of Freedom, with a dedication to <a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Hartmann" title="Eduard von Hartmann">Eduard von Hartmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Two years later, in 1894, he published Die Philosophie der Freiheit (<a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Freedom" title="The Philosophy of Freedom">The Philosophy of Freedom or The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity</a>, the latter being Steiner's preferred English title), an exploration of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> and ethics that suggested a way for humans to become spiritually free beings. Steiner hoped that the book "would gain him a professorship", but the book was not well received.<a href="#cite_note-Cees-15">[15]</a> Steiner later spoke of this book as containing implicitly, in philosophical form, the entire content of what he later developed explicitly as <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">anthroposophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RudolfSteiner.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/RudolfSteiner.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Steiner, c.1900</figcaption></figure> In 1896, Steiner declined an offer from <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche" title="Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche">Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche</a> to help organize the Nietzsche archive in <a href="/wiki/Naumburg" title="Naumburg">Naumburg</a>. Her brother, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, was by that time <a href="/wiki/Non_compos_mentis" title="Non compos mentis">non compos mentis</a>. "Hoping for a job (which, in fact, he did not get), Steiner accepted the invitation immediately."<a href="#cite_note-o046-46">[45]</a> Förster-Nietzsche introduced Steiner into the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Catatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catatonic">catatonic</a> philosopher; Steiner, deeply moved, subsequently wrote the book Friedrich Nietzsche, Fighter for Freedom.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Steiner later related that: <blockquote>My first acquaintance with Nietzsche's writings belongs to the year 1889. Previous to that I had never read a line of his. Upon the substance of my ideas as these find expression in The Philosophy of Spiritual Activity, Nietzsche's thought had not the least influence....Nietzsche's ideas of the '<a href="/wiki/Ewige_Wiederkunft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewige Wiederkunft">eternal recurrence</a>' and of '<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">Übermensch</a>' remained long in my mind. For in these was reflected that which a personality must feel concerning the evolution and essential being of humanity when this personality is kept back from grasping the spiritual world by the restricted thought in the philosophy of nature characterizing the end of the 19th century....What attracted me particularly was that one could read Nietzsche without coming upon anything which strove to make the reader a 'dependent' of Nietzsche's.<a href="#cite_note-Auto-2">[2]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA028/TSoML/GA028_c18.html">Chap. 18</a> </blockquote> In 1897, Steiner left the <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> archives and moved to Berlin. He became part owner of, chief editor of, and an active contributor to the literary journal Magazin für Literatur, where he hoped to find a readership sympathetic to his philosophy. Many subscribers were alienated by Steiner's unpopular support of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a><a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a> and the journal lost more subscribers when Steiner published extracts from his correspondence with anarchist <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Mackay" title="John Henry Mackay">John Henry Mackay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a> Dissatisfaction with his editorial style eventually led to his departure from the magazine. In 1899, Steiner married Anna Eunicke; the couple separated several years later. Anna died in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-CL-26">[25]</a> Despite his fame as a teacher of esotericism, Steiner was culturally and academically isolated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeijenhorst20061088-48">[47]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Worse, he couldn't be a real philosopher either; his theosophy and anthroposophy and the Waldorf humanism in particular were considered pseudoscience or at best pedagogy, not a philosophical system. Steiner's credentials were not university-level professional work. [...] German mainstream scholarship called him an 'autodidact, with a poor teacher' and 'gypsy-intellectual.'144 Not uncommon for practitioners at the fringes of society, he was accused of class treason.<a href="#cite_note-t111-49">[48]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thorsten J. Pattberg</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theosophical_Society">Theosophical Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theosophical Society">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner_and_the_Theosophical_Society" title="Rudolf Steiner and the Theosophical Society">Rudolf Steiner and the Theosophical Society</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg/220px-Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg/330px-Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg/440px-Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Rudolf Steiner in Munich with Annie Besant, leader of the Theosophical Society. Photo from 1907</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Steiner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marie_Steiner.jpg/170px-Marie_Steiner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marie_Steiner.jpg/255px-Marie_Steiner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Marie_Steiner.jpg/340px-Marie_Steiner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Marie Steiner, 1903</figcaption></figure> In 1899, Steiner published an article, "Goethe's Secret Revelation", discussing the esoteric nature of Goethe's fairy tale <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Snake_and_the_Beautiful_Lily" title="The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily">The Green Snake and the Beautiful Lily</a>. This article led to an invitation by the Count and Countess Brockdorff to speak to a gathering of <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophists</a> on the subject of Nietzsche. Steiner continued speaking regularly to the members of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society</a>, becoming the head of its newly constituted German section in 1902 without ever formally joining the society.<a href="#cite_note-RAMcD-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravagli-50">[49]</a> It was also in connection with this society that Steiner met and worked with <a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Sivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie von Sivers">Marie von Sivers</a>, who became his second wife in 1914. By 1904, Steiner was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> to be leader of the Theosophical Esoteric Society for Germany and Austria. In 1904, Eliza, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Younger" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Younger">Helmuth von Moltke the Younger</a>, became one of his favourite scholars.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Through Eliza, Steiner met Helmuth, who served as the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">Chief of the German General Staff</a> from 1906 to 1914.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In contrast to mainstream Theosophy, Steiner sought to build a Western approach to spirituality based on the philosophical and mystical traditions of European culture. The German Section of the Theosophical Society grew rapidly under Steiner's leadership as he lectured throughout much of Europe on his <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual science">spiritual science</a>. During this period, Steiner maintained an original approach, replacing <a href="/wiki/H._P._Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="H. P. Blavatsky">Madame Blavatsky</a>'s terminology with his own, and basing his spiritual research and teachings upon the Western esoteric and philosophical tradition. This and other differences, in particular Steiner's vocal rejection of <a href="/wiki/C._W._Leadbeater" class="mw-redirect" title="C. W. Leadbeater">Leadbeater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Besant</a>'s claim that <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a> was the vehicle of a new Maitreya, or world teacher,<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> led to a formal split in 1912–13,<a href="#cite_note-RAMcD-24">[23]</a> when Steiner and the majority of members of the German section of the Theosophical Society broke off to form a new group, the <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophical Society</a>. Steiner took the name "Anthroposophy" from the title of a work of the Austrian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Robert_von_Zimmermann" title="Robert von Zimmermann">Robert von Zimmermann</a>, published in Vienna in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Despite his departure from the Theosophical Society, Steiner maintained his interest in Theosophy throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-RSLib-55">[54]</a> According to Helmut Zander, Steiner's clairvoyant insights always developed according to the same pattern. He took revised texts from theosophical literature and then passed them off as his own higher insights. Because he did not want to be an occult storyteller, but a (spiritual) scientist, he adapted his reading, which he had seen supernaturally in the world's memory, to the current state of technology. When, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> began flying with gliders and eventually with motorized aircraft in 1903, Steiner transformed the ponderous gondola airships of his Atlantis story into airplanes with elevators and rudders in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZander2011191ff-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthroposophical_Society_and_its_cultural_activities">Anthroposophical Society and its cultural activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anthroposophical Society and its cultural activities">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">Anthroposophical Society</a> grew rapidly. Fueled by a need to find an artistic home for their yearly conferences, which included performances of plays written by <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Schur%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Schuré">Edouard Schuré</a> and Steiner, the decision was made to build a theater and organizational center. In 1913, construction began on the first <a href="/wiki/Goetheanum" title="Goetheanum">Goetheanum</a> building, in <a href="/wiki/Dornach" title="Dornach">Dornach</a>, Switzerland. The building, designed by Steiner, was built to a significant part by volunteers. Steiner moved from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><a href="#cite_note-Berlin-57">[56]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dornach" title="Dornach">Dornach</a> in 1913 and lived there to the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-HausHansi-58">[57]</a> Steiner's lecture activity expanded enormously with the end of the war. Most importantly, from 1919 on Steiner began to work with other members of the society to found numerous <a href="#Breadth_of_activity">practical institutions and activities</a>, including the first <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf schools">Waldorf school</a>, founded that year in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany. On New Year's Eve, 1922–1923, the Goetheanum burned to the ground; contemporary police reports indicate arson as the probable cause.<a href="#cite_note-CL-26">[25]</a>: 752 <a href="#cite_note-GA259-59">[58]</a>: 796  Steiner immediately began work designing a <a href="/wiki/Goetheanum" title="Goetheanum">second Goetheanum</a> building - this time made of concrete instead of wood - which was completed in 1928, three years after his death. At a "Foundation Meeting" for members held at the Dornach center during Christmas 1923, Steiner founded the School of Spiritual Science.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> This school, which was led by Steiner, initially had sections for general anthroposophy, <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroposophical medicine">medicine</a>, performing arts (<a href="/wiki/Eurythmy" title="Eurythmy">eurythmy</a>, speech, drama and music), the literary arts and humanities, mathematics, astronomy, science, and visual arts. Later sections were added for the social sciences, youth and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-GoethRestruct-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-wn.rsarchive.org-63">[62]</a> The School of Spiritual Science included <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner%27s_exercises_for_spiritual_development" title="Rudolf Steiner's exercises for spiritual development">meditative exercises given by Steiner</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_engagement_and_social_agenda">Political engagement and social agenda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political engagement and social agenda">edit</a>]</div> Steiner became a well-known and controversial public figure during and after World War I. In response to the catastrophic situation in post-war Germany, he proposed extensive social reforms through the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Threefold_Social_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Threefold Social Order">Threefold Social Order</a> in which the cultural, political and economic realms would be largely independent. Steiner argued that a fusion of the three realms had created the inflexibility that had led to catastrophes such as <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">World War I</a>. In connection with this, he promoted a radical solution in the disputed area of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, claimed by both Poland and Germany. His suggestion that this area be granted at least provisional independence led to his being publicly accused of being a traitor to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Steiner opposed <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>'s proposal to create new European nations based around ethnic groups, which he saw as opening the door to rampant nationalism. Steiner proposed, as an alternative: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">'social territories' with democratic institutions that were accessible to all inhabitants of a territory whatever their origin while the needs of the various ethnicities would be met by independent cultural institutions.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks,_illness,_and_death">Attacks, illness, and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attacks, illness, and death">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist German Workers Party">National Socialist German Workers Party</a> gained strength in Germany after the First World War. In 1919, a political theorist of this movement, <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a>, attacked Steiner and suggested that he was a Jew.<a href="#cite_note-Werner-66">[65]</a> In 1921, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> attacked Steiner on many fronts, including accusations that he was a tool of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> That same year, Steiner warned against the disastrous effects it would have for Central Europe if the National Socialists came to power.<a href="#cite_note-Werner-66">[65]</a>: 8  In 1922 a lecture Steiner was giving in Munich was disrupted when stink bombs were let off and the lights switched out, while people rushed the stage apparently attempting to attack Steiner, who exited safely through a back door.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Unable to guarantee his safety, Steiner's agents cancelled his next lecture tour.<a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a>: 193 <a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The 1923 <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> in Munich led Steiner to give up his residence in Berlin, saying that if those responsible for the attempted coup (<a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> party) came to power in Germany, it would no longer be possible for him to enter the country.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> From 1923 on, Steiner showed signs of increasing frailness and illness. He nonetheless continued to lecture widely, and even to travel; especially towards the end of this time, he was often giving two, three or even four lectures daily for courses taking place concurrently. Many of these lectures focused on practical areas of life such as education.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-72">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf_Steiner_Grabmal_Dornach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rudolf_Steiner_Grabmal_Dornach.jpg/220px-Rudolf_Steiner_Grabmal_Dornach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rudolf_Steiner_Grabmal_Dornach.jpg/330px-Rudolf_Steiner_Grabmal_Dornach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rudolf_Steiner_Grabmal_Dornach.jpg/440px-Rudolf_Steiner_Grabmal_Dornach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>Steiner's gravestone at the Goetheanum</figcaption></figure> Increasingly ill, he held his last lecture in late September, 1924. He continued work on his autobiography during the last months of his life; he died at Dornach on 30 March 1925. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_research">Spiritual research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spiritual research">edit</a>]</div> Steiner first began speaking publicly about spiritual experiences and phenomena in his 1899 lectures to the Theosophical Society. By 1901 he had begun to write about spiritual topics, initially in the form of discussions of historical figures such as the <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. By 1904 he was expressing his own understanding of these themes in his essays and books, while continuing to refer to a wide variety of historical sources. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A world of spiritual perception is discussed in a number of writings which I have published since this book appeared. The Philosophy of Freedom forms the philosophical basis for these later writings. For it tries to show that the experience of thinking, rightly understood, is in fact an experience of spirit. (Steiner, Philosophy of Freedom, Consequences of Monism)</blockquote> Steiner aimed to apply his training in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, science, and philosophy to produce rigorous, verifiable presentations of those experiences.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> He believed that through freely chosen <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> disciplines and <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditative training</a>, anyone could develop the ability to experience the spiritual world, including the higher nature of oneself and others.<a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a> Steiner believed that such <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> and training would help a person to become a more <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (philosophy)">free</a> <a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">individual</a> – free in the sense of being capable of actions motivated solely by love.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider-74">[73]</a> His philosophical ideas were affected by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Franz Brentano</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a> with whom he had studied,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> as well as by Fichte, <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>, Schelling, and Goethe's <a href="/wiki/Goethean_science" title="Goethean science">phenomenological approach to science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Steiner used the word <a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a> (from Geist = mind or spirit, Wissenschaft = science), a term originally coined by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a> as a descriptor of the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, in a novel way, to describe a systematic ("scientific") approach to spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Steiner used the term Geisteswissenschaft, generally translated into English as "spiritual science," to describe a discipline treating the spirit as something actual and real, starting from the premise that it is possible for human beings to penetrate behind what is sense-perceptible.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> He proposed that psychology, history, and the humanities generally were based on the direct grasp of an ideal reality,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> and required close attention to the particular period and culture which provided the distinctive character of religious qualities in the course of the evolution of consciousness. In contrast to William James' pragmatic approach to religious and psychic experience, which emphasized its idiosyncratic character, Steiner focused on ways such experience can be rendered more intelligible and integrated into human life.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Steiner proposed that an understanding of reincarnation and karma was necessary to understand psychology<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> and that the form of external nature would be more comprehensible as a result of insight into the course of karma in the evolution of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Beginning in 1910, he described aspects of karma relating to health, natural phenomena and free will, taking the position that a person is not bound by his or her karma, but can transcend this through actively taking hold of one's own nature and destiny.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In an extensive series of lectures from February to September 1924, Steiner presented further research on successive reincarnations of various individuals and described the techniques he used for karma research.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breadth_of_activity">Breadth of activity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Breadth of activity">edit</a>]</div> After the First World War, Steiner became active in a wide variety of cultural contexts. He founded a number of schools, the first of which was known as the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> which later evolved into a worldwide school network. He also founded a system of organic agriculture, now known as <a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">biodynamic agriculture</a>, which was one of the first forms of modern <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">work in medicine</a> is based in <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> and occult ideas. Even though his medical ideas led to the development of a broad range of complementary medications and supportive artistic and biographic therapies,<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> they are considered ineffective by the medical community.<a href="#cite_note-krit-89">[88]</a> Numerous homes for children and adults with <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental disabilities">developmental disabilities</a> based on his work (including those of the <a href="/wiki/Camphill_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Camphill movement">Camphill movement</a>) are found in Africa, Europe, and North America.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> His paintings and drawings influenced <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a> and other modern artists. His two <a href="/wiki/Goetheanum" title="Goetheanum">Goetheanum</a> buildings are considered significant examples of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> and other anthroposophical architects have contributed thousands of buildings to the modern scene.<a href="#cite_note-Verlag_Freies_Geistesleben_1982_p.-96">[95]</a> Steiner's <a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary estate</a> is broad. Steiner's writings, published in about forty volumes, include books, essays, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner%27s_Mystery_Dramas" title="Rudolf Steiner's Mystery Dramas">four plays</a> ('mystery dramas'), mantric verse, and an autobiography. His collected lectures, making up another approximately 300 volumes, discuss a wide range of themes. Steiner's drawings, chiefly illustrations done on blackboards during his lectures, are collected in a separate series of 28 volumes. Many publications have covered his architectural legacy and sculptural work.<a href="#cite_note-Biesantz-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kugler-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecole_Steiner-Waldorf_Verrieres2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ecole_Steiner-Waldorf_Verrieres2.jpg/220px-Ecole_Steiner-Waldorf_Verrieres2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ecole_Steiner-Waldorf_Verrieres2.jpg/330px-Ecole_Steiner-Waldorf_Verrieres2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Ecole_Steiner-Waldorf_Verrieres2.jpg/440px-Ecole_Steiner-Waldorf_Verrieres2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Waldorf school in <a href="/wiki/Verri%C3%A8res-le-Buisson" title="Verrières-le-Buisson">Verrières-le-Buisson</a> (France)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf education</a></div> As a young man, Steiner was a private tutor and a lecturer on history for the Berlin Arbeiterbildungsschule,<a href="#cite_note-zander2007-99">[98]</a> an educational initiative for working class adults.<a href="#cite_note-njacobs-100">[99]</a> Soon thereafter, he began to articulate his ideas on education in public lectures,<a href="#cite_note-Ullrich-101">[100]</a> culminating in a 1907 essay on The Education of the Child in which he described the major phases of child development which formed the foundation of his approach to education.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_education" title="Definitions of education">conception of education</a> was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Herbart" title="Johann Friedrich Herbart">Herbartian</a> pedagogy prominent in Europe during the late nineteenth century,<a href="#cite_note-zander2007-99">[98]</a>: 1362, 1390ff <a href="#cite_note-Ullrich-101">[100]</a> though Steiner criticized Herbart for not sufficiently recognizing the importance of educating the will and feelings as well as the intellect.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Molt" title="Emil Molt">Emil Molt</a> invited him to lecture to his workers at the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory in Stuttgart. Out of these lectures came the first Waldorf School. In 1922, Steiner presented these ideas at a conference called for this purpose in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> by Professor <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Mackenzie" title="Millicent Mackenzie">Millicent Mackenzie</a>. He subsequently presented a teacher training course at <a href="/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a> in 1924 at an <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> Summer School organised by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Merry" title="Eleanor Merry">Eleanor Merry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Torquay-104">[103]</a> The Oxford Conference and the Torquay teacher training led to the founding of the first Waldorf schools in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> During Steiner's lifetime, schools based on his educational principles were also founded in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and London; there are now more than 1000 <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf schools</a> worldwide. Benjamin Lazier calls Steiner a "maverick educator".<a href="#cite_note-r012-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodynamic_agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biodynamic agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></div> In 1924, a group of farmers concerned about the future of agriculture requested Steiner's help. Steiner responded with a lecture series on an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological agriculture">ecological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a> approach to agriculture that increased soil fertility without the use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical fertilizer">chemical fertilizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BD1924-27">[26]</a> Steiner's agricultural ideas promptly spread and were put into practice internationally<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">biodynamic agriculture</a> is now practiced in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-olympiad-108">[107]</a> North America, South America,<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Africa,<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Asia<a href="#cite_note-olympiad-108">[107]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koberwitz-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> "Steiner’s 'biodynamic agriculture' based on 'restoring the quasi-mystical relationship between earth and the cosmos' was widely accepted in the Third Reich (28)."<a href="#cite_note-Purcell_2018_t965-114">[113]</a> A central aspect of biodynamics is that the farm as a whole is seen as an organism, and therefore should be a largely self-sustaining system, producing its own <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">animal feed</a>. Plant or animal disease is seen as a symptom of problems in the whole organism. Steiner also suggested timing such agricultural activities as sowing, weeding, and harvesting to utilize the influences on plant growth of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets">planets</a>; and the application of natural materials prepared in specific ways to the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composting" class="mw-redirect" title="Composting">compost</a>, and crops, with the intention of engaging non-physical beings and elemental forces.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He encouraged his listeners to verify such suggestions <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">empirically</a>, as he had not yet done.<a href="#cite_note-Koberwitz-111">[110]</a> In a 2002 newspaper editorial, Peter Treue, agricultural researcher at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kiel" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kiel">University of Kiel</a>, characterized biodynamics as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> and argued that similar or equal results can be obtained using standard organic farming principles. He wrote that some biodynamic preparations more resemble <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a> akin to <a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">geomancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-treue-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthroposophical_medicine">Anthroposophical medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Anthroposophical medicine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroposophical medicine">Anthroposophical medicine</a></div> From the late 1910s, Steiner was working with doctors to create a <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">new approach to medicine</a>. In 1921, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacists</a> and physicians gathered under Steiner's guidance to create a pharmaceutical company called <a href="/wiki/Weleda" title="Weleda">Weleda</a> which now distributes naturopathic medical and beauty products worldwide. At around the same time, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ita_Wegman" title="Ita Wegman">Ita Wegman</a> founded a first anthroposophic medical clinic (now the Ita Wegman Clinic) in <a href="/wiki/Arlesheim" title="Arlesheim">Arlesheim</a>. Anthroposophic medicine is practiced in some 80 countries.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> notions.<a href="#cite_note-teils-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_reform">Social reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social reform">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Threefold_Social_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Threefold Social Order">Threefold Social Order</a></div> For a period after World War I, Steiner was active as a lecturer on social reform. A petition expressing his basic social ideas was widely circulated and signed by many cultural figures of the day, including <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>. In Steiner's chief book on <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reform</a>, Toward Social Renewal, he suggested that the cultural, political and economic spheres of society need to work together as consciously cooperating yet independent entities, each with a particular task: political institutions should be democratic, establish <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">political equality</a> and protect <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>; cultural institutions should nurture the free and unhindered development of science, art, education and religion; and economic institutions should enable producers, distributors, and consumers to cooperate voluntarily to provide efficiently for society's needs.<a href="#cite_note-Essential-118">[117]</a> He saw this division of responsibility as a vital task which would take up consciously the historical trend toward the mutual independence of these three realms. Steiner also gave suggestions for many specific social reforms. Steiner proposed that societal well-being fundamentally depends upon a relationship of mutuality between the individuals and the community as a whole: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The well-being of a community of people working together will be the greater, the less the individual claims for himself the proceeds of his work, i.e. the more of these proceeds he makes over to his fellow-workers, the more his own needs are satisfied, not out of his own work but out of the work done by others.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Steiner, The Fundamental Social Law<a href="#cite_note-Fundamental-119">[118]</a></cite></div></blockquote> He expressed another aspect of this in the following motto: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The healthy social life is found When in the mirror of each human soul The whole community finds its reflection, And when in the community The virtue of each one is living.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Steiner, The Fundamental Social Law<a href="#cite_note-Fundamental-119">[118]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to Cees Leijenhorst, "Steiner outlined his vision of a new political and social philosophy that avoids the two extremes of capitalism and socialism."<a href="#cite_note-Hanegraaff_Faivre_van_den_Broek_Brach_2005_p._1090-120">[119]</a> According to Egil Asprem, "Steiner’s teachings had a clear authoritarian ring, and developed a rather crass polemic against 'materialism', 'liberalism', and cultural 'degeneration'. [...] For example, anthroposophical medicine was developed to contrast with the 'materialistic' (and hence 'degenerate') medicine of the establishment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprem2018494-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_and_visual_arts">Architecture and visual arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Architecture and visual arts">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-right"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Goetheanum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First Goetheanum"><img alt="First Goetheanum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/First_Goetheanum.jpg/180px-First_Goetheanum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/First_Goetheanum.jpg/270px-First_Goetheanum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/First_Goetheanum.jpg/360px-First_Goetheanum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="311" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/First_Goetheanum" class="mw-redirect" title="First Goetheanum">First Goetheanum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dornach_-_Goetheanum1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Goetheanum"><img alt="Second Goetheanum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dornach_-_Goetheanum1a.jpg/180px-Dornach_-_Goetheanum1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dornach_-_Goetheanum1a.jpg/270px-Dornach_-_Goetheanum1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dornach_-_Goetheanum1a.jpg/360px-Dornach_-_Goetheanum1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6605" data-file-height="4870" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Second_Goetheanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Goetheanum">Second Goetheanum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Representative_of_humanity.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of The Representative of Humanity"><img alt="Detail of The Representative of Humanity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/Representative_of_humanity.gif/134px-Representative_of_humanity.gif" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/Representative_of_humanity.gif/201px-Representative_of_humanity.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/84/Representative_of_humanity.gif 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="295" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of The Representative of Humanity</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edith_Maryon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Edith_Maryon.jpg/170px-Edith_Maryon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Edith_Maryon.jpg/255px-Edith_Maryon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Edith_Maryon.jpg/340px-Edith_Maryon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>English sculptor <a href="/wiki/Edith_Maryon" title="Edith Maryon">Edith Maryon</a> belonged to the innermost circle of founders of anthroposophy and was appointed to head the Section of Sculptural Arts at the Goetheanum.</figcaption></figure> Steiner designed 17 buildings, including the <a href="/wiki/Goetheanum" title="Goetheanum">First and Second Goetheanums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> These two buildings, built in Dornach, Switzerland, were intended to house significant theater spaces as well as a "school for spiritual science".<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Three of Steiner's buildings have been listed amongst the most significant works of modern architecture.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> His primary sculptural work is The Representative of Humanity (1922), a nine-meter high wood sculpture executed as a joint project with the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Edith_Maryon" title="Edith Maryon">Edith Maryon</a>. This was intended to be placed in the first Goetheanum. It shows a central human figure, the "Representative of Humanity," holding a balance between opposing tendencies of expansion and contraction personified as the beings of <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> It was intended to show, in conscious contrast to Michelangelo's <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">Last Judgment</a>, Christ as mute and impersonal such that the beings that approach him must judge themselves.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The sculpture is now on permanent display at the Goetheanum. Steiner's blackboard drawings were unique at the time and almost certainly not originally intended as art works.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a>' work, itself heavily influenced by Steiner, has led to the modern understanding of Steiner's drawings as artistic objects.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eurythmy" title="Eurythmy">Eurythmy</a></div> Steiner wrote four <a href="/wiki/Mystery_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery plays">mystery plays</a> between 1909 and 1913: The Portal of Initiation, The Souls' Probation, The Guardian of the Threshold and The Soul's Awakening, modeled on the esoteric dramas of <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Schur%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Schuré">Edouard Schuré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Steiner's plays continue to be performed by anthroposophical groups in various countries, most notably (in the original German) in Dornach, Switzerland and (in English translation) in Spring Valley, New York and in Stroud and Stourbridge in the U.K. In collaboration with Marie von Sivers, Steiner also founded a new approach to acting, storytelling, and the recitation of poetry. His last public lecture course, given in 1924, was on speech and drama. The Russian actor, director, and acting coach <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chekhov" title="Michael Chekhov">Michael Chekhov</a> based significant aspects of his method of acting on Steiner's work.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Together with <a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Sivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie von Sivers">Marie von Sivers</a>, Rudolf Steiner also developed the art of <a href="/wiki/Eurythmy" title="Eurythmy">eurythmy</a>, sometimes referred to as "visible speech and song". According to the principles of eurythmy, there are archetypal movements or gestures that correspond to every aspect of speech – the sounds (or <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a>), the rhythms, and the grammatical function – to every "soul quality" – joy, despair, tenderness, etc. – and to every aspect of music – tones, intervals, rhythms, and harmonies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esoteric_schools">Esoteric schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Esoteric schools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner%27s_exercises_for_spiritual_development" title="Rudolf Steiner's exercises for spiritual development">Rudolf Steiner's exercises for spiritual development</a></div> Steiner was founder and leader of the following: <ul><li>His independent Esoteric School of the Theosophical Society, founded in 1904. This school continued after the break with <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a> but was disbanded at the start of World War I.</li> <li>A lodge called Mystica Aeterna within the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primitive_Rite" title="Ancient and Primitive Rite">Masonic Order of Memphis and Mizraim</a>, which Steiner led from 1906 until around 1914. Steiner added to the Masonic rite a number of Rosicrucian references.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a></li> <li>The School of Spiritual Science of the Anthroposophical Society, founded in 1923 as a further development of his earlier Esoteric School. This was originally constituted with a general section and seven specialized sections for education, literature, performing arts, natural sciences, medicine, visual arts, and astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-GoethRestruct-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-wn.rsarchive.org-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Steiner gave members of the School the first Lesson for guidance into the esoteric work in February 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmuthGarberWannamakerRaab199553-137">[136]</a> Though Steiner intended to develop three "classes" of this school, only the first of these was developed in his lifetime (and continues today). An authentic text of the written records on which the teaching of the First Class was based was published in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_ideas">Philosophical ideas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philosophical ideas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goethean_science">Goethean science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Goethean science">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Goethean_science" title="Goethean science">Goethean science</a></div> In his commentaries on Goethe's scientific works, written between 1884 and 1897, Steiner presented Goethe's approach to science as essentially <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenological</a> in nature, rather than theory or model-based. He developed this conception further in several books, The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception (1886) and Goethe's Conception of the World (1897), particularly emphasizing the transformation in Goethe's approach from the physical sciences, where experiment played the primary role, to plant biology, where both accurate perception and imagination were required to find the biological archetypes (Urpflanze). He postulated that Goethe had sought, but been unable to fully find, the further transformation in scientific thinking necessary to properly interpret and understand the animal kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Hemleben-139">[138]</a> Steiner emphasized the role of evolutionary thinking in Goethe's discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Intermaxillary_segment" title="Intermaxillary segment">intermaxillary bone</a> in human beings; Goethe expected human anatomy to be an evolutionary transformation of animal anatomy.<a href="#cite_note-Hemleben-139">[138]</a> Steiner defended <a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_theory_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe's theory of color">Goethe's qualitative description of color</a> as arising synthetically from the polarity of light and darkness, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>'s particle-based and analytic conception. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Particular organic forms can be evolved only from universal types, and every organic entity we experience must coincide with some one of these derivative forms of the type. Here the evolutionary method must replace the method of proof. We aim not to show that external conditions act upon one another in a certain way and thereby bring about a definite result, but that a particular form has developed under definite external conditions out of the type. This is the radical difference between inorganic and organic science.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rudolf Steiner, The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World Conception, Chapter XVI, "Organic Nature"</cite></div></blockquote> A variety of authors have termed Goethean science <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Storr-Einstein-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FlynnDawkins2007-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32-142">[141]</a> According to Dan Dugan, Steiner was a champion of the following pseudoscientific claims: <ol><li>Goethe's <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32-142">[141]</a></li> <li>"he called <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">relativity</a> 'brilliant nonsense'";<a href="#cite_note-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sven_Ove-143">[142]</a></li> <li>"he taught that the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">motions of the planets</a> were caused by the relationships of the spiritual beings that inhabited them";<a href="#cite_note-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32-142">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32-142">[141]</a></li> <li>doubting <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ theory">germ theory</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32-142">[141]</a></li> <li>non-standard approach to physiological systems, including claiming that the heart is not a pump.<a href="#cite_note-FlynnDawkins2007-141">[140]</a></li></ol> According to Rudolf Steiner, mainstream science is <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahrimanic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ahrimanic-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_and_freedom">Knowledge and freedom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Knowledge and freedom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Freedom" title="The Philosophy of Freedom">The Philosophy of Freedom</a></div> Steiner approached the philosophical questions of <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">freedom</a> in two stages. In his dissertation, published in expanded form in 1892 as Truth and Knowledge, Steiner suggests that there is an inconsistency between Kant's philosophy, which posits that all knowledge is a representation of an essential verity inaccessible to human consciousness, and modern science, which assumes that all influences can be found in the sensory and mental world to which we have access. Steiner considered Kant's philosophy of an inaccessible beyond ("Jenseits-Philosophy") a stumbling block in achieving a satisfying philosophical viewpoint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorr199772-145">[144]</a> Steiner postulates that the world is essentially an indivisible unity, but that our <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> divides it into the <a href="/wiki/Senses" class="mw-redirect" title="Senses">sense</a>-perceptible appearance, on the one hand, and the formal nature accessible to our <a href="/wiki/Thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinking">thinking</a>, on the other. He sees in thinking itself an element that can be strengthened and deepened sufficiently to penetrate all that our senses do not reveal to us. Steiner thus considered what appears to human experience as a division between the spiritual and natural worlds to be a conditioned result of the structure of our consciousness, which separates <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> and thinking. These two faculties give us not two worlds, but two complementary views of the same world; neither has primacy and the two together are necessary and sufficient to arrive at a complete understanding of the world. In thinking about <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> (the path of natural science) and perceiving the process of thinking (the path of <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> training), it is possible to discover a hidden inner unity between the two poles of our experience.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider-74">[73]</a>: Chapter 4  <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a>, for Steiner, is paradoxically both an objective discovery and yet "a free creation of the human spirit, that never would exist at all if we did not generate it ourselves. The task of understanding is not to replicate in conceptual form something that already exists, but rather to create a wholly new realm, that together with the world given to our senses constitutes the fullness of reality."<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Freedom" title="The Philosophy of Freedom">The Philosophy of Freedom</a>, Steiner further explores potentials within thinking: freedom, he suggests, can only be approached gradually with the aid of the creative activity of thinking. Thinking can be a free deed; in addition, it can liberate our will from its subservience to our <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instincts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">drives</a>. Free deeds, he suggests, are those for which we are fully conscious of the motive for our action; freedom is the spiritual activity of penetrating with consciousness our own nature and that of the world,<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> and the real activity of acting in full consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider-74">[73]</a>: 133–4  This includes overcoming influences of both heredity and environment: "To be free is to be capable of thinking one's own thoughts – not the thoughts merely of the body, or of society, but thoughts generated by one's deepest, most original, most essential and spiritual self, one's individuality."<a href="#cite_note-RAMcD-24">[23]</a> Steiner affirms <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Haeckel" class="mw-redirect" title="Haeckel">Haeckel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> perspectives but extended this beyond its <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> consequences; he sees human <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, indeed, all human culture, as a product of natural evolution that transcends itself. For Steiner, nature becomes self-conscious in the human being. Steiner's description of the nature of human consciousness thus closely parallels that of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Solovyov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tarnas-148">[147]</a> "Steiner was a moral individualist".<a href="#cite_note-149">[ii]</a><a href="#cite_note-t661-150">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_science">Spiritual science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spiritual science">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner%27s_exercises_for_spiritual_development" title="Rudolf Steiner's exercises for spiritual development">Rudolf Steiner's exercises for spiritual development</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steiner_Berlin_1900_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Steiner_Berlin_1900_big.jpg/170px-Steiner_Berlin_1900_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Steiner_Berlin_1900_big.jpg/255px-Steiner_Berlin_1900_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Steiner_Berlin_1900_big.jpg/340px-Steiner_Berlin_1900_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption>Rudolf Steiner 1900</figcaption></figure> In his earliest works, Steiner already spoke of the "natural and spiritual worlds" as a unity.<a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a> From 1900 on, he began lecturing about concrete details of the spiritual world(s), culminating in the publication in 1904 of the first of several systematic presentations, his Theosophy: An Introduction to the Spiritual Processes in Human Life and in the Cosmos. As a starting point for the book Steiner took a quotation from Goethe, describing the method of natural scientific observation,<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> while in the Preface he made clear that the line of thought taken in this book led to the same goal as that in his earlier work, The Philosophy of Freedom.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> In the years 1903–1908 Steiner maintained the magazine Lucifer-Gnosis and published in it essays on topics such as initiation, reincarnation and karma, and knowledge of the supernatural world.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Some of these were later collected and published as books, such as How to Know Higher Worlds (1904–5) and Cosmic Memory. The book An Outline of Esoteric Science was published in 1910. Important themes include: <ul><li>the human being as body, <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">spirit</a>;</li> <li>the path of spiritual development;</li> <li>spiritual influences on world-evolution and history; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a>.</li></ul> Steiner emphasized that there is an objective natural and spiritual world that can be known, and that perceptions of the spiritual world and incorporeal beings are, under conditions of training comparable to that required for the natural sciences, including self-discipline, replicable by multiple observers. It is on this basis that <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual science">spiritual science</a> is possible, with radically different epistemological foundations than those of natural science. He believed that natural science was correct in its methods but one-sided for exclusively focusing on sensory phenomena, while mysticism was vague in its methods, though seeking to explore the inner and spiritual life. Anthroposophy was meant to apply the systematic methods of the former to the content of the latter<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> For Steiner, the cosmos is permeated and continually transformed by the creative activity of non-physical processes and spiritual beings. For the human being to become conscious of the objective reality of these processes and beings, it is necessary to creatively enact and reenact, within, their creative activity. Thus objective spiritual knowledge always entails creative inner activity.<a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a> Steiner articulated three stages of any creative deed:<a href="#cite_note-Schneider-74">[73]</a>: Pt II, Chapter 1  <ul><li>Moral intuition: the ability to discover or, preferably, develop valid ethical principles;</li> <li>Moral imagination: the imaginative transformation of such principles into a concrete intention applicable to the particular situation (<a href="/wiki/Situational_ethics" title="Situational ethics">situational ethics</a>); and</li> <li>Moral technique: the realization of the intended transformation, depending on a mastery of practical skills.</li></ul> Steiner termed his work from this period onwards <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>. He emphasized that the spiritual path he articulated builds upon and supports individual freedom and independent <a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">judgment</a>; for the results of spiritual research to be appropriately presented in a modern context they must be in a form accessible to <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logical</a> understanding, so that those who do not have access to the spiritual experiences underlying anthroposophical research can make independent evaluations of the latter's results.<a href="#cite_note-Schneider-74">[73]</a> Spiritual training is to support what Steiner considered the overall purpose of human evolution, the development of the mutually interdependent qualities of love and <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RAMcD-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steiner_and_Christianity">Steiner and Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Steiner and Christianity">edit</a>]</div> Steiner appreciated the ritual of the mass he experienced while serving as an altar boy from school age until he was ten years old, and this experience remained memorable for him as a genuinely spiritual one, contrasting with his irreligious family life.<a href="#cite_note-Steiner_1982_pp._31-32-156">[154]</a> As a young adult, Steiner had no formal connection to organized religion. In 1899, he experienced what he described as a life-transforming inner encounter with the being of Christ. Steiner was then 38, and the experience of meeting Christ occurred after a tremendous inner struggle. To use Steiner's own words, the "experience culminated in my standing in the spiritual presence of the Mystery of <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Golgotha</a> in a most profound and solemn festival of knowledge."<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> His relationship to Christianity thereafter remained entirely founded upon personal experience, and thus both non-denominational and strikingly different from conventional religious forms.<a href="#cite_note-RAMcD-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christ_and_human_evolution">Christ and human evolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Christ and human evolution">edit</a>]</div> Steiner describes Christ as the unique pivot and meaning of earth's evolutionary processes and human history, redeeming <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fall of Man">the Fall</a> from <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Willmann-158">[156]</a> He understood the Christ as a being that unifies and inspires all religions, not belonging to a particular religious faith. To be "Christian" is, for Steiner, a search for balance between polarizing extremes<a href="#cite_note-Willmann-158">[156]</a>: 102–3  and the ability to manifest love in freedom.<a href="#cite_note-RAMcD-24">[23]</a> Central principles of his understanding include: <ul><li>The being of Christ is central to all religions, though called by different names by each.</li> <li>Every religion is valid and true for the time and cultural context in which it was born.</li> <li>Historical forms of Christianity need to be transformed in our times in order to meet the ongoing evolution of humanity.</li></ul> In Steiner's <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric cosmology">esoteric cosmology</a>, the spiritual development of humanity is interwoven in and inseparable from the cosmological development of the universe. Continuing the evolution that led to humanity being born out of the natural world, the Christ being brings an impulse enabling human consciousness of the forces that act creatively, but unconsciously, in nature.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divergence_from_conventional_Christian_thought">Divergence from conventional Christian thought</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Divergence from conventional Christian thought">edit</a>]</div> Steiner's views of Christianity diverge from conventional Christian thought in key places, and include <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">gnostic</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-Hemleben-139">[138]</a> However, unlike many gnostics, Steiner affirms the unique and actual physical Incarnation of Christ in Jesus at the beginning of the Christian era. One of the central points of divergence with conventional Christian thought is found in <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy#Nature_of_the_human_being" title="Anthroposophy">Steiner's views on reincarnation and karma</a>. Steiner also posited two different Jesus children involved in the Incarnation of the Christ: one child descended from <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>; the other child from <a href="/wiki/Nathan_(son_of_David)" title="Nathan (son of David)">Nathan</a>, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Essential-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-aspremthesis-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-x337-161">[159]</a> He references in this regard the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogies</a> in these two gospels list twenty-six (Luke) to forty-one (Matthew) completely different ancestors for the generations from <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">David</a> to Jesus. Steiner's view of the <a href="/wiki/Second_coming" class="mw-redirect" title="Second coming">second coming</a> of Christ is also unusual. He suggested that this would not be a physical reappearance, but rather, meant that the Christ being would become manifest in non-physical form, in the "<a href="/wiki/Etheric_plane" title="Etheric plane">etheric</a> realm" – i.e. visible to spiritual vision and apparent in community life – for increasing numbers of people, beginning around the year 1933. He emphasized that the future would require humanity to recognize this Spirit of Love in all its genuine forms, regardless of how this is named. He also warned that the traditional name, "Christ", might be used, yet the true essence of this Being of Love be ignored.<a href="#cite_note-Hemleben-139">[138]</a> The teachings of Anthroposophy got called <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christian_Gnosticism-18">[17]</a> Indeed, according to the official stance of the Catholic Church, Anthroposophy is "a neognostic heresy".<a href="#cite_note-Diener_Hipolito_2013_p._77-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-k531-162">[160]</a> Other heresiologists agree.<a href="#cite_note-Ellwood_Partin_2016_p.-20">[19]</a> The Lutheran (Missouri Sinod) apologist and heresiologist Eldon K. Winker quoted Ron Rhodes that Steiner had the same Christology as <a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Winker_1994_p.-163">[161]</a> Indeed, Steiner thought that Jesus and Christ were two separated beings, who got fused at a certain point in time,<a href="#cite_note-Cees_Christ-164">[162]</a> which can be construed as Gnostic but not as <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cees_Christ-164">[162]</a> since "they do not believe the Christ departed from Jesus prior to the crucfixion".<a href="#cite_note-Winker_1994_p.-163">[161]</a> "Steiner's Christology is discussed as a central element of his thought in Johannes Hemleben, Rudolf Steiner: A Documentary Biography, trans. Leo Twyman (East Grinstead, Sussex: Henry Goulden, 1975), pp. 96-100. From the perspective of orthodox Christianity, it may be said that Steiner combined a docetic understanding of Christ's nature with the Adoptionist heresy."<a href="#cite_note-g483-165">[163]</a> Older scholarship says Steiner's Christology is <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k343-166">[164]</a> According to Egil Asprem, "Steiner’s Christology was, however, quite heterodox, and hardly compatible with official church doctrine."<a href="#cite_note-aspremthesis-160">[158]</a> Two German scholars have called Anthroposophy "the most successful form of 'alternative' religion in the [twentieth] century."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbeinUlbricht200138-167">[165]</a> Other scholars stated that Anthroposophy is "aspiring to the status of religious dogma".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDienerHipolito201378-168">[166]</a> According to Maria Carlson, anthroposophy is a "positivistic religion" "offering a seemingly logical theology based on pseudoscience."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2015136-169">[167]</a> According to Swartz, Brandt, Hammer, and Hansson, Anthroposophy is a religion.<a href="#cite_note-religion-170">[168]</a> They also call it "settled new religious movement",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartzHammer202218–37-171">[169]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a> called it a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Another scholar also calls it a new religious movement or a new spiritual movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToncheva201381–89-173">[171]</a> Already in 1924 Anthroposophy got labeled "new religious movement" and "occultist movement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClemen1924281–292-174">[172]</a> Other scholars agree it is a new religious movement.<a href="#cite_note-newreli-175">[173]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Zander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Zander (page does not exist)">Helmut Zander</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Zander" class="extiw" title="de:Helmut Zander">de</a>], both the theory and practice of Anthroposophy display characteristics of religion, and, according to Zander, Rudolf Steiner would plead no contest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZander2002537-176">[174]</a> According to Zander, Steiner's book Geheimwissenschaft [Occult Science] contains Steiner's <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> about <a href="/wiki/Cosmogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmogenesis">cosmogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZander2002528-177">[175]</a> Hammer notices that Anthroposophy is a synthesis which does include occultism.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis_Tøllefsen_2015_p._57-178">[176]</a> Hammer also notices that Steiner's occult doctrines bear a strong resemblance to post-Blavatskyan Theosophy (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">Charles Webster Leadbeater</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Partridge_2014_p._350-179">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._McDermott" title="Robert A. McDermott">Robert A. McDermott</a> says Anthroposophy belongs to Christian <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eliade_1987_p.-180">[178]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke" title="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke">Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke</a>, Rudolf Steiner "blended modern Theosophy with a Gnostic form of Christianity, Rosicrucianism, and German Naturphilosophie".<a href="#cite_note-Steiner_Seddon_Goodrick-Clarke_2004_p._7-181">[179]</a> He also described Anthroposophy as a [modern] offshoot of Ancient Gnosticism, especially of "the aeons of the Valentinian pleroma".<a href="#cite_note-b670-182">[180]</a> Geoffrey Ahern states that Anthroposophy belongs to neo-gnosticism broadly conceived, which he identifies with <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ahern_2009_p._11-183">[181]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Was Steiner a Gnostic? Yes and no. Yes, from the point of view that he offered insights and methods for a personal experience of Christ. I have formulated this aspect of his work as his hermeneutical key: ‘not I, but Christ in me’. No, from the point of view that he was not trying to reestablish Gnosticism's practices into a neo-gnostic tradition. Steiner was, in his times, well aware of concerns articulated more recently by Pope Francis about the two subtle enemies of holiness, contemporary Gnosticism and contemporary Pelagianism.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFSamson2023">Samson 2023</a>, p. 180</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Granted that Steiner included Gnostic elements in his cosmological reinterpretation of Christianity, many of them from the Pistis Sophia, Steiner was not a Gnostic in the sense of someone who held that the world was ruled by a demiurge, that matter was evil, or that it was possible to escape from this fallen universe by acquiring secret spiritual knowledge. To characterize the structure of his thought as derived from Syrio-Egyptian gnosis (Ahern 2010) may be too strong and plays down the fact that he was critical of early Gnostic Christianity as having no adequate idea of Jesus as a man of flesh and blood.<a href="#cite_note-v029-185">[183]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFHudson2019">Hudson 2019</a>, p. 510</cite></div></blockquote> According to Catholic scholars Anthroposophy belongs to the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-q189-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Between 1903 and 1910 Steiner published multiple Gnostic texts, while that publishing house was having intention of subverting orthodox Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-u610-188">[186]</a> Elizabeth Dipple stated that Rudolf Steiner's system was a "neo-Platonic, semi-Gnostic, occult anthroposophical system [...] with its allegiance to mystical Christianity, Rosicrucianism and certain versions of spiritualism [...]".<a href="#cite_note-y640-189">[187]</a> Carl Abrahamsson stated that Steiner posited a gnostic Christ.<a href="#cite_note-a836-190">[188]</a> Steiner's theology is "redemption through sin", he accuses good Christians of killing the spirit of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazier2008208_fn._6-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Christian_Community">The Christian Community</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The Christian Community">edit</a>]</div> In the 1920s, Steiner was approached by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Rittelmeyer" title="Friedrich Rittelmeyer">Friedrich Rittelmeyer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> pastor with a congregation in Berlin, who asked if it was possible to create a more modern form of Christianity. Soon others joined Rittelmeyer – mostly Protestant pastors and theology students, but including several Roman Catholic priests. Steiner offered counsel on renewing the spiritual potency of the sacraments while emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a> and a personal relationship to religious life. He envisioned a new synthesis of Catholic and Protestant approaches to religious life, terming this "modern, <a href="/wiki/Johannine_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannine Christianity">Johannine Christianity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Essential-118">[117]</a> The resulting movement for religious renewal became known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a>". Its work is based on a free relationship to Christ without dogma or policies. Its priesthood, which is open to both men and women, is free to preach out of their own spiritual insights and creativity. Steiner emphasized that the resulting movement for the renewal of Christianity was a personal gesture of help to a movement founded by Rittelmeyer and others independently of his anthroposophical work.<a href="#cite_note-Essential-118">[117]</a> The distinction was important to Steiner because he sought with Anthroposophy to create a scientific, not <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>-based, spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-Willmann-158">[156]</a> He recognized that for those who wished to find more traditional forms, however, a renewal of the traditional religions was also a vital need of the times. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy#Reception" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy § Reception</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Schweizergarten,_Rudolf-Steiner-Denkmal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wien_-_Schweizergarten%2C_Rudolf-Steiner-Denkmal.JPG/220px-Wien_-_Schweizergarten%2C_Rudolf-Steiner-Denkmal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wien_-_Schweizergarten%2C_Rudolf-Steiner-Denkmal.JPG/330px-Wien_-_Schweizergarten%2C_Rudolf-Steiner-Denkmal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wien_-_Schweizergarten%2C_Rudolf-Steiner-Denkmal.JPG/440px-Wien_-_Schweizergarten%2C_Rudolf-Steiner-Denkmal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4050" data-file-height="2701" /></a><figcaption>Memorial for Rudolf Steiner in Vienna</figcaption></figure> Steiner's work has influenced a broad range of notable personalities. These include: <ul><li>philosophers <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Barfield" title="Owen Barfield">Owen Barfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tarnas" title="Richard Tarnas">Richard Tarnas</a>;<a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a></li> <li>writers <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Belyj" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrej Belyj">Andrej Belyj</a>,<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ende" title="Michael Ende">Michael Ende</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Schur%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Schuré">Edouard Schuré</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Spangler" title="David Spangler">David Spangler</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/William_Irwin_Thompson" title="William Irwin Thompson">William Irwin Thompson</a>;<a href="#cite_note-GL-30">[29]</a></li> <li>child psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Eva_Frommer" title="Eva Frommer">Eva Frommer</a>;<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a></li> <li>music therapist <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sch%C3%BCppel" title="Maria Schüppel">Maria Schüppel</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a></li> <li>economist <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Leonard Read</a>;<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></li> <li>ecologist <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Rachel_Carson_Letters-201">[199]</a></li> <li>artists <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Griffin" title="Murray Griffin">Murray Griffin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a></li> <li>esotericist and educationalist <a href="/wiki/George_Trevelyan_(New_Age_spiritualist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Trevelyan (New Age spiritualist)">George Trevelyan</a>;<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a></li> <li>actor and acting teacher <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chekhov" title="Michael Chekhov">Michael Chekhov</a>;<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a></li> <li>cinema director <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Tarkovsky-208">[206]</a></li> <li>composers <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)" title="Jonathan Harvey (composer)">Jonathan Harvey</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ullmann" title="Viktor Ullmann">Viktor Ullmann</a>;<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> and</li> <li>conductor <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Olav Hammer</a>, though sharply critical of esoteric movements generally, terms Steiner "arguably the most historically and philosophically sophisticated spokesperson of the <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">Esoteric</a> Tradition."<a href="#cite_note-Hammer-212">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> wrote that he and Steiner had in common that they had "taken on the life mission of working for the emergence of a true culture enlivened by the ideal of humanity and to encourage people to become truly thinking beings".<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> However, Schweitzer was not an adept of mysticism or occultism, but of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> rationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Oermann_2016_p._150-214">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Storr" title="Anthony Storr">Anthony Storr</a> stated about Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy: "His belief system is so eccentric, so unsupported by evidence, so manifestly bizarre, that rational skeptics are bound to consider it delusional.... But, whereas Einstein's way of perceiving the world by thought became confirmed by experiment and mathematical proof, Steiner's remained intensely subjective and insusceptible of objective confirmation."<a href="#cite_note-Storr-Einstein-140">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Robert Todd Carroll</a> has said of Steiner that "Some of his ideas on education – such as educating the handicapped in the mainstream – are worth considering, although his overall plan for developing the spirit and the soul rather than the intellect cannot be admired".<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-215">[213]</a> Translators have pointed out that the German term Geist can be translated equally properly as either mind or spirit, however,<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> and that Steiner's usage of this term encompassed both meanings.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> The 150th anniversary of Rudolf Steiner's birth was marked by the first major retrospective exhibition of his art and work, 'Kosmos - Alchemy of the everyday'. Organized by <a href="/wiki/Vitra_Design_Museum" title="Vitra Design Museum">Vitra Design Museum</a>, the traveling exhibition presented many facets of Steiner's life and achievements, including his influence on architecture, furniture design, dance (<a href="/wiki/Eurythmy" title="Eurythmy">Eurythmy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">education</a>, and agriculture (<a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a>).<a href="#cite_note-SteinerExhibition-218">[216]</a> The exhibition opened in 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Kunstmuseum_Stuttgart" title="Kunstmuseum Stuttgart">Kunstmuseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany,<a href="#cite_note-Kosmos-219">[217]</a> The German psychiatrist Wolfgang Treher diagnosed Rudolf Steiner with schizophrenia, in a book from 1966.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> The Swiss psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/C.G._Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="C.G. Jung">C.G. Jung</a> was of the same opinion.<a href="#cite_note-a600-221">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a> admitted that such a diagnosis makes some sense.<a href="#cite_note-b917-222">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_X._King" title="Francis X. King">Francis X. King</a> recognizes that other have stated that about Steiner, but King disagrees with the claim that Steiner was a charlatan.<a href="#cite_note-u297-223">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientism">Scientism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Scientism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy#Scientific_basis" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy: Scientific basis</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Olav Hammer</a> has criticized as <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a> Steiner's claim to use scientific methodology to investigate spiritual phenomena that were based upon his claims of <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyant" class="mw-redirect" title="Clairvoyant">clairvoyant</a> experience.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer-212">[210]</a> Steiner regarded the observations of spiritual research as more dependable (and above all, consistent) than observations of physical reality. However, he did consider spiritual research to be fallible,<a href="#cite_note-Zander2-224">[222]</a>: p. 618  and held the view that anyone capable of thinking logically was in a position to correct errors by spiritual researchers.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> Rudolf Steiner was an extreme pan-German nationalist, and never disavowed such stance.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Steiner's work includes both universalist, humanist elements and racial assumptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2008-10">[10]</a> Due to the contrast and even contradictions between these elements, one commentator argues: "whether a given reader interprets Anthroposophy as racist or not depends upon that reader's concerns".<a href="#cite_note-Zander-227">[225]</a> Steiner considered that by dint of its shared language and culture, each people has a unique essence, which he called its soul or spirit.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer-212">[210]</a> He saw race as a physical manifestation of humanity's spiritual evolution, and at times discussed race in terms of complex hierarchies that were largely derived from 19th century <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">anthropology</a>, philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">theosophy</a>. However, he consistently and explicitly subordinated race, ethnicity, gender, and indeed all hereditary factors, to individual factors in development.<a href="#cite_note-Zander-227">[225]</a> For Steiner, human individuality is centered in a person's unique biography, and he believed that an individual's experiences and development are not bound by a single lifetime or the qualities of the physical body.<a href="#cite_note-Ravagli-50">[49]</a> Steiner occasionally characterized specific <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">races</a>, nations and <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicities</a> in ways that have been deemed <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> by critics.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> This includes descriptions by him of certain races and ethnic groups as flowering, others as backward, or destined to degenerate or disappear.<a href="#cite_note-Zander-227">[225]</a> He presented explicitly hierarchical views of the spiritual evolution of different races,<a href="#cite_note-Treitel_2004_p.-229">[227]</a> including—at times, and inconsistently—portraying the <a href="/wiki/White_race" class="mw-redirect" title="White race">white race</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a> or Germanic culture as representing the high point of human <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> as of the early 20th century, although he did describe them as destined to be superseded by future cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Zander-227">[225]</a> Throughout his life Steiner consistently emphasized the core spiritual unity of all the world's peoples and sharply criticized racial prejudice. He articulated beliefs that the individual nature of any person stands higher than any racial, ethnic, national or religious affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-CL-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Essential-118">[117]</a> His belief that race and <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> are transient and superficial, and not essential aspects of the individual,<a href="#cite_note-Zander-227">[225]</a> was partly rooted in his conviction that each individual <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnates</a> in a variety of different peoples and races over successive lives, and that each of us thus bears within him or herself the heritage of many races and peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Zander-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kugler_Baur_2007_p.-230">[228]</a> Toward the end of his life, Steiner predicted that race will rapidly lose any remaining significance for future generations.<a href="#cite_note-Zander-227">[225]</a> In Steiner's view, culture is universal, and explicitly not ethnically based, and he vehemently criticized imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> In the context of his ethical individualism, Steiner considered "race, folk, ethnicity and gender" to be general, describable categories into which individuals may choose to fit, but from which free human beings can and will liberate themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Ravagli-50">[49]</a> Martins and Vukadinović describe the racism of Anthroposophy as spiritual and paternalistic (i.e. benevolent), in contrast to the materialistic and often malign racism of fascism.<a href="#cite_note-Vukadinović_2022_p._582-232">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Olav_Hammer" title="Olav Hammer">Olav Hammer</a>, university professor expert in <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a>, confirms that now the racist and anti-Semitic character of Steiner's teachings can no longer be denied, even if that is "spiritual racism".<a href="#cite_note-confirm-233">[231]</a> Steiner did influence Italian Fascism, which exploited "his racial and anti-democratic dogma."<a href="#cite_note-Pilkington_Sutcliffe_2023_p._194-234">[232]</a> The fascist ministers <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Colonna_di_Cesar%C3%B2" title="Giovanni Antonio Colonna di Cesarò">Giovanni Antonio Colonna di Cesarò</a> (nicknamed "the Anthroposophist duke"; he became antifascist after taking part in <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s government<a href="#cite_note-peter-235">[233]</a>) and Ettore Martinoli have openly expressed their sympathy for Rudolf Steiner.<a href="#cite_note-Pilkington_Sutcliffe_2023_p._194-234">[232]</a> Most from the occult pro-fascist <a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a> were Anthroposophists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2014271-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-turris-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-beraldo-238">[236]</a> In fact, "Steiner's collected works, moreover, totalling more than 350 volumes, contain pervasive internal contradictions and inconsistencies on racial and national questions."<a href="#cite_note-Peter-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> According to Munoz, in the materialist perspective (i.e. no reincarnations), Anthroposophy is racist, but in the spiritual perspective (i.e. reincarnations mandatory) it is not racist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunoz2016189–190-241">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> During the years when Steiner was best known as a literary critic, he published a series of articles attacking various manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and criticizing some of the most prominent anti-Semites of the time as "barbaric" and "enemies of culture".<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-HuH-243">[241]</a> In contrast, however, Steiner also promoted full <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">assimilation</a> of the Jewish people into the nations in which they lived, suggesting that Jewish cultural and social life had lost its contemporary relevance<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> and "that Judaism still exists is an error of history".<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Steiner was a critic of his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>'s goal of a <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> state, and indeed of any ethnically determined state, as he considered ethnicity to be an outmoded basis for social life and civic identity.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> Steiner financed the publication of and wrote a foreword for the book Die Entente-Freimaurerei und der Weltkrieg (1919) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Heise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Heise (page does not exist)">Karl Heise</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Heise" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Heise">de</a>], partly based upon his own ideas,<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> a book which has been called "a now classic work of anti-Masonry and anti-Judaism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2022126-248">[246]</a> The publication comprised a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a> according to which World War I was a consequence of a collusion of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> their purpose being the destruction of Germany. The writing was later enthusiastically received by the Nazi Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZander2007306,_991–992-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier201496–97-250">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings_(selection)">Writings (selection)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Writings (selection)">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>See also <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner#Werke" class="extiw" title="de:Rudolf Steiner">Works in German</a></dd></dl> The standard edition of Steiner's Collected Works constitutes about 422 volumes. This includes 44 volumes of his writings (books, essay, plays, and correspondence), over 6000 lectures, and some 80 volumes (some still in production) documenting his artistic work (architecture, drawings, paintings, graphic design, furniture design, choreography, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> His architectural work, particularly, has also been documented extensively outside of the Collected Works.<a href="#cite_note-Kugler-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biesantz-97">[96]</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA001/">Goethean Science</a> (1883–1897)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA002/">Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception</a> (1886)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA003/">Truth and Knowledge</a>, doctoral thesis, (1892)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA004/POSA/">Intuitive Thinking as a Spiritual Path</a>, also published as the Philosophy of Spiritual Activity and the <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Philosophy of Freedom</a> (1894) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88010-385-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88010-385-X">0-88010-385-X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA007/">Mysticism at the Dawn of Modern Age</a> (1901/1925)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA008/">Christianity as Mystical Fact</a> (1902)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA009/">Theosophy: An Introduction to the Spiritual Processes in Human Life and in the Cosmos</a> (1904) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88010-373-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88010-373-6">0-88010-373-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA010/">How to Know Higher Worlds: A Modern Path of Initiation</a> (1904–5) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88010-508-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88010-508-9">0-88010-508-9</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA011/">Cosmic Memory: Prehistory of Earth and Man</a> (1904) (Also published as The Submerged Continents of Atlantis and Lemuria)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wn.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Articles/EduChild/EduChi_index.html">The Education of the Child</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], (1907) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85440-620-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85440-620-4">0-85440-620-4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wn.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Books/GA010/English/HR1960/GA010a_index.html">The Way of Initiation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005120/https://wn.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Books/GA010/English/HR1960/GA010a_index.html">Archived</a> 2 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (1908) (English edition trans. by Max Gysi)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wn.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Books/GA010/English/MAC1909/GA010b_index.html">Initiation and Its Results</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002005127/https://wn.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Books/GA010/English/MAC1909/GA010b_index.html">Archived</a> 2 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (1909) (English edition trans. by Max Gysi)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA013/">An Outline of Esoteric Science</a> (1910) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88010-409-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88010-409-0">0-88010-409-0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA014/English/APC1925/GA014_index.html">Four Mystery Dramas</a> (1913)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA024/English/AP1985/GA024_index.html">The Renewal of the Social Organism</a> (1919)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA027/English/RSP1983/GA027_index.html">Fundamentals of Therapy: An Extension of the Art of Healing Through Spiritual Knowledge</a> (1925)</li> <li>Reincarnation and Immortality, Rudolf Steiner Publications. (1970) <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/77130817">77-130817</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA028/TSoML/GA028_index.html">Rudolf Steiner: An Autobiography</a>, Rudolf Steiner Publications, 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8334-0757-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8334-0757-0">0-8334-0757-0</a> (Originally, The Story of my Life)</li> <li>Rudolf Steiner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wn.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Books/GA005/English/GC1985/GA005_index.html">Friedrich Nietzsche, Fighter for Freedom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002010010/https://wn.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Books/GA005/English/GC1985/GA005_index.html">Archived</a> 2 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Garber Communications; 2nd revised edition (July 1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0893450335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0893450335">978-0893450335</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_the_Threshold" title="Guardian of the Threshold">Guardian of the Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts#Theosophical_colour_mysticism" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Rudolf Steiner and colour mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Thomsen" title="Martinus Thomsen">Martinus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Gnosticism meaning "In the broadest sense of the term this is any spiritual teaching that says that spiritual knowledge (Greek: gnosis) or wisdom (sophia) rather than doctrinal faith (pistis) or some ritual practice is the main route to supreme spiritual attainment."<a href="#cite_note-McClelland_2018_p.-16">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Ethical individualism is the opposite of ethical collectivism (meaning a moral code which is good for everyone). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birth-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_1-1">b</a> Steiner's autobiography gives his date of birth as 27 February 1861. However, there is an undated autobiographical fragment written by Steiner, referred to in a footnote in his autobiography in German (GA 28), that says, "My birth fell on 25 February 1861. Two days later I was baptized." See Christoph Lindenberg, Rudolf Steiner, <a href="/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag" title="Rowohlt Verlag">Rowohlt</a> 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-499-50500-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-499-50500-2">3-499-50500-2</a>, p. 8. In 2009 new documentation appeared supporting a date of 27 February : see Günter Aschoff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dasgoetheanum.ch/fileadmin/wochenschrift/downloads/Forschungsbericht_Aschoff.pdf">"Rudolf Steiners Geburtstag am 27. Februar 1861 – Neue Dokumente"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628170708/http://www.dasgoetheanum.ch/fileadmin/wochenschrift/downloads/Forschungsbericht_Aschoff.pdf">Archived</a> 28 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Das Goetheanum 2009/9, pp. 3ff </li> <li id="cite_note-Auto-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_2-6">g</a> Rudolf Steiner <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA028/English/APC1928/GA028_index.html">Autobiography: Chapters in the Course of My Life: 1861–1907</a>, Lantern Books, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> "Steiner was born on 25 February 1861 in the village of Kraljevec (in what is today Croatia, but at the time in Hungary)", Heinrich Ullrich, Rudolf Steiner </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "Ich bin...in Ungarn geboren", "ich habe...in Ungarn die ersten eineinhalb Jahre meines Lebens verbracht", Rudolf Steiner, GA174, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Steiner was "born February 27, 1861, in Kraljevec, Hungary". Paul M. Allen, "Significant Events in the Life of Rudolf Steiner", in Robert McDermott, New Essential Steiner, SteinerBooks (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Laszlo, Péter (2011), Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Hungary was officially recognized as "(an independent kingdom) within the Habsburg Monarchy." Orsolya Szakaly, "Opportunity or Threat? Napoleon and the Hungarian Estates", in Collaboration and Resistance in Napoleonic Europe, Michael Rowe (ed.), Palgrave Macmillan 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98454-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98454-3">978-0-333-98454-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindenberg2011356-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindenberg2011356_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindenberg2011">Lindenberg 2011</a>, p. 356. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZander2007241-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZander2007241_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZander2007">Zander 2007</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2008-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2008_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2008_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaudenmaier2008">Staudenmaier 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Some of the literature regarding Steiner's work in these various fields: Goulet, P: "Les Temps Modernes?", L'Architecture D'Aujourd'hui, December 1982, pp. 8–17; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Rudolf_Steiner.html">Architect Rudolf Steiner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051601/http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Rudolf_Steiner.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at GreatBuildings.com; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.archinform.net/arch/1118.htm?scrwdt=1024">Rudolf Steiner</a> International Architecture Database; Brennan, M.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnet.com/magazine_pre2000/reviews/brennan/brennan3-18-98.asp">Rudolf Steiner</a> ArtNet Magazine, 18 March 1998; Blunt, R.: Waldorf Education: Theory and Practice – A Background to the Educational Thought of Rudolf Steiner. Master Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 1995; Ogletree, E.J.: Rudolf Steiner: Unknown Educator, Elementary School Journal, 74(6): 344–352, March 1974; Nilsen, A.:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/nilsen.356/history__waldorf_education">A Comparison of Waldorf & Montessori Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010103402/http://sitemaker.umich.edu/nilsen.356/history__waldorf_education">Archived</a> 10 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Michigan; Rinder, L: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/steiner/steineressay.html">Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings: An Aesthetic Perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051129022355/http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/steiner/steineressay.html">Archived</a> 29 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/steiner/">exhibition of Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202100132/http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/steiner/">Archived</a> 2 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, at Berkeley Art Museum, 11 October 1997 – 4 January 1998; Aurélie Choné, "Rudolf Steiner's Mystery Plays: Literary Transcripts of an Esoteric Gnosis and/or Esoteric Attempt at Reconciliation between Art and Science?", Aries, Volume 6, Number 1, 2006, pp. 27–58(32), Brill publishing; Christopher Schaefer, "Rudolf Steiner as a Social Thinker", Re-vision Vol 15, 1992; and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Faivre" title="Antoine Faivre">Antoine Faivre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Needleman" title="Jacob Needleman">Jacob Needleman</a>, Karen Voss; Modern Esoteric Spirituality, Crossroad Publishing, 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-v651-12"><a href="#cite_ref-v651_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2007" class="citation web cs1">Garner, Richard (24 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/the-big-question-who-was-rudolf-steiner-and-what-were-his-revolutionary-teaching-ideas-433407.html">"The Big Question: Who was Rudolf Steiner and what were his revolutionary teaching ideas?"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Big+Question%3A+Who+was+Rudolf+Steiner+and+what+were+his+revolutionary+teaching+ideas%3F&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2Fthe-big-question-who-was-rudolf-steiner-and-what-were-his-revolutionary-teaching-ideas-433407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CorrDoc-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CorrDoc_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CorrDoc_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CorrDoc_13-2">c</a> Steiner, Correspondence and Documents 1901–1925, 1988, p. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880102071" title="Special:BookSources/0880102071">0880102071</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruse2018-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Ruse2018_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuse2018" class="citation book cs1">Ruse, Michael (12 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1RuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">The Problem of War: Darwinism, Christianity, and Their Battle to Understand Human Conflict</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086757-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-086757-7"><bdi>978-0-19-086757-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+War%3A+Darwinism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Their+Battle+to+Understand+Human+Conflict&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-11-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-086757-7&rft.aulast=Ruse&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1RuDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cees-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cees_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cees_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cees_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cees_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeijenhorst2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cees_Leijenhorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cees Leijenhorst (page does not exist)">Leijenhorst, Cees</a> (2006). "Steiner, Rudolf, * 25.2.1861 Kraljevec (Croatia), † 30.3.1925 Dornach (Switzerland)". In <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Hanegraaff, Wouter J.</a> (ed.). Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism. Leiden / Boston: Brill. p. 1086. <q>Steiner moved to Weimar in 1890 and stayed there until 1897. He complained bitterly about the bad salary and the boring philological work, but found the time to write his main philosophical works during his Weimar period. ... Steiner's high hopes that his philosophical work would gain him a professorship at one of the universities in the German-speaking world were never fulfilled. Especially his main philosophical work, the Philosophie der Freiheit, did not receive the attention and appreciation he had hoped for.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Steiner%2C+Rudolf%2C+%2A+25.2.1861+Kraljevec+%28Croatia%29%2C+%E2%80%A0+30.3.1925+Dornach+%28Switzerland%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Gnosis+and+Western+Esotericism&rft.place=Leiden+%2F+Boston&rft.pages=1086&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Leijenhorst&rft.aufirst=Cees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClelland_2018_p.-16"><a href="#cite_ref-McClelland_2018_p._16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2018" class="citation book cs1">McClelland, Norman C. (15 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Leq4U5ihkC&dq=gnosticism+reincarnation&pg=PA100">"Gnosticism"</a>. Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma. McFarland. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>. <q>In the broadest sense of the term this is any spiritual teaching that says that spiritual knowledge (Greek: gnosis) or wisdom (sophia) rather than doctrinal faith (pistis) or some ritual practice is the main route to supreme spiritual attainment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosticism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Norman+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Leq4U5ihkC%26dq%3Dgnosticism%2Breincarnation%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian_Gnosticism-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_Gnosticism_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christian_Gnosticism_18-1">b</a> Sources for 'Christian Gnosticism': <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Robertson, David G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6s5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Gnosticism and the History of Religions</a>. Scientific Studies of Religion: Inquiry and Explanation. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-13770-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-13770-7"><bdi>978-1-350-13770-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2023. <q>Theosophy, together with its continental sister, Anthroposophy... are pure Gnosticism in Hindu dress...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosticism+and+the+History+of+Religions&rft.series=Scientific+Studies+of+Religion%3A+Inquiry+and+Explanation&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-350-13770-7&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB6s5EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gilmer, Jane (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUAvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">The Alchemical Actor</a>. Consciousness, Literature and the Arts. Brill. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44942-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44942-8"><bdi>978-90-04-44942-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2023. <q>Jung and Steiner were both versed in ancient gnosis and both envisioned a paradigmatic shift in the way it was delivered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alchemical+Actor&rft.series=Consciousness%2C+Literature+and+the+Arts&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44942-8&rft.aulast=Gilmer&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmUAvEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Quispel, Gilles (1980). Layton, Bentley (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBTXAAAAMAAJ">The Rediscovery of Gnosticism: The school of Valentinus</a>. Studies in the history of religions : Supplements to Numen. E.J. Brill. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06176-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06176-7"><bdi>978-90-04-06176-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2023. <q>After all, Theosophy is a pagan, Anthroposophy a Christian form of modern Gnosis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rediscovery+of+Gnosticism%3A+The+school+of+Valentinus&rft.series=Studies+in+the+history+of+religions+%3A+Supplements+to+Numen&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06176-7&rft.aulast=Quispel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBTXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Quispel, Gilles; Oort, Johannes van (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2u15DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA370">Gnostica, Judaica, Catholica. Collected Essays of Gilles Quispel</a>. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies. Brill. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4182-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4182-3"><bdi>978-90-474-4182-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnostica%2C+Judaica%2C+Catholica.+Collected+Essays+of+Gilles+Quispel&rft.series=Nag+Hammadi+and+Manichaean+Studies&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-474-4182-3&rft.aulast=Quispel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft.au=Oort%2C+Johannes+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2u15DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Maria (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yS93DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">"Petersburg and Modern Occultism"</a>. In Livak, Leonid (ed.). A Reader's Guide to Andrei Bely's "petersburg. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-31930-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-31930-4"><bdi>978-0-299-31930-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2023. <q>Theosophy and Anthroposophy are fundamentally Gnostic systems in that they posit the dualism of Spirit and Matter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Petersburg+and+Modern+Occultism&rft.btitle=A+Reader%27s+Guide+to+Andrei+Bely%27s+%22petersburg&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-299-31930-4&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyS93DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">McL. Wilson, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA256">"Gnosticism"</a>. In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford Companions. Oxford University Press. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974391-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974391-9"><bdi>978-0-19-974391-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2023. <q>Gnosticism has often been regarded as bizarre and outlandish, and certainly it is not easily understood until it is examined in its contemporary setting. It was, however, no mere playing with words and ideas, but a serious attempt to resolve real problems: the nature and destiny of the human race, the problem of *evil, the human predicament. To a gnostic it brought a release and joy and hope, as if awakening from a nightmare. One later offshoot, Manicheism, became for a time a world religion, reaching as far as China, and there are at least elements of gnosticism in such medieval movements as those of the Bogomiles and the Cathari. Gnostic influence has been seen in various works of modern literature, such as those of William Blake and W. B. Yeats, and is also to be found in the Theosophy of Madame Blavatsky and the Anthroposophy of Rudolph Steiner. Gnosticism was of lifelong interest to the psychologist C. G. *Jung, and one of the Nag Hammadi codices (the Jung Codex) was for a time in the Jung Institute in Zurich.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosticism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.series=Oxford+Companions&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974391-9&rft.aulast=McL.+Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2KGVuym5OUC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraune2014" class="citation book cs1">Braune, Joan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TfibBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">Erich Fromm’s Revolutionary Hope: Prophetic Messianism as a Critical Theory of the Future</a>. Imagination and Praxis: Criticality and Creativity in Education and Educational Research. SensePublishers. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6209-812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6209-812-1"><bdi>978-94-6209-812-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erich+Fromm%E2%80%99s+Revolutionary+Hope%3A+Prophetic+Messianism+as+a+Critical+Theory+of+the+Future&rft.series=Imagination+and+Praxis%3A+Criticality+and+Creativity+in+Education+and+Educational+Research&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=SensePublishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-94-6209-812-1&rft.aulast=Braune&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTfibBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson1996" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Maria (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqwGUM4tFoEC&pg=PA53">"Gnostic Elements in Soloviev's Cosmogony"</a>. In Kornblatt, Judith Deutsch; Gustafson, Richard F. (eds.). Russian Religious Thought. Russian studies: Religion. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15134-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15134-8"><bdi>978-0-299-15134-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnostic+Elements+in+Soloviev%27s+Cosmogony&rft.btitle=Russian+Religious+Thought&rft.series=Russian+studies%3A+Religion&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-299-15134-8&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAqwGUM4tFoEC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2013" class="citation book cs1">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VozAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA301">"Western Esoteric Traditions and Theosophy"</a>. In Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.). Handbook of the Theosophical Current. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23597-7"><bdi>978-90-04-23597-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+Esoteric+Traditions+and+Theosophy&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Theosophical+Current&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23597-7&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VozAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diener_Hipolito_2013_p._77-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diener_Hipolito_2013_p._77_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diener_Hipolito_2013_p._77_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDienerHipolito2013" class="citation book cs1">Diener, Astrid; Hipolito, Jane (2013) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kf7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77">The Role of Imagination in Culture and Society: Owen Barfield's Early Work</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-3320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-3320-1"><bdi>978-1-7252-3320-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2023. <q>a neognostic heresy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Imagination+in+Culture+and+Society%3A+Owen+Barfield%27s+Early+Work&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-3320-1&rft.aulast=Diener&rft.aufirst=Astrid&rft.au=Hipolito%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kf7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellwood_Partin_2016_p.-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellwood_Partin_2016_p._20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellwood_Partin_2016_p._20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwoodPartin2016" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Robert; Partin, Harry (2016) [1988, 1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWN4DQAAQBAJ">Religious and Spiritual Groups in Modern America</a> (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-50723-1"><bdi>978-1-315-50723-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2023. <q>On the one hand, there are what might be called the Western groups, which reject the alleged extravagance and orientalism of evolved Theosophy, in favor of a serious emphasis on its metaphysics and especially its recovery of the Gnostic and Hermetic heritage. These groups feel that the love of India and its mysteries which grew up after Isis Unveiled was unfortunate for a Western group. In this category there are several Neo-Gnostic and Neo-Rosicrucian groups. The Anthroposophy of Rudolf Steiner is also in this category. On the other hand, there are what may be termed "new revelation" Theosophical schisms, generally based on new revelations from the Masters not accepted by the main traditions. In this set would be Alice Bailey's groups, "I Am," and in a sense Max Heindel's Rosicrucianism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+and+Spiritual+Groups+in+Modern+America&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-50723-1&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Partin%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWN4DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Sources for 'pseudoscientific':<div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1957" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Martin (1957) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwP3SGAUsnkC&pg=PA169">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a>. Dover Books on the Occult. Dover Publications. pp. 169, 224f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20394-2"><bdi>978-0-486-20394-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 January 2022. <q>The late Rudolf Steiner, founder of the Anthroposophical Society, the fastest growing cult in post-war Germany... Closely related to the organic farming movement is the German anthroposophical cult founded by Rudolf Steiner, whom we met earlier in connection with his writings on Atlantis and Lemuria. ... In essence, the anthroposophists' approach to the soil is like their approach to the human body—a variation of homeopathy. (See Steiner's An Outline of Anthroposophical Medical Research, English translation, 1939, for an explanation of how mistletoe, when properly prepared, will cure cancer by absorbing "etheric forces" and strengthening the "astral body.") They believe the soil can be made more "dynamic" by adding to it certain mysterious preparations which, like the medicines of homeopathic "purists," are so diluted that nothing material of the compound remains.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fads+and+Fallacies+in+the+Name+of+Science&rft.series=Dover+Books+on+the+Occult&rft.pages=169%2C+224f&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-486-20394-2&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwP3SGAUsnkC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFDugan2007">Dugan 2007</a>, pp. 74–75</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ruse, Michael (25 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQRuAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128">The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226060392" title="Special:BookSources/9780226060392"><bdi>9780226060392</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 June 2015. <q>We have rather a mishmash of religion on the one hand and pseudoscience on the other, as critics have pointed out (e.g., Shermer 2002, 32). It is hard to tell where one ends and the other begins, but for our purposes it is not really important.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gaia+Hypothesis%3A+Science+on+a+Pagan+Planet&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft.isbn=9780226060392&rft.aulast=Ruse&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQRuAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Regal, Brian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c6PACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">"Astral Projection"</a>. Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia: A Critical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35508-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35508-0"><bdi>978-0-313-35508-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 January 2022. <q>The Austrian philosopher and occultist Rudolf Steiner (1861 - 1925) claimed that, by astral projection, he could read the Akashic Record. ... Other than anecdotal eyewitness accounts, there is no evidence of the ability to astral project, the existence of other planes, or of the Akashic Record.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Astral+Projection&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience%3A+A+Critical+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Critical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35508-0&rft.aulast=Regal&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc6PACQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gorski, David H. (2019). Kaufman, Allison B.; Kaufman, James C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLT4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA313">Pseudoscience: The Conspiracy Against Science</a>. MIT Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53704-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53704-9"><bdi>978-0-262-53704-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 January 2022. <q>To get an idea of what mystical nonsense anthroposophic medicine is, I like to quote straight from the horse's mouth, namely Physician's Association for Anthroposophic Medicine, in its pamphlet for patients:</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience%3A+The+Conspiracy+Against+Science&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-262-53704-9&rft.aulast=Gorski&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZLT4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Oppenheimer, Todd (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WrTQtLgxZeQC&pg=PA384">The Flickering Mind: Saving Education from the False Promise of Technology</a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-43221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-43221-6"><bdi>978-0-307-43221-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 January 2022. <q>In Dugan's view, Steiner's theories are simply "cult pseudoscience".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flickering+Mind%3A+Saving+Education+from+the+False+Promise+of+Technology&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-43221-6&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWrTQtLgxZeQC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ruse, Michael (2013). Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc4OAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA227">Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-05182-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-05182-6"><bdi>978-0-226-05182-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 January 2022. <q>It is not so much that they have a persecution or martyr complex, but that they do revel in having esoteric knowledge unknown to or rejected by others, and they have the sorts of personalities that rather enjoy being on the fringe or outside. Followers of Rudolf Steiner's biodynamic agriculture are particularly prone to this syndrome. They just know they are right and get a big kick out of their opposition to genetically modified foods and so forth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Pseudoscience%3A+Reconsidering+the+Demarcation+Problem&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-05182-6&rft.aulast=Ruse&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPc4OAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFDugan2002">Dugan 2002</a>, pp. 31–33</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKienleKieneAlbonico2006b">Kienle, Kiene & Albonico 2006b</a>, pp. 7–18</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTreue2002">Treue 2002</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFStorr1997">Storr 1997</a>, pp. 69–70</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Mahner, Martin (2007). Gabbay, Dov M.; Thagard, Paul; Woods, John; Kuipers, Theo A.F. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUMuFaXjNjEC&pg=PA548">General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues</a>. Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Elsevier Science. p. 548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-054854-8"><bdi>978-0-08-054854-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2022. <q>Examples of such fields are various forms of "alternative healing" such as shamanism, or esoteric world views like anthroposophy ... For this reason, we must suspect that the "alternative knowledge" produced in such fields is just as illusory as that of the standard pseudosciences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+Focal+Issues&rft.series=Handbook+of+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.pages=548&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-08-054854-8&rft.aulast=Mahner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUMuFaXjNjEC%26pg%3DPA548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2015" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Maria (2015) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrl9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">No Religion Higher Than Truth: A History of the Theosophical Movement in Russia, 1875-1922</a>. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7279-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-7279-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 August 2024. <q>Both turned out to be "positivistic religions," offering a seemingly logical theology based on pseudoscience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Religion+Higher+Than+Truth%3A+A+History+of+the+Theosophical+Movement+in+Russia%2C+1875-1922&rft.series=Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7279-4&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrl9BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li>See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansson2021" class="citation web cs1">Hansson, Sven Ove (20 May 2021) [3 September 2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pseudo-science/">"Science and Pseudo-Science"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Science+and+Pseudo-Science&rft.date=2021-05-20&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.aulast=Hansson&rft.aufirst=Sven+Ove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fpseudo-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPattberg2012">Pattberg 2012</a>, p. 125</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonchi2013" class="citation book cs1">Ronchi, Claudio (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRUJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180">The Tree of Knowledge: The Bright and the Dark Sides of Science</a>. SpringerLink : Bücher. Springer International Publishing. p. 180 fn. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-01484-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-01484-5"><bdi>978-3-319-01484-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2024. <q>merely represent, from a scientific point of view, examples of fuzzy reasoning</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tree+of+Knowledge%3A+The+Bright+and+the+Dark+Sides+of+Science&rft.series=SpringerLink+%3A+B%C3%BCcher&rft.pages=180+fn.+2&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-319-01484-5&rft.aulast=Ronchi&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRUJAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staudenmaier_2014_p.-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Staudenmaier_2014_p._22-0">^</a> Sources for 'pseudohistory': <div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritze2009" class="citation book cs1">Fritze, Ronald H. (2009). "Atlantis: Mother of Pseudohistory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventedknowledg0000frit">Invented Knowledge</a>. London: Reaktion Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventedknowledg0000frit/page/45">45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventedknowledg0000frit/page/60/mode/2up">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-430-4"><bdi>978-1-86189-430-4</bdi></a>. <q>For the Theosophists and other occultists Atlantis has a greater importance since it forms an integral part of their religious worldview.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atlantis%3A+Mother+of+Pseudohistory&rft.btitle=Invented+Knowledge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45%2C+61&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-430-4&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventedknowledg0000frit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaudenmaier2014" class="citation book cs1">Staudenmaier, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDJnAwAAQBAJ">Between Occultism and Nazism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race in the Fascist Era</a>. Aries Book Series. Brill. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27015-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27015-2"><bdi>978-90-04-27015-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2022. <q>In Steiner's view, "ordinary history" was "limited to external evidence" and hence no match for "direct spiritual perception."22 Indeed for anthroposophists, "conventional history" constitutes "a positive hindrance to occult research."23</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Occultism+and+Nazism%3A+Anthroposophy+and+the+Politics+of+Race+in+the+Fascist+Era&rft.series=Aries+Book+Series&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27015-2&rft.aulast=Staudenmaier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDJnAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGardner1957">Gardner 1957</a>, pp. 169, 224f</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachman2007" class="citation book cs1">Lachman, Gary (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsfrzMrkkc8C&pg=PT10">Rudolf Steiner: An Introduction to His Life and Work</a>. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. xix, 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-15407-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-15407-6"><bdi>978-1-101-15407-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 February 2024. <q>I formulated the cognitive challenge I was presenting myself with in this way: How can I account for the fact that, on one page, Steiner can make a powerful and original critique of Kantian epistemology—basically, the idea that there are limits to knowledge—yet on another make, with all due respect, absolutely outlandish and, more to the point, seemingly unverifiable statements about life in ancient Atlantis?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudolf+Steiner%3A+An+Introduction+to+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=xix%2C+233&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-101-15407-6&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgsfrzMrkkc8C%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> R. Bruce Elder, Harmony and dissent: film and avant-garde art movements in the early twentieth century, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-028-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-028-6">978-1-55458-028-6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJ408vKWZ14C&pg=PA32">p. 32</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAMcD-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAMcD_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAMcD_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAMcD_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAMcD_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAMcD_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAMcD_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAMcD_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAMcD_24-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott1995" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Robert A. (1995). "Rudolf Steiner and Anthroposophy". In Faivre, Antoine; Needleman, Jacob; Voss, Karen (eds.). Modern Esoteric Spirituality. New York: Crossroad Publishing. pp. 299–301, 288ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-1444-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-1444-0"><bdi>978-0-8245-1444-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Steiner+and+Anthroposophy&rft.btitle=Modern+Esoteric+Spirituality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=299-301%2C+288ff&rft.pub=Crossroad+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8245-1444-0&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Sokolina, Anna, ed. Architecture and Anthroposophy. [Arkhitektura i Antroposofiia.] 2 editions. Moscow: KMK, 2001, 2010. 268p. 348 ills. 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/587317-0746" title="Special:BookSources/587317-0746">587317-0746</a>, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/587317-6604" title="Special:BookSources/587317-6604">587317-6604</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-CL-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CL_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CL_26-5">f</a> Christoph Lindenberg, Rudolf Steiner, Rowohlt 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-499-50500-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-499-50500-2">3-499-50500-2</a>, pp. 123–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-BD1924-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BD1924_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BD1924_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaull2011" class="citation journal cs1">Paull, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orgprints.org/18809/1/Paull2011KoberwitzEJSS.pdf">"Attending the First Organic Agriculture Course: Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course at Koberwitz, 1924"</a> (PDF). European Journal of Social Sciences. 21 (1): 64–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Attending+the+First+Organic+Agriculture+Course%3A+Rudolf+Steiner%27s+Agriculture+Course+at+Koberwitz%2C+1924&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-70&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Paull&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F18809%2F1%2FPaull2011KoberwitzEJSS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1883" class="citation cs2">Steiner, Rudolf (1883), Goethean Science, GA1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goethean+Science&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanderFernsehen2009" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zander, Helmut; Fernsehen, Schweizer (15 February 2009), Sternstunden Philosophie: Die Anthroposophie Rudolf Steiners (program) (in German)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sternstunden+Philosophie%3A+Die+Anthroposophie+Rudolf+Steiners&rft.date=2009-02-15&rft.aulast=Zander&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.au=Fernsehen%2C+Schweizer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-GL-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GL_30-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFLachman2007">Lachman 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> In Austria passing the <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">matura</a> examination at a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium (school)</a> was required for entry to the University.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.superfarm.net/pedagogika/images/stories/2007-5-eng/2007_05_eng_07-dr_tadej_vidmar-the_gymnasium_as_a_general.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806191217/http://www.superfarm.net/pedagogika/images/stories/2007-5-eng/2007_05_eng_07-dr_tadej_vidmar-the_gymnasium_as_a_general.pdf">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Final_exams_at_the_Technical_University-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Final_exams_at_the_Technical_University_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Sam, Martina Maria (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dasgoetheanum.com/warum-machte-rudolf-steiner-keine-abschlusspruefung-an-der-technischen-hochschule/">"Warum machte Rudolf Steiner keine Abschlussprüfung an der Technischen Hochschule?"</a>. Das Goetheanum. Marginalien zu Rudolf Steiner's Leben und Werk. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Das+Goetheanum&rft.atitle=Warum+machte+Rudolf+Steiner+keine+Abschlusspr%C3%BCfung+an+der+Technischen+Hochschule%3F&rft.volume=Marginalien+zu+Rudolf+Steiner%27s+Leben+und+Werk&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Sam&rft.aufirst=Martina+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdasgoetheanum.com%2Fwarum-machte-rudolf-steiner-keine-abschlusspruefung-an-der-technischen-hochschule%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> There was some controversy over this matter as researchers failed to note that at the time no "degrees" in the modern manner were awarded in Germany and Austria except doctorates. The research by Dr Sam confirms the details. Rudolf Steiner studied for eight semesters at the Technical University in Vienna - as a student in the General Department, which was there in addition to the engineering, construction, mechanical engineering and chemical schools. The general department comprised all subjects that could not be clearly assigned to one of these four existing technical schools. Around 1880 this included mathematics, descriptive geometry, physics, as well as general and supplementary subjects such as German language and literature, history, art history, economics, legal subjects, languages, The students in the General Department - unlike their fellow students in the specialist departments - neither had to complete a fixed curriculum nor take a final or state examination. They did not have to and could not - because that was not intended for this department, nor was the "<a href="/wiki/Absolutorium" title="Absolutorium">Absolutorium</a>". Final state examinations at the Vienna University of Technology only began in the academic year 1878/79. The paper reports how at that time, the so-called ‘individual examinations’ in the subjects studied seemed to be of greater importance and were reported first in the 'Annual Report of the Technical University 1879/80' - sorted according to the faculties of the Technical University. Steiner was in fact amongst the best student on these grounds and was cited by the University as one of its distinguished alumni. The records for the examinations he sat are on record as is the scholarship record. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhern2009-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhern2009_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhern2009">Ahern 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Heidenreich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Heidenreich (page does not exist)">Alfred Heidenreich</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southerncrossreview.org/36/heidenreich.htm">Rudolf Steiner – A Biographical Sketch</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZanderBio-36"><a href="#cite_ref-ZanderBio_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZander2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zander, Helmut (2011). Rudolf Steiner: Die Biografie (in German). München Zürich: Piper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-492-05448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-492-05448-5"><bdi>978-3-492-05448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudolf+Steiner%3A+Die+Biografie&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen+Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pub=Piper&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-492-05448-5&rft.aulast=Zander&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The Collected Works of Rudolf Steiner. Esoteric Lessons 1904–1909. SteinerBooks, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Steiner, GA 262, pp. 7–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> So Gerhard Wehr: Rudolf Steiner. Leben, Erkenntnis, Kulturimpuls. Eine Biographie. Diogenes, Zürich 1993, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA002/">"Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World Conception"</a>, also translated as Goethe's Theory of Knowledge, An Outline of the Epistemology of His Worldview </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Preface to 1924 edition of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA002/English/AP1985/GA002_pre1924.html">The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception, with Specific Reference to Schiller</a>, in which Steiner also wrote that the way of knowing he presented in this work opened the way from the sensory world to the spiritual one. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Rudolf Steiner, Goethean Science, Mercury Press, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936132-92-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-936132-92-2">0-936132-92-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936132-92-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936132-92-1">978-0-936132-92-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA001/English/MP1988/GA001_index.html">link</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> His thesis title was Die Grundfrage der Erkenntnistheorie mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Fichte's <a href="/wiki/Wissenschaftslehre_(Fichte)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wissenschaftslehre (Fichte)">Wissenschaftslehre</a> – Prolegomena zur Verständigung des philosophierenden Bewusstseins mit sich selbst. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsarchive.org/Books/GA003/index.php">Truth and Knowledge (full text)</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Wahrheit und Wissenschaft – Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Freiheit </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Sergei Prokofieff, May Human Beings Hear It!, Temple Lodge, 2004. p. 460 </li> <li id="cite_note-o046-46"><a href="#cite_ref-o046_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2013" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Rudolf (1 June 2013). Rethinking Economics. Great Barrington, Mass: SteinerBooks. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62148-050-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62148-050-1"><bdi>978-1-62148-050-1</bdi></a>. <q>Hoping for a job (which, in fact, he did not get), Steiner accepted the invitation immediately.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Economics&rft.place=Great+Barrington%2C+Mass&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=SteinerBooks&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-62148-050-1&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Rudolf Steiner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Fighter for Freedom Garber Communications; 2nd revised edition (July 1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0893450335" title="Special:BookSources/978-0893450335">978-0893450335</a>. Online <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://wn.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Books/GA005/English/GC1985/GA005_index.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002010010/https://wn.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Books/GA005/English/GC1985/GA005_index.html">Archived</a> 2 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeijenhorst20061088-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeijenhorst20061088_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeijenhorst2006">Leijenhorst 2006</a>, p. 1088: "Despite his success as an esoteric teacher, Steiner seems to have suffered from being shut off from academic and general cultural life, given his continued attempts at getting academic positions or jobs as a journalist." </li> <li id="cite_note-t111-49"><a href="#cite_ref-t111_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Pattberg, Thorsten J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nbh_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">Shengren: Above Philosophy and Beyond Religion</a>. LoD Press, New York. p. 125. Retrieved 15 August 2024. <q>Worse, he couldn't be a real philosopher either; his theosophy and anthroposophy and the Waldorf humanism in particular were considered pseudoscience or at best pedagogy, not a philosophical system. Steiner's credentials were not university-level professional work. [...] German mainstream scholarship called him an 'autodidact, with a poor teacher' and 'gypsy-intellectual.'144 Not uncommon for practitioners at the fringes of society, he was accused of class treason.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shengren%3A+Above+Philosophy+and+Beyond+Religion&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=LoD+Press%2C+New+York&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pattberg&rft.aufirst=Thorsten+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNbh_EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravagli-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ravagli_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravagli_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ravagli_50-2">c</a> Lorenzo Ravagli, Zanders Erzählungen, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8305-1613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8305-1613-2">978-3-8305-1613-2</a>, pp. 184f </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1997" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Thomas (1997). Helmuth von Moltke, Light for the new millennium: Rudolf Steiner's association with Helmuth and Eliza von Moltke: letters, documents and after-death communications. London: Rudolf Steiner Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85584-051-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85584-051-0"><bdi>1-85584-051-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helmuth+von+Moltke%2C+Light+for+the+new+millennium%3A+Rudolf+Steiner%27s+association+with+Helmuth+and+Eliza+von+Moltke%3A+letters%2C+documents+and+after-death+communications&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rudolf+Steiner+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85584-051-0&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMombauer2001" class="citation book cs1">Mombauer, Annika (19 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521791014">Helmuth Von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521019569" title="Special:BookSources/9780521019569"><bdi>9780521019569</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helmuth+Von+Moltke+and+the+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001-04-19&rft.isbn=9780521019569&rft.aulast=Mombauer&rft.aufirst=Annika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0521791014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> See Lutyens, Mary (2005). J. Krishnamurti: A Life. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-400006-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-400006-7">0-14-400006-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Zimmermann's Geschichte der Aesthetik als philosophische Wissenschaft.: Anthroposophie im Umriss-Entwurf eines Systems idealer Weltansicht auf realistischer Grundlage: Steiner, Anthroposophic Movement: Lecture Two: The Unveiling of Spiritual Truths, 11 June 1923.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA258/English/RSP1993/19230611p01.html">[3]</a>. Steiner took the name but not the limitations on knowledge which Zimmerman proposed. Steiner, The Riddles of Philosophy (1914), Chapter VI, "Modern Idealistic World Conceptions" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA018/English/AP1973/GA018_p02c06.html">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSLib-55"><a href="#cite_ref-RSLib_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaull2018" class="citation journal cs1">Paull, John (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22610%2Fjsds.v9i3.2475">"The Library of Rudolf Steiner: The Books in English"</a>. Journal of Social and Development Sciences. 9 (3): 21–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22610%2Fjsds.v9i3.2475">10.22610/jsds.v9i3.2475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Development+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Library+of+Rudolf+Steiner%3A+The+Books+in+English&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=21-46&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22610%2Fjsds.v9i3.2475&rft.aulast=Paull&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22610%252Fjsds.v9i3.2475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZander2011191ff-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZander2011191ff_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZander2011">Zander 2011</a>, pp. 191ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlin-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_57-0">^</a> Paull, John (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41657072/Rudolf_Steiner_At_Home_in_Berlin">Rudolf Steiner: At Home in Berlin</a>, Journal of Biodynamics Tasmania. 132: 26-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-HausHansi-58"><a href="#cite_ref-HausHansi_58-0">^</a> Paull, John (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36947843/The_Home_of_Rudolf_Steiner_Haus_Hansi">The Home of Rudolf Steiner: Haus Hansi</a>, Journal of Biodynamics Tasmania, 126:19-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-GA259-59"><a href="#cite_ref-GA259_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_Steiner1991" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf Steiner (1991). Das Schicksalsjahr 1923 in der Geschichte der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft: vom Goethanumbrand zur Weihnachtstagung: Ansprachen, Versammlungen, Dokumente, Januar bis Dezember 1923. Rudolf Steiner Verlag. pp. 750–790 (esp. 787). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7274-2590-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7274-2590-5"><bdi>978-3-7274-2590-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Schicksalsjahr+1923+in+der+Geschichte+der+Anthroposophischen+Gesellschaft%3A+vom+Goethanumbrand+zur+Weihnachtstagung%3A+Ansprachen%2C+Versammlungen%2C+Dokumente%2C+Januar+bis+Dezember+1923&rft.pages=750-790+%28esp.+787%29&rft.pub=Rudolf+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-7274-2590-5&rft.au=Rudolf+Steiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Johannes Kiersch, A History of the School of Spiritual Science. Publ. Temple Lodge 2006. p.xiii, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1902636805" title="Special:BookSources/1902636805">1902636805</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoethRestruct-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoethRestruct_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoethRestruct_61-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goetheanum.org/Overview.481.0.html?&L=1">1923/1924 Restructuring and deepening. Refounding of the Anthroposophical Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121021155/http://www.goetheanum.org/Overview.481.0.html?&L=1">Archived</a> 21 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Goetheanum website </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Rudolf Steiner, Constitution of the School of Spiritual Science: Its arrangement in Sections 1964 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855843820" title="Special:BookSources/9781855843820">9781855843820</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-wn.rsarchive.org-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wn.rsarchive.org_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wn.rsarchive.org_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA260/English/AP1990/19231228a01.html">"Christmas Conference: Lecture 9: Continuation of the Foundation Meeting, 28 December, 10 a.m."</a> wn.rsarchive.org. 19 November 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wn.rsarchive.org&rft.atitle=Christmas+Conference%3A+Lecture+9%3A+Continuation+of+the+Foundation+Meeting%2C+28+December%2C+10+a.m.&rft.date=1990-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwn.rsarchive.org%2FLectures%2FGA260%2FEnglish%2FAP1990%2F19231228a01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Frankfurter Zeitung, 4 March 1921 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Uwe Werner (2011), "Rudolf Steiner zu Individuum und Rasse: Sein Engagement gegen Rassismus und Nationalismus", in Anthroposophie in Geschichte und Gegenwart. trans. Margot M. Saar </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_66-1">b</a> Uwe Werner, Anthroposophen in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, Munich (1999), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defendingsteiner.com/sources/hitler-steiner.php">"Hitler Attacks Rudolf Steiner"</a>. www.defendingsteiner.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.defendingsteiner.com&rft.atitle=Hitler+Attacks+Rudolf+Steiner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defendingsteiner.com%2Fsources%2Fhitler-steiner.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Rudolf Steiner, The Esoteric Aspect of the Social Question: The Individual and Society, Steinerbooks, p xiv and see also Lindenberg, Rudolf Steiner: Eine Biographie, pp. 769–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> "Riot at Munich Lecture", New York Times, 17 May 1922. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Marie Steiner, Introduction, in Rudolf Steiner, Turning Points in Spiritual History, Dornach, September 1926. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Wiesberger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthroposophy.com/aktuelles/wiesberger.html">Die Krise der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft 1923</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606014838/http://www.anthroposophy.com/aktuelles/wiesberger.html">Archived</a> 6 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-1">b</a> Lindenberg, Christoph, Rudolf Steiner: Eine Biographie Vol. II, Chapter 52. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7725-1551-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7725-1551-7">3-7725-1551-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Lindenberg, "Schritte auf dem Weg zur Erweiterung der Erkenntnis", pp. 77ff </li> <li id="cite_note-Schneider-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schneider_74-4">e</a> Peter Schneider, Einführung in die Waldorfpädagogik, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-608-93006-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-608-93006-X">3-608-93006-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Steiner described Brentano's Psychology from the Empirical Standpoint (1870) as symptomatic of the weakness of a psychology that intended to follow the method of natural science but lacked the strength and elasticity of mind to do justice to the demand of modern times: Steiner, The Riddles of Philosophy (1914), Chapter VI, "Modern Idealistic World Conceptions" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA018/English/AP1973/GA018_p02c06.html">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Bockemühl, J., Toward a Phenomenology of the Etheric World <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88010-115-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88010-115-6">0-88010-115-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Edelglass, S. et al., The Marriage of Sense and Thought, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940262-82-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-940262-82-7">0-940262-82-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Dilthey had used this term in the title of one of the works listed in the Introduction to Steiner's Truth and Science (his doctoral dissertation) as concerned with the theory of cognition in general: Einleitung in die Geisteswissenschaften, usw., (Introduction to the Spiritual Sciences, etc.) published in 1883.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417102908/http://sigbus.pvtridvs.net/pool/miscbooks/Rudolf_Steiner_-_Truth_and_Knowledge_v1.5.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sigbus.pvtridvs.net/pool/miscbooks/Rudolf_Steiner_-_Truth_and_Knowledge_v1.5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsigbus.pvtridvs.net%2Fpool%2Fmiscbooks%2FRudolf_Steiner_-_Truth_and_Knowledge_v1.5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Steiner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/GA/GA0058/19091014p01.html">"The Mission of Spiritual Science"</a>, lecture 1 of Metamorphoses of the Soul: Paths of Experience, Vol. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> The Theory of Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception, ch XIX </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> William James and Rudolf Steiner, Robert A. McDermott, 1991, in ReVision, vol.13 no.4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ciis.edu/Documents/Academic%20Departments/PCC/McDermott_William%20James%20and%20Rudolf%20Steiner.pdf">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203445/http://www.ciis.edu/Documents/Academic%20Departments/PCC/McDermott_William%20James%20and%20Rudolf%20Steiner.pdf">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Rudolf Steiner, Reincarnation and Karma: Concepts Compelled by the Modern Scientific Point of view, in Lucifer Gnosis 1903.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://rsarchive.org/Articles/GA034/English/AP1962/ReKarm_e01.html">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA235/English/RSP1972/Karm01_intro.html">"Introductory Note - Vol. 235. Karmic Relationships I (1972) - Rudolf Steiner Archive"</a>. rsarchive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsarchive.org&rft.atitle=Introductory+Note+-+Vol.+235.+Karmic+Relationships+I+%281972%29+-+Rudolf+Steiner+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsarchive.org%2FLectures%2FGA235%2FEnglish%2FRSP1972%2FKarm01_intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Rudolf Steiner Manifestations of Karma 4th edition 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1855840588" title="Special:BookSources/1855840588">1855840588</a>. Online <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/ManfKarma/ManKar_index.html">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> These lectures were published as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA235/English/RSP1972/Karm01_index.html">Karmic Relationships: Esoteric Studies</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> IN CONTEXT No. 6, Summer 1984 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526054008/http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodynamic.html">"ATTRA – National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/biodynamic.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATTRA+%E2%80%93+National+Sustainable+Agriculture+Information+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fattra.ncat.org%2Fattra-pub%2Fbiodynamic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienleKieneAlbonico2006a" class="citation book cs1">Kienle, Gunver Sophia; Kiene, Helmut; Albonico, Hans Ulrich (2006a). Anthroposophic Medicine Effectiveness, Utility, Costs, Safety. Schattauer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783794524952" title="Special:BookSources/9783794524952"><bdi>9783794524952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthroposophic+Medicine+Effectiveness%2C+Utility%2C+Costs%2C+Safety&rft.pub=Schattauer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783794524952&rft.aulast=Kienle&rft.aufirst=Gunver+Sophia&rft.au=Kiene%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Albonico%2C+Hans+Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krit-89"><a href="#cite_ref-krit_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ernst, Edzard (2008). "Anthroposophic medicine: A critical analysis". MMW Fortschritte der Medizin. 150 (Suppl 1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18540325">18540325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMW+Fortschritte+der+Medizin&rft.atitle=Anthroposophic+medicine%3A+A+critical+analysis&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18540325&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Edzard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220106192501/https://camphillfoundation.org/communities/">"Camphill list of communities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://camphillfoundation.org/communities/">the original</a> on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camphill+list+of+communities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcamphillfoundation.org%2Fcommunities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Both Goetheanum buildings are listed as among the most significant 100 buildings of modern architecture by Goulet, Patrice, Les Temps Modernes?, L'Architecture D'Aujourd'hui, December 1982 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Rudolf_Steiner.html">Rudolf Steiner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051601/http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Rudolf_Steiner.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Great Buildings Online </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Michael Brennan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnet.com/magazine_pre2000/reviews/brennan/brennan3-18-98.asp">rudolf steiner</a>, Artnet </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Hortola, Policarp. "The Aesthetics of haemotaphonomy: A study of the stylistic parallels between a science and literature and the visual arts". Eidos 2009, n.10, pp. 162-193 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzz.ch/aktuell/feuilleton/kunst_architektur/spirituelles-gemeinschaftswerk-1.16824897">Spirituelles Gemeinschaftswerk Das Erste Goetheanum in Dornach – eine Ausstellung im Schweizerischen Architekturmuseum Basel</a>, Neue Zurcher Zeitung 10.5.2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-Verlag_Freies_Geistesleben_1982_p.-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Verlag_Freies_Geistesleben_1982_p._96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaabKlingborg1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raab, Rex; Klingborg, Arne (1982). Die Waldorfschule baut: sechzig Jahre Architektur der Waldorfschulen: Schule als Entwicklungsraum menschengemässer Baugestaltung (in German). Stuttgart: Verlag Freies Geistesleben. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7725-0240-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7725-0240-8"><bdi>978-3-7725-0240-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Waldorfschule+baut%3A+sechzig+Jahre+Architektur+der+Waldorfschulen%3A+Schule+als+Entwicklungsraum+menschengem%C3%A4sser+Baugestaltung&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Verlag+Freies+Geistesleben&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-7725-0240-8&rft.aulast=Raab&rft.aufirst=Rex&rft.au=Klingborg%2C+Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biesantz-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biesantz_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biesantz_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiesantzKlingborg1979" class="citation book cs1">Biesantz, Hagen; Klingborg, Arne (1979). The Goetheanum : Rudolf Steiner's architectural impulse. Rudolf Steiner Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854403554" title="Special:BookSources/9780854403554"><bdi>9780854403554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goetheanum+%3A+Rudolf+Steiner%27s+architectural+impulse&rft.pub=Rudolf+Steiner+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780854403554&rft.aulast=Biesantz&rft.aufirst=Hagen&rft.au=Klingborg%2C+Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugler-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kugler_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kugler_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuglerBaur2007" class="citation book cs1">Kugler, Walter; Baur, Simon (2007). Rudolf Steiner in Kunst und Architektur. DuMont. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783832190125" title="Special:BookSources/9783832190125"><bdi>9783832190125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudolf+Steiner+in+Kunst+und+Architektur&rft.pub=DuMont&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783832190125&rft.aulast=Kugler&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Baur%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zander2007-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zander2007_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zander2007_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZander2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zander, Helmut (2007). Anthroposophie in Deutschland: Theosophische Weltanschauung und gesellschaftliche Praxis 1884–1945 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-55452-4"><bdi>978-3-525-55452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthroposophie+in+Deutschland%3A+Theosophische+Weltanschauung+und+gesellschaftliche+Praxis+1884%E2%80%931945&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-525-55452-4&rft.aulast=Zander&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-njacobs-100"><a href="#cite_ref-njacobs_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1978" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Nicholas (Spring 1978). "The German Social Democratic Party School in Berlin, 1906–1914". History Workshop. 5: 179–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2F5.1.179">10.1093/hwj/5.1.179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop&rft.atitle=The+German+Social+Democratic+Party+School+in+Berlin%2C+1906%E2%80%931914&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=179-187&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2F5.1.179&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullrich-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullrich_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullrich_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllrich2008" class="citation book cs1">Ullrich, Heiner (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rudolfsteinercon00ullr">Rudolf Steiner</a>. London: Continuum International Pub. Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rudolfsteinercon00ullr/page/n168">152</a>–154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826484192" title="Special:BookSources/9780826484192"><bdi>9780826484192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudolf+Steiner&rft.place=London&rft.pages=152-154&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Pub.+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780826484192&rft.aulast=Ullrich&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frudolfsteinercon00ullr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> The original essay was published in the journal Lucifer-Gnosis in 1907 and can be found in Steiner's collected essays, Lucifer-Gnosis 1903-1908, GA34. This essay was republished as an independent brochure in 1909; in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wn.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Articles/EduChild/EduChi_note.html">Prefatory note to this edition</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], Steiner refers to recent lectures on the subject. An English translation can be found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waldorfcurriculum.com/FREE/THE%20EDUCATION%20of%20the%20child.pdf">The Education of the Child: And Early Lectures on Education</a> (first English edition 1927, Second English edition 1981, London and New York, 1996 edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88010-414-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88010-414-2">978-0-88010-414-2</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Steiner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://steiner.presswarehouse.com/sites/steiner/research/archive/spirit_of_the_waldorf_school/spirit_of_the_waldorf_school.pdf">The Spirit of the Waldorf School</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880103947" title="Special:BookSources/9780880103947">9780880103947</a>. pp. 15-23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Torquay-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Torquay_104-0">^</a> Paull, John (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36404489/Torquay_In_the_Footsteps_of_Rudolf_Steiner">Torquay: In the Footsteps of Rudolf Steiner</a>, Journal of Biodynamics Tasmania. 125 (Mar): 26–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Stewart Easton (1980), Rudolf Steiner: Herald of a New Epoch, Anthroposophic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0910142939" title="Special:BookSources/0910142939">0910142939</a>. p. 267 </li> <li id="cite_note-r012-106"><a href="#cite_ref-r012_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazier2008" class="citation book cs1">Lazier, Benjamin (2008). God Interrupted. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13670-7"><bdi>978-0-691-13670-7</bdi></a>. <q>By the 1920s gnosticism (the term) had hardly a vestige of an agreed-upon meaning. That gnosticism had returned in some form was a sentiment shared by many, but what that meant was up for debate. Some, notably those on the occult scene inspired by the maverick educator Rudolf Steiner, greeted the new age with enthusiasm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Interrupted&rft.place=Princeton+%28N.J.%29&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13670-7&rft.aulast=Lazier&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaull2015" class="citation journal cs1">Paull, John (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsrp.ro/content/JSRP-Nr3_PAULL/JSRPNr.3_PAUL.pdf?attredirects=0">"The Secrets of Koberwitz: The Diffusion of Rudolf Steiner's Agriculture Course and the Founding of Biodynamic Agriculture"</a> (PDF). Journal of Social Research & Policy. 2 (1): 19–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125072532/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxqcnNwb25lfGd4OjIyNjY1MWZiZGViOWFlMg">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Research+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Secrets+of+Koberwitz%3A+The+Diffusion+of+Rudolf+Steiner%27s+Agriculture+Course+and+the+Founding+of+Biodynamic+Agriculture&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-29&rft.date=2015-07&rft.aulast=Paull&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsrp.ro%2Fcontent%2FJSRP-Nr3_PAULL%2FJSRPNr.3_PAUL.pdf%3Fattredirects%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-olympiad-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olympiad_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olympiad_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaull2011" class="citation journal cs1">Paull, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orgprints.org/18860/1/Paull2011OlympiadJSDS.pdf">"Organics Olympiad 2011: Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture"</a> (PDF). Journal of Social and Development Sciences. 1 (4): 144–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22610%2Fjsds.v1i4.638">10.22610/jsds.v1i4.638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Development+Sciences&rft.atitle=Organics+Olympiad+2011%3A+Global+Indices+of+Leadership+in+Organic+Agriculture&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=144-150&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22610%2Fjsds.v1i4.638&rft.aulast=Paull&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forgprints.org%2F18860%2F1%2FPaull2011OlympiadJSDS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurvis2009" class="citation web cs1">Purvis, Andrew (6 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/dec/06/biodynamic-coffee-in-brazil">"Biodynamic coffee farming in Brazil"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Biodynamic+coffee+farming+in+Brazil&rft.date=2009-12-06&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2009%2Fdec%2F06%2Fbiodynamic-coffee-in-brazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326064109/http://www.greenafricadirectory.org/listing/biodynamic-agricultural-association-of-southern-africa/">"Biodynamic Agricultural Association of Southern Africa - Green Africa Directory"</a>. Green Africa Directory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenafricadirectory.org/listing/biodynamic-agricultural-association-of-southern-africa/">the original</a> on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Africa+Directory&rft.atitle=Biodynamic+Agricultural+Association+of+Southern+Africa+-+Green+Africa+Directory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenafricadirectory.org%2Flisting%2Fbiodynamic-agricultural-association-of-southern-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koberwitz-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koberwitz_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koberwitz_111-1">b</a> Paull, John (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.organic-systems.org/journal/Vol_6(1)/pdf/6(1)-Paull-pp27-41.pdf">"Biodynamic Agriculture: The Journey from Koberwitz to the World, 1924–1938"</a>, Journal of Organic Systems, 2011, 6(1):27–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodynamics.com/regional.html">Groups in N. America</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demeter.net/certification/">List of Demeter certifying organizations</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demeter.net/certification/">Other biodynamic certifying organization</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demeter.net/certification/ce_presentation.php?languagechoice=en&languageadmin=0">Some farms in the world</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> How to Save the World: One Man, One Cow, One Planet; Thomas Burstyn </li> <li id="cite_note-Purcell_2018_t965-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Purcell_2018_t965_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcell2018" class="citation web cs1">Purcell, Brendan (24 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voegelinview.com/9101-2/">"Hitler's Monsters: A Supernatural History of the Third Reich"</a>. VoegelinView. Retrieved 28 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VoegelinView&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Monsters%3A+A+Supernatural+History+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.date=2018-06-24&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoegelinview.com%2F9101-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-treue-115"><a href="#cite_ref-treue_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreue2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Treue, Peter (13 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030417075038/http://www.nitrogen.de/bub/faz.htm">"Blut und Bohnen: Der Paradigmenwechsel im Künast-Ministerium ersetzt Wissenschaft durch Okkultismus"</a>. Die Gegenwart (in German). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nitrogen.de/bub/faz.htm#plan">the original</a> on 17 April 2003. Retrieved 15 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Gegenwart&rft.atitle=Blut+und+Bohnen%3A+Der+Paradigmenwechsel+im+K%C3%BCnast-Ministerium+ersetzt+Wissenschaft+durch+Okkultismus&rft.date=2002-03-13&rft.aulast=Treue&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nitrogen.de%2Fbub%2Ffaz.htm%23plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> (Translation: "Blood and Beans: The paradigm shift in the Ministry of <a href="/wiki/Renate_K%C3%BCnast" title="Renate Künast">Renate Künast</a> replaces science with occultism") </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienleAlbonicoBaarsHamre2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kienle, Gunver S.; Albonico, Hans-Ulrich; Baars, Erik; Hamre, Harald J.; Zimmermann, Peter; Kiene, Helmut (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865373">"Anthroposophic Medicine: An Integrative Medical System Originating in Europe"</a>. Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 2 (6): 20–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7453%2Fgahmj.2012.087">10.7453/gahmj.2012.087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865373">3865373</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24416705">24416705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Advances+in+Health+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Anthroposophic+Medicine%3A+An+Integrative+Medical+System+Originating+in+Europe&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=20-31&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3865373%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24416705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7453%2Fgahmj.2012.087&rft.aulast=Kienle&rft.aufirst=Gunver+S.&rft.au=Albonico%2C+Hans-Ulrich&rft.au=Baars%2C+Erik&rft.au=Hamre%2C+Harald+J.&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+Peter&rft.au=Kiene%2C+Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3865373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teils-117"><a href="#cite_ref-teils_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienleKieneAlbonico2006b" class="citation journal cs1">Kienle, Gunver S.; Kiene, Helmut; Albonico, Hans Ulrich (2006b). "Anthroposophische Medizin: Health Technology Assessment Bericht – Kurzfassung". Forschende Komplementärmedizin. 13 (2): 7–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000093481">10.1159/000093481</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16883076">16883076</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72253140">72253140</a>. <q>teils ergänzend und teils ersetzend zur konventionellen Medizin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forschende+Komplement%C3%A4rmedizin&rft.atitle=Anthroposophische+Medizin%3A+Health+Technology+Assessment+Bericht+%E2%80%93+Kurzfassung&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-18&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72253140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16883076&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000093481&rft.aulast=Kienle&rft.aufirst=Gunver+S.&rft.au=Kiene%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Albonico%2C+Hans+Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> Cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ernst, Edzard (2008). "Anthroposophic medicine: A critical analysis". MMW Fortschritte der Medizin. 150 (Suppl 1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18540325">18540325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMW+Fortschritte+der+Medizin&rft.atitle=Anthroposophic+medicine%3A+A+critical+analysis&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18540325&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Edzard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essential-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Essential_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essential_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essential_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essential_118-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essential_118-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1984" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Rudolf (1984). McDermott, Robert (ed.). The essential Steiner : basic writings of Rudolf Steiner (1st ed.). San Francisco: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-065345-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-065345-0"><bdi>0-06-065345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+essential+Steiner+%3A+basic+writings+of+Rudolf+Steiner&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-06-065345-0&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fundamental-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fundamental_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fundamental_119-1">b</a> Steiner (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Articles/FuSoLa_index.html">"The Fundamental Social Law"</a>, translated in Selected writings of Rudolf Steiner (1993), Richard Seddon (Ed.), Rudolf Steiner Press, Bristol. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B85584%2B005%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/1+85584+005+7">1 85584 005 7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanegraaff_Faivre_van_den_Broek_Brach_2005_p._1090-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanegraaff_Faivre_van_den_Broek_Brach_2005_p._1090_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeijenhorst2005" class="citation book cs1">Leijenhorst, Cees (2005). Hanegraaff, Wouter J.; Faivre, Antoine; Broek, Roelof van den; Brach, Jean-Pierre (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HCUOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1090">Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism: I</a>. Brill. p. 1090. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14187-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14187-2"><bdi>978-90-04-14187-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 January 2024. <q>Steiner outlined his vision of a new political and social philosophy that avoids the two extremes of capitalism and socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Gnosis+%26+Western+Esotericism%3A+I&rft.pages=1090&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14187-2&rft.aulast=Leijenhorst&rft.aufirst=Cees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHCUOAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprem2018494-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprem2018494_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsprem2018">Asprem 2018</a>, p. 494. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerranovaTromble2016" class="citation book cs1">Terranova, Charissa N.; Tromble, Meredith (12 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klPUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT144">The Routledge Companion to Biology in Art and Architecture</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41950-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-41950-1"><bdi>978-1-317-41950-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Biology+in+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-41950-1&rft.aulast=Terranova&rft.aufirst=Charissa+N.&rft.au=Tromble%2C+Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklPUDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Sokolina, Anna. Architecture and Anthroposophy. [Arkhitektura i Antroposofiia.] Editor, co-author, transl., photogr. 2 editions. 268p. 348 ills. Moscow: KMK, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5873170746" title="Special:BookSources/5873170746">5873170746</a>; 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5873176604" title="Special:BookSources/5873176604">5873176604</a>. (In Russian with the summary in English) [www.iartforum.com] </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Goulet, P: "Les Temps Modernes?", L'Architecture D'Aujourd'hui, December 1982, pp. 8–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Sokolina, Anna. "Modernist Topologies: The Goetheanum in Building." In Modernity and Construction of Sacred Space, edited by Aaron French and Katharina Waldner, 149–168. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2024. ISBN 9783111061382 and 9783111062624. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111062624-008">https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111062624-008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Art as Spiritual Activity: Rudolf Steiner's Contribution to the Visual Arts. (1998) Intro. Michael Howard, p.50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B88010%2B396%2B5" title="Special:BookSources/0+88010+396+5">0 88010 396 5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> The Representative of Humanity Between Lucifer and Ahriman, The Wooden Model at the Goetheanum, Judith von Halle, John Wilkes (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855842397" title="Special:BookSources/9781855842397">9781855842397</a> from the German Die Holzplastik des Goetheanum (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.rudolfsteinerpress.com/pages/viewbook.php?isbn_in=9781855842397">[9]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502235547/http://www.rudolfsteinerpress.com/pages/viewbook.php?isbn_in=9781855842397">Archived</a> 2 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Rudolf Steiner Christ in Relation to Lucifer and Ahriman, lecture May,1915 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/19150518p01.html">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Rudolf Steiner, The Etheric Body as a Reflexion of the Universe lecture, June 1915 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/19150613p01.html">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140504002748/http://www.anthromedia.net/en/themes/anthroposophy/rudolf-steiner-life-and-work/black-board-drawings/">"Thought-Pictures - Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthromedia.net/en/themes/anthroposophy/rudolf-steiner-life-and-work/black-board-drawings/">the original</a> on 4 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thought-Pictures+-+Rudolf+Steiner%27s+Blackboard+Drawings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthromedia.net%2Fen%2Fthemes%2Fanthroposophy%2Frudolf-steiner-life-and-work%2Fblack-board-drawings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Lawrence Rinder, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antroposofi.org/blackboard/steineressay.html">Rudolf Steiner: An Aesthetic Perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828133012/http://antroposofi.org/blackboard/steineressay.html">Archived</a> 28 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ehrenfried_Pfeiffer" title="Ehrenfried Pfeiffer">Ehrenfried Pfeiffer</a> 'On Rudolf Steiner's Mystery Dramas, Four Lectures Given in Spring Valley, 1948' <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936132-93-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-936132-93-0">0-936132-93-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Neil2011" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Neil (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs-prod.library.usyd.edu.au/index.php/LA/article/viewFile/5054/5759">"On Rudolf Steiner's Impact on the Training of the Actor"</a>. Literature & Aesthetics. 21 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literature+%26+Aesthetics&rft.atitle=On+Rudolf+Steiner%27s+Impact+on+the+Training+of+the+Actor&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011-06&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fojs-prod.library.usyd.edu.au%2Findex.php%2FLA%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F5054%2F5759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Richard Solomon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/solomonr2002.pdf">Michael Chekhov and His Approach to Acting in Contemporary Performance Training</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803154254/http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/solomonr2002.pdf">Archived</a> 3 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, MA thesis University of Maine, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Ellic Howe: The Magicians of the Golden Dawn London 1985, Routledge, pp 262 ff </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Vreede" title="Elisabeth Vreede">Elisabeth Vreede</a>, who Steiner had nominated as the first leader of the Mathematical-Astronomical Section, was responsible for the posthumous 1926 edition of Steiner's astronomy course, concerning this branch of natural science from the point of view of Anthroposophy and spiritual science, under the title The Relationship of the various Natural-Scientific Subjects to Astronomy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA323/English/LR81/AstCrs_foreword.html">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmuthGarberWannamakerRaab199553-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmuthGarberWannamakerRaab199553_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmuthGarberWannamakerRaab1995">Wachsmuth et al. 1995</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Johannes Kiersch, A History of the School of Spiritual Science: The First Class, Temple Lodge Publishing, 2006, p.xii. The detailed account is given in chapter 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hemleben-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hemleben_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hemleben_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hemleben_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hemleben_139-3">d</a> Johannes Hemleben, Rudolf Steiner: A documentary biography, Henry Goulden Ltd, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904822-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-904822-02-8">0-904822-02-8</a>, pp. 37–49 and pp. 96–100 (German edition: Rowohlt Verlag, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-499-50079-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-499-50079-5">3-499-50079-5</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Storr-Einstein-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Storr-Einstein_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storr-Einstein_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorr1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Storr" title="Anthony Storr">Storr, Anthony</a> (1997) [1996]. "IV. Rudolf Steiner". Feet of Clay: Saints, Sinners, and Madmen: A Study of Gurus. New York: Free Press Paperbacks, Simon & Schuster. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83495-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83495-2"><bdi>0-684-83495-2</bdi></a>. <q>His belief system is so eccentric, so unsupported by evidence, so manifestly bizarre, that rational skeptics are bound to consider it delusional.... But, whereas Einstein's way of perceiving the world by thought became confirmed by experiment and mathematical proof, Steiner's remained intensely subjective and insusceptible of objective confirmation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV.+Rudolf+Steiner&rft.btitle=Feet+of+Clay%3A+Saints%2C+Sinners%2C+and+Madmen%3A+A+Study+of+Gurus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Free+Press+Paperbacks%2C+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-684-83495-2&rft.aulast=Storr&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FlynnDawkins2007-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FlynnDawkins2007_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FlynnDawkins2007_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2007" class="citation book cs1">Dugan, Dan (2007). Flynn, Tom; Dawkins, Richard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldorfcritics.org/articles/Anthroposophy.html">The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief</a>. Prometheus Books, Publishers. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615922802" title="Special:BookSources/9781615922802"><bdi>9781615922802</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 June 2015. <q>Anthroposophical pseudoscience is easy to find in Waldorf schools. "Goethean science" is supposed to be based only on observation, without "dogmatic" theory. Because observations make no sense without a relationship to some hypothesis, students are subtly nudged in the direction of Steiner's explanations of the world. Typical departures from accepted science include the claim that Goethe refuted Newton's theory of color, Steiner's unique "threefold" systems in physiology, and the oft-repeated doctrine that "the heart is not a pump" (blood is said to move itself).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Unbelief&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781615922802&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waldorfcritics.org%2Farticles%2FAnthroposophy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32_142-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32_142-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32_142-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_Linse_2002_p._32_142-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2002" class="citation book cs1">Dugan, Dan (2002). Shermer, Michael; Linse, Pat (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gr4snwg7iaEC&pg=PA32">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-653-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-653-8</bdi></a>. <q>In physics, Steiner championed Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's color theory over Isaac Newton, and he called relativity "brilliant nonsense." In astronomy, he taught that the motions of the planets were caused by the relationships of the spiritual beings that inhabited them. In biology, he preached vitalism and doubted germ theory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skeptic+Encyclopedia+of+Pseudoscience&rft.pages=31-33&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-653-8&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGr4snwg7iaEC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sven_Ove-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Sven_Ove_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hansson, Sven Ove (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waldorfcritics.org/articles/Hansson.html">"Is Anthroposophy Science?"</a> [Ist die Anthroposophie eine Wissenschaft?]. Conceptus: Zeitschrift für Philosophie. XXV (64): 37–49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-5155">0010-5155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conceptus%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Philosophie&rft.atitle=Is+Anthroposophy+Science%3F&rft.volume=XXV&rft.issue=64&rft.pages=37-49&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0010-5155&rft.aulast=Hansson&rft.aufirst=Sven+Ove&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waldorfcritics.org%2Farticles%2FHansson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahrimanic-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahrimanic_144-0">^</a> Sources for 'Ahrimanic':<div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1985" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Rudolf (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA176/English/AP1985/19170731p01.html">"1. Forgotten Aspects of Cultural Life"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfOUcjMD-WUC&pg=PT34">Karma of Materialism: 9 Lectures, Berlin, July 31–Sept. 25, 1917 (CW 176)</a>. SteinerBooks. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62151-025-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62151-025-3"><bdi>978-1-62151-025-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2024. <q>The whole content of natural science is ahrimanic and will only lose its ahrimanic nature when it becomes imbued with life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Forgotten+Aspects+of+Cultural+Life&rft.btitle=Karma+of+Materialism%3A+9+Lectures%2C+Berlin%2C+July+31%E2%80%93Sept.+25%2C+1917+%28CW+176%29&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=SteinerBooks&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-62151-025-3&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsarchive.org%2FLectures%2FGA176%2FEnglish%2FAP1985%2F19170731p01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinerMeuss1993" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Rudolf; Meuss, Anna R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgc6fjIeFVUC&pg=PA161">The Fall of the Spirits of Darkness</a>. Rudolf Steiner Press. p. 160-161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85584-010-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85584-010-2"><bdi>978-1-85584-010-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Spirits+of+Darkness&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=Rudolf+Steiner+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85584-010-2&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=Meuss%2C+Anna+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwgc6fjIeFVUC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinerBarton2013" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Rudolf; Barton, Matthew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qR9FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">The Incarnation of Ahriman: The Embodiment of Evil on Earth</a>. Rudolf Steiner Press. p. 53-54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85584-278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85584-278-6"><bdi>978-1-85584-278-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incarnation+of+Ahriman%3A+The+Embodiment+of+Evil+on+Earth&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Rudolf+Steiner+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-85584-278-6&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=Barton%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqR9FDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmuthGarberWannamakerRaab1995" class="citation book cs1">Wachsmuth, Guenther; Garber, Bernard J.; Wannamaker, Olin D.; Raab, Reginald E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UE_Dfrpi4-wC&pg=PT445">The Life and Work of Rudolf Steiner: From the Turn of the Century to His Death</a>. SteinerBooks. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62151-053-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62151-053-6"><bdi>978-1-62151-053-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2024. <q>and all external science, to the extent that it is not spiritual science, is Ahrimanic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Work+of+Rudolf+Steiner%3A+From+the+Turn+of+the+Century+to+His+Death&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=SteinerBooks&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-62151-053-6&rft.aulast=Wachsmuth&rft.aufirst=Guenther&rft.au=Garber%2C+Bernard+J.&rft.au=Wannamaker%2C+Olin+D.&rft.au=Raab%2C+Reginald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUE_Dfrpi4-wC%26pg%3DPT445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Faruqi1977" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Faruqi, Ismail Il Raji (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09hEAAAAYAAJ">"Moral values in medicine and science"</a>. Biosciences Communications. 3 (1). S. Karger: 56–58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0302-2781">0302-2781</a>. Retrieved 15 March 2024. <q>Medical science is Ahrimanic in that it treats the body solely as a mechanism, having no knowledge of or concern with the etheric structure, that invisible field of force and energy which all too often is found to be the seat of disease.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biosciences+Communications&rft.atitle=Moral+values+in+medicine+and+science&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-58&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0302-2781&rft.aulast=Al-Faruqi&rft.aufirst=Ismail+Il+Raji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09hEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkofieff1998" class="citation book cs1">Prokofieff, Sergei O. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-9Rq81-xGwC&pg=PA118">The Case of Valentin Tomberg: Anthroposophy Or Jesuitism?</a>. Temple Lodge. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904693-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904693-85-0"><bdi>978-0-904693-85-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+of+Valentin+Tomberg%3A+Anthroposophy+Or+Jesuitism%3F&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Temple+Lodge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-904693-85-0&rft.aulast=Prokofieff&rft.aufirst=Sergei+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-9Rq81-xGwC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounis2015" class="citation book cs1">Younis, Andrei (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5X95CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT57">Islam in Relation to the Christ Impulse: A Search for Reconciliation between Christianity and Islam</a>. SteinerBooks. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58420-185-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58420-185-4"><bdi>978-1-58420-185-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 March 2024. <q>Steiner emphasized that, when this deadened wisdom of Gondishapur began to spread in Europe, an ahrimanic, or ahrimanically inspired, natural science began to emerge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Relation+to+the+Christ+Impulse%3A+A+Search+for+Reconciliation+between+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=SteinerBooks&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-58420-185-4&rft.aulast=Younis&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5X95CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelg2022" class="citation book cs1">Selg, Peter (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ei1qEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">The Future of Ahriman and the Awakening of Souls: The Spirit-Presence of the Mystery Dramas</a>. Rudolf Steiner Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912230-92-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912230-92-1"><bdi>978-1-912230-92-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Ahriman+and+the+Awakening+of+Souls%3A+The+Spirit-Presence+of+the+Mystery+Dramas&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Rudolf+Steiner+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-912230-92-1&rft.aulast=Selg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEi1qEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2007" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, John H. (February 2007). Spiegler, Mado (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/collection/nyrud/id/387/download">"Christ and Sophia: Anthroposophic Meditations on the Old Testament, New Testament, and Apocalypse by Valentin Tomberg SteinerBooks, 2006, 432 pgs. Review by John H. Beck"</a>. Rudolf Steiner Library Newsletter: 7–12. <q>Science is Ahrimanic in so far as it is objective; Christian mysticism is Luciferic in so far as it is subjective.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rudolf+Steiner+Library+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Christ+and+Sophia%3A+Anthroposophic+Meditations+on+the+Old+Testament%2C+New+Testament%2C+and+Apocalypse+by+Valentin+Tomberg+SteinerBooks%2C+2006%2C+432+pgs.+Review+by+John+H.+Beck&rft.pages=7-12&rft.date=2007-02&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fapi%2Fcollection%2Fnyrud%2Fid%2F387%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStorr199772-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStorr199772_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStorr1997">Storr 1997</a>, p. 72: "If, however, we regard the sum of all percepts as the one part and contrast with this a second part, namely the things-in-themselves, then we are philosophising into the blue. We are merely playing with concepts." </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Steiner, Rudolf, Truth and Science, Preface. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> "To be conscious of the laws underlying one's actions is to be conscious of one's freedom. The process of knowing ... is the process of development towards freedom." Steiner, GA3, pp. 91f, quoted in Rist and Schneider, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarnas-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Tarnas_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarnas1996" class="citation book cs1">Tarnas, Richard (1996). The Passion of the Western Mind. London: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-7332-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-7332-6"><bdi>0-7126-7332-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion+of+the+Western+Mind&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7126-7332-6&rft.aulast=Tarnas&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> Cf. Solovyov: "In human beings, the absolute subject-object appears as such, i.e. as pure spiritual activity, containing all of its own objectivity, the whole process of its natural manifestation, but containing it totally ideally – in consciousness....The subject knows here only its own activity as an objective activity (sub specie object). Thus, the original identity of subject and object is restored in philosophical knowledge." (The Crisis of Western Philosophy, Lindisfarne 1996 pp. 42–3) </li> <li id="cite_note-t661-150"><a href="#cite_ref-t661_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2004" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Alexandra E. (2004). Clarke, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DouBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-49970-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-49970-0"><bdi>978-1-134-49970-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-49970-0&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDouBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA009/English/RSP1965/GA009_c01.html">"Theosophy: Chapter I: The Nature of Man"</a>. wn.rsarchive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wn.rsarchive.org&rft.atitle=Theosophy%3A+Chapter+I%3A+The+Nature+of+Man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwn.rsarchive.org%2FBooks%2FGA009%2FEnglish%2FRSP1965%2FGA009_c01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Theosophy, from the Prefaces to the First, Second, and Third Editions <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA009/English/AP1971/GA009_c01.html">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFe.Librarian" class="citation web cs1">e.Librarian, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsarchive.org/Articles/GA034/">"Rudolf Steiner Archive: Steiner Articles Bn/GA 34"</a>. www.rsarchive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rsarchive.org&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Steiner+Archive%3A+Steiner+Articles+Bn%2FGA+34&rft.aulast=e.Librarian&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsarchive.org%2FArticles%2FGA034%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Steiner, Christianity as Mystical Fact and the Mysteries of Antiquity, Anthroposophic Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880104368" title="Special:BookSources/0880104368">0880104368</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> One of Steiner's teachers, Franz Brentano, had famously declared that "The true method of philosophy can only be the method of natural science" (Walach, Harald, "Criticism of Transpersonal Psychology and Beyond", in The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology, ed. H. L. Friedman and G. Hartelius. P. 45.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Steiner_1982_pp._31-32-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Steiner_1982_pp._31-32_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinerSteiner1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steiner, Rudolf; Steiner, Marie (1982) [1925]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rudolf-steiner-ga-028/page/n30/mode/1up">Mein Lebensgang : eine nicht vollendete autobiographie, mit einem nachwort</a> (in German). Dornach, Schweiz: Rudolf Steiner. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783727402807" title="Special:BookSources/9783727402807"><bdi>9783727402807</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11145259">11145259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mein+Lebensgang+%3A+eine+nicht+vollendete+autobiographie%2C+mit+einem+nachwort&rft.place=Dornach%2C+Schweiz&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Rudolf+Steiner&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11145259&rft.isbn=9783727402807&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frudolf-steiner-ga-028%2Fpage%2Fn30%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Autobiography, Chapters in the Course of My Life: 18611907, Rudolf Steiner, SteinerBooks, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-Willmann-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willmann_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willmann_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willmann_158-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmann2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Willmann, Carlo (2001). "Waldorfpädagogik: Theologische und religionspädagogische Befunde". Kölner Veröffentlichungen zur Religionsgeschichte (in German). 27. Köln Weimar Wien: Böhlau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-16700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-16700-4"><bdi>978-3-412-16700-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-9230">0030-9230</a>Especially chapters 1.3, 1.4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=K%C3%B6lner+Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen+zur+Religionsgeschichte&rft.atitle=Waldorfp%C3%A4dagogik%3A+Theologische+und+religionsp%C3%A4dagogische+Befunde&rft.volume=27&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0030-9230&rft.isbn=978-3-412-16700-4&rft.aulast=Willmann&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> An Outline of Esoteric Science, Anthroposophic, SteinerBooks, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-aspremthesis-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aspremthesis_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aspremthesis_160-1">b</a> <div><ul><li>Asprem, E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2010817/117215_thesis.pdf">The problem of disenchantment: scientific naturalism and esoteric discourse, 1900-1939.</a> [Thesis, fully internal, Universiteit van Amsterdam]. p. 507.</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsprem2018" class="citation book cs1">Asprem, Egil (2018) [2014]. Appelbaum, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2e9dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA493">The Problem of Disenchantment: Scientific Naturalism and Esoteric Discourse, 1900-1939</a>. SUNY series in Western Esoteric Traditions. State University of New York Press. p. 493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6992-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6992-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-6992-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+Disenchantment%3A+Scientific+Naturalism+and+Esoteric+Discourse%2C+1900-1939&rft.series=SUNY+series+in+Western+Esoteric+Traditions&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-6992-8&rft.aulast=Asprem&rft.aufirst=Egil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2e9dDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-x337-161"><a href="#cite_ref-x337_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1969" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Marshall D. (1969). Black, Matthew (ed.). The Purpose of the Biblical Genealogies with Special Reference to the Setting of the Genealogies of Jesus. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07317-2"><bdi>978-0-521-07317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Purpose+of+the+Biblical+Genealogies+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Setting+of+the+Genealogies+of+Jesus&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07317-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Marshall+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-k531-162"><a href="#cite_ref-k531_162-0">^</a> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDWB2022" class="citation book cs1">DWB (2022) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3CNeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT591">"anthroposophy"</a>. In Louth, Andrew (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4th ed.). OUP Oxford. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-263815-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-263815-1"><bdi>978-0-19-263815-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=anthroposophy&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=76-77&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-263815-1&rft.au=DWB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3CNeEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winker_1994_p.-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winker_1994_p._163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winker_1994_p._163-1">b</a> Sources for 'Christology':<div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinker1994" class="citation book cs1">Winker, Eldon K. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W90QAQAAIAAJ">The New Age is Lying to You</a>. Concordia scholarship today. Concordia Publishing House. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-570-04637-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-570-04637-0"><bdi>978-0-570-04637-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 March 2023. <q>The Christology of Cerinthus is notably similar to that of Rudolf Steiner (who founded the Anthroposophical Society in 1912) and contemporary New Age writers such as David Spangler and George Trevelyan. These individuals all say the Christ descended on the human Jesus at his baptism. But they differ with Cerinthus in that they do not believe the Christ departed from Jesus prior to the crucfixion.12</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Age+is+Lying+to+You&rft.series=Concordia+scholarship+today&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-570-04637-0&rft.aulast=Winker&rft.aufirst=Eldon+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW90QAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1990" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Ron (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwtBPQAACAAJ">The Counterfeit Christ of the New Age Movement</a>. Christian Research Institute Series. Baker Book House. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-7757-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-7757-9"><bdi>978-0-8010-7757-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Counterfeit+Christ+of+the+New+Age+Movement&rft.series=Christian+Research+Institute+Series&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-7757-9&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwtBPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cees_Christ-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cees_Christ_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cees_Christ_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeijenhorst2006b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cees_Leijenhorst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cees Leijenhorst (page does not exist)">Leijenhorst, Cees</a> (2006b). "Antroposophy". In <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Hanegraaff, Wouter J.</a> (ed.). Dictionary of Gnosis and Western Esotericism. Leiden / Boston: Brill. p. 84. <q>Nevertheless, he made a distinction between the human person Jesus, and Christ as the divine Logos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antroposophy&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Gnosis+and+Western+Esotericism&rft.place=Leiden+%2F+Boston&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Leijenhorst&rft.aufirst=Cees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-g483-165"><a href="#cite_ref-g483_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtter2019" class="citation book cs1">Etter, Brian K. (2019) [2001]. "Chapter Six The New Music and the Influence of Theosophy". From Classicism to Modernism: Western Musical Culture and the Metaphysics of Order. Routledge. p. unpaginated. fn. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-18576-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-18576-7"><bdi>978-1-315-18576-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Six+The+New+Music+and+the+Influence+of+Theosophy&rft.btitle=From+Classicism+to+Modernism%3A+Western+Musical+Culture+and+the+Metaphysics+of+Order&rft.pages=unpaginated.+fn.+80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-315-18576-7&rft.aulast=Etter&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-k343-166"><a href="#cite_ref-k343_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1962" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, John Oswald (1962) [1948]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPZOAQAAMAAJ">"Anthroposophy"</a>. Cults and isms: Ancient and Modern. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-551-00458-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-551-00458-0"><bdi>978-0-551-00458-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3910997">3910997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthroposophy&rft.btitle=Cults+and+isms%3A+Ancient+and+Modern&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3910997&rft.isbn=978-0-551-00458-0&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=John+Oswald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPZOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnurbeinUlbricht200138-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnurbeinUlbricht200138_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchnurbeinUlbricht2001">Schnurbein & Ulbricht 2001</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDienerHipolito201378-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDienerHipolito201378_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDienerHipolito2013">Diener & Hipolito 2013</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlson2015136-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlson2015136_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlson2015">Carlson 2015</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-170"><a href="#cite_ref-religion_170-0">^</a> Sources for 'religion':<div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnurbeinUlbricht2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schnurbein, Stefanie von; Ulbricht, Justus H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xHNhQgAACAAJ">Völkische Religion und Krisen der Moderne: Entwürfe "arteigener" Glaubenssysteme seit der Jahrhundertwende</a> (in German). Königshausen & Neumann. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8260-2160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8260-2160-2"><bdi>978-3-8260-2160-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%B6lkische+Religion+und+Krisen+der+Moderne%3A+Entw%C3%BCrfe+%22arteigener%22+Glaubenssysteme+seit+der+Jahrhundertwende&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nigshausen+%26+Neumann&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-8260-2160-2&rft.aulast=Schnurbein&rft.aufirst=Stefanie+von&rft.au=Ulbricht%2C+Justus+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxHNhQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> apud <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaudenmaier2008" class="citation journal cs1">Staudenmaier, Peter (1 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1078&context=hist_fac">"Race and Redemption: Racial and Ethnic Evolution in Rudolf Steiner's Anthroposophy"</a>. Nova Religio. 11 (3). University of California Press: 4–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2008.11.3.4">10.1525/nr.2008.11.3.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-6690">1092-6690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=Race+and+Redemption%3A+Racial+and+Ethnic+Evolution+in+Rudolf+Steiner%27s+Anthroposophy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4-36&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2008.11.3.4&rft.issn=1092-6690&rft.aulast=Staudenmaier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepublications.marquette.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1078%26context%3Dhist_fac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartzHammer2022" class="citation journal cs1">Swartz, Karen; Hammer, Olav (14 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30664%2Far.113383">"Soft charisma as an impediment to fundamentalist discourse: The case of the Anthroposophical Society in Sweden"</a>. Approaching Religion. 12 (2): 18–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30664%2Far.113383">10.30664/ar.113383</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1799-3121">1799-3121</a>. <q>2. It can be noted that insiders routinely deny that Anthroposophy is a religion and prefer to characterise it as, for example, a philosophical perspective or a form of science. From a scholarly perspective, however, Anthroposophy has all the elements that one typically associates with a religion, for example, a charismatic founder whose status is based on claims of having direct insight into a normally invisible spiritual dimension of existence, a plethora of culturally postulated suprahuman beings that are said to influence our lives, concepts of an afterlife, canonical texts and rituals. Religions whose members deny that the movement they belong to has anything to do with religion are not uncommon in the modern age, but the reason for this is a matter that goes beyond the confines of this article.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Approaching+Religion&rft.atitle=Soft+charisma+as+an+impediment+to+fundamentalist+discourse%3A+The+case+of+the+Anthroposophical+Society+in+Sweden&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=18-37&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30664%2Far.113383&rft.issn=1799-3121&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.30664%252Far.113383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerSwartz-Hammer2024" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Olav; Swartz-Hammer, Karen (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkn8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">"NRMs in Comparative Perspective"</a>. New Religious Movements and Comparative Religion. Elements in New Religious Movements. Cambridge University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-03402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-03402-9"><bdi>978-1-009-03402-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=NRMs+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.btitle=New+Religious+Movements+and+Comparative+Religion&rft.series=Elements+in+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-009-03402-9&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft.au=Swartz-Hammer%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlkn8EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandtHammer2013" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, Katharina; Hammer, Olav (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VozAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">"Rudolf Steiner and Theosophy"</a>. In Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.). Handbook of the Theosophical Current. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. p. 113 fn. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23597-7"><bdi>978-90-04-23597-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 January 2024. <q>From a scholar's point of view, Anthroposophy presents characteristics typically associated with religion, and in particular concepts of suprahuman agents (such as angels), a charismatic founder with postulated insight into the suprahuman realm (Steiner himself), rituals (for instance, eurythmy), and canonical texts (Steiner's writings). From an insider's perspective, however, "anthroposophy is not a religion, nor is it meant to be a substitute for religion. While its insights may support, illuminate or complement religious practice, it provides no belief system" (from the Waldorf school website www.waldorfanswers.com/NotReligion1.htm, accessed 9 October 2011). The contrast between a scholarly and an insiders' perspective on what constitutes religion is highlighted by the clinching warrant for this assertion. Although the website argues that Anthroposophy is not a religion by stating that there are no spiritual teachers and no beliefs, it does so by adding a reference to a text by Steiner, who thus functions as an unquestioned authority figure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Steiner+and+Theosophy&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Theosophical+Current&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=113+fn.+1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23597-7&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VozAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2008" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Olav (2008). Geertz, Armin; Warburg, Margit (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdsKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">New Religions and Globalization</a>. Renner Studies On New Religions. Aarhus University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7934-681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7934-681-9"><bdi>978-87-7934-681-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 January 2024. <q>Anthroposophy is thus from an emic point of view emphatically not a religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religions+and+Globalization&rft.series=Renner+Studies+On+New+Religions&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Aarhus+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-87-7934-681-9&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdsKEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansson2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hansson, Sven Ove (1 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20503032221075382">"Anthroposophical Climate Science Denial"</a>. Critical Research on Religion. 10 (3). SAGE Publications: 281–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20503032221075382">10.1177/20503032221075382</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-3032">2050-3032</a>. <q>Anthroposophy has characteristics usually associated with religions, not least a belief in a large number of spiritual beings (Toncheva 2015, 73–81, 134–135). However, its adherents emphatically reject that it is a religion, claiming instead that it is a spiritual science, Geisteswissenschaft (Zander 2007, 1:867).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Research+on+Religion&rft.atitle=Anthroposophical+Climate+Science+Denial&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281-297&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F20503032221075382&rft.issn=2050-3032&rft.aulast=Hansson&rft.aufirst=Sven+Ove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F20503032221075382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZander2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zander, Helmut (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZrYAAAAMAAJ">"Die Anthroposophie — Eine Religion?"</a>. In Hoheisel, Karl; Hutter, Manfred; Klein, Wolfgang Wassilios; Vollmer, Ulrich (eds.). Hairesis: Festschrift für Karl Hoheisel zum 65. Geburtstag. Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum (in German). Aschendorff. p. 537. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-402-08120-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-402-08120-4"><bdi>978-3-402-08120-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Anthroposophie+%26mdash%3B+Eine+Religion%3F&rft.btitle=Hairesis%3A+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Karl+Hoheisel+zum+65.+Geburtstag&rft.series=Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Antike+und+Christentum&rft.pages=537&rft.pub=Aschendorff&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-402-08120-4&rft.aulast=Zander&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZrYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li>See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Education1960" class="citation book cs1">International Bureau of Education (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8MpAQAAMAAJ">Organization of Special Education for Mentally Deficient Children: A Study in Comparative Education</a>. UNESCO. p. 15. Retrieved 9 February 2024. <q>anthroposophy - a religion based upon the philosophical and scientific knowledge of man</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organization+of+Special+Education+for+Mentally+Deficient+Children%3A+A+Study+in+Comparative+Education&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1960&rft.au=International+Bureau+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8MpAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li>See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Education1957" class="citation book cs1">International Bureau of Education (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IM6uEoh_XpcC">Bulletin of the International Bureau of Education</a>. International Bureau of Education. p. 36. Retrieved 9 February 2024. <q>anthroposophy - a religion based upon the philosophical and scientific knowledge of man</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+International+Bureau+of+Education&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=International+Bureau+of+Education&rft.date=1957&rft.au=International+Bureau+of+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIM6uEoh_XpcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartzHammer202218–37-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartzHammer202218–37_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwartzHammer2022">Swartz & Hammer 2022</a>, pp. 18–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Sources for 'cult' or 'sect':<div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGardner1957">Gardner 1957</a>, pp. 169, 224f</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Candy Gunther (6 May 2019). "Waldorf Methods". Debating Yoga and Mindfulness in Public Schools. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 229–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5149%2Fnorthcarolina%2F9781469648484.003.0012">10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648484.003.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4848-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4848-4"><bdi>978-1-4696-4848-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241945146">241945146</a>. <q>premised on anthroposophy, a religious sect founded by Steiner;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waldorf+Methods&rft.btitle=Debating+Yoga+and+Mindfulness+in+Public+Schools&rft.pages=229-254&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241945146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5149%2Fnorthcarolina%2F9781469648484.003.0012&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-4848-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Candy+Gunther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToncheva201381–89-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToncheva201381–89_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToncheva2013">Toncheva 2013</a>, pp. 81–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClemen1924281–292-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClemen1924281–292_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClemen1924">Clemen 1924</a>, pp. 281–292. </li> <li id="cite_note-newreli-175"><a href="#cite_ref-newreli_175-0">^</a> Sources for 'new religious movement':<div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2012" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Alex (2012). Cusack, Carole M.; Norman, Alex (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRyJ-vbrJsC&pg=PA213">Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production</a>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1"><bdi>978-90-04-22187-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2024. <q>[...] continue to have influence beyond the institutional reach of Anthropospophy, the new religious movement he founded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Religions+and+Cultural+Production&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22187-1&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aRyJ-vbrJsC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisk2012" class="citation book cs1">Frisk, Liselotte (2012). Cusack, Carole M.; Norman, Alex (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRyJ-vbrJsC&pg=PA204">Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production</a>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. p. 204 fn. 10, 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1"><bdi>978-90-04-22187-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2024. <q>Thus my conclusion is that it is quite uncontroversial to see Anthroposophy as a whole as a religious movement, in the conventional use of the term, although it is not an emic term used by Anthroposophists themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Religions+and+Cultural+Production&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=204+fn.+10%2C+208&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22187-1&rft.aulast=Frisk&rft.aufirst=Liselotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aRyJ-vbrJsC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack2012" class="citation book cs1">Cusack, Carole M. (2012). Cusack, Carole M.; Norman, Alex (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRyJ-vbrJsC&pg=PA190">Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production</a>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1"><bdi>978-90-04-22187-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2024. <q>Steiner, of all esoteric and new religious teachers of the early twentieth century, was acutely aware of the peculiar value of cultural production, an activity with which he engaged with tireless energy, and considerable (amateur and professional) skill and achievement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Religions+and+Cultural+Production&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22187-1&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Carole+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aRyJ-vbrJsC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilhus2016" class="citation book cs1">Gilhus, Sælid (2016). Bogdan, Henrik; Hammer, Olav (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGpyDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">Western Esotericism in Scandinavia</a>. Brill Esotericism Reference Library. Brill. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32596-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32596-8"><bdi>978-90-04-32596-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Esotericism+in+Scandinavia&rft.series=Brill+Esotericism+Reference+Library&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32596-8&rft.aulast=Gilhus&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A6lid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrGpyDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlbäck2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ahlbäck, Tore (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30674%2Fscripta.67323">"Rudolf Steiner as a religious authority"</a>. Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis. 20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30674%2Fscripta.67323">10.30674/scripta.67323</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2343-4937">2343-4937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scripta+Instituti+Donneriani+Aboensis&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Steiner+as+a+religious+authority&rft.volume=20&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30674%2Fscripta.67323&rft.issn=2343-4937&rft.aulast=Ahlb%C3%A4ck&rft.aufirst=Tore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.30674%252Fscripta.67323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToncheva2013" class="citation journal cs1">Toncheva, Svetoslava (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vddb.library.lt/fedora/get/LT-eLABa-0001:J.04~2013~ISSN_1392-7450.N_48_76.PG_81-89/DS.002.1.01.ARTIC">"Anthroposophy as religious syncretism"</a>. SOTER: Journal of Religious Science. 48 (48): 81–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7220%2F1392-7450.48%2876%29.5">10.7220/1392-7450.48(76).5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1392-7450">1392-7450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SOTER%3A+Journal+of+Religious+Science&rft.atitle=Anthroposophy+as+religious+syncretism&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=81-89&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7220%2F1392-7450.48%2876%29.5&rft.issn=1392-7450&rft.aulast=Toncheva&rft.aufirst=Svetoslava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvddb.library.lt%2Ffedora%2Fget%2FLT-eLABa-0001%3AJ.04~2013~ISSN_1392-7450.N_48_76.PG_81-89%2FDS.002.1.01.ARTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToncheva2015" class="citation book cs1">Toncheva, Svetoslava (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9783732998463_A34278232/preview-9783732998463_A34278232.pdf">Out of the New Spirituality of the Twentieth Century: The Dawn of Anthroposophy, the White Brotherhood and the Unified Teaching</a> (PDF). Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH. pp. 13, 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7329-0132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7329-0132-6"><bdi>978-3-7329-0132-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2196-3312">2196-3312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+New+Spirituality+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+The+Dawn+of+Anthroposophy%2C+the+White+Brotherhood+and+the+Unified+Teaching&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=13%2C+17&rft.pub=Frank+%26+Timme+GmbH&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=2196-3312&rft.isbn=978-3-7329-0132-6&rft.aulast=Toncheva&rft.aufirst=Svetoslava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.pageplace.de%2Fpreview%2FDT0400.9783732998463_A34278232%2Fpreview-9783732998463_A34278232.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemen1924" class="citation journal cs1">Clemen, Carl (1924). "Anthroposophy". The Journal of Religion. 4 (3): 281–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F480431">10.1086/480431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4189">0022-4189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222446655">222446655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Anthroposophy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=281-292&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222446655%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-4189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F480431&rft.aulast=Clemen&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZander2002537-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZander2002537_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZander2002">Zander 2002</a>, p. 537. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZander2002528-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZander2002528_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZander2002">Zander 2002</a>, p. 528. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_Tøllefsen_2015_p._57-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_Tøllefsen_2015_p._57_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2015" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Olav (2015). Lewis, James R.; Tøllefsen, Inga Bårdsen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tfaCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Handbook of Nordic New Religions</a>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29246-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29246-8"><bdi>978-90-04-29246-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Nordic+New+Religions&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=56-57&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29246-8&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tfaCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Partridge_2014_p._350-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Partridge_2014_p._350_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2014" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Olav (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_E-2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA350">"The Theosophical Current in the Twentieth Century"</a>. In Partridge, Christopher (ed.). The Occult World. Routledge Worlds. Taylor & Francis. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59676-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59676-9"><bdi>978-1-317-59676-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theosophical+Current+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=The+Occult+World&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-59676-9&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_E-2BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliade_1987_p.-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Eliade_1987_p._180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott1987" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Robert A. (1987). "Anthroposophy". In Eliade, Mircea (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-909700-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-909700-2"><bdi>0-02-909700-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthroposophy&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-02-909700-2&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steiner_Seddon_Goodrick-Clarke_2004_p._7-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Steiner_Seddon_Goodrick-Clarke_2004_p._7_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinerSeddonGoodrick-Clarke2004" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Rudolf; Seddon, Richard; Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dkw96EUVPfwC&pg=PA7">Rudolf Steiner</a>. Western Esoteric Masters. North Atlantic Books. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-490-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-490-7"><bdi>978-1-55643-490-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 January 2024. <q>blended modern Theosophy with a Gnostic form of Christianity, Rosicrucianism, and German Naturphilosophie</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudolf+Steiner&rft.series=Western+Esoteric+Masters&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55643-490-7&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=Seddon%2C+Richard&rft.au=Goodrick-Clarke%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkw96EUVPfwC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b670-182"><a href="#cite_ref-b670_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2013" class="citation book cs1">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VozAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA301">"Western Esoteric Traditions and Theosophy"</a>. In Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.). Handbook of the Theosophical Current. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23597-7"><bdi>978-90-04-23597-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+Esoteric+Traditions+and+Theosophy&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Theosophical+Current&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23597-7&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VozAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahern_2009_p._11-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahern_2009_p._11_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhern2009" class="citation book cs1">Ahern, Geoffrey (2009) [1984]. Sun at Midnight. Cambridge: James Clarke Company. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17293-3"><bdi>978-0-227-17293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+at+Midnight&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=James+Clarke+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-227-17293-3&rft.aulast=Ahern&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamson2023" class="citation thesis cs1">Samson, Martin (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flex.flinders.edu.au/items/4cb1a804-963e-4a75-8b02-69bcfaa63110/1/?.vi=file&attachment.uuid=c450e767-a595-4981-a4b7-546ae735f46b">The Christology of Rudolf Steiner</a> (PhD thesis). Flinders University. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Christology+of+Rudolf+Steiner&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Flinders+University&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Samson&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflex.flinders.edu.au%2Fitems%2F4cb1a804-963e-4a75-8b02-69bcfaa63110%2F1%2F%3F.vi%3Dfile%26attachment.uuid%3Dc450e767-a595-4981-a4b7-546ae735f46b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-v029-185"><a href="#cite_ref-v029_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2019" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Wayne (2019). "Rudolf Steiner: Multiple bodies". In Trompf, Garry W.; Mikkelsen, Gunner B.; Johnston, Jay (eds.). The gnostic world. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-56160-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-56160-8"><bdi>978-1-315-56160-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Steiner%3A+Multiple+bodies&rft.btitle=The+gnostic+world&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-315-56160-8&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> apud <a href="#CITEREFSamson2023">Samson 2023</a>, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-q189-186"><a href="#cite_ref-q189_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.K._Chesterton_SocietyG.K._Chesterton_Institute_for_Faith_&_Culture2000" class="citation journal cs1">G.K. Chesterton Society; G.K. Chesterton Institute for Faith & Culture (February–May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultura.va/content/dam/cultura/docs/pdf/Rivista/2001-2.pdf">"A conference on New Age and Christian spirituality"</a> (PDF). The Chesterton Review. XXVI (1&2). Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; South Orange, New Jersey: G.K. Chesterton Society, 1974- G.K. Chesterton Institute for Faith & Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0317-0500">0317-0500</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2247651">2247651</a>. <q>One needs to recognise several things in New Age in order not to over-react: it is not monolithic; it is not a den of demons; nor is it a den of fools. Three main currents need to be taken very seriously, even if they reject being included in the broad term New Age. They are René Guénon's tariqa or school of intellectual Sufism, Rudolf Steiner's anthroposophy and 'the Work', devised by Georges Ivanovitch Gurdjieff.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chesterton+Review&rft.atitle=A+conference+on+New+Age+and+Christian+spirituality&rft.volume=XXVI&rft.issue=1%262&rft.date=2000-02%2F2000-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2247651&rft.issn=0317-0500&rft.au=G.K.+Chesterton+Society&rft.au=G.K.+Chesterton+Institute+for+Faith+%26+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultura.va%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fcultura%2Fdocs%2Fpdf%2FRivista%2F2001-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPontifical_Council_for_CulturePontifical_Council_for_Interreligious_Dialogue" class="citation web cs1">Pontifical Council for Culture; Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/interelg/documents/rc_pc_interelg_doc_20030203_new-age_en.html">"Jesus Christ the bearer of the water of life. A Christian reflection on the "New Age""</a>. vatican.va. The State of Vatican: The Catholic Church. Retrieved 18 May 2024. <q>The Age of Aquarius has such a high profile in the New Age movement largely because of the influence of theosophy, spiritualism and anthroposophy, and their esoteric antecedents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ+the+bearer+of+the+water+of+life.+A+Christian+reflection+on+the+%22New+Age%22&rft.au=Pontifical+Council+for+Culture&rft.au=Pontifical+Council+for+Interreligious+Dialogue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Finterelg%2Fdocuments%2Frc_pc_interelg_doc_20030203_new-age_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-u610-188"><a href="#cite_ref-u610_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimstad2002" class="citation book cs1">Grimstad, Kirsten J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lo8NqC8HBvoC&pg=PA21">The Modern Revival of Gnosticism and Thomas Mann's Doktor Faustus</a>. Studies in German Literature L. Camden House. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-193-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-193-5"><bdi>978-1-57113-193-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Revival+of+Gnosticism+and+Thomas+Mann%27s+Doktor+Faustus&rft.series=Studies+in+German+Literature+L&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-193-5&rft.aulast=Grimstad&rft.aufirst=Kirsten+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlo8NqC8HBvoC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-y640-189"><a href="#cite_ref-y640_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDipple2019" class="citation book cs1">Dipple, Elizabeth (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MyGzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT328">The Unresolvable Plot: Reading Contemporary Fiction</a>. Routledge Library Editions: Modern Fiction. Taylor & Francis. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-63913-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-63913-1"><bdi>978-1-000-63913-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unresolvable+Plot%3A+Reading+Contemporary+Fiction&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+Modern+Fiction&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-000-63913-1&rft.aulast=Dipple&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMyGzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a836-190"><a href="#cite_ref-a836_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamssonLachman2018" class="citation book cs1">Abrahamsson, Carl; Lachman, Gary (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dt0zDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT82">Occulture: The Unseen Forces That Drive Culture Forward</a>. Inner Traditions/Bear. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-704-4"><bdi>978-1-62055-704-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2024. <q>This gnostic Christ principle balances the ungrounded [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occulture%3A+The+Unseen+Forces+That+Drive+Culture+Forward&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions%2FBear&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62055-704-4&rft.aulast=Abrahamsson&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Lachman%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddt0zDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazier2008208_fn._6-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazier2008208_fn._6_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazier2008">Lazier 2008</a>, p. 208 fn. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulford2000" class="citation news cs1">Fulford, Robert (23 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertfulford.com/SaulBellow.html">"Bellow: the novelist as homespun philosopher"</a>. The National Post. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Post&rft.atitle=Bellow%3A+the+novelist+as+homespun+philosopher&rft.date=2000-10-23&rft.aulast=Fulford&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertfulford.com%2FSaulBellow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020610132804/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/bely.htm">"Andrey Bely"</a>. Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/bely.htm">the original</a> on 10 June 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Andrey+Bely&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fbely.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Judith Wermuth-Atkinson, The Red Jester: Andrei Bely's Petersburg as a Novel of the European Modern (2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3643901542" title="Special:BookSources/3643901542">3643901542</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> J.D. Elsworth, Andrej Bely:A Critical Study of the Novels, Cambridge:1983, cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/129408">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelende.com/bio.php?id=10&lang=de">Michael Ende biographical notes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208162305/http://www.michaelende.com/bio.php?id=10&lang=de">Archived</a> 8 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Michael Ende und die magischen Weltbilder" </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1909/lagerlof/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1909"</a>. NobelPrize.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F1909%2Flagerlof%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrommer1995" class="citation book cs1">Frommer, Eva A. (1995). Voyage Through Childhood Into the Adult World – A Guide to Child Development. Rudolph Steiner Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-869890-59-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-869890-59-9"><bdi>978-1-869890-59-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+Through+Childhood+Into+the+Adult+World+%E2%80%93+A+Guide+to+Child+Development&rft.pub=Rudolph+Steiner+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-869890-59-9&rft.aulast=Frommer&rft.aufirst=Eva+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musiktherapeutische-arbeitsstaette.de/index.php?open=Maria_Schuppel/maria_schuppel">"Musiktherapie"</a>. www.musiktherapeutische-arbeitsstaette.de. Retrieved 27 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.musiktherapeutische-arbeitsstaette.de&rft.atitle=Musiktherapie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musiktherapeutische-arbeitsstaette.de%2Findex.php%3Fopen%3DMaria_Schuppel%2Fmaria_schuppel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearmur2015" class="citation web cs1">Shearmur, Jeremy (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/leonard-read-the-spiritual-economist/">"The Birth of Leonard Read's "I, Pencil" | Jeremy Shearmur"</a>. fee.org. Retrieved 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fee.org&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+Leonard+Read%27s+%22I%2C+Pencil%22+%7C+Jeremy+Shearmur&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.aulast=Shearmur&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffee.org%2Farticles%2Fleonard-read-the-spiritual-economist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rachel_Carson_Letters-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Rachel_Carson_Letters_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaull2013" class="citation journal cs1">Paull, John (July–September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244013494861">"The Rachel Carson Letters and the making of Silent Spring"</a>. SAGE Open. 3 (3): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244013494861">10.1177/2158244013494861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=The+Rachel+Carson+Letters+and+the+making+of+Silent+Spring&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2013-07%2F2013-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244013494861&rft.aulast=Paull&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2158244013494861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> John F. Moffitt, "Occultism in Avant-Garde Art: The Case of Joseph Beuys", Art Journal, Vol. 50, No. 1, (Spring, 1991), pp. 96–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Peg Weiss, "Kandinsky and Old Russia: The Artist as Ethnographer and Shaman", The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer, 1997), pp. 371–373 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsablaze.co.uk/News/kandinsky.htm">"Kandinsky: The Path to Abstraction 1908 - 1922"</a>. www.artsablaze.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artsablaze.co.uk&rft.atitle=Kandinsky%3A+The+Path+to+Abstraction+1908+-+1922.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artsablaze.co.uk%2FNews%2Fkandinsky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Alana O'Brien, In Search of the Spiritual: Murray Griffin's View of the Supersensible World, La Trobe University Museum of Art, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Michael Barker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swans.com/library/art18/barker118.html">Sir George Trevelyan's Life Of Magic</a>, Swans Commentary, 5 November 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaboo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Daboo, Jerri (September 2007). "Michael Chekhov and the embodied imagination: Higher self and non-self". Studies in Theatre & Performance. 27 (3): 261–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fstap.27.3.261_1">10.1386/stap.27.3.261_1</a> (inactive 16 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145199571">145199571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Theatre+%26+Performance&rft.atitle=Michael+Chekhov+and+the+embodied+imagination%3A+Higher+self+and+non-self&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-273&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fstap.27.3.261_1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145199571%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Daboo&rft.aufirst=Jerri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarkovsky-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Tarkovsky_208-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~tstronds/nostalghia.com/TheTopics/Layla.html">Layla Alexander Garrett on Tarkovsky</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927213535/http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~tstronds/nostalghia.com/TheTopics/Layla.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nostalgia.com </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Alexandra Coghlan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theartsdesk.com/classical-music/weltethos-cbso-gardner-royal-festival-hall">"Weltethos: CBSO, Gardner, Royal Festival Hall"</a> ArtsDesk 08/10/2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Gwyneth Bravo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orelfoundation.org/index.php/composers/article/viktor_ullmann/">Viktor Ullmann</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Bruno Walter, "Mein Weg zur Anthroposophie". In: Das Goetheanum 52 (1961), 418–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_212-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_212-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2021" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Olav (2021) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpJOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153">Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age</a>. Numen Book Series. Brill. p. 329; 64f; 225–8; 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49399-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49399-5"><bdi>978-90-04-49399-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claiming+Knowledge%3A+Strategies+of+Epistemology+from+Theosophy+to+the+New+Age&rft.series=Numen+Book+Series&rft.pages=329%3B+64f%3B+225-8%3B+176&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-49399-5&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpJOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> See also p. 98, where Hammer states that – unusually for founders of esoteric movements – Steiner's self-descriptions of the origins of his thought and work correspond to the view of external historians. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theosophyforward.com/theosophy-and-the-society-in-the-public-eye/181-albert-schweitzers-friendship-with-rudolf-steiner">"Albert Schweitzer's Friendship with Rudolf Steiner"</a>. www.theosophyforward.com. 17 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theosophyforward.com&rft.atitle=Albert+Schweitzer%27s+Friendship+with+Rudolf+Steiner&rft.date=2010-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theosophyforward.com%2Ftheosophy-and-the-society-in-the-public-eye%2F181-albert-schweitzers-friendship-with-rudolf-steiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oermann_2016_p._150-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Oermann_2016_p._150_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOermann2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oermann, Nils Ole (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egiDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT150">Albert Schweitzer: A Biography</a> (in German). OUP Oxford. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108704-2"><bdi>978-0-19-108704-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 June 2022. <q>Schweitzer felt closest intellectually to the eighteenth-century Enlightenment</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Schweitzer%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-108704-2&rft.aulast=Oermann&rft.aufirst=Nils+Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DegiDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Todd_Carroll2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Robert Todd Carroll</a> (12 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/steiner.html">"The Skeptic's Dictionary: Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary%3A+Rudolf+Steiner+%281861%E2%80%931925%29&rft.date=2004-09-12&rft.au=Robert+Todd+Carroll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skepdic.com%2Fsteiner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> J. B. Baillie (trans.), in Hegel, The Phenomenology of Mind, v. 2, London: Swan Sonnenschein. p. 429 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Frederick Amrine and Konrad Oberhuber (trans.), in Rudolf Steiner, The Boundaries of Natural Science, Spring Valley, NY: Anthroposophic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88010-018-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88010-018-4">0-88010-018-4</a>. p. 125, fn. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-SteinerExhibition-218"><a href="#cite_ref-SteinerExhibition_218-0">^</a> Paull, John (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code//32607416">Rudolf Steiner - Alchemy of the Everyday - Kosmos - A photographic review of the exhibition</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosmos-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Kosmos_219-0">^</a> Paull, John (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orgprints.org/19512/1/Paull2011KosmosJBDT.pdf">"A Postcard from Stuttgart: Rudolf Steiner's 150th anniversary exhibition 'Kosmos'"</a>, Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, 103 (September), pp. 8–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Sources for 'Treher':<div><ul><li>Treher, Wolfgang. Hitler, Steiner, Schreber – Gäste aus einer anderen Welt. Die seelischen Strukturen des schizophrenen Prophetenwahns, Oknos: Emmendingen, 1966 (newer edition: Oknos, 1990). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-921031-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-921031-00-1">3-921031-00-1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oknos.de/german/frameger3.html">Wolfgang Treher</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050212185015/http://oknos.de/german/frameger3.html">Archived</a> 2005-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treher.de/die-b%C3%BCcher/hitler-steiner-schreber/#cc-m-product-8953877886">"Hitler, Steiner, Schreber"</a>. trehers Webseite! (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2023. <q>Eingeordnet in eine psychiatrische Krankenvorstellung lassen sich Hitler und Steiner als sozial scheinangepasste Schizophrene klassifizieren.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trehers+Webseite%21&rft.atitle=Hitler%2C+Steiner%2C+Schreber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treher.de%2Fdie-b%25C3%25BCcher%2Fhitler-steiner-schreber%2F%23cc-m-product-8953877886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestphal1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Westphal, Jonathan (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qJlUK0iSCpwC">"Comment. The philosophical interpretation of Steiner"</a>. Theoria to Theory: An International Journal of Science, Philosophy, and Contemplative Religion. 11–12. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers: 120 fn. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0049-3686">0049-3686</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2024. <q>If Steiner was sick only in the same sense as Hegel, and no doubt Christ and Plato as well, (delusions of grandeur, raging hallucinations, etc. etc.) then sickness is surely to be encouraged and cultivated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoria+to+Theory%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Science%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+Contemplative+Religion&rft.atitle=Comment.+The+philosophical+interpretation+of+Steiner&rft.volume=11-12&rft.pages=120+fn.+11&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0049-3686&rft.aulast=Westphal&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqJlUK0iSCpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1989" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Stoddard (1989). Orthodox Heresy : The Rise of 'Magic' as Religion and its Relation to Literature. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 277 fn. 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-19669-2">10.1007/978-1-349-19669-2</a> (inactive 16 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19671-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-19671-5"><bdi>978-1-349-19671-5</bdi></a>. <q>Comparisons and contrasts between Steiner and Hitler may be found throughout Trevor Ravenscroft's compulsive but undependable Spear of Destiny (London: Neville Spearman, 1972), especially the later chapters, where Steiner is portrayed as a 'white magician' hated and attacked by Hitler's 'black' cadres. In Urania's Children (p. 209), Howe also recommends Wolfgang Treher's psychiatric pathology Hitler, Steiner, Schreber : Ein Beitrag zur Phänomenologie des kranken Geistes (1966), which explores 'delusions of grandeur frequently demonstrated by schizophrenics and the tendency of those suffering from mental illness to assume a prophetic mantle'. Treher concludes, 'Many astrologers and occultists are undiagnosed schizophrenics .... Symptoms include persistent and obsessive belief that they have made outstandingly important scientific, philosophical and cultural discoveries . . . compulsive desire for an audience and for opportunities to communicate their "message" . . . brutality (to their "patients") ... creation of personal "sects" ... disproprotionate belief in their own geniuses.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Heresy+%3A+The+Rise+of+%27Magic%27+as+Religion+and+its+Relation+to+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=277+fn.+21&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-19669-2&rft.isbn=978-1-349-19671-5&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Stoddard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1968" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Ellic (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDVDAAAAIAAJ">Astrology: a Recent History Including the Untold Story of Its Role in World War II</a>. Walker. p. 247. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrology%3A+a+Recent+History+Including+the+Untold+Story+of+Its+Role+in+World+War+II.&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Walker&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Ellic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDVDAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-a600-221"><a href="#cite_ref-a600_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2007" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jonathan (2007). The Secret History of the World. Quercus Books. pp. 157, 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-167-2"><bdi>978-1-84724-167-2</bdi></a>. <q>Yet when Jung met Rudolf Steiner, who believed in disembodied spirits, including the planetary gods, Jung dismissed Steiner as a schizophrenic. [...] Indeed, when Jung met Rudolf Steiner he dismissed him as a schizophrenic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=157%2C+388&rft.pub=Quercus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84724-167-2&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b917-222"><a href="#cite_ref-b917_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2019" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Colin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kOvyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61">"Four. The Long Apprenticeship"</a>. Rudolf Steiner: The Man and His Vision. Aeon Books. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912807-56-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912807-56-7"><bdi>978-1-912807-56-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Four.+The+Long+Apprenticeship&rft.btitle=Rudolf+Steiner%3A+The+Man+and+His+Vision&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Aeon+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-912807-56-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkOvyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-u297-223"><a href="#cite_ref-u297_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1991" class="citation book cs1">King, Francis X. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJ_N3BvchKwC">Mind and Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Mysterious and Unexplained</a>. Random House Value Publishing. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-06036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-06036-0"><bdi>978-0-517-06036-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2024. <q>Others believe that Steiner was no more than a schizophrenic — the originator of a delusional system that has deceived many — or a charlatan. I find the last view untenable: Steiner's work and life indicate that he wholly believed in all that he taught.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+and+Magic%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+the+Mysterious+and+Unexplained&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Random+House+Value+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-517-06036-0&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeJ_N3BvchKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zander2-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Zander2_224-0">^</a> Helmut Zander, Anthroposophie in Deutschland, Göttingen, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-55452-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-55452-4">3-525-55452-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Steiner: "It may even happen that a researcher who has the power of perception in supersensible realms may fall into error in his logical presentation, and that someone who has no supersensible perception, but who has the capacity for sound thinking, may correct him."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA013/English/AP1972/GA013_c04-01.html">Occult Science, Chapter IV</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZegersStaudenmaier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zegers, Peter; Staudenmaier, Peter (9 January 2009) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://social-ecology.org/wp/2009/01/anthroposophy-and-its-defenders-2/">"Anthroposophy and its Defenders"</a>. Humanist (4). Institute for Social Ecology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanist&rft.atitle=Anthroposophy+and+its+Defenders&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.aulast=Zegers&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Staudenmaier%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocial-ecology.org%2Fwp%2F2009%2F01%2Fanthroposophy-and-its-defenders-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zander-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_227-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_227-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_227-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_227-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zander_227-6">g</a> "Es hängt dabei von den Interessen der Leser ab, ob die Anthroposophie rassistisch interpretiert wird oder nicht." Helmut Zander, "Sozialdarwinistische Rassentheorien aus dem okkulten Untergrund des Kaiserreichs", in Puschner et al., Handbuch zur "Völkischen Bewegung" 1871–1918: 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Arno Frank, "Einschüchterung auf Waldorf-Art", Die Tageszeitung 4 August 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-Treitel_2004_p.-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Treitel_2004_p._229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreitel2004" class="citation book cs1">Treitel, Corinna (20 April 2004). A Science for the Soul. Baltimore: JHU Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7812-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7812-8"><bdi>0-8018-7812-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Science+for+the+Soul&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2004-04-20&rft.isbn=0-8018-7812-8&rft.aulast=Treitel&rft.aufirst=Corinna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugler_Baur_2007_p.-230"><a href="#cite_ref-Kugler_Baur_2007_p._230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlume2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blume, Eugen (2007). "Joseph Beuys". In Kugler, Walter; Baur, Simon (eds.). Rudolf Steiner in Kunst und Architektur (in German). Köln: DuMont. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8321-9012-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8321-9012-5"><bdi>978-3-8321-9012-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/183256999">183256999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Beuys&rft.btitle=Rudolf+Steiner+in+Kunst+und+Architektur&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=DuMont&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183256999&rft.isbn=978-3-8321-9012-5&rft.aulast=Blume&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers" class="citation journal cs1">Myers, Perry. "Colonial consciousness: Rudolf Steiner's Orientalism and German Cultural Identity". Journal of European Studies. 36 (4): 387–417.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Studies&rft.atitle=Colonial+consciousness%3A+Rudolf+Steiner%27s+Orientalism+and+German+Cultural+Identity&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-417&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Perry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vukadinović_2022_p._582-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Vukadinović_2022_p._582_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartins2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martins, Ansgar (2022). Vukadinović, Vojin Saša (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7efEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT582">Rassismus: Von der frühen Bundesrepublik bis zur Gegenwart</a> (in German). De Gruyter. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-070278-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-070278-1"><bdi>978-3-11-070278-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 February 2023. <q>Und genau diese komfortable Situation macht es möglich, dass Anthroposophie bis heute eine ganz erstaunliche Auswahl von rassischen und Völker-Stereotypen tradiert, die in ihrer Gründerzeit anscheinend kaum als skandalös auffielen, aber heute den politischen Status des Ganzen verändern. Steiners nationalistische, antijüdische und rassistische Vorstellungen notierten um 1920 nicht einmal linke Kritiker wie Ernst Bloch Oder Siegfried Kracauer, aber sie sickern zum Beispiel auch noch in die jüngere Waldorf-Literatur ein und führen seit den 1990er Jahren periodisch zu erbitterten wissenschaftlichen, journalistischen und juristischen Auseinandersetzungen. Die Argumente Sind seit Jahrzehnten ausgetauscht, das Andauern der Debatte gleicht einem Sich wahnsinnig weiterdrehenden Hamsterrad. Anthroposophen reagieren dabei stets reaktiv auf externe Kritik. Dass Steiner Sich von den wilden Rassisten des 19. Jahrhunderts distanzierte, wird manchen seiner heutigen Anhänger zur Ausrede, um seinen eigenen, spirituell-paternalistischen Rassismus in der Gegenwart schönzureden.4 Einer überschaubaren Anzahl kritischer Aufsätze5 stehen monographische Hetzschriften gegenüber, die Kritiker des „gezielten, vorsätzlich unternommenen Rufmords"6 bezichtigen. Derweil sprechen Sich die anthroposophischen Dachverbände, wenn die Kritik allzu laut wird, in formelhaften Allgemeinplätzen gegen Rassismus aus und gestehen vage, zeitbedingte' Formulierungen Steiners zu.7 Überhaupt dreht Sich die Diskussion zu oft um Steiner. Es Sind jüngere Beiträge, die seine Stereotype in die Gegenwart transportieren.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rassismus%3A+Von+der+fr%C3%BChen+Bundesrepublik+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-070278-1&rft.aulast=Martins&rft.aufirst=Ansgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7efEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-confirm-233"><a href="#cite_ref-confirm_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hammer, Olav (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24644844">"Between Occultism and Nazism: Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race in the Fascist Era, written by Peter Staudenmaier"</a>. Numen. 63 (1). Brill: 118–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-12341412">10.1163/15685276-12341412</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24644844">24644844</a>. <q>their founder or their movement has been tainted with racism or anti-Semitism. [...] Denial, it would seem, is no longer an option.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Between+Occultism+and+Nazism%3A+Anthroposophy+and+the+Politics+of+Race+in+the+Fascist+Era%2C+written+by+Peter+Staudenmaier&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=118-121&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24644844%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685276-12341412&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Olav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24644844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pilkington_Sutcliffe_2023_p._194-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pilkington_Sutcliffe_2023_p._194_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pilkington_Sutcliffe_2023_p._194_234-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2023" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Chris (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMFNEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194">"'Gustavo Who?' — Notes Towards the Life and Times of Gustavo Rol; Putative Mage and Cosmic 'Drainpipe'"</a>. In Pilkington, Mark; Sutcliffe, Jamie (eds.). Strange Attractor Journal Five. MIT Press. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907222-52-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907222-52-8"><bdi>978-1-907222-52-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Gustavo+Who%3F%27+%26mdash%3B+Notes+Towards+the+Life+and+Times+of+Gustavo+Rol%3B+Putative+Mage+and+Cosmic+%27Drainpipe%27&rft.btitle=Strange+Attractor+Journal+Five&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-907222-52-8&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMFNEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peter-235"><a href="#cite_ref-peter_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaudenmaier2012" class="citation book cs1">Staudenmaier, Peter (2012). "Anthroposophy in Fascist Italy". In Versluis, Arthur; Irwin, Lee; Phillips, Melinda (eds.). Esotericism, Religion, and Politics. Minneapolis, MN: New Cultures Press. pp. 83–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1596500136" title="Special:BookSources/978-1596500136"><bdi>978-1596500136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anthroposophy+in+Fascist+Italy&rft.btitle=Esotericism%2C+Religion%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pages=83-84&rft.pub=New+Cultures+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1596500136&rft.aulast=Staudenmaier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2014271-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier2014271_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaudenmaier2014">Staudenmaier 2014</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-turris-237"><a href="#cite_ref-turris_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurris1987" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_de_Turris" title="Gianfranco de Turris">Turris, Gianfranco de</a> (June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdocs.mx/doc/abstracta-de-turris-le1225kj971v">"L'Esoterismo Italiano degli anni Venti: il Gruppo di Ur, tra Magia e Super Fascismo"</a>. Abstracta. II (in Italian). No. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abstracta&rft.atitle=L%27Esoterismo+Italiano+degli+anni+Venti%3A+il+Gruppo+di+Ur%2C+tra+Magia+e+Super+Fascismo&rft.issue=16&rft.date=1987-06&rft.aulast=Turris&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzdocs.mx%2Fdoc%2Fabstracta-de-turris-le1225kj971v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beraldo-238"><a href="#cite_ref-beraldo_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeraldo2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beraldo, Michele (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3pgrCbVilI8C">"L'Antroposofia e il suo rapporto con il Regime Fascista"</a>. In Turris, Gianfranco de (ed.). Esoterismo e fascismo: storia, interpretazioni, documenti (in Italian). Edizioni mediterranee. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-272-1831-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-272-1831-0"><bdi>978-88-272-1831-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27Antroposofia+e+il+suo+rapporto+con+il+Regime+Fascista&rft.btitle=Esoterismo+e+fascismo%3A+storia%2C+interpretazioni%2C+documenti&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Edizioni+mediterranee&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-272-1831-0&rft.aulast=Beraldo&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3pgrCbVilI8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Peter_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaudenmaier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Staudenmaier, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916050406/http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=hist_fac">"Rudolf Steiner and the Jewish Question"</a>. Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook. 50 (1): 127–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2F50.1.127">10.1093/leobaeck/50.1.127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-8744">0075-8744</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=hist_fac">the original</a> on 16 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leo+Baeck+Institute+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Steiner+and+the+Jewish+Question&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=127-147&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2F50.1.127&rft.issn=0075-8744&rft.aulast=Staudenmaier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepublications.marquette.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1080%26context%3Dhist_fac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunoz2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Munoz, Joaquin (23 March 2016). "CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: THE CHALLENGE OF WALDORF EDUCATION FOR ALL YOUTH. Waldorf Education and Racism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/621063/azu_etd_14891_sip1_m.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">The Circle of Mind and Heart: Integrating Waldorf Education, Indigenous Epistemologies, and Critical Pedagogy</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). The University of Arizona. pp. 189–190. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Circle+of+Mind+and+Heart%3A+Integrating+Waldorf+Education%2C+Indigenous+Epistemologies%2C+and+Critical+Pedagogy&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=The+University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Munoz&rft.aufirst=Joaquin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.arizona.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10150%2F621063%2Fazu_etd_14891_sip1_m.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunoz2016189–190-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunoz2016189–190_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMunoz2016">Munoz 2016</a>, pp. 189–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Mitteilungen aus dem Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus, 11(37):307-8, 11 September 1901. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/abwehr/Blatt_bsb00000905,00315.html">Article</a>. Mitteilungen, 11(38):316, 18 September 1901. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/abwehr/Blatt_bsb00000905,00324.html">Article</a>. Cf. GA31 for a complete list and text of articles. </li> <li id="cite_note-HuH-243"><a href="#cite_ref-HuH_243-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.swr.de/upload/manuskriptdienst/wissen/wi20041122_2812.rtf">"Hammer und Hakenkreuz – Anthroposophie im Visier der völkischen Bewegung"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], Südwestrundfunk, 26 November 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Thesenpapier von Dr. Jan Badewien zur Veranstaltung: Antijudaismus bei Rudolf Steiner?, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.uni-paderborn.de/berufspaedagogik/lehrstuhl/forum-thesen-badewien.html">Universität Paderborn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130227074919/http://groups.uni-paderborn.de/berufspaedagogik/lehrstuhl/forum-thesen-badewien.html">Archived</a> 27 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 23.01.02. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoren2012" class="citation journal cs1">Koren, Israel (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33413211">"Rudolf Steiner and the Jews: " That Judaism Still Exists is an Error of History ""</a>. Makor Rishon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Makor+Rishon&rft.atitle=Rudolf+Steiner+and+the+Jews%3A+%26quot%3B+That+Judaism+Still+Exists+is+an+Error+of+History+%26quot%3B&rft.date=2012-11&rft.aulast=Koren&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33413211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> "The need to overcome nationalism was one of the central themes of [Steiner's] social agenda": Hans-Jürgen Bracker, "The individual and the unity of humankind". in Judaism and Anthroposophy, ed. Fred Paddock and Mado Spiegler. Anthroposophic Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880105100" title="Special:BookSources/0880105100">0880105100</a>. p. 100. See also "Humanistischer Zionismus", in Novalis 5 (1997): "Steiner generell die allmähliche Überwindung und Auflösung von Stammes-, Volks-, Nationen- und »Rasse«-grenzen vertrat" </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Sources for 'Heise':<div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFStaudenmaier2014">Staudenmaier 2014</a>, p. 96: "The foremost example of a full-fledged antisemitic conspiracy theory based squarely on anthroposophist premises was Karl Heise’s 1919 tome blaming the World War on a cabal of freemasons and Jews. Heise wrote the book with Steiner’s encouragement and founded its argument on Steiner’s own teachings, while Steiner himself wrote the foreword and contributed a substantial sum toward publication costs.101"</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2022" class="citation book cs1">French, Aaron (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ksKZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT126">"Esoteric Nationalism and Conspiracism in WWI"</a>. In Piraino, Francesco; Pasi, Marco; Asprem, Egil (eds.). Religious Dimensions of Conspiracy Theories: Comparing and Connecting Old and New Trends. London: Routledge. pp. 107–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003120940-8">10.4324/9781003120940-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-78268-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-78268-4"><bdi>978-1-000-78268-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 March 2024. <q>One man inspired by Steiner's lectures during World War I was the enigmatic Karl Heise, who, in 1918, published a now classic work of anti-Masonry and anti-Judaism entitled Die Entente-Freimaurerei und der Weltkrieg, which was partially backed by Steiner, who wrote a cagey introduction to the first edition, very cautiously choosing his words and not signing his name (Zander, 2007, p. 991).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esoteric+Nationalism+and+Conspiracism+in+WWI&rft.btitle=Religious+Dimensions+of+Conspiracy+Theories%3A+Comparing+and+Connecting+Old+and+New+Trends&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107-123&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003120940-8&rft.isbn=978-1-000-78268-4&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DksKZEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li><li><a href="#CITEREFZander2007">Zander 2007</a>, pp. 991–992: "Ein weiteres Motiv könnte in der Kollision von Steiners Freimaureraktivitäten mit seinem deutschen Patriotismus liegen (s. 14.3.1). Nach dem Krieg nannte Steiner diesen Punkt sehr deutlich, als er in Karl Heises »Die Entente-Freimaurerei und der Weltkrieg«, in der es um die Kriegsschuldfrage ging178, ein nicht gezeichnetes, auf den 10. Oktober 1918 datiertes Vorwort verfaßte, sich also einen Monat vor dem Waffenstillstand und inmitten des Zusammenbruchs des Deutschen Reiches äußerte. »Die Geheimgesellschaften der Entente-Länder«, hieß es dort, hätten eine »die Weltkatastrophe vorbereitende politische Gesinnung und Beeinflussung der Weltereignisse« an den Tag gelegt. Bei der Suche nach der »Schuld am Weltkriege« habe man auch an die Freimaurer zu denken. Dies war nicht nur eine reduktive Lösung der »Kriegsschuldfrage« im Jahr 1918, sondern möglicherweise auch ein Hinweis auf seine Motivlage im Jahr 1914: Steiner hätte sich dann aus Solidarität mit Deutschland aus dem Internationalismus der Freimaurerei verabschiedet179. Andere theosophische Gesellschaften haben diesen Schnitt übrigens nicht so deutlich vollzogen180."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFStaudenmaier2014">Staudenmaier 2014</a>, p. 96: "The foremost example of a full-fledged antisemitic conspiracy theory based squarely on anthroposophist premises was Karl Heise’s 1919 tome blaming the World War on a cabal of freemasons and Jews. Heise wrote the book with Steiner’s encouragement and founded its argument on Steiner’s own teachings, while Steiner himself wrote the foreword and contributed a substantial sum toward publication costs.101"</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2022126-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2022126_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrench2022">French 2022</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZander2007306,_991–992-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZander2007306,_991–992_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZander2007">Zander 2007</a>, pp. 306, 991–992. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier201496–97-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaudenmaier201496–97_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStaudenmaier2014">Staudenmaier 2014</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudolf-steiner.com/wp-content/uploads/Gesamtverzeichnis.pdf">"catalog of the Rudolf Steiner Archiv"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=catalog+of+the+Rudolf+Steiner+Archiv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudolf-steiner.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FGesamtverzeichnis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Almon, Joan (ed.) Meeting Rudolf Steiner, firsthand experiences compiled from the Journal for Anthroposophy since 1960, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9674562-8-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9674562-8-2">0-9674562-8-2</a></li> <li>Anderson, Adrian: Rudolf Steiner Handbook, Port Campbell Press, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9581341-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9581341-2-5">978-0-9581341-2-5</a></li> <li>Childs, Gilbert, Rudolf Steiner: His Life and Work, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88010-391-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88010-391-4">0-88010-391-4</a></li> <li>Davy, Adams and Merry, A Man before Others: Rudolf Steiner Remembered. Rudolf Steiner Press, 1993.</li> <li>Easton, Stewart, Rudolf Steiner: Herald of a New Epoch, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910142-93-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-910142-93-9">0-910142-93-9</a></li> <li>Hemleben, Johannes and Twyman, Leo, Rudolf Steiner: An Illustrated Biography. Rudolf Steiner Press, 2001.</li> <li>Kries, Mateo and Vegesack, Alexander von, Rudolf Steiner: Alchemy of the Everyday, Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-931936-86-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-931936-86-4">3-931936-86-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Lachman" title="Gary Lachman">Lachman, Gary</a>, Rudolf Steiner: An Introduction to His Life and Work, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58542-543-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58542-543-5">1-58542-543-5</a></li> <li>Lindenberg, Christoph, Rudolf Steiner: Eine Biographie (2 vols.). Stuttgart, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7725-1551-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7725-1551-7">3-7725-1551-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindenberg2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lindenberg, Christophe (2011). Rudolf Steiner – Eine Biographie. 1861-1925 (in German). Verlag Freies Geistesleben. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7725-4000-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7725-4000-4"><bdi>978-3-7725-4000-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rudolf+Steiner+%E2%80%93+Eine+Biographie.+1861-1925&rft.pub=Verlag+Freies+Geistesleben&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-7725-4000-4&rft.aulast=Lindenberg&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARudolf+Steiner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Lissau" title="Rudi Lissau">Lissau, Rudi</a>, Rudolf Steiner: Life, Work, Inner Path and Social Initiatives. Hawthorne Press, 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._McDermott" title="Robert A. McDermott">McDermott, Robert</a>, The Essential Steiner. Harper Press, 1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_O._Prokofieff" title="Sergei O. Prokofieff">Prokofieff, Sergei O.</a>, Rudolf Steiner and the Founding of the New Mysteries. Temple Lodge Publishing, 1994.</li> <li>Seddon, Richard, Rudolf Steiner. North Atlantic Books, 2004.</li> <li>Shepherd, A. P., Rudolf Steiner: Scientist of the Invisible. Inner Traditions, 1990.</li> <li>Schiller, Paul, Rudolf Steiner and Initiation. SteinerBooks, 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Selg" title="Peter Selg">Selg, Peter</a>, Rudolf Steiner as a Spiritual Teacher. From Recollections of Those Who Knew Him, SteinerBooks Publishing, 2010.</li> <li>Sokolina, Anna, ed. Architecture and Anthroposophy. 2 editions. 268p. 348 ills. (In Russian with the Summary in English.) Moscow: KMK, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5873170746" title="Special:BookSources/5873170746">5873170746</a>; 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5873176604" title="Special:BookSources/5873176604">5873176604</a></li> <li>Tummer, Lia and Lato, Horacio, Rudolf Steiner and Anthroposophy for Beginners. Writers & Readers Publishing, 2001.</li> <li>Turgeniev, Assya, Reminiscences of Rudolf Steiner and Work on the First Goetheanum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902636-40-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-902636-40-6">1-902636-40-6</a></li> <li>Villeneuve, Crispian, Rudolf Steiner: The British Connection, Elements from his Early Life and Cultural Development, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906999-29-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906999-29-2">978-1-906999-29-2</a></li> <li>Wachsmuth, Guenther, The Life and Work of Rudolf Steiner: From the Turn of the Century to his Death, Whittier Books 1955.</li> <li>Welburn, Andrew, Rudolf Steiner's Philosophy and the Crisis of Contemporary Thought, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86315-436-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86315-436-0">0-86315-436-0</a></li> <li>Wilkinson, Roy, Rudolf Steiner: An Introduction to his Spiritual World-View, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902636-28-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-902636-28-7">1-902636-28-7</a></li> <li>Wilson, Colin, Rudolf Steiner: The Man and His Vision. An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of the Founder of Anthroposophy, The Aquarian Press, 1985, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85030-398-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85030-398-2">0-85030-398-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Rudolf+Steiner&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Rudolf Steiner <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Rudolf+Steiner">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Rudolf+Steiner&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Rudolf Steiner at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" class="extiw" title="c:Rudolf Steiner">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rudolf_Steiner" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Rudolf Steiner">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" class="extiw" title="q:Rudolf Steiner">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Rudolf_Joseph_Lorenz_Steiner" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rudolf_Steiner" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Rudolf Steiner">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rudolf_Steiner" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Rudolf Steiner">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Biogs.php">Rudolf Steiner Biographies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.RudolfSteinerWeb.com/">Rudolf Steiner Overview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goetheanum.org/en/">The Goetheanum</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Writings</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsarchive.org/">The Rudolf Steiner Archive</a> with English translations of thousands of Steiner's works: books, lectures, articles, essays, verses, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudolfsteiner.org/rsl/">Rudolf Steiner Library, USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudolfsteineraudio.com/">Rudolf Steiner Audio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudolfsteinerelib.org/CV/LectureList.php">An index of ALL lectures given by Rudolf Steiner</a>, searchable and sort-able by title, keyword, date, place, and GA or Schmidt number</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudolfsteinerelib.org/Archiv/TransSchmidt.php">An index of lectures in English translation</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], sort-able by title, date, place, and GA or Schmidt number</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudolfsteinerweb.com/Rudolf_Steiner_Works.php">A list of all known English translations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/26537">Works by Rudolf Steiner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Steiner%2C%20Rudolf%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Rudolf%20Steiner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Steiner%2C%20Rudolf%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Rudolf%20Steiner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Steiner%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Rudolf%20Steiner%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Steiner%2C%20Rudolf%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Rudolf%20Steiner%22%29%20OR%20%28%221861-1925%22%20AND%20Steiner%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Rudolf Steiner</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12736">Works by Rudolf Steiner</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudolfsteinerpress.com/pages/collected_works.php">Collected works in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014065246/http://rudolfsteinerpress.com/pages/collected_works.php">Archived</a> 14 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>German/English list of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudolfsteinerweb.com/Rudolf_Steiner_Complete_Works.php">collected works</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles and broadcasts about Steiner</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wn.rsarchive.org/Books/GA010/GA010a/English/HR1960/personality.html">The Personality of Rudolf Steiner and his Development, Edouard Schuré, Macoy Publishing (1910), from French, Paris (1908)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/steinere.pdf">Heiner Ullrich, "Rudolf Steiner"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041958/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/steinere.pdf">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education (Paris, UNESCO: International Bureau of Education), vol.XXIV, no. 3/4, 1994, p. 555–572</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/weekly/v53/i37/37b01601.htm">Rudolf Steiner: 'Scientist of the Invisible'</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carlin_Romano" title="Carlin Romano">Carlin Romano</a>, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Volume 53, Issue 37, 2007, p. B16)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228212625/http://mediacenter.dw-world.de/english/audio/#!/85865/Living_in_Germany">"From schools to business – Rudolf Steiner's legacy lives on"</a>, Deutsche Welle broadcast (in English), 28.02.2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antroposofi.org/blackboard/index.html">Rudolf Steiner's Blackboard Drawings, Berkeley Art Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706103704/http://antroposofi.org/blackboard/index.html">Archived</a> 6 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/steiner.html">Skeptics Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/017078">Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Steiner</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anthroposophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthroposophy_series" title="Template:Anthroposophy series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthroposophy_series" title="Template talk:Anthroposophy series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthroposophy_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthroposophy series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anthroposophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding board members of the General Anthroposophical Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Steffen" title="Albert Steffen">Albert Steffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Steiner-von_Sivers" title="Marie Steiner-von Sivers">Marie Steiner-von Sivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Vreede" title="Elisabeth Vreede">Elisabeth Vreede</a></li> <li>Gunther Wachsmuth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ita_Wegman" title="Ita Wegman">Ita Wegman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anthroposophists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilma_af_Klint" title="Hilma af Klint">Hilma af Klint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bortoft" title="Henri Bortoft">Henri Bortoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_K%C3%BChlewind" title="Georg Kühlewind">Georg Kühlewind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrenfried_Pfeiffer" title="Ehrenfried Pfeiffer">Ehrenfried Pfeiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwenk" title="Theodor Schwenk">Theodor Schwenk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bock" title="Emil Bock">Emil Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lievegoed" title="Bernard Lievegoed">Bernard Lievegoed </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Maryon" title="Edith Maryon">Edith Maryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_O._Prokofieff" title="Sergei O. Prokofieff">Sergei O. Prokofieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Selg" title="Peter Selg">Peter Selg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Bj%C3%B8rneboe" title="Jens Bjørneboe">Jens Bjørneboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aasmund_Brynildsen" title="Aasmund Brynildsen">Aasmund Brynildsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nicol_Dunlop" title="Daniel Nicol Dunlop">Daniel Nicol Dunlop </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Zviad Gamsakhurdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fentress_Gardner" title="John Fentress Gardner">John Fentress Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_K%C3%B6nig" title="Karl König">Karl König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._McDermott" title="Robert A. McDermott">Robert A. McDermott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zajonc" title="Arthur Zajonc">Arthur Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_M._Sloan" title="Douglas M. Sloan">Douglas M. Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Spock" title="Marjorie Spock">Marjorie Spock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Johannes_Stein" title="Walter Johannes Stein">Walter Johannes Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lehrs" title="Ernst Lehrs">Ernst Lehrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Witzenmann" title="Herbert Witzenmann">Herbert Witzenmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Massimo Scaligero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Rentea" title="Ross Rentea">Ross Rentea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hauschka" title="Rudolf Hauschka">Rudolf Hauschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Schmiedel" title="Oskar Schmiedel">Oskar Schmiedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Poppelbaum" title="Hermann Poppelbaum">Hermann Poppelbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Meebold" title="Alfred Meebold">Alfred Meebold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rath" title="Wilhelm Rath">Wilhelm Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hahn" title="Herbert Hahn">Herbert Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Edmunds" title="Francis Edmunds">Francis Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weihs" title="Thomas Weihs">Thomas Weihs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Harwood" title="Cecil Harwood">Cecil Harwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Olivier" title="Daphne Olivier">Daphne Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Lundgren" title="Marguerite Lundgren">Marguerite Lundgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valborg_Werbeck-Sv%C3%A4rdstr%C3%B6m" title="Valborg Werbeck-Svärdström">Valborg Werbeck-Svärdström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ernst_Barkhoff" title="Wilhelm Ernst Barkhoff">Wilhelm Ernst Barkhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davy_(journalist)" title="John Davy (journalist)">John Davy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Streit" title="Jakob Streit">Jakob Streit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rexroth" title="Alfred Rexroth">Alfred Rexroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weissert" title="Ernst Weissert">Ernst Weissert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Henry_Wilson" title="Michael Henry Wilson">Michael Henry Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cross" title="Margaret Cross">Margaret Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_Geuter" title="Fried Geuter">Fried Geuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Freeman" title="Arnold Freeman">Arnold Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Lissau" title="Rudi Lissau">Rudi Lissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bennell" title="Margaret Bennell">Margaret Bennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Rigby" title="Edith Rigby">Edith Rigby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Keightley" title="Bertram Keightley">Bertram Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arild_Rosenkrantz" title="Arild Rosenkrantz">Arild Rosenkrantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Hutchins" title="Eileen Hutchins">Eileen Hutchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Merry" title="Eleanor Merry">Eleanor Merry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nordoff" title="Paul Nordoff">Paul Nordoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Robbins" title="Clive Robbins">Clive Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violetta_Plincke" title="Violetta Plincke">Violetta Plincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schauder" title="Hans Schauder">Hans Schauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Adams_Kaufmann" title="George Adams Kaufmann">George Adams Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liane_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Liane Collot d'Herbois">Liane Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egil_Tyn%C3%A6s" title="Egil Tynæs">Egil Tynæs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Klink" title="Else Klink">Else Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Pietzner" title="Carlo Pietzner">Carlo Pietzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Fuchs" title="Marta Fuchs">Marta Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Schad" title="Wolfgang Schad">Wolfgang Schad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Sleigh" title="Julian Sleigh">Julian Sleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Sigwart_zu_Eulenburg" title="Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg">Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tautz" title="Johannes Tautz">Johannes Tautz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyd%C5%ABnas" title="Vydūnas">Vydūnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Zeylmans_van_Emmichoven" title="Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven">Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable supporters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Barfield" title="Owen Barfield">Owen Barfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Andrei Bely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Davenport" title="Russell Davenport">Russell Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Abouleish" title="Ibrahim Abouleish">Ibrahim Abouleish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Perlas" title="Nicanor Perlas">Nicanor Perlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lusseyran" title="Jacques Lusseyran">Jacques Lusseyran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Mackenzie" title="Millicent Mackenzie">Millicent Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McMillan" title="Margaret McMillan">Margaret McMillan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphill_Movement" title="Camphill Movement">Camphill Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurythmy" title="Eurythmy">Eurythmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_social_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Threefold social order">Threefold social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions and publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroposophical Society in America">Anthroposophical Society in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Comunit%C3%A1ria_Monte_Azul" title="Associação Comunitária Monte Azul">Associação Comunitária Monte Azul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter_International" title="Demeter International">Demeter International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophical_Society" title="Anthroposophical Society">General Anthroposophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLS_Bank" title="GLS Bank">GLS Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goetheanum" title="Goetheanum">Goetheanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harduf" title="Harduf">Harduf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEKEM" title="SEKEM">SEKEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triodos_Bank" title="Triodos Bank">Triodos Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weleda" title="Weleda">Weleda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_education" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_education" title="Template:Philosophy of education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_education" title="Template talk:Philosophy of education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_education" title="Category:Philosophers of education">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fr%C3%B6bel" title="Friedrich Fröbel">Fröbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Herbart" title="Johann Friedrich Herbart">Herbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Montessori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Pestalozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_education" title="Category:Philosophers of education">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student-centred_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Student-centred learning">Student-centred learning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">What to teach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplative_education" title="Contemplative education">Contemplative education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_pedagogy" title="Critical pedagogy">Critical pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Educational existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_perennialism" title="Educational perennialism">Educational perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">Popular education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_progressivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational progressivism">Progressive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reconstructionism">Social reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">How and whom to teach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism (philosophy of education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism (philosophy of education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of education)">Constructivism (philosophy of education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_schooling" title="Criticism of schooling">Criticism of schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_education" title="Humanistic education">Humanism (philosophy of education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unschooling" title="Unschooling">Unschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_education" title="Category:Philosophy of education">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78484#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78484#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q78484#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120956016">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12315364">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34921/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgMCX7TdKyWfPcp4DVwG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118617443">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79049580">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11925493d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11925493d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00457589">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV001806">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35522448">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990009728&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1642350">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26837">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068541074">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90052580">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000027763&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000004362&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000207878">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=65624">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000047153">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199626398">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbddv2j2l20xph">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810534689505606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/107563">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268590105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000059655">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515041906706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14065985">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00267270?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:steiner.rudolf">zbMATH</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500005014">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/113952">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id=13239575&lng=en">SIKART</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/101400">Musée d'Orsay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/983355">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1007557">Structurae</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118617443.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118617443">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02714819X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/009079">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner">Theaterlexikon</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6155x38">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&oldid=1259481390">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Steiner&oldid=1259481390</a>"</div></div> <div 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