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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Common Knowledge</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">1,597 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Common Knowledge</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Common_Knowledge">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68442938" data-work_id="68442938" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68442938/Exploring_the_Foundations_of_Organisational_Knowledge_An_Emergent_Synthesis_Grounded_in_Thinking_Related_to_Evolutionary_Biology">Exploring the Foundations of Organisational Knowledge: An Emergent Synthesis Grounded in Thinking Related to Evolutionary Biology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Prevailing views about what constitutes organisational knowledge need to be systematically evaluated at deep epistemological levels. We argue there is a need is to establish a new paradigm comprising of both a theoretical and an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68442938" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Prevailing views about what constitutes organisational knowledge need to be systematically evaluated at deep epistemological levels. We argue there is a need is to establish a new paradigm comprising of both a theoretical and an ontological foundation for thinking about knowledge epistemologies. We think, along with Bill McKelvey, (1997, 2002) that the “science of management” as it relates to organisations seems to be greatly wanting.Our approach is based on an evolutionary theory of knowledge contained within Karl Popper’s later epistemological works beginning with his 1972 “Objective Knowledge – an evolutionary approach” and a framework of organisational theory based on Maturana and Varela&#39;s concept of self-producing complex systems (&quot;autopoiesis&quot;). We have drawn upon this combined approach in order to understand how best to integrate understandings of personal and objective knowledge and the notion of “living organisations” into a new paradigm of organisational know...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68442938" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f0f2ca74c8fa3cec0bfc4bb81d8f4f8d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78915508,"asset_id":68442938,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78915508/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1115678" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LukeNaismith">Luke Naismith</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1115678" type="text/json">{"id":1115678,"first_name":"Luke","last_name":"Naismith","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LukeNaismith","display_name":"Luke Naismith","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LukeNaismith?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1115678/389395/473067/s65_luke.naismith.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68442938 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68442938"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68442938, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68442938", }); 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We argue there is a need is to establish a new paradigm comprising of both a theoretical and an ontological foundation for thinking about knowledge epistemologies. We think, along with Bill McKelvey, (1997, 2002) that the “science of management” as it relates to organisations seems to be greatly wanting.Our approach is based on an evolutionary theory of knowledge contained within Karl Popper’s later epistemological works beginning with his 1972 “Objective Knowledge – an evolutionary approach” and a framework of organisational theory based on Maturana and Varela\u0026#39;s concept of self-producing complex systems (\u0026quot;autopoiesis\u0026quot;). We have drawn upon this combined approach in order to understand how best to integrate understandings of personal and objective knowledge and the notion of “living organisations” into a new paradigm of organisational know...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78915508,"asset_id":68442938,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1115678,"first_name":"Luke","last_name":"Naismith","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LukeNaismith","display_name":"Luke Naismith","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LukeNaismith?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1115678/389395/473067/s65_luke.naismith.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1074,"name":"Organizational Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Theory?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":1241,"name":"Knowledge Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Management?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":1606,"name":"Tacit Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tacit_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":7083,"name":"Autopoiesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autopoiesis?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275"},{"id":18837,"name":"Organizational Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Knowledge?f_ri=17275"},{"id":20177,"name":"Karl Popper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Karl_Popper?f_ri=17275"},{"id":20545,"name":"Evolutionary Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Epistemology?f_ri=17275"},{"id":134115,"name":"Explicit Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Explicit_Knowledge?f_ri=17275"},{"id":204279,"name":"Formal Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Formal_Knowledge?f_ri=17275"},{"id":204281,"name":"Knowledge Cycles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge_Cycles?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1560027" data-work_id="1560027" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1560027/An_Empirical_Study_on_Evolution_of_API_Documentation">An Empirical Study on Evolution of API Documentation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">With the evolution of an API library, its documentation also evolves. The evolution of API documentation is common knowledge for programmers and library developers, but not in a quantitative form. Without such quantitative knowledge,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1560027" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">With the evolution of an API library, its documentation also evolves. The evolution of API documentation is common knowledge for programmers and library developers, but not in a quantitative form. Without such quantitative knowledge, programmers may neglect important revisions of API documentation, and library developers may not effectively improve API documentation based on its revision histories. There is a strong need to conduct a quantitative study on API documentation evolution. However, as API documentation is large in size and revisions can be complicated, it is quite challenging to conduct such a study. In this paper, we present an analysis methodology to analyze the evolution of API documentation. Based on the methodology, we conduct a quantitative study on API documentation evolution of five widely used real-world libraries. The results reveal various valuable findings, and these findings allow programmers and library developers to better understand API documentation evolution.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1560027" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="36c0c0df14ff64688130aa66ae660714" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":13642292,"asset_id":1560027,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/13642292/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="221626" href="https://gucas.academia.edu/LinShi">Lin Shi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="221626" type="text/json">{"id":221626,"first_name":"Lin","last_name":"Shi","domain_name":"gucas","page_name":"LinShi","display_name":"Lin Shi","profile_url":"https://gucas.academia.edu/LinShi?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/221626/849524/1056340/s65_lin.shi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1560027 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1560027"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1560027, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1560027", }); 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The evolution of API documentation is common knowledge for programmers and library developers, but not in a quantitative form. Without such quantitative knowledge, programmers may neglect important revisions of API documentation, and library developers may not effectively improve API documentation based on its revision histories. There is a strong need to conduct a quantitative study on API documentation evolution. However, as API documentation is large in size and revisions can be complicated, it is quite challenging to conduct such a study. In this paper, we present an analysis methodology to analyze the evolution of API documentation. Based on the methodology, we conduct a quantitative study on API documentation evolution of five widely used real-world libraries. The results reveal various valuable findings, and these findings allow programmers and library developers to better understand API documentation evolution.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":13642292,"asset_id":1560027,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":221626,"first_name":"Lin","last_name":"Shi","domain_name":"gucas","page_name":"LinShi","display_name":"Lin Shi","profile_url":"https://gucas.academia.edu/LinShi?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/221626/849524/1056340/s65_lin.shi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":219474,"name":"Empirical Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empirical_Study?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79556584" data-work_id="79556584" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79556584/%C3%89valuation_de_la_r%C3%A9silience_communautaire_L_Indice_Multidimensionnel_de_R%C3%A9silience">Évaluation de la résilience communautaire : L’Indice Multidimensionnel de Résilience</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Science ouverte/Open science : Regards croisés sur la transmission de la science, ses engagements, ses innovations et ses risques</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79556584" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i 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itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50261213" href="https://univ-antananarivo.academia.edu/MahefasoaRandrianalijaona">Mahefasoa Randrianalijaona</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50261213" type="text/json">{"id":50261213,"first_name":"Mahefasoa","last_name":"Randrianalijaona","domain_name":"univ-antananarivo","page_name":"MahefasoaRandrianalijaona","display_name":"Mahefasoa Randrianalijaona","profile_url":"https://univ-antananarivo.academia.edu/MahefasoaRandrianalijaona?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50261213/18124883/20806235/s65_mahefasoa.randrianalijaona.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79556584 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79556584"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 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Calabria belongs to the Regions of Objective 1 of The European Union (regions with development delay), characterised by a PIL value less than 75% of the community... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32858551" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this regard, several opportunities have opened up in the last few years. Calabria belongs to the Regions of Objective 1 of The European Union (regions with development delay), characterised by a PIL value less than 75% of the community average. In order to recuperate the economic and social delay of these areas, the European Union finances development with Structural</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32858551" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3bedd942bbaca8109801761313e4c97f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53005249,"asset_id":32858551,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53005249/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="98701" href="https://create-net.academia.edu/FrancescoDePellegrini">Francesco De Pellegrini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="98701" type="text/json">{"id":98701,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"De Pellegrini","domain_name":"create-net","page_name":"FrancescoDePellegrini","display_name":"Francesco De Pellegrini","profile_url":"https://create-net.academia.edu/FrancescoDePellegrini?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32858551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32858551"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32858551, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32858551", }); 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A case study of Nepal's assistant nurse-midwife</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nepal's Assistant Nurse-Midwife program demonstrates some of the consequences of ignoring social and cultural information in health planning. Partly in response to national and international pressures to develop careers for women, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6063500" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nepal's Assistant Nurse-Midwife program demonstrates some of the consequences of ignoring social and cultural information in health planning. Partly in response to national and international pressures to develop careers for women, the program was designed to train young women to provide maternal and child health care in rural areas. But traditional expectations about women, which are widely known, have impaired the program's effectiveness. Thus, even when cultural information is relevant and available-in fact, common knowledge-it stiil may not influence health planning. This case study pinpoints crucial planning issues in primary health care and recommends changes that could make the Assistant Nurse-Midwife's role more appropriate to its social and cultural setting.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6063500" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e24d6fa34c55a7554da5cf14fce992a1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49033308,"asset_id":6063500,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49033308/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9122111" href="https://independent.academia.edu/socionepal">socio nepal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9122111" type="text/json">{"id":9122111,"first_name":"socio","last_name":"nepal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"socionepal","display_name":"socio nepal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/socionepal?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9122111/2952496/3459069/s65_socio.nepal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6063500 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6063500"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6063500, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6063500", }); 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This case study pinpoints crucial planning issues in primary health care and recommends changes that could make the Assistant Nurse-Midwife's role more appropriate to its social and cultural setting.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49033308,"asset_id":6063500,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9122111,"first_name":"socio","last_name":"nepal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"socionepal","display_name":"socio nepal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/socionepal?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9122111/2952496/3459069/s65_socio.nepal.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":2974,"name":"Primary Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Health_Care?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":7583,"name":"Health Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Planning?f_ri=17275"},{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=17275"},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275"},{"id":48423,"name":"Social Science \u0026 Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Science_and_Medicine?f_ri=17275"},{"id":51665,"name":"Maternal and Child Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal_and_Child_Health?f_ri=17275"},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=17275"},{"id":410370,"name":"Public health systems and services research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_health_systems_and_services_research-1?f_ri=17275"},{"id":466684,"name":"Young Women","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Women?f_ri=17275"},{"id":647003,"name":"Rural Area","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Area?f_ri=17275"},{"id":2345130,"name":"Socioeconomic Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socioeconomic_Factors?f_ri=17275"},{"id":2533306,"name":"cultural characteristics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/cultural_characteristics?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_321524" data-work_id="321524" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/321524/How_unconscious_is_subliminal_perception">How unconscious is subliminal perception?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ever since the concept of the “unconscious” defragmented one of the last nuclei of certitude in the western world, one of the great mysteries that common knowledge has come to associate with psychology is the idea that much of what goes... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_321524" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ever since the concept of the “unconscious” defragmented one of the last nuclei of certitude in the western world, one of the great mysteries that common knowledge has come to associate with psychology is the idea that much of what goes on in our lives occurs outside of awareness. In other words, what we experience is but the tip of the iceberg: massive amounts of information are processed, have an influence on our behaviour, all the while going unnoticed. But is this the case? It seems indeed that we are not always able to retrace the associative causal chains that lead to a thought or action (though the degree to which this is the case is still being debated) - but according to the way we consciously experience the world, it seems to be both immediate and complete to us. Apart from the fact that we may not be able to perceive the entirety of the external world due to information processing limitations inherent to our physical system, what seems more unsettling is that we may not even be able to experience all that we perceive! Is there some limitation of our own internal system that keeps not only the world, but the way this world is represented in us fundamentally unknowable to ourselves?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/321524" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d87a1f47df0a90c57d9c8d46f1a5deaf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32974952,"asset_id":321524,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32974952/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="244759" href="https://aberdeen.academia.edu/BertTimmermans">Bert Timmermans</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="244759" type="text/json">{"id":244759,"first_name":"Bert","last_name":"Timmermans","domain_name":"aberdeen","page_name":"BertTimmermans","display_name":"Bert Timmermans","profile_url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/BertTimmermans?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/244759/53066/48884/s65_bert.timmermans.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_321524 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="321524"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 321524, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_321524", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=321524]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_321524").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_321524").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="321524"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17275" type="text/json">{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36837" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Processing">Information Processing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36837" type="text/json">{"id":36837,"name":"Information Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Processing?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=321524]'), work: {"id":321524,"title":"How unconscious is subliminal perception?","created_at":"2010-09-08T18:31:04.557-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/321524/How_unconscious_is_subliminal_perception?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_321524","summary":"Ever since the concept of the “unconscious” defragmented one of the last nuclei of certitude in the western world, one of the great mysteries that common knowledge has come to associate with psychology is the idea that much of what goes on in our lives occurs outside of awareness. In other words, what we experience is but the tip of the iceberg: massive amounts of information are processed, have an influence on our behaviour, all the while going unnoticed. But is this the case? It seems indeed that we are not always able to retrace the associative causal chains that lead to a thought or action (though the degree to which this is the case is still being debated) - but according to the way we consciously experience the world, it seems to be both immediate and complete to us. Apart from the fact that we may not be able to perceive the entirety of the external world due to information processing limitations inherent to our physical system, what seems more unsettling is that we may not even be able to experience all that we perceive! Is there some limitation of our own internal system that keeps not only the world, but the way this world is represented in us fundamentally unknowable to ourselves?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32974952,"asset_id":321524,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":244759,"first_name":"Bert","last_name":"Timmermans","domain_name":"aberdeen","page_name":"BertTimmermans","display_name":"Bert Timmermans","profile_url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/BertTimmermans?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/244759/53066/48884/s65_bert.timmermans.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":36837,"name":"Information Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Processing?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14958905" data-work_id="14958905" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14958905/Isotopic_record_of_lead_pollution_in_lake_sediments_from_the_northeastern_United_States">Isotopic record of lead pollution in lake sediments from the northeastern United States</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although it is common knowledge that Pb concentrations have increased in lake sediments in the northeastern United States over the last 150 years, the processes responsible have been the subject of debate. In this study, differences in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14958905" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although it is common knowledge that Pb concentrations have increased in lake sediments in the northeastern United States over the last 150 years, the processes responsible have been the subject of debate. In this study, differences in lead isotopic compositions and concentrations in sediment from large lakes (Lake Erie, Ontario, and Michigan) and small ones (Deep Lake and Lake Andrus) are used to infer temporal changes in the source(s) of anthropogenic Pb in the Great Lakes region. A natural (background) component of Pb is present in sediment deposited prior to 1860 in Lake Erie and the other lakes as indicated from low Pb concentrations and uniform lead isotopic compositions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14958905" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="161e0bce6434d18629c19827654253cd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43700063,"asset_id":14958905,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43700063/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33953959" href="https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu">Jerome Nriagu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33953959" type="text/json">{"id":33953959,"first_name":"Jerome","last_name":"Nriagu","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"JeromeNriagu","display_name":"Jerome Nriagu","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14958905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14958905"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14958905, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14958905", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14958905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14958905; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14958905"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14958905 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14958905"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14958905; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14958905]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14958905").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14958905").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14958905"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="406" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology">Geology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="406" type="text/json">{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="407" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="407" type="text/json">{"id":407,"name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17275" type="text/json">{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38020" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Lakes_Region">Great Lakes Region</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38020" type="text/json">{"id":38020,"name":"Great Lakes Region","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Lakes_Region?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14958905]'), work: {"id":14958905,"title":"Isotopic record of lead pollution in lake sediments from the northeastern United States","created_at":"2015-08-16T09:44:19.387-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14958905/Isotopic_record_of_lead_pollution_in_lake_sediments_from_the_northeastern_United_States?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_14958905","summary":"Although it is common knowledge that Pb concentrations have increased in lake sediments in the northeastern United States over the last 150 years, the processes responsible have been the subject of debate. In this study, differences in lead isotopic compositions and concentrations in sediment from large lakes (Lake Erie, Ontario, and Michigan) and small ones (Deep Lake and Lake Andrus) are used to infer temporal changes in the source(s) of anthropogenic Pb in the Great Lakes region. A natural (background) component of Pb is present in sediment deposited prior to 1860 in Lake Erie and the other lakes as indicated from low Pb concentrations and uniform lead isotopic compositions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43700063,"asset_id":14958905,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33953959,"first_name":"Jerome","last_name":"Nriagu","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"JeromeNriagu","display_name":"Jerome Nriagu","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/JeromeNriagu?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":407,"name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":38020,"name":"Great Lakes Region","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Lakes_Region?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=17275"},{"id":239649,"name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lake_Erie?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1331856,"name":"Lake Ontario","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lake_Ontario?f_ri=17275"},{"id":2303517,"name":"Temporal Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporal_Change?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9118243" data-work_id="9118243" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9118243/Subsidies_to_high_seas_bottom_trawl_fleets_and_the_sustainability_of_deep_sea_demersal_fish_stocks">Subsidies to high seas bottom trawl fleets and the sustainability of deep-sea demersal fish stocks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The life spans of demersal species of fishes occurring in deep waters are much longer and their potential growth rates much lower than those of related shallow water species. As a result, deep-sea demersal fish species are more vulnerable... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9118243" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The life spans of demersal species of fishes occurring in deep waters are much longer and their potential growth rates much lower than those of related shallow water species. As a result, deep-sea demersal fish species are more vulnerable to exploitation. This is because low growth rates relative to the available market discount rate for capital makes it desirable for fishing firms to mine, rather than sustainably exploit, these resources even in the absence of fisheries subsidies. However, it is common knowledge that governments around the world do provide subsidies to their fishing industries. The objective of this contribution is to estimate the global amount of subsidies paid to bottom trawl fleets operating in the high seas, i.e., outside of the Exclusive Economic Zones of maritime countries. Our study suggests that fisheries subsidies to these fleets stand at about US$152 million per year, which constitutes 15% of the total landed value of the fleet. Economic data for bottom trawlers suggest that the profit achieved by this vessel group is normally not more than 10% of landed value. The implication of this finding is that without subsidies, the bulk of the world's bottom trawl fleet operating in the high seas will be operating at a loss, and unable to fish, thereby reducing the current threat to deep-sea and high seas fish stocks.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9118243" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0476f030265cfc3c089887a82dbdda4b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47879400,"asset_id":9118243,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47879400/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20753597" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/LouiseTeh">Louise Teh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20753597" type="text/json">{"id":20753597,"first_name":"Louise","last_name":"Teh","domain_name":"ubc","page_name":"LouiseTeh","display_name":"Louise Teh","profile_url":"https://ubc.academia.edu/LouiseTeh?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9118243 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9118243"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9118243, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9118243", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9118243 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9118243; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9118243"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9118243 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9118243"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9118243; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9118243]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9118243").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9118243").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9118243"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17275" type="text/json">{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="121035" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Profitability">Profitability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="121035" type="text/json">{"id":121035,"name":"Profitability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Profitability?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9118243]'), work: {"id":9118243,"title":"Subsidies to high seas bottom trawl fleets and the sustainability of deep-sea demersal fish stocks","created_at":"2014-11-04T02:51:37.432-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9118243/Subsidies_to_high_seas_bottom_trawl_fleets_and_the_sustainability_of_deep_sea_demersal_fish_stocks?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_9118243","summary":"The life spans of demersal species of fishes occurring in deep waters are much longer and their potential growth rates much lower than those of related shallow water species. As a result, deep-sea demersal fish species are more vulnerable to exploitation. This is because low growth rates relative to the available market discount rate for capital makes it desirable for fishing firms to mine, rather than sustainably exploit, these resources even in the absence of fisheries subsidies. However, it is common knowledge that governments around the world do provide subsidies to their fishing industries. The objective of this contribution is to estimate the global amount of subsidies paid to bottom trawl fleets operating in the high seas, i.e., outside of the Exclusive Economic Zones of maritime countries. Our study suggests that fisheries subsidies to these fleets stand at about US$152 million per year, which constitutes 15% of the total landed value of the fleet. Economic data for bottom trawlers suggest that the profit achieved by this vessel group is normally not more than 10% of landed value. The implication of this finding is that without subsidies, the bulk of the world's bottom trawl fleet operating in the high seas will be operating at a loss, and unable to fish, thereby reducing the current threat to deep-sea and high seas fish stocks.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47879400,"asset_id":9118243,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20753597,"first_name":"Louise","last_name":"Teh","domain_name":"ubc","page_name":"LouiseTeh","display_name":"Louise Teh","profile_url":"https://ubc.academia.edu/LouiseTeh?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":121035,"name":"Profitability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Profitability?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":185537,"name":"Discount Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discount_Rate?f_ri=17275"},{"id":322541,"name":"Deep water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deep_water?f_ri=17275"},{"id":324909,"name":"High Seas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Seas?f_ri=17275"},{"id":434213,"name":"Marine Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Policy?f_ri=17275"},{"id":533274,"name":"Growth rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth_rate?f_ri=17275"},{"id":796144,"name":"Deep Sea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deep_Sea?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1127828,"name":"Life Span","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Span?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1208617,"name":"Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainability?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1407728,"name":"Shallow Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shallow_Water?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1761671,"name":"Exclusive economic zone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exclusive_economic_zone?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1957240,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE_AND_MANAGEMENT?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47885305" data-work_id="47885305" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47885305/Building_common_knowledge_at_the_boundaries_between_professional_practices_Relational_agency_and_relational_expertise_in_systems_of_distributed_expertise">Building common knowledge at the boundaries between professional practices: Relational agency and relational expertise in systems of distributed expertise</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47885305" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3ade4dd69440abecc3a06dc319e208c0" rel="nofollow" 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67105449/A_Novel_Approach_for_Physical_Layer_Cryptography_in_Wireless_Networks">A Novel Approach for Physical Layer Cryptography in Wireless Networks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67105449" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d60c1fa8f06df768d99def1aeca29b62" rel="nofollow" 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Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secure_Communication?f_ri=17275"},{"id":701253,"name":"New Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Physics?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1019268,"name":"Wireless Communication Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wireless_Communication_Security?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1458139,"name":"Thermal Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermal_Noise?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1676123,"name":"Key Exchange","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Key_Exchange?f_ri=17275"},{"id":3203140,"name":"Probability of Error","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Probability_of_Error?f_ri=17275"},{"id":3960573,"name":"Wireless Personal Communications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wireless_Personal_Communications?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10287819" data-work_id="10287819" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10287819/Knowledge_relatedness_in_firm_technological_diversification">Knowledge-relatedness in firm technological diversification</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper claims that knowledge-relatedness is a key factor in affecting firms' technological diversification. The hypothesis is tested that firms extend the range of their innovative activities in a non-random way. Specifically, we test... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10287819" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper claims that knowledge-relatedness is a key factor in affecting firms' technological diversification. The hypothesis is tested that firms extend the range of their innovative activities in a non-random way. Specifically, we test the extent to which firms diversify their innovative activities across related technological fields, i.e. fields that share a common knowledge base and rely upon common heuristics and scientific principles. The paper proposes an original measure of knowledge-relatedness, using co-classification codes contained in patent documents, and examines the patterns of technological diversification of the whole population of firms from the United States, Italy, France, UK, Germany, and Japan patenting to the European Patent Office from 1982 to 1993. Robust evidence is found that knowledge-relatedness is a major feature of firms' innovative activities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10287819" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0c4c35d20e098fd5f7b9fd40c1b0010b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47453231,"asset_id":10287819,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47453231/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25200624" href="https://unibocconi.academia.edu/FrancescoLissoni">Francesco Lissoni</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25200624" type="text/json">{"id":25200624,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Lissoni","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"FrancescoLissoni","display_name":"Francesco Lissoni","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/FrancescoLissoni?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10287819 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10287819"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10287819, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10287819", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10287819]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10287819").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10287819").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10287819"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5547" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy">Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5547" type="text/json">{"id":5547,"name":"Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17275" type="text/json">{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="55550" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversification">Diversification</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="55550" type="text/json">{"id":55550,"name":"Diversification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversification?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57505" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relatedness">Relatedness</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="57505" type="text/json">{"id":57505,"name":"Relatedness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relatedness?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10287819]'), work: {"id":10287819,"title":"Knowledge-relatedness in firm technological diversification","created_at":"2015-01-22T14:23:19.743-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10287819/Knowledge_relatedness_in_firm_technological_diversification?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_10287819","summary":"This paper claims that knowledge-relatedness is a key factor in affecting firms' technological diversification. The hypothesis is tested that firms extend the range of their innovative activities in a non-random way. Specifically, we test the extent to which firms diversify their innovative activities across related technological fields, i.e. fields that share a common knowledge base and rely upon common heuristics and scientific principles. The paper proposes an original measure of knowledge-relatedness, using co-classification codes contained in patent documents, and examines the patterns of technological diversification of the whole population of firms from the United States, Italy, France, UK, Germany, and Japan patenting to the European Patent Office from 1982 to 1993. Robust evidence is found that knowledge-relatedness is a major feature of firms' innovative activities.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47453231,"asset_id":10287819,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25200624,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Lissoni","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"FrancescoLissoni","display_name":"Francesco Lissoni","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/FrancescoLissoni?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5547,"name":"Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":55550,"name":"Diversification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversification?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":57505,"name":"Relatedness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relatedness?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management?f_ri=17275"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11060224" data-work_id="11060224" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11060224/Landslide_susceptibility_assessment_using_SVM_machine_learning_algorithm">Landslide susceptibility assessment using SVM machine learning algorithm</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper introduces the current machine learning approach to solving spatial modeling problems in the domain of landslide susceptibility assessment. The latter is introduced as a classification problem, having multiple (geological,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11060224" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper introduces the current machine learning approach to solving spatial modeling problems in the domain of landslide susceptibility assessment. The latter is introduced as a classification problem, having multiple (geological, morphological, environmental etc.) attributes and one referent landslide inventory map from which to devise the classification rules. Three different machine learning algorithms were compared: Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees and Logistic Regression. A specific area of the Fruška Gora Mountain (Serbia) was selected to perform the entire modeling procedure, from attribute and referent data preparation/processing, through the classifiers' implementation to the evaluation, carried out in terms of the model's performance and agreement with the referent data. The experiments showed that Support Vector Machines outperformed the other proposed methods, and hence this algorithm was selected as the model of choice to be compared with a common knowledge-driven method – the Analytical Hierarchy Process – to create a landslide susceptibility map of the relevant area. The SVM classifier outperformed the AHP approach in all evaluation metrics (κ index, area under ROC curve and false positive rate in stable ground class).► After conducting experiments based on the sampling over the entire area, the SVM turned to be the model of choice. ► In the mapping task on a neighboring terrain, SVM achieved better performance than AHP model in all evaluation measures. ► The results of the 2nd mapping task were weaker in comparison to the 1st one (different distribution of input parameters). ► SVM do not need any feature selection technique as opposed to some other methods such as Decision Trees.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11060224" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7aa39129c056ce1649e7488c92ac7cbd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46931024,"asset_id":11060224,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46931024/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26743966" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MilosMarjanovic2">Milos Marjanovic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26743966" type="text/json">{"id":26743966,"first_name":"Milos","last_name":"Marjanovic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MilosMarjanovic2","display_name":"Milos Marjanovic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MilosMarjanovic2?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11060224 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11060224"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11060224, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11060224", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11060224]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11060224").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11060224").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11060224"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Engineering">Civil Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="73" type="text/json">{"id":73,"name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Engineering?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2008" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Learning">Machine Learning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2008" type="text/json">{"id":2008,"name":"Machine Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Learning?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17275" type="text/json">{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20564" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Geology">Engineering Geology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20564" type="text/json">{"id":20564,"name":"Engineering Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Geology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11060224]'), work: {"id":11060224,"title":"Landslide susceptibility assessment using SVM machine learning algorithm","created_at":"2015-02-24T15:09:32.362-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11060224/Landslide_susceptibility_assessment_using_SVM_machine_learning_algorithm?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_11060224","summary":"This paper introduces the current machine learning approach to solving spatial modeling problems in the domain of landslide susceptibility assessment. The latter is introduced as a classification problem, having multiple (geological, morphological, environmental etc.) attributes and one referent landslide inventory map from which to devise the classification rules. Three different machine learning algorithms were compared: Support Vector Machines, Decision Trees and Logistic Regression. A specific area of the Fruška Gora Mountain (Serbia) was selected to perform the entire modeling procedure, from attribute and referent data preparation/processing, through the classifiers' implementation to the evaluation, carried out in terms of the model's performance and agreement with the referent data. The experiments showed that Support Vector Machines outperformed the other proposed methods, and hence this algorithm was selected as the model of choice to be compared with a common knowledge-driven method – the Analytical Hierarchy Process – to create a landslide susceptibility map of the relevant area. The SVM classifier outperformed the AHP approach in all evaluation metrics (κ index, area under ROC curve and false positive rate in stable ground class).► After conducting experiments based on the sampling over the entire area, the SVM turned to be the model of choice. ► In the mapping task on a neighboring terrain, SVM achieved better performance than AHP model in all evaluation measures. ► The results of the 2nd mapping task were weaker in comparison to the 1st one (different distribution of input parameters). ► SVM do not need any feature selection technique as opposed to some other methods such as Decision Trees.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46931024,"asset_id":11060224,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26743966,"first_name":"Milos","last_name":"Marjanovic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MilosMarjanovic2","display_name":"Milos Marjanovic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MilosMarjanovic2?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":73,"name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Engineering?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":2008,"name":"Machine Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Machine_Learning?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":20564,"name":"Engineering Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering_Geology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":22707,"name":"Analytic Hierarchy Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytic_Hierarchy_Process?f_ri=17275"},{"id":32433,"name":"Logistic Regression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logistic_Regression?f_ri=17275"},{"id":153240,"name":"Reference Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reference_Data?f_ri=17275"},{"id":162271,"name":"Decision Tree","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Tree?f_ri=17275"},{"id":191289,"name":"Support vector machine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Support_vector_machine?f_ri=17275"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1032327,"name":"False Positive Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/False_Positive_Rate?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1109095,"name":"Classification Rules","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classification_Rules?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1850051,"name":"Spatial Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Model?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62762703" data-work_id="62762703" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62762703/The_Re_Enchantment_of_the_World_Secular_Magic_in_a_Rational_Age_review_">The Re-Enchantment of the World: Secular Magic in a Rational Age (review)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">After the fall of the Soviet Union, market capitalism replaced socialism in Eastern Europe. Supposedly, the new economic logic would allocate resources impartially, allowing the possibility of prosperity for those who worked hard. What... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62762703" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">After the fall of the Soviet Union, market capitalism replaced socialism in Eastern Europe. Supposedly, the new economic logic would allocate resources impartially, allowing the possibility of prosperity for those who worked hard. What happened instead is that citizens from Russia to Romania, Serbia to Albania poured billions of dollars into pyramid schemes advertising astronomical returns. These investment vehicles never explained how they would produce such wealth. In fact, the leaders commonly employed religious rhetoric to convince people to simply have faith and turn over their cash. When the schemes inevitably crashed, riots broke out. Following Michael Taussig’s work with newly proletarianized workers in South America, anthropologists like Katherine Verdery and Jean and John Comaroff have documented how magic and the occult always accompany the cool calculus of modern life. A baker’s dozen of humanities scholars have now brought that insight to the fields of literature, histo...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62762703" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6c711ac16db45b836567be4b9f24a6da" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75429246,"asset_id":62762703,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75429246/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="208452020" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SalerMichael">Michael Saler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="208452020" type="text/json">{"id":208452020,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Saler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SalerMichael","display_name":"Michael Saler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SalerMichael?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62762703 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62762703"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62762703, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62762703", }); 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Supposedly, the new economic logic would allocate resources impartially, allowing the possibility of prosperity for those who worked hard. What happened instead is that citizens from Russia to Romania, Serbia to Albania poured billions of dollars into pyramid schemes advertising astronomical returns. These investment vehicles never explained how they would produce such wealth. In fact, the leaders commonly employed religious rhetoric to convince people to simply have faith and turn over their cash. When the schemes inevitably crashed, riots broke out. Following Michael Taussig’s work with newly proletarianized workers in South America, anthropologists like Katherine Verdery and Jean and John Comaroff have documented how magic and the occult always accompany the cool calculus of modern life. A baker’s dozen of humanities scholars have now brought that insight to the fields of literature, histo...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75429246,"asset_id":62762703,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":208452020,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Saler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SalerMichael","display_name":"Michael Saler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SalerMichael?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":5408,"name":"Magic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magic?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":8303,"name":"Friedrich 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3089495/Institutions_institutional_change_and_economic_performance">Institutions, institutional change and economic performance</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">North begins his book by stating that "institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction."(3) That being said North then proposes to examine... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3089495" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">North begins his book by stating that "institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction."(3) That being said North then proposes to examine institutions, changes in them, and their impact on economic performance over time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3089495" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7af4c0498276bf804440f5265b16d73c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31015839,"asset_id":3089495,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm 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Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Game_Theory?f_ri=17275"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=17275"},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=17275"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17275"},{"id":3490,"name":"Accounting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Accounting?f_ri=17275"},{"id":3833,"name":"Transaction Costs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transaction_Costs?f_ri=17275"},{"id":4316,"name":"Sociobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociobiology?f_ri=17275"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17275"},{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology?f_ri=17275"},{"id":6910,"name":"Capital 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Reading is not kind of something sold that you can take or not. It is a thing that will change your life to life better. It is the thing that will give you many things around the world and this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_60488698" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Bargaining with reading habit is no need. Reading is not kind of something sold that you can take or not. It is a thing that will change your life to life better. It is the thing that will give you many things around the world and this universe, in the real world and here after. As what will be given by this from reliable sources an introduction to historical methods, how can you bargain with the thing that has many benefits for you? Sometimes, reading is very boring and it will take long time starting from getting the book and start reading. However, in modern era, you can take the developing technology by utilizing the internet. By internet, you can visit this page and start to search for the book that is needed. Wondering this from reliable sources an introduction to historical methods is the one that you need, you can go for downloading. Have you understood how to get it? After downloading the soft file of this from reliable sources an introduction to historical methods, you can begin to read it. Yeah, this is so enjoyable while somebody should read by taking their big books; you are in your new way by only handle your gadget. Or even you are working in the office; you can still utilize the computer to read it fully. Of course, it will not obligate you to take many pages. Just page by page depending on the time that you have to read. After knowing this very easy way to read and get this from reliable sources an introduction to historical methods, why don't you tell to others about this way? 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class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_694757" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">North begins his book by stating that "institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction."(3) That being said North then proposes to examine institutions, changes in them, and their impact on economic performance over time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/694757" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li 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hidden">The 2nd National E-learning Conference defines e-learning as: “technologically-supported learning, which includes the use of electronic media such as the Internet, personal computers, phone bridging, audio and videotape, video teleconferencing, satellite broadcast, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, and other related technologies to enhance teaching and learning.”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74198805" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9d96b3436742ba04783fccc39357186" rel="nofollow" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/3347280/Network_structure_and_knowledge_transfer_The_effects_of_cohesion_and_range">Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesion and range</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3347280" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3f767d3dffe03b7aa29a818ab1649364" 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u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="757" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Game_Theory">Game Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="757" type="text/json">{"id":757,"name":"Game Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Game_Theory?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="806" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind">Philosophy of Mind</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="806" type="text/json">{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17275" type="text/json">{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30741153]'), work: {"id":30741153,"title":"Common knowledge, common sense","created_at":"2017-01-04T10:13:24.668-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30741153/Common_knowledge_common_sense?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_30741153","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51185649,"asset_id":30741153,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14451695,"first_name":"Jean-Pierre","last_name":"Dupuy","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"JeanPierreDupuy","display_name":"Jean-Pierre Dupuy","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/JeanPierreDupuy?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14451695/18293829/18262457/s65_jean-pierre.dupuy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":757,"name":"Game Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Game_Theory?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":25660,"name":"Decision Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Theory?f_ri=17275"},{"id":71688,"name":"Common Sense","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Sense?f_ri=17275"},{"id":75000,"name":"Philosophy and Religious Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_and_Religious_Studies?f_ri=17275"},{"id":253469,"name":"North America","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_America?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6736357" data-work_id="6736357" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6736357/Rational_Ritual_Culture_Coordination_and_Common_Knowledge">Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination and Common Knowledge</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Michael Chwe is known as a game theorist among economists. In this book he explores a new field at the border of his previous work and related to the study of co-operative games. For him, the issue of co-ordination among humans is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6736357" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Michael Chwe is known as a game theorist among economists. In this book he explores a new field at the border of his previous work and related to the study of co-operative games. For him, the issue of co-ordination among humans is central, and one aspect of it is to understand how humans can share knowledge. The book addresses the issue of common knowledge formation, first demonstrating its centrality to an explanation of co-ordination processes among humans, and then discussing a number of examples taken from both large societies and small groups. The book could thus be a step on the way to bridging the gap between very theoretical approaches to interaction and empirical sociological observation. Chwe's references are either in sociology and computer science or in social psychology. They sometimes seem close to citations that can be found in JASSS papers: Schelling, Sperber and Wilson.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6736357" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="65715c17318b690c36531a31cd96264b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33452665,"asset_id":6736357,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33452665/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11065750" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/MichaelChwe">Michael Chwe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11065750" type="text/json">{"id":11065750,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Chwe","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"MichaelChwe","display_name":"Michael Chwe","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/MichaelChwe?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11065750/17811728/17832392/s65_michael.chwe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6736357 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6736357"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6736357, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6736357", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6736357 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6736357; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6736357"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6736357 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6736357"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6736357; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6736357]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6736357").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6736357").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6736357"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17275" type="text/json">{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="499686" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economica">Economica</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="499686" type="text/json">{"id":499686,"name":"Economica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economica?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6736357]'), work: {"id":6736357,"title":"Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination and Common Knowledge","created_at":"2014-04-12T08:53:19.221-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6736357/Rational_Ritual_Culture_Coordination_and_Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_6736357","summary":"Michael Chwe is known as a game theorist among economists. In this book he explores a new field at the border of his previous work and related to the study of co-operative games. For him, the issue of co-ordination among humans is central, and one aspect of it is to understand how humans can share knowledge. The book addresses the issue of common knowledge formation, first demonstrating its centrality to an explanation of co-ordination processes among humans, and then discussing a number of examples taken from both large societies and small groups. The book could thus be a step on the way to bridging the gap between very theoretical approaches to interaction and empirical sociological observation. Chwe's references are either in sociology and computer science or in social psychology. They sometimes seem close to citations that can be found in JASSS papers: Schelling, Sperber and Wilson.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33452665,"asset_id":6736357,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11065750,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Chwe","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"MichaelChwe","display_name":"Michael Chwe","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/MichaelChwe?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11065750/17811728/17832392/s65_michael.chwe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":499686,"name":"Economica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economica?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69223674" data-work_id="69223674" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69223674/Construction_of_a_Structural_Knowledge_Test">Construction of a Structural Knowledge Test</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A general definition of structural knowledge has not yet been established. This article provides a working definition of structural knowledge (related to the concept of deep understanding) from literature analysis. Common knowledge tests... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69223674" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A general definition of structural knowledge has not yet been established. This article provides a working definition of structural knowledge (related to the concept of deep understanding) from literature analysis. Common knowledge tests are compared on the theoretical basis of this working definition. The following comparison is done via an altered version of the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) evaluation paradigm. This comparison between the different methods is further analyzed to generate design rules that can be applied to create a test that accounts better for the working definition of structural knowledge. These rules are then used exemplarily to create a test on a school course of chemistry. The test is initially tested at a small scale to explore its possibilities and then evaluated by the same SWOT analysis that was used earlier. The findings are mostly of prospective value for the paper at hand due to time constrains, small sample size as well as l...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69223674" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5df2823e233969774e4cf59e374cba99" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79401031,"asset_id":69223674,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79401031/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33553300" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MatthiasMatzner">Matthias Matzner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33553300" type="text/json">{"id":33553300,"first_name":"Matthias","last_name":"Matzner","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MatthiasMatzner","display_name":"Matthias Matzner","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MatthiasMatzner?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33553300/9905000/16198155/s65_matthias.matzner.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69223674 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69223674"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69223674, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69223674", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69223674 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69223674; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_69223674"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_69223674 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69223674"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69223674; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69223674]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69223674").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69223674").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69223674"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17275" type="text/json">{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="187534" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SWOT_analysis">SWOT analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="187534" type="text/json">{"id":187534,"name":"SWOT analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SWOT_analysis?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="298035" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Validity_and_Reliability">Validity and Reliability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="298035" type="text/json">{"id":298035,"name":"Validity and Reliability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Validity_and_Reliability?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69223674]'), work: {"id":69223674,"title":"Construction of a Structural Knowledge Test","created_at":"2022-01-22T23:35:38.959-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69223674/Construction_of_a_Structural_Knowledge_Test?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_69223674","summary":"A general definition of structural knowledge has not yet been established. This article provides a working definition of structural knowledge (related to the concept of deep understanding) from literature analysis. Common knowledge tests are compared on the theoretical basis of this working definition. The following comparison is done via an altered version of the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) evaluation paradigm. This comparison between the different methods is further analyzed to generate design rules that can be applied to create a test that accounts better for the working definition of structural knowledge. These rules are then used exemplarily to create a test on a school course of chemistry. The test is initially tested at a small scale to explore its possibilities and then evaluated by the same SWOT analysis that was used earlier. The findings are mostly of prospective value for the paper at hand due to time constrains, small sample size as well as l...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79401031,"asset_id":69223674,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33553300,"first_name":"Matthias","last_name":"Matzner","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MatthiasMatzner","display_name":"Matthias Matzner","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MatthiasMatzner?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33553300/9905000/16198155/s65_matthias.matzner.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":187534,"name":"SWOT analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SWOT_analysis?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":298035,"name":"Validity and Reliability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Validity_and_Reliability?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":3093964,"name":"Reliability and validity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reliability_and_validity?f_ri=17275"},{"id":4013075,"name":"Small Sample Size","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Small_Sample_Size?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7974415" data-work_id="7974415" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7974415/Making_Sense_of_Common_Ground_Presupposition_Joint_Action_and_Coordination_MPhil_Dissertation_">Making Sense of Common Ground: Presupposition, Joint Action, and Coordination (MPhil Dissertation)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Common ground is a problematic concept. It is a necessary part of any pragmatic theory because it names the context that speakers take for granted in carrying out a communicative act, or in other words the background against which a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7974415" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Common ground is a problematic concept. It is a necessary part of any pragmatic theory because it names the context that speakers take for granted in carrying out a communicative act, or in other words the background against which a signal shows up as a particular pattern of sounds or shapes, words, and social effects. But it is too often either ignored or treated as a stative body of information, a definition which makes it impossible to understand how common ground is used and instantiated in actual conversations. This essay remedies this problem by presenting a novel account of common ground which subsumes most extant theories by approaching the topic separately on each of three levels of explanation. I begin by presenting a dynamical definition of common ground based on elements of Stalnaker’s theory of speaker presupposition, on which common ground is the information presented by a speaker as not-at-issue in the process of carrying out some speech act. I then justify and enrich this approach with a psycholinguistic account of the uses of common ground in conversation based on Clark’s work on joint action, and show that common ground underlies both egocentric and cooperative communication. I then justify and enrich the psycholinguistic account by showing how it is instantiated on a biological level as intra- and interpersonal synergies in a conversation. Finally, I use an analysis of referring to illustrate the relations between these three levels of description, which between presupposition and joint action and between joint action and synergies I take to be one of coherence, clarification, and specifying the object of explanation. In the other direction - from synergies to joint action and joint action to presupposition - the relation is one of grounding and providing naturalistic credentials via mechanistic details. The originality and generality of this explanatory strategy suggest tremendous opportunities for pragmatic research from a dynamical perspective.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7974415" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5c8e0384d9c8d7c31dce044220aa972b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34443653,"asset_id":7974415,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34443653/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1380955" href="https://southerndenmark.academia.edu/MatthewHarvey">Matthew Isaac Harvey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1380955" type="text/json">{"id":1380955,"first_name":"Matthew Isaac","last_name":"Harvey","domain_name":"southerndenmark","page_name":"MatthewHarvey","display_name":"Matthew Isaac Harvey","profile_url":"https://southerndenmark.academia.edu/MatthewHarvey?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1380955/638299/3222969/s65_matthew.harvey.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7974415 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7974415"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7974415, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7974415", }); 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It is a necessary part of any pragmatic theory because it names the context that speakers take for granted in carrying out a communicative act, or in other words the background against which a signal shows up as a particular pattern of sounds or shapes, words, and social effects. But it is too often either ignored or treated as a stative body of information, a definition which makes it impossible to understand how common ground is used and instantiated in actual conversations. This essay remedies this problem by presenting a novel account of common ground which subsumes most extant theories by approaching the topic separately on each of three levels of explanation. I begin by presenting a dynamical definition of common ground based on elements of Stalnaker’s theory of speaker presupposition, on which common ground is the information presented by a speaker as not-at-issue in the process of carrying out some speech act. I then justify and enrich this approach with a psycholinguistic account of the uses of common ground in conversation based on Clark’s work on joint action, and show that common ground underlies both egocentric and cooperative communication. I then justify and enrich the psycholinguistic account by showing how it is instantiated on a biological level as intra- and interpersonal synergies in a conversation. Finally, I use an analysis of referring to illustrate the relations between these three levels of description, which between presupposition and joint action and between joint action and synergies I take to be one of coherence, clarification, and specifying the object of explanation. In the other direction - from synergies to joint action and joint action to presupposition - the relation is one of grounding and providing naturalistic credentials via mechanistic details. The originality and generality of this explanatory strategy suggest tremendous opportunities for pragmatic research from a dynamical perspective.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34443653,"asset_id":7974415,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1380955,"first_name":"Matthew Isaac","last_name":"Harvey","domain_name":"southerndenmark","page_name":"MatthewHarvey","display_name":"Matthew Isaac Harvey","profile_url":"https://southerndenmark.academia.edu/MatthewHarvey?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1380955/638299/3222969/s65_matthew.harvey.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1013,"name":"Reference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reference?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":4715,"name":"Social Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Interaction?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":4937,"name":"Theory of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Mind?f_ri=17275"},{"id":12824,"name":"Intersubjectivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersubjectivity?f_ri=17275"},{"id":15610,"name":"H.P. 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Stalnaker","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robert_C._Stalnaker?f_ri=17275"},{"id":348208,"name":"Mind Reading","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mind_Reading?f_ri=17275"},{"id":502150,"name":"Mutual Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutual_Knowledge?f_ri=17275"},{"id":529368,"name":"Interpersonal Coordination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpersonal_Coordination?f_ri=17275"},{"id":888113,"name":"Pragmatic Presupposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatic_Presupposition?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57886926" data-work_id="57886926" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57886926/Adventures_with_Iphigenia_in_Tauris_A_Cultural_History_of_Euripides_Black_Sea_Tragedy">Adventures with Iphigenia in Tauris: A Cultural History of Euripides' Black Sea Tragedy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57886926" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e477072e29f68f863c6be137859640d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72565953,"asset_id":57886926,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_58610859").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="58610859"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17275" type="text/json">{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19820" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_and_Philosophy-20">Literature and Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="19820" type="text/json">{"id":19820,"name":"Literature and Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_and_Philosophy-20?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=58610859]'), work: {"id":58610859,"title":"Not For Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities (review)","created_at":"2021-10-17T08:36:02.294-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/58610859/Not_For_Profit_Why_Democracy_Needs_the_Humanities_review_?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_58610859","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72938121,"asset_id":58610859,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5136832,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Fischer","domain_name":"mit","page_name":"MichaelFischer","display_name":"Michael M J Fischer","profile_url":"https://mit.academia.edu/MichaelFischer?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5136832/2254266/2635919/s65_michael.fischer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":19820,"name":"Literature and Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_and_Philosophy-20?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8250993" data-work_id="8250993" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8250993/The_photoelectric_effect_experimental_confirmation_concerning_a_widespread_misconception_in_the_theory">The photoelectric effect: experimental confirmation concerning a widespread misconception in the theory</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The photoelectric effect is widely taught in schools and institutions. It is common knowledge that in order for photoelectrons to be emitted, the energy of the incoming photons must be greater than the work function of the irradiated... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8250993" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The photoelectric effect is widely taught in schools and institutions. It is common knowledge that in order for photoelectrons to be emitted, the energy of the incoming photons must be greater than the work function of the irradiated metal (i.e. hν > phiemitter). However, what may not be as commonly known is that the 'phi' in Einstein's photoelectric equation (eVs = hν - phi) is often implicitly and mistakenly taken as the work function of the emitter (or anode) rather than that of the collector (or cathode). This paper provides experimental evidence for the more correct but the non-intuitive form of the photoelectric equation eVs = hν - phicollector, which can also be theoretically derived by taking into account the contact potential difference between the electrodes. This equation is shown experimentally to be invalid for hν < phiemitter and hν > phicollector, even though in such a case a positive Vs (stopping potential) is obtained by the equation, no Vs is obtainable experimentally. However, the equation is valid for hν < phicollector and hν > phiemitter where a negative Vs is obtained from the equation, which corresponds to an experimentally observed 'starting potential'.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8250993" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6271531fa24e396d08a252603ab1dea7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48166598,"asset_id":8250993,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48166598/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16312698" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DarrenWong5">Darren Wong</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16312698" type="text/json">{"id":16312698,"first_name":"Darren","last_name":"Wong","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DarrenWong5","display_name":"Darren Wong","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DarrenWong5?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16312698/4426258/5133619/s65_darren.wong.jpg_oh_4d4afe34afe94eb675e8f2659059dbf1_oe_54931580___gda___1419345658_555ff447287fce50f3daf7e30acd86ab"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8250993 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8250993"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8250993, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8250993", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8250993]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8250993").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8250993").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8250993"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="498" type="text/json">{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5412" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy">Energy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5412" type="text/json">{"id":5412,"name":"Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6309" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6309" type="text/json">{"id":6309,"name":"Metallurgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metallurgy?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8250993]'), work: {"id":8250993,"title":"The photoelectric effect: experimental confirmation concerning a widespread misconception in the theory","created_at":"2014-09-08T20:27:00.643-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8250993/The_photoelectric_effect_experimental_confirmation_concerning_a_widespread_misconception_in_the_theory?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_8250993","summary":"The photoelectric effect is widely taught in schools and institutions. It is common knowledge that in order for photoelectrons to be emitted, the energy of the incoming photons must be greater than the work function of the irradiated metal (i.e. hν \u003e phiemitter). However, what may not be as commonly known is that the 'phi' in Einstein's photoelectric equation (eVs = hν - phi) is often implicitly and mistakenly taken as the work function of the emitter (or anode) rather than that of the collector (or cathode). This paper provides experimental evidence for the more correct but the non-intuitive form of the photoelectric equation eVs = hν - phicollector, which can also be theoretically derived by taking into account the contact potential difference between the electrodes. This equation is shown experimentally to be invalid for hν \u003c phiemitter and hν \u003e phicollector, even though in such a case a positive Vs (stopping potential) is obtained by the equation, no Vs is obtainable experimentally. However, the equation is valid for hν \u003c phicollector and hν \u003e phiemitter where a negative Vs is obtained from the equation, which corresponds to an experimentally observed 'starting potential'.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48166598,"asset_id":8250993,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16312698,"first_name":"Darren","last_name":"Wong","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DarrenWong5","display_name":"Darren Wong","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DarrenWong5?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16312698/4426258/5133619/s65_darren.wong.jpg_oh_4d4afe34afe94eb675e8f2659059dbf1_oe_54931580___gda___1419345658_555ff447287fce50f3daf7e30acd86ab"}],"research_interests":[{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":5412,"name":"Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":6309,"name":"Metallurgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metallurgy?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275"},{"id":80799,"name":"Classical Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Physics?f_ri=17275"},{"id":279027,"name":"European","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European?f_ri=17275"},{"id":510899,"name":"Work Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Work_Function?f_ri=17275"},{"id":1724844,"name":"Molecular Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Structure?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67625339" data-work_id="67625339" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67625339/Thinking_Fast_and_Slow">Thinking Fast and Slow</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases" by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67625339" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases" by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain's wiring.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67625339" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d990d7719811762f5ffae94011a55c03" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78375480,"asset_id":67625339,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78375480/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="135006876" href="https://universitatdevic.academia.edu/DanielRodriguezMartinez">Daniel Rodriguez Martinez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="135006876" type="text/json">{"id":135006876,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Rodriguez Martinez","domain_name":"universitatdevic","page_name":"DanielRodriguezMartinez","display_name":"Daniel Rodriguez Martinez","profile_url":"https://universitatdevic.academia.edu/DanielRodriguezMartinez?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/135006876/35632428/145932928/s65_daniel.rodriguez_martinez.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67625339 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67625339"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67625339, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67625339", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_67625339 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67625339; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_67625339"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_67625339 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67625339"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67625339; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67625339]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67625339").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67625339").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67625339"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17275" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge">Common Knowledge</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17275" type="text/json">{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67625339]'), work: {"id":67625339,"title":"Thinking Fast and Slow","created_at":"2022-01-08T09:34:15.909-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67625339/Thinking_Fast_and_Slow?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_67625339","summary":"In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title \"Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases\" by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain's wiring.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78375480,"asset_id":67625339,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":135006876,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Rodriguez Martinez","domain_name":"universitatdevic","page_name":"DanielRodriguezMartinez","display_name":"Daniel Rodriguez Martinez","profile_url":"https://universitatdevic.academia.edu/DanielRodriguezMartinez?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/135006876/35632428/145932928/s65_daniel.rodriguez_martinez.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15679040 coauthored" data-work_id="15679040" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15679040/Ethics_and_leadership_Enablers_and_stumbling_blocks">Ethics and leadership: Enablers and stumbling blocks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many of the scandals, indiscretions and collapses, over the last few years, at formerly venerated organizations were the results of toxic relationships, dubious economic models, opaque workplace paradigms, as well as questionable... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15679040" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many of the scandals, indiscretions and collapses, over the last few years, at formerly venerated organizations were the results of toxic relationships, dubious economic models, opaque workplace paradigms, as well as questionable collective and individual actions and behaviours of people who, ordinarily, would not be considered 'typically criminal'. The individuals involved have typically been people with good education, caring parents, were community contributors and, by all accounts, appeared to be upstanding members of society. Their involvement, therefore, in corrupt acts and relationships thus brings a numbers of issues under questionan important one of which is their ethical maturity, and the forming of that ethical development through important societal institutions such as: religion, education and the family. We set out to understand what some of the stumbling blocks were that prevent individuals from courageously acting on their sometimes vast bases of theoretical/common knowledge with respect to ethics and morals, but which has not yet become common practice. Additionally, we also sought to understand what the various enablers were for individuals who were able to live and act ethically, to further enhance such ethical and moral living and working. Our research sample was 646 middle managers who were all enrolled on the MBA programs of the University of Cape Town (South Africa) and Erasmus University (Netherlands). The research respondents self-reported on both the stumbling blocks and enablers, through writing up their personal experiences for our research. They also reported on what some of the practical actions were that they employed to live and work ethically.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15679040" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f62e0724f1c1bdd62671b4e7d2ae660" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42975261,"asset_id":15679040,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42975261/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34864868" href="https://coventryuniversity.academia.edu/KaiPeters">Kai Peters</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34864868" type="text/json">{"id":34864868,"first_name":"Kai","last_name":"Peters","domain_name":"coventryuniversity","page_name":"KaiPeters","display_name":"Kai Peters","profile_url":"https://coventryuniversity.academia.edu/KaiPeters?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34864868/10160973/11338459/s65_kai.peters.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-15679040">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-15679040"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarolineMlambo">Caroline Mlambo</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-15679040'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-15679040').html(); 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The individuals involved have typically been people with good education, caring parents, were community contributors and, by all accounts, appeared to be upstanding members of society. Their involvement, therefore, in corrupt acts and relationships thus brings a numbers of issues under questionan important one of which is their ethical maturity, and the forming of that ethical development through important societal institutions such as: religion, education and the family. We set out to understand what some of the stumbling blocks were that prevent individuals from courageously acting on their sometimes vast bases of theoretical/common knowledge with respect to ethics and morals, but which has not yet become common practice. Additionally, we also sought to understand what the various enablers were for individuals who were able to live and act ethically, to further enhance such ethical and moral living and working. Our research sample was 646 middle managers who were all enrolled on the MBA programs of the University of Cape Town (South Africa) and Erasmus University (Netherlands). The research respondents self-reported on both the stumbling blocks and enablers, through writing up their personal experiences for our research. They also reported on what some of the practical actions were that they employed to live and work ethically.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42975261,"asset_id":15679040,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34864868,"first_name":"Kai","last_name":"Peters","domain_name":"coventryuniversity","page_name":"KaiPeters","display_name":"Kai Peters","profile_url":"https://coventryuniversity.academia.edu/KaiPeters?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34864868/10160973/11338459/s65_kai.peters.jpg"},{"id":34942238,"first_name":"Caroline","last_name":"Mlambo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CarolineMlambo","display_name":"Caroline Mlambo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CarolineMlambo?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34942238/159888056/149565912/s65_caroline.mlambo.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":20203,"name":"Public Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Affairs?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":61866,"name":"South Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":185574,"name":"Work Ethic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Work_Ethic?f_ri=17275"},{"id":536693,"name":"Economic Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Model?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48246497" data-work_id="48246497" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48246497/Evil_in_Modern_Thought_An_Alternative_History_of_Philosophy">Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is a splendid book; it will be widely read and much discussed. Working from the assumption that philosophers ought to attend to 'the The Big E by Mark Lilla The New York Review of Books Most contemporary versions of the history of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48246497" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is a splendid book; it will be widely read and much discussed. Working from the assumption that philosophers ought to attend to 'the The Big E by Mark Lilla The New York Review of Books Most contemporary versions of the history of philosophy will view this claim to be less false. For the problem of evil is thought to be a theological one. .. I have called this an alternative history of philosophy because its aims are as different as evil in modern thought: an alternative history of philosophy Jun 18, 2009-2 min-Uploaded by jiyonruisu. interview Evil in Modern Thought.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48246497" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f944590b9d14ff4bda767d0e58370995" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66958897,"asset_id":48246497,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66958897/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="131300" href="https://calpoly.academia.edu/PaulMiklowitz">Paul Miklowitz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="131300" type="text/json">{"id":131300,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Miklowitz","domain_name":"calpoly","page_name":"PaulMiklowitz","display_name":"Paul Miklowitz","profile_url":"https://calpoly.academia.edu/PaulMiklowitz?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/131300/82252493/70856118/s65_paul.miklowitz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48246497 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48246497"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48246497, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48246497", }); 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it will be widely read and much discussed. Working from the assumption that philosophers ought to attend to 'the The Big E by Mark Lilla The New York Review of Books Most contemporary versions of the history of philosophy will view this claim to be less false. For the problem of evil is thought to be a theological one. .. I have called this an alternative history of philosophy because its aims are as different as evil in modern thought: an alternative history of philosophy Jun 18, 2009-2 min-Uploaded by jiyonruisu. interview Evil in Modern Thought.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66958897,"asset_id":48246497,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":131300,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Miklowitz","domain_name":"calpoly","page_name":"PaulMiklowitz","display_name":"Paul Miklowitz","profile_url":"https://calpoly.academia.edu/PaulMiklowitz?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/131300/82252493/70856118/s65_paul.miklowitz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common 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href="https://www.academia.edu/37683995/Hassan_Rachik_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86">Hassan Rachik حسن رشيق : المعرفة المشتركة في حياة الناس اليومية آللباس والتدين</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ركزت الدراسات الاجتماعية على الاستعمالات السياسية والأيديولوجية للدين، ولم تهتم بظواهر دينية يومية در مرتبطة بعموم الناس كالصلاة، اللباس، اختيار الشريك، والقروض المصرفية. وتحاول هذه المقالة إبراز أهمية دراسة التدين في ركزت... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37683995" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ركزت الدراسات الاجتماعية على الاستعمالات السياسية والأيديولوجية للدين، ولم تهتم بظواهر دينية يومية <br />در مرتبطة بعموم الناس كالصلاة، اللباس، اختيار الشريك، والقروض المصرفية. وتحاول هذه المقالة إبراز أهمية دراسة التدين في<br /><br /> <br /> <br /><br /><br />ركزت الدراسات الاجتماعية على الاستعمالات السياسية والأيديولوجية للدين، ولم تهتم  إلا ناذرا بظواهر دينية يومية مرتبطة بعموم الناس كالصلاة، اللباس، اختيار الشريك، والقروض المصرفية. وتحاول هذه المقالة إبراز أهمية دراسة التدين في مرتبطة بعموم الناس كالصلاة، اللباس، اختيار الشريك، والقروض المصرفية. وتحاول هذه المقالة إبراز أهمية دراسة التدين في<br /><br /> <br />علاقته بالمعرفة المشتركة والنقص الذي قد يعتري التحليل الذي يقتصر على خطاب المختصين، علماء كانوا أو أيديولوجيين. لا نجد أي تعارض بين دراستي التدين والاستعمالات الأيديولوجية لدين ما. لهذا الغرض نقترح بعدا  آخر ينطلق ويشدد على دراسة المعرفة المشتركة من دون إغفال علاقاتها ًبالاستعمال الأيديولوجي للدين.<br />Etude de l'articulation religiosité, idéologie et connaissance commune<br />Religion, ideology and common knowledge.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37683995" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0a9ce993ac543a78340a44b62e83fe40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57674270,"asset_id":37683995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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Rachik","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RachikHassan?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8775140/28811763/26900958/s65_ibn_al-walid.yahya.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37683995 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37683995"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37683995, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37683995", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37683995 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37683995; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = 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style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37683995"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5780" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology">Ideology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5780" type="text/json">{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37683995]'), work: {"id":37683995,"title":"Hassan Rachik حسن رشيق : المعرفة المشتركة في حياة الناس اليومية آللباس والتدين","created_at":"2018-11-01T00:34:00.511-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37683995/Hassan_Rachik_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_37683995","summary":"ركزت الدراسات الاجتماعية على الاستعمالات السياسية والأيديولوجية للدين، ولم تهتم بظواهر دينية يومية \nدر مرتبطة بعموم الناس كالصلاة، اللباس، اختيار الشريك، والقروض المصرفية. وتحاول هذه المقالة إبراز أهمية دراسة التدين في\n\n \n \n\n\nركزت الدراسات الاجتماعية على الاستعمالات السياسية والأيديولوجية للدين، ولم تهتم إلا ناذرا بظواهر دينية يومية مرتبطة بعموم الناس كالصلاة، اللباس، اختيار الشريك، والقروض المصرفية. وتحاول هذه المقالة إبراز أهمية دراسة التدين في مرتبطة بعموم الناس كالصلاة، اللباس، اختيار الشريك، والقروض المصرفية. وتحاول هذه المقالة إبراز أهمية دراسة التدين في\n\n \nعلاقته بالمعرفة المشتركة والنقص الذي قد يعتري التحليل الذي يقتصر على خطاب المختصين، علماء كانوا أو أيديولوجيين. لا نجد أي تعارض بين دراستي التدين والاستعمالات الأيديولوجية لدين ما. لهذا الغرض نقترح بعدا آخر ينطلق ويشدد على دراسة المعرفة المشتركة من دون إغفال علاقاتها ًبالاستعمال الأيديولوجي للدين.\nEtude de l'articulation religiosité, idéologie et connaissance commune\nReligion, ideology and common knowledge. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57674270,"asset_id":37683995,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8775140,"first_name":"Hassan","last_name":"Rachik","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RachikHassan","display_name":"Hassan Rachik","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RachikHassan?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8775140/28811763/26900958/s65_ibn_al-walid.yahya.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":13684,"name":"Morocco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morocco?f_ri=17275"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=17275"},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275"},{"id":81964,"name":"Clothing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clothing?f_ri=17275"},{"id":140037,"name":"Hijab","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hijab?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35040981" data-work_id="35040981" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35040981/The_Secret_of_My_Success">The Secret of My Success</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In an information state where various agents have both factual knowledge and knowledge about each other, announcements can be made that change the state of information. Such informative announcements can have the curious property that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35040981" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In an information state where various agents have both factual knowledge and knowledge about each other, announcements can be made that change the state of information. Such informative announcements can have the curious property that they become false because they are announced. The most typical example of that is 'fact p is true and you don't know that', after which you know that p, which entails the negation of the announcement formula. The announcement of such a formula in a given information state is called an unsuccessful update. A successful formula is a formula that always becomes common knowledge after being announced. Analysis of information systems and 'philosophical puzzles' reveals a growing number of dynamic phenomena that can be described or explained by unsuccessful updates. This increases our understanding of such philosophical problems. We also investigate the syntactic characterization of the successful formulas.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35040981" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="517ca5787aa898744e9008b3fc467e02" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54907005,"asset_id":35040981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54907005/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7616568" href="https://rug.academia.edu/BarteldKooi">Barteld Kooi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7616568" type="text/json">{"id":7616568,"first_name":"Barteld","last_name":"Kooi","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"BarteldKooi","display_name":"Barteld Kooi","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/BarteldKooi?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35040981 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35040981"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35040981, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35040981", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35040981]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35040981").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35040981").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35040981"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="804" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="804" type="text/json">{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="807" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language">Philosophy Of Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="807" type="text/json">{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="815" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology">Epistemology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="815" type="text/json">{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35040981]'), work: {"id":35040981,"title":"The Secret of My Success","created_at":"2017-11-03T03:59:39.801-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35040981/The_Secret_of_My_Success?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_35040981","summary":"In an information state where various agents have both factual knowledge and knowledge about each other, announcements can be made that change the state of information. Such informative announcements can have the curious property that they become false because they are announced. The most typical example of that is 'fact p is true and you don't know that', after which you know that p, which entails the negation of the announcement formula. The announcement of such a formula in a given information state is called an unsuccessful update. A successful formula is a formula that always becomes common knowledge after being announced. Analysis of information systems and 'philosophical puzzles' reveals a growing number of dynamic phenomena that can be described or explained by unsuccessful updates. This increases our understanding of such philosophical problems. We also investigate the syntactic characterization of the successful formulas.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54907005,"asset_id":35040981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7616568,"first_name":"Barteld","last_name":"Kooi","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"BarteldKooi","display_name":"Barteld Kooi","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/BarteldKooi?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=17275"},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275"},{"id":613835,"name":"Synthese","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthese?f_ri=17275"},{"id":2213585,"name":"Information System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_System?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45444102" data-work_id="45444102" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45444102/Unagi_sentences_in_Japanese_and_mutual_knowledge">Unagi-sentences in Japanese and mutual knowledge</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper examines the so-called 'Unagi-sentence' in Japanese. So far, it has been taken for granted that the Unagi-sentence is incomplete syntactically and/or semantically. Because its structure apparently neither provides a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45444102" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper examines the so-called 'Unagi-sentence' in Japanese. So far, it has been taken for granted that the Unagi-sentence is incomplete syntactically and/or semantically. Because its structure apparently neither provides a fully-fledged semantic meaning, nor furnishes a plausible syntactic pattern (such as 'subject-predicate'), a number of previous works have considered the Unagi-sentence to be elliptic, and consequently reconstructed it as a complete sentence or established intermediate structures to account for its grammatical form. Other researchers have not used elliptic solutions, but sought to discover logical connections between the parts of the Unagi-sentence themselves. As a result, fixing their entire attention on the internal structure of the Unagi-sentence, these researchers inevitably needed to establish hypothetical constructs in order to explain the structure of the Unagi-sentence.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45444102" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="70160936af84495e9be6882d762acb32" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65955250,"asset_id":45444102,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65955250/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="140871070" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YasukoObana">Yasuko Obana</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="140871070" type="text/json">{"id":140871070,"first_name":"Yasuko","last_name":"Obana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YasukoObana","display_name":"Yasuko Obana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YasukoObana?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45444102 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45444102"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45444102, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45444102", }); 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So far, it has been taken for granted that the Unagi-sentence is incomplete syntactically and/or semantically. Because its structure apparently neither provides a fully-fledged semantic meaning, nor furnishes a plausible syntactic pattern (such as 'subject-predicate'), a number of previous works have considered the Unagi-sentence to be elliptic, and consequently reconstructed it as a complete sentence or established intermediate structures to account for its grammatical form. Other researchers have not used elliptic solutions, but sought to discover logical connections between the parts of the Unagi-sentence themselves. As a result, fixing their entire attention on the internal structure of the Unagi-sentence, these researchers inevitably needed to establish hypothetical constructs in order to explain the structure of the Unagi-sentence.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65955250,"asset_id":45444102,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":140871070,"first_name":"Yasuko","last_name":"Obana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YasukoObana","display_name":"Yasuko Obana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YasukoObana?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":2238,"name":"Pragmatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pragmatics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275"},{"id":144927,"name":"Focus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Focus?f_ri=17275"},{"id":482399,"name":"Presupposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Presupposition?f_ri=17275"},{"id":724444,"name":"Internal Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internal_Structure?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31506054" data-work_id="31506054" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31506054/The_Prayers_and_Tears_of_Jacques_Derrida_Religion_without_Religion">The Prayers and Tears of Jacques Derrida: Religion without Religion</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31506054" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="38e2fe57e609140697c32c1217227397" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51852356,"asset_id":31506054,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51852356/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3633978" href="https://syr.academia.edu/JackCaputo">Jack Caputo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3633978" type="text/json">{"id":3633978,"first_name":"Jack","last_name":"Caputo","domain_name":"syr","page_name":"JackCaputo","display_name":"Jack Caputo","profile_url":"https://syr.academia.edu/JackCaputo?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3633978/1275943/30131899/s65_jack.caputo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31506054 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31506054"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31506054, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31506054", }); 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It is common knowledge that customer satisfaction mainly depends on the process of service delivery... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33430314" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The front-line employees of the bank interact with the majority of customers and generally handle a wide range of banking transactions. It is common knowledge that customer satisfaction mainly depends on the process of service delivery and less on its outcome. The above ascertainments highlight the importance of the initiation of Internal Marketing and Market Orientation in a bank institution.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33430314" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="76ea9aa8672c114594c301d925a481a3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53892664,"asset_id":33430314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53892664/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="65402032" href="https://piraeus.academia.edu/NancyBouranta">Nancy Bouranta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="65402032" type="text/json">{"id":65402032,"first_name":"Nancy","last_name":"Bouranta","domain_name":"piraeus","page_name":"NancyBouranta","display_name":"Nancy Bouranta","profile_url":"https://piraeus.academia.edu/NancyBouranta?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33430314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33430314"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33430314, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33430314", }); 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It is common knowledge that customer satisfaction mainly depends on the process of service delivery and less on its outcome. 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M. (2003). Cooperation, psychological game theory, and limitations of rationality in social interaction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26, 139-153.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In psychology, the picture is admittedly more complex. Since the publication of Freud's earliest metapsychological writings, and in particular his adumbration of the distinction between two principles of mental functioning, the BEHAVIORAL... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_159971" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In psychology, the picture is admittedly more complex. Since the publication of Freud's earliest metapsychological writings, and in particular his adumbration of the distinction between two principles of mental functioning, the BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2003) 26, 139-198 Abstract: Rational choice theory enjoys unprecedented popularity and influence in the behavioral and social sciences, but it generates intractable problems when applied to socially interactive decisions. In individual decisions, instrumental rationality is defined in terms of expected utility maximization. This becomes problematic in interactive decisions, when individuals have only partial control over the outcomes, because expected utility maximization is undefined in the absence of assumptions about how the other participants will behave. Game theory therefore incorporates not only rationality but also common knowledge assumptions, enabling players to anticipate their co-players' strategies. Under these assumptions, disparate anomalies emerge. Instrumental rationality, conventionally interpreted, fails to explain intuitively obvious features of human interaction, yields predictions starkly at variance with experimental findings, and breaks down completely in certain cases. In particular, focal point selection in pure coordination games is inexplicable, though it is easily achieved in practice; the intuitively compelling payoff-dominance principle lacks rational justification; rationality in social dilemmas is self-defeating; a key solution concept for cooperative coalition games is frequently inapplicable; and rational choice in certain sequential games generates contradictions. In experiments, human players behave more cooperatively and receive higher payoffs than strict rationality would permit. Orthodox conceptions of rationality are evidently internally deficient and inadequate for explaining human interaction. Psychological game theory, based on nonstandard assumptions, is required to solve these problems, and some suggestions along these lines have already been put forward.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/159971" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b7e7d924926993f5c0ee4f5a9dda8b73" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":3168897,"asset_id":159971,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/3168897/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13927200" href="https://umass.academia.edu/HerbertGintis">Herbert Gintis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13927200" type="text/json">{"id":13927200,"first_name":"Herbert","last_name":"Gintis","domain_name":"umass","page_name":"HerbertGintis","display_name":"Herbert Gintis","profile_url":"https://umass.academia.edu/HerbertGintis?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-159971">+4</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-159971"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://leicester.academia.edu/AndrewColman">Andrew M Colman</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://indiana.academia.edu/RichardShiffrin">Richard Shiffrin</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://missouri.academia.edu/PaulWeirich">Paul Weirich</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://stir.academia.edu/PeterHancock">PJB Hancock</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-159971'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-159971').html(); 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M. (2003). Cooperation, psychological game theory, and limitations of rationality in social interaction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26, 139-153.","created_at":"2008-10-29T04:19:19.660-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/159971/Colman_A_M_2003_Cooperation_psychological_game_theory_and_limitations_of_rationality_in_social_interaction_Behavioral_and_Brain_Sciences_26_139_153?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_159971","summary":"In psychology, the picture is admittedly more complex. Since the publication of Freud's earliest metapsychological writings, and in particular his adumbration of the distinction between two principles of mental functioning, the BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2003) 26, 139-198 Abstract: Rational choice theory enjoys unprecedented popularity and influence in the behavioral and social sciences, but it generates intractable problems when applied to socially interactive decisions. In individual decisions, instrumental rationality is defined in terms of expected utility maximization. This becomes problematic in interactive decisions, when individuals have only partial control over the outcomes, because expected utility maximization is undefined in the absence of assumptions about how the other participants will behave. Game theory therefore incorporates not only rationality but also common knowledge assumptions, enabling players to anticipate their co-players' strategies. Under these assumptions, disparate anomalies emerge. Instrumental rationality, conventionally interpreted, fails to explain intuitively obvious features of human interaction, yields predictions starkly at variance with experimental findings, and breaks down completely in certain cases. In particular, focal point selection in pure coordination games is inexplicable, though it is easily achieved in practice; the intuitively compelling payoff-dominance principle lacks rational justification; rationality in social dilemmas is self-defeating; a key solution concept for cooperative coalition games is frequently inapplicable; and rational choice in certain sequential games generates contradictions. In experiments, human players behave more cooperatively and receive higher payoffs than strict rationality would permit. Orthodox conceptions of rationality are evidently internally deficient and inadequate for explaining human interaction. 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Carlo Maria Martini</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Translated by Yaakov Mascetti</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32293739" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e91bcd4aa575655e6923a696ce7d27d2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52509740,"asset_id":32293739,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52509740/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2645421" href="https://biu.academia.edu/YaakovMascetti">Yaakov Mascetti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2645421" type="text/json">{"id":2645421,"first_name":"Yaakov","last_name":"Mascetti","domain_name":"biu","page_name":"YaakovMascetti","display_name":"Yaakov Mascetti","profile_url":"https://biu.academia.edu/YaakovMascetti?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2645421/2725712/137328218/s65_yaakov.mascetti.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32293739 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32293739"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32293739, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32293739", }); 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Carlo Maria Martini","created_at":"2017-04-06T03:14:25.305-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32293739/Road_to_Jerusalem_By_Card_Carlo_Maria_Martini?f_ri=17275","dom_id":"work_32293739","summary":"Translated by Yaakov Mascetti","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52509740,"asset_id":32293739,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2645421,"first_name":"Yaakov","last_name":"Mascetti","domain_name":"biu","page_name":"YaakovMascetti","display_name":"Yaakov Mascetti","profile_url":"https://biu.academia.edu/YaakovMascetti?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2645421/2725712/137328218/s65_yaakov.mascetti.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10947,"name":"Jewish - Christian Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jewish_-_Christian_Relations?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":35470,"name":"Inter-religious Dialogue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inter-religious_Dialogue?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_82273994" data-work_id="82273994" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82273994/Hinge_commitments_and_common_knowledge">Hinge commitments and common knowledge</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Contemporary epistemology has explored the notion of a hinge commitment as set out in Wittgenstein's final notebooks, published as On Certainty. These are usually understood as essentially groundless certainties that provide the necessary... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_82273994" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Contemporary epistemology has explored the notion of a hinge commitment as set out in Wittgenstein's final notebooks, published as On Certainty. These are usually understood as essentially groundless certainties that provide the necessary framework within which rational evaluations can take place. John Greco has recently offered a striking account of hinge commitments as a distinctive kind of knowledge that he calls 'common knowledge'. According to Greco, this is knowledge that members of the community get to have without incurring any epistemic burden, and as such is fundamentally different from other kinds of knowledge. I offer a critique of Greco's proposal. While I agree that there is a variety of knowledge that counts as common knowledge, I contend that it is not to be understood as knowledge that one gets for free as Greco suggests. Moreover, I argue that our hinge commitments do not count as common knowledge-either in Greco's sense of the term or in the alternative manner that I set out-because properly understood they are not in the market for knowledge at all. In defence of this claim, I suggest that Greco's conception of a hinge commitment is both missing some crucial elements and also (relatedly) too broad in its extension, in that it encompasses both instances of common knowledge (in my sense of the term) and hinge commitments proper. 1 Introductory remarks John Greco's work is always a delight to read: pellucid and full of insight. It is thus a pleasure to be invited to comment on his important contributions to contemporary epistemology as part of this volume. There are many topics where we agree, but obviously the most interesting topics are those where we don't. With that in mind, I want</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/82273994" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ea4993882d32344a1c7794f36884cc5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":88034460,"asset_id":82273994,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88034460/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17979" href="https://uci.academia.edu/DuncanPritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17979" type="text/json">{"id":17979,"first_name":"Duncan","last_name":"Pritchard","domain_name":"uci","page_name":"DuncanPritchard","display_name":"Duncan Pritchard","profile_url":"https://uci.academia.edu/DuncanPritchard?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17979/6020/36073323/s65_duncan.pritchard.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_82273994 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="82273994"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 82273994, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_82273994", }); 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These are usually understood as essentially groundless certainties that provide the necessary framework within which rational evaluations can take place. John Greco has recently offered a striking account of hinge commitments as a distinctive kind of knowledge that he calls 'common knowledge'. According to Greco, this is knowledge that members of the community get to have without incurring any epistemic burden, and as such is fundamentally different from other kinds of knowledge. I offer a critique of Greco's proposal. While I agree that there is a variety of knowledge that counts as common knowledge, I contend that it is not to be understood as knowledge that one gets for free as Greco suggests. Moreover, I argue that our hinge commitments do not count as common knowledge-either in Greco's sense of the term or in the alternative manner that I set out-because properly understood they are not in the market for knowledge at all. In defence of this claim, I suggest that Greco's conception of a hinge commitment is both missing some crucial elements and also (relatedly) too broad in its extension, in that it encompasses both instances of common knowledge (in my sense of the term) and hinge commitments proper. 1 Introductory remarks John Greco's work is always a delight to read: pellucid and full of insight. It is thus a pleasure to be invited to comment on his important contributions to contemporary epistemology as part of this volume. There are many topics where we agree, but obviously the most interesting topics are those where we don't. With that in mind, I want","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":88034460,"asset_id":82273994,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17979,"first_name":"Duncan","last_name":"Pritchard","domain_name":"uci","page_name":"DuncanPritchard","display_name":"Duncan Pritchard","profile_url":"https://uci.academia.edu/DuncanPritchard?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17979/6020/36073323/s65_duncan.pritchard.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":815,"name":"Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epistemology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":2002786,"name":"John Greco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Greco?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":2540845,"name":"hinge epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/hinge_epistemology?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12353251 coauthored" data-work_id="12353251" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12353251/Information_and_common_knowledge_in_collective_action">Information and common knowledge in collective action</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The paper suggests a theoretical game framework to explain collective action dynamics by learning processes. When a certain fact becomes common knowledge due to a certain event, people accumulate knowledge about the state of the world and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12353251" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The paper suggests a theoretical game framework to explain collective action dynamics by learning processes. When a certain fact becomes common knowledge due to a certain event, people accumulate knowledge about the state of the world and act accordingly. We concentrate on a conceptual example of the bandwagon dynamic showing the insights which this approach adds to existing studies. We analyze two other conceptual examples showing that the accumulation of information does not always bring people to know the truth about the state of the world. On the other hand, it may make them aware of their ignorance. Several practical implications follow.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12353251" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6963c81759897a2fd4b4b0c6f849ccf5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46227876,"asset_id":12353251,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46227876/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31049226" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShlomoMizrahi">Shlomo Mizrahi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31049226" type="text/json">{"id":31049226,"first_name":"Shlomo","last_name":"Mizrahi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShlomoMizrahi","display_name":"Shlomo Mizrahi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShlomoMizrahi?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12353251">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12353251"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AriehGavious">Arieh Gavious</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12353251'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12353251').html(); 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When a certain fact becomes common knowledge due to a certain event, people accumulate knowledge about the state of the world and act accordingly. We concentrate on a conceptual example of the bandwagon dynamic showing the insights which this approach adds to existing studies. We analyze two other conceptual examples showing that the accumulation of information does not always bring people to know the truth about the state of the world. On the other hand, it may make them aware of their ignorance. Several practical implications follow.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46227876,"asset_id":12353251,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31049226,"first_name":"Shlomo","last_name":"Mizrahi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShlomoMizrahi","display_name":"Shlomo Mizrahi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShlomoMizrahi?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":31123133,"first_name":"Arieh","last_name":"Gavious","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AriehGavious","display_name":"Arieh Gavious","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AriehGavious?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":5604,"name":"Collective Action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_Action?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Common_Knowledge?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":271529,"name":"Economics and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_and_Politics-1?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":393524,"name":"Learning Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning_Process?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24750836" data-work_id="24750836" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24750836/Research_and_policy_on_the_language_of_instruction_issue_in_Africa">Research and policy on the language of instruction issue in Africa</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Since 1995 I have been engaged in consultancies and since 2001 in research dealing with the language of instruction policies in Africa. To what extent are the policies being implemented? What is the role of research and consultancy when... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24750836" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Since 1995 I have been engaged in consultancies and since 2001 in research dealing with the language of instruction policies in Africa. To what extent are the policies being implemented? What is the role of research and consultancy when it comes to language policy? What happens when researchers or consultants come up with recommendations which do not please donors or the people of power? My paper builds on a consultancy on the language policy of Namibia from 1995, the stocktaking exercise of ADEA/GTZ/UIL of 2006, as well as on research results and experiences gathered within the LOITASA (Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa) project. In the first part of the article I give two examples where the policy recommendations by the consultants/ researchers have not been followed up. I give an example of a consultancy that has had some impact on the policy formulation in some African countries. Recommendations from only one of the four studies/consultancies looked at have been thoroughly followed up. These recommendations were in line with what the donors wanted, but did not logically follow from the research done. In the second part of the article I deal with the challenge of making policy research relevant for those most greatly affected by the policy. This means working for a paradigm shift in the research and consultancy on language policies in Africa. It also means looking at the power of misconceptions held by lay people. Towards the end of the article I discuss changing a belief system which has become common knowledge. I show examples of how Tanzanian colleagues in the LOITASA project are trying to do this.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24750836" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="143509b0787150e39d8fc1318e74da10" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45080080,"asset_id":24750836,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45080080/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="780860" href="https://uio.academia.edu/BirgitBrockUtne">Birgit Brock-Utne</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="780860" type="text/json">{"id":780860,"first_name":"Birgit","last_name":"Brock-Utne","domain_name":"uio","page_name":"BirgitBrockUtne","display_name":"Birgit Brock-Utne","profile_url":"https://uio.academia.edu/BirgitBrockUtne?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/780860/264202/312203/s65_birgit.brock-utne.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24750836 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24750836"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24750836, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24750836", }); 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To what extent are the policies being implemented? What is the role of research and consultancy when it comes to language policy? What happens when researchers or consultants come up with recommendations which do not please donors or the people of power? My paper builds on a consultancy on the language policy of Namibia from 1995, the stocktaking exercise of ADEA/GTZ/UIL of 2006, as well as on research results and experiences gathered within the LOITASA (Language of Instruction in Tanzania and South Africa) project. In the first part of the article I give two examples where the policy recommendations by the consultants/ researchers have not been followed up. I give an example of a consultancy that has had some impact on the policy formulation in some African countries. Recommendations from only one of the four studies/consultancies looked at have been thoroughly followed up. These recommendations were in line with what the donors wanted, but did not logically follow from the research done. In the second part of the article I deal with the challenge of making policy research relevant for those most greatly affected by the policy. This means working for a paradigm shift in the research and consultancy on language policies in Africa. It also means looking at the power of misconceptions held by lay people. Towards the end of the article I discuss changing a belief system which has become common knowledge. I show examples of how Tanzanian colleagues in the LOITASA project are trying to do this.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45080080,"asset_id":24750836,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":780860,"first_name":"Birgit","last_name":"Brock-Utne","domain_name":"uio","page_name":"BirgitBrockUtne","display_name":"Birgit Brock-Utne","profile_url":"https://uio.academia.edu/BirgitBrockUtne?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/780860/264202/312203/s65_birgit.brock-utne.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3162,"name":"Educational Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Development?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":3429,"name":"Educational Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Research?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true},{"id":17275,"name":"Common 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href="https://www.academia.edu/30735780/Cooperation_psychological_game_theory_and_limitations_of_rationality_in_social_interaction">Cooperation, psychological game theory, and limitations of rationality in social interaction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30735780" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="884a998efa76e00f90435113b7c79643" rel="nofollow" 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Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Game_Theory?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="924" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic">Logic</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="924" type="text/json">{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1681" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making">Decision Making</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1681" type="text/json">{"id":1681,"name":"Decision Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_Making?f_ri=17275","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30735780]'), work: {"id":30735780,"title":"Cooperation, psychological game theory, and limitations of rationality in social 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js-work-card work_31056865" data-work_id="31056865" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31056865/Heavenly_Mathematics_Observing_the_Sun_and_the_Moon_from_Different_Parts_of_the_World">Heavenly Mathematics: Observing the Sun and the Moon from Different Parts of the World</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">I was born in Oslo, Norway, did my Ph. D. at UC Berkeley in California, and have worked at the National University of Singapore for 16 years. For the last few years, I have taught a class called &quot;Heavenly Mathematics & Cultural... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31056865" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">I was born in Oslo, Norway, did my Ph. D. at UC Berkeley in California, and have worked at the National University of Singapore for 16 years. For the last few years, I have taught a class called &quot;Heavenly Mathematics & Cultural Astronomy&quot; ([3]). The first part of the course covers basic positional astronomy, focusing on what the Sun, the</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31056865" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d3512a154e7b52a64dce9f1a62b3569d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51490900,"asset_id":31056865,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51490900/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11415504" href="https://uio.academia.edu/HelmerAslaksen">Helmer Aslaksen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11415504" type="text/json">{"id":11415504,"first_name":"Helmer","last_name":"Aslaksen","domain_name":"uio","page_name":"HelmerAslaksen","display_name":"Helmer Aslaksen","profile_url":"https://uio.academia.edu/HelmerAslaksen?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11415504/4879264/5612046/s65_helmer.aslaksen.jpg_oh_71bd964a7c2e6cb5c354736de0c31b41_oe_548b4268___gda___1421523745_5365b7a81255fae4e42d0ac86de12a77"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31056865 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31056865"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31056865, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31056865", }); 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The associated inertinites include multiple forms of funginite.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18082517" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Macrinite is a, generally, rare inertinite maceral, often incorporating remnants and fragments of other macerals, including vitrinite, liptinite, and other inertinite. The associated inertinites include multiple forms of funginite. Funginite is also commonly found in association with vitrinite of slightly elevated reflectance and with degraded varieties of vitrinite. Together with the highly degraded macrinite, the latter two associations are here inferred to be part of a continuum of fungal and microbial degradation of peat. In any case, the origin of some macrinite is potentially distinct from that of inertinite generated by fire.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18082517" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4e1335cc61bf9e0e57dd2e236a0335b0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39866158,"asset_id":18082517,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39866158/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38032284" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferOKeefe1">Jennifer O'Keefe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38032284" type="text/json">{"id":38032284,"first_name":"Jennifer","last_name":"O'Keefe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JenniferOKeefe1","display_name":"Jennifer O'Keefe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferOKeefe1?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18082517">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18082517"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/TVolk">T. 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The associated inertinites include multiple forms of funginite. Funginite is also commonly found in association with vitrinite of slightly elevated reflectance and with degraded varieties of vitrinite. Together with the highly degraded macrinite, the latter two associations are here inferred to be part of a continuum of fungal and microbial degradation of peat. In any case, the origin of some macrinite is potentially distinct from that of inertinite generated by fire.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39866158,"asset_id":18082517,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38032284,"first_name":"Jennifer","last_name":"O'Keefe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JenniferOKeefe1","display_name":"Jennifer O'Keefe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferOKeefe1?f_ri=17275","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":38065090,"first_name":"T.","last_name":"Volk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TVolk","display_name":"T. 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University","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Duke_University?f_ri=17275"},{"id":257992,"name":"Historical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Studies?f_ri=17275"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29927807" data-work_id="29927807" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29927807/The_Idea_of_Europe">The Idea of Europe</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 1991, at Princeton University where I then taught, "The Idea of Europe" was selected as the topic of a newly established senior seminar to be offered jointly by the departments of Germanic, Romance, and Slavic languages and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29927807" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 1991, at Princeton University where I then taught, "The Idea of Europe" was selected as the topic of a newly established senior seminar to be offered jointly by the departments of Germanic, Romance, and Slavic languages and literatures. The cold war had very recently ended; the last customs barriers among the member states of the EEC, now the European Union, were about to come down; and the prospects for Europe seemed extremely promising. The EU was at that time a predominantly Western European affair, but since 1991 the Central and Eastern European states</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29927807" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="70c49b7faa492b985ccebc3f91591849" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50386744,"asset_id":29927807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50386744/download_file?st=MTc0MDY0Njk4Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1296049" href="https://princeton.academia.edu/LionelGossman">Lionel Gossman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1296049" type="text/json">{"id":1296049,"first_name":"Lionel","last_name":"Gossman","domain_name":"princeton","page_name":"LionelGossman","display_name":"Lionel Gossman","profile_url":"https://princeton.academia.edu/LionelGossman?f_ri=17275","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1296049/17918681/17932951/s65_lionel.gossman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29927807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29927807"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29927807, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29927807", }); 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The cold war had very recently ended; the last customs barriers among the member states of the EEC, now the European Union, were about to come down; and the prospects for Europe seemed extremely promising. 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