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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>As a writer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_pulp_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_pulp_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Views on pulp fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_pulp_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Critical reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels_and_novellas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_and_novellas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Novels and novellas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_and_novellas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Raymond Chandler</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="رايموند تشاندلر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رايموند تشاندلر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reymond_%C3%87andler" title="Reymond Çandler – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Reymond Çandler" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ریموند چندلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریموند چندلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রেমন্ড চ্যান্ডলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেমন্ড চ্যান্ডলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Реймънд Чандлър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реймънд Чандлър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ρέημοντ Τσάντλερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρέημοντ Τσάντλερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ریموند چندلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریموند چندلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%B1%88%EB%93%A4%EB%9F%AC" title="레이먼드 챈들러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레이먼드 챈들러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռեյմոնդ Չանդլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեյմոնդ Չանդլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="ריימונד צ'נדלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריימונד צ'נדלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რაიმონდ ჩანდლერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაიმონდ ჩანდლერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimundus_Thornton_Chandler" title="Raimundus Thornton Chandler – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Raimundus Thornton Chandler" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рејмонд Чендлер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рејмонд Чендлер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რაიმონდ ჩანდლერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რაიმონდ ჩანდლერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B1" title="رايموند تشاندلر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رايموند تشاندلر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="レイモンド・チャンドラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レイモンド・チャンドラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0" title="ਰੇਮੰਡ ਚੈੰਨਡਲਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਮੰਡ ਚੈੰਨਡਲਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Чандлер, Рэймонд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чандлер, Рэймонд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рејмонд Чандлер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рејмонд Чандлер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Реймонд Чандлер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реймонд Чандлер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler" title="Raymond Chandler – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Raymond Chandler" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92" title="雷蒙德·钱德勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雷蒙德·钱德勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E9%8C%A2%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92" title="雷蒙·錢德勒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雷蒙·錢德勒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimonds_%C4%8Candleris" title="Raimonds Čandleris – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Raimonds Čandleris" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American novelist and screenwriter (1888–1959)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 14th United States Sergeant Major of the Army, see <a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Chandler" title="Raymond F. Chandler">Raymond F. Chandler</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Raymond Chandler</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_Chandler_(Lady_in_the_Lake_portrait,_1943).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chandler c. 1943"><img alt="Man with slicked-back black hair facing left, smoking a pipe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Raymond_Chandler_%28Lady_in_the_Lake_portrait%2C_1943%29.jpg/220px-Raymond_Chandler_%28Lady_in_the_Lake_portrait%2C_1943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Raymond_Chandler_%28Lady_in_the_Lake_portrait%2C_1943%29.jpg/330px-Raymond_Chandler_%28Lady_in_the_Lake_portrait%2C_1943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Raymond_Chandler_%28Lady_in_the_Lake_portrait%2C_1943%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="391" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Chandler <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1943</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Raymond Thornton Chandler<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-07-23</span>)</span>July 23, 1888<br /><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">March 26, 1959<span style="display:none">(1959-03-26)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla" title="La Jolla">La Jolla</a>, California, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Cemetery_(San_Diego)" title="Mount Hope Cemetery (San Diego)">Mount Hope Cemetery</a>, San Diego, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Novelist</li><li>screenwriter</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">American <small>(1888–1907, 1956–1959)</small><br />British <small>(1907–1959)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Dulwich_College" title="Dulwich College">Dulwich College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1933–1959</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">Crime fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suspense" title="Suspense">suspense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">hardboiled</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Cissy Pascal</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1924; died 1954)<wbr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Raymond Thornton Chandler</b> (July 23, 1888 – March 26, 1959) was an American-British novelist and <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriter</a>. In 1932, at the age of forty-four, Chandler became a <a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">detective fiction</a> writer after losing his job as an oil company executive during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. His first short story, "<a href="/wiki/Blackmailers_Don%27t_Shoot" title="Blackmailers Don't Shoot">Blackmailers Don't Shoot</a>", was published in 1933 in <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(magazine)" title="Black Mask (magazine)">Black Mask</a>,</i> a popular <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp magazine</a>. His first novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep" title="The Big Sleep">The Big Sleep</a></i>, was published in 1939. In addition to his short stories, Chandler published seven novels during his lifetime (an eighth, in progress at the time of his death, was completed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Parker" title="Robert B. Parker">Robert B. Parker</a>). All but <i><a href="/wiki/Playback_(novel)" title="Playback (novel)">Playback</a></i> have been made into motion pictures, some more than once. In the year before his death, he was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America" title="Mystery Writers of America">Mystery Writers of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1950"About_the_Author"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1950"About_the_Author"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandler had an immense stylistic influence on American popular literature. He is a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hardboiled" title="Hardboiled">hardboiled</a> school of detective fiction, along with <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cain" title="James M. Cain">James M. Cain</a> and other <i>Black Mask</i> writers. The <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> of his novels, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Marlowe" title="Philip Marlowe">Philip Marlowe</a>, like Hammett's <a href="/wiki/Sam_Spade" title="Sam Spade">Sam Spade</a>, is considered by some to be synonymous with "private detective". Both were played in films by <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a>, whom many consider to be the quintessential Marlowe. </p><p><i>The Big Sleep</i> placed second on the <a href="/wiki/Crime_Writers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Writers Association">Crime Writers Association</a> poll of the 100 best crime novels; <i><a href="/wiki/Farewell,_My_Lovely" title="Farewell, My Lovely">Farewell, My Lovely</a></i> (1940), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_in_the_Lake" title="The Lady in the Lake">The Lady in the Lake</a></i> (1943) and <a href="/wiki/The_Long_Goodbye_(novel)" title="The Long Goodbye (novel)"><i>The Long Goodbye</i></a> (1953) also made the list.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter novel was praised in an anthology of American crime stories as "arguably the first book since Hammett's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_Key" title="The Glass Key">The Glass Key</a></i>, published more than twenty years earlier, to qualify as a serious and significant mainstream novel that just happened to possess elements of mystery". Chandler was also a perceptive critic of detective fiction; his "<a href="/wiki/The_Simple_Art_of_Murder" title="The Simple Art of Murder">The Simple Art of Murder</a>" is the canonical essay in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronziniAdrian1995169_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronziniAdrian1995169-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it he wrote: "Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid. The detective must be a complete man and a common man and yet an unusual man. He must be, to use a rather weathered phrase, a man of honor—by instinct, by inevitability, without thought of it, and certainly without saying it. He must be the best man in his world and a good enough man for any world."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parker wrote that, with Marlowe, "Chandler seems to have created the culminating American hero: wised up, hopeful, thoughtful, adventurous, sentimental, cynical and rebellious—an innocent who knows better, a Romantic who is tough enough to sustain Romanticism in a world that has seen the eternal footman hold its coat and snicker. Living at the end of the Far West, where the American dream ran out of room, no hero has ever been more congruent with his landscape. Chandler had the right hero in the right place, and engaged him in the consideration of good and evil at precisely the time when our central certainty of good no longer held."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_Chandler_house,_Waterford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Raymond_Chandler_house%2C_Waterford.jpg/170px-Raymond_Chandler_house%2C_Waterford.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Raymond_Chandler_house%2C_Waterford.jpg/255px-Raymond_Chandler_house%2C_Waterford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Raymond_Chandler_house%2C_Waterford.jpg/340px-Raymond_Chandler_house%2C_Waterford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> marks the house in Cathedral Square where Chandler stayed in <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>, Ireland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chandler was born in 1888 in Chicago, the son of Florence Dart (Thornton) and Maurice Benjamin Chandler.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent his early years in <a href="/wiki/Plattsmouth,_Nebraska" title="Plattsmouth, Nebraska">Plattsmouth, Nebraska</a>, living with his mother and father near his cousins and his aunt (his mother's sister) and uncle.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandler's father, an alcoholic civil engineer who worked for the railway, abandoned the family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To obtain the best possible education for Ray, his mother, originally from Ireland, moved them to the area of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Norwood" title="Upper Norwood">Upper Norwood</a> in what is now the London Borough of <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another uncle, a successful lawyer in <a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a>, Ireland, reluctantly supported them<sup id="cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyrb-12-06-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while they lived with Chandler's maternal grandmother. Raymond was a first cousin to the actor <a href="/wiki/Max_Adrian" title="Max Adrian">Max Adrian</a>, a founding member of the Royal Shakespeare Company; Max's mother Mabel was a sister of Florence Thornton. Chandler was classically educated at <a href="/wiki/Dulwich_College" title="Dulwich College">Dulwich College</a>, London (a <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public school</a> whose alumni include the authors <a href="/wiki/P._G._Wodehouse" title="P. G. Wodehouse">P. G. Wodehouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyrb-12-06-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/C._S._Forester" title="C. S. Forester">C. S. Forester</a>). He spent some of his childhood summers in Waterford with his mother's family.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not go to university, instead spending time in Paris and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> improving his foreign language skills. In 1907, he was naturalized as a <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> in order to take the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">civil service</a> examination, which he passed. He then took an <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a> job, lasting just over a year. His first poem was published during that time. </p><p>Chandler disliked the servility of the civil service and resigned, to the consternation of his family, became a reporter for the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i> and also wrote for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Westminster_Gazette" title="The Westminster Gazette">The Westminster Gazette</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacShane197617_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacShane197617-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was unsuccessful as a journalist, but he published reviews and continued writing <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> poetry. An encounter with the slightly older <a href="/wiki/Richard_Barham_Middleton" title="Richard Barham Middleton">Richard Barham Middleton</a> is said to have influenced him into postponing his career as writer. "I met ... also a young, bearded, and sad-eyed man called Richard Middleton. ... Shortly afterwards he committed suicide in Antwerp, a suicide of despair, I should say. The incident made a great impression on me, because Middleton struck me as having far more talent than I was ever likely to possess; and if he couldn't make a go of it, it wasn't very likely that I could." Accounting for that time he said, "Of course in those days as now there were ... clever young men who made a decent living as freelances for the numerous literary weeklies", but "I was distinctly not a clever young man. Nor was I at all a happy young man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler196224_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler196224-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, he borrowed money from his Waterford uncle, who expected it to be repaid with interest, and returned to America, visiting his aunt and uncle before settling in San Francisco for a time, where he took a correspondence course in bookkeeping, finishing ahead of schedule. His mother joined him there in late 1912. Encouraged by Chandler's attorney/oilman friend Warren Lloyd, they moved to Los Angeles in 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he strung tennis rackets, picked fruit and endured a time of scrimping and saving. He found steady employment with the Los Angeles Creamery. In 1917, he traveled to Victoria, where in August he enlisted in the 50th Reinforcement Battalion <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw combat in the trenches in France with the 7th Battalion C.E.F. (British Columbia Regiment).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was twice hospitalized with <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> during the pandemic<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was undergoing flight training in the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) when the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyrb-12-06-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">armistice</a>, he returned to Los Angeles by way of Vancouver, and soon began a love affair with Pearl Eugenie ("Cissy") Pascal, a married woman 18 years his senior and the stepmother of Gordon Pascal, with whom Chandler had enlisted.<sup id="cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyrb-12-06-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cissy amicably divorced her husband, Julian, in 1920, but Chandler's mother disapproved of the relationship and refused to sanction the marriage. For the next four years Chandler supported both his mother and Cissy. After the death of Florence Chandler on September 26, 1923, he was free to marry Cissy. They were married on February 6, 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyrb-12-06-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rcinfo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcinfo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having begun in 1922 as a bookkeeper and auditor, Chandler was by 1931 a highly paid vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Dabney_Oil_Syndicate" title="Dabney Oil Syndicate">Dabney Oil Syndicate</a>, but his alcoholism, absenteeism, promiscuity with female employees, and threatened suicides<sup id="cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyrb-12-06-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributed to his dismissal a year later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_writer">As a writer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As a writer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In straitened financial circumstances during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Chandler turned to his latent writing talent to earn a living, teaching himself to write <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp fiction</a> by analyzing and imitating a novelette by <a href="/wiki/Erle_Stanley_Gardner" title="Erle Stanley Gardner">Erle Stanley Gardner</a>. Chandler's first professional work, "Blackmailers Don't Shoot", was published in <i>Black Mask</i> magazine in 1933. According to genre historian Herbert Ruhm, "Chandler, who worked slowly and painstakingly, revising again and again, had taken five months to write the story. Erle Stanley Gardner could turn out a pulp story in three or four days—and turned out an estimated one thousand."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep" title="The Big Sleep">The Big Sleep</a></i>, was published in 1939, featuring the detective Philip Marlowe, speaking in the first person. In 1950, Chandler described in a letter to his English publisher, Hamish Hamilton, why he began reading pulp magazines and later wrote for them: </p> <blockquote><p>Wandering up and down the Pacific Coast in an automobile I began to read pulp magazines, because they were cheap enough to throw away and because I never had at any time any taste for the kind of thing which is known as women's magazines. This was in the great days of the <i>Black Mask</i> (if I may call them great days) and it struck me that some of the writing was pretty forceful and honest, even though it had its crude aspect. I decided that this might be a good way to try to learn to write fiction and get paid a small amount of money at the same time. I spent five months over an 18,000 word novelette and sold it for $180. After that I never looked back, although I had a good many uneasy periods looking forward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1969vii_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1969vii-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His second Marlowe novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Farewell,_My_Lovely" title="Farewell, My Lovely">Farewell, My Lovely</a></i> (1940), became the basis for three movie versions adapted by other screenwriters, including the 1944 film <i><a href="/wiki/Murder_My_Sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder My Sweet">Murder My Sweet</a></i>, which marked the screen debut of the Marlowe character, played by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Powell" title="Dick Powell">Dick Powell</a> (whose depiction of Marlowe was applauded by Chandler). Literary success and film adaptations led to a demand for Chandler himself as a screenwriter. He and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> co-wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Double_Indemnity" title="Double Indemnity">Double Indemnity</a></i> (1944), based on <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cain" title="James M. Cain">James M. Cain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Double_Indemnity_(novel)" title="Double Indemnity (novel)">novel of the same title</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">noir</a> screenplay was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Said Wilder, "I would just guide the structure and I would also do a lot of the dialogue, and he (Chandler) would then comprehend and start constructing too." Wilder acknowledged that the dialogue which makes the film so memorable was largely Chandler's. </p><p>Chandler's only produced original screenplay was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Dahlia" title="The Blue Dahlia">The Blue Dahlia</a></i> (1946). He had not written a <a href="/wiki/Denouement" class="mw-redirect" title="Denouement">denouement</a> for the script and, according to producer <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a>, Chandler concluded he could finish the script only if drunk, with the assistance of round-the-clock secretaries and drivers, which Houseman agreed to. The script gained Chandler's second Academy Award nomination for screenplay.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandler collaborated on the screenplay of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a></i> (1951), an ironic murder story based on <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Highsmith" title="Patricia Highsmith">Patricia Highsmith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(novel)" title="Strangers on a Train (novel)">novel</a>, which he thought implausible. Chandler clashed with Hitchcock and they stopped talking after Hitchcock heard Chandler had referred to him as "that fat bastard".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitchcock made a show of throwing Chandler's two draft screenplays into the studio trash can while holding his nose, but Chandler retained the lead screenwriting credit along with Czenzi Ormonde. </p><p>In 1946, the Chandlers moved to <a href="/wiki/La_Jolla" title="La Jolla">La Jolla</a>, an affluent coastal neighborhood of San Diego, California, where Chandler wrote two more Philip Marlowe novels, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Goodbye_(novel)" title="The Long Goodbye (novel)">The Long Goodbye</a></i> and his last completed work, <i>Playback</i>. The latter was derived from an unproduced courtroom drama screenplay he had written for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a>. </p><p>Four chapters of a novel, unfinished at his death, were transformed into a final Philip Marlowe novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Poodle_Springs" title="Poodle Springs">Poodle Springs</a></i>, by the mystery writer and Chandler admirer <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Parker" title="Robert B. Parker">Robert B. Parker</a>, in 1989. Parker shares the authorship with Chandler. Parker subsequently wrote a sequel to <i>The Big Sleep</i> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Perchance_to_Dream_(novel)" title="Perchance to Dream (novel)">Perchance to Dream</a></i>, which was salted with quotes from the original novel. Chandler's final Marlowe short story, circa 1957, was entitled "The Pencil". It later provided the basis of an episode of the HBO miniseries (1983–86), <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marlowe,_Private_Eye" title="Philip Marlowe, Private Eye">Philip Marlowe, Private Eye</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Powers_Boothe" title="Powers Boothe">Powers Boothe</a> as Marlowe. </p><p>In 2014, "The Princess and the Pedlar" (1917), a previously unknown comic operetta, with libretto by Chandler and music by Julian Pascal, was discovered<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the uncatalogued holdings of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. The work was never published or produced. It has been dismissed by the Raymond Chandler estate as "no more than… a curiosity."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small team under the direction of the actor and director <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sand" title="Paul Sand">Paul Sand</a> is seeking permission to produce the operetta in Los Angeles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cissy Chandler died in 1954, after a long illness. Heartbroken and drunk, Chandler neglected to inter her cremated remains, and they sat for 57 years in a storage locker in the basement of Cypress View Mausoleum. </p><p>After Cissy's death, Chandler's loneliness worsened his propensity for <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">clinical depression</a>; he returned to drinking alcohol, never quitting it for long, and the quality and quantity of his writing suffered.<sup id="cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyrb-12-06-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, he attempted suicide. In <i>The Long Embrace: Raymond Chandler and the Woman He Loved</i>, Judith Freeman says it was "a cry for help," given that he called the police beforehand, saying he planned to kill himself. Chandler's personal and professional life were both helped and complicated by the women to whom he was attracted, notably Helga Greene (his literary agent), Jean Fracasse (his secretary), <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Orwell" title="Sonia Orwell">Sonia Orwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s widow), and <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Spender" title="Natasha Spender">Natasha Spender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a>'s wife). Chandler regained his U.S. citizenship in 1956, while retaining his British rights. </p><p>After a respite in England, he returned to La Jolla. He died at Scripps Memorial Hospital of pneumonial peripheral vascular shock and prerenal uremia (according to the death certificate) in 1959. Helga Greene inherited Chandler's $60,000 estate, after prevailing in a 1960 lawsuit filed by Fracasse contesting Chandler's <a href="/wiki/Holographic_will" title="Holographic will">holographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Codicil_(will)" title="Codicil (will)">codicil</a> to his will. </p><p>Chandler is buried at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Cemetery_(San_Diego)" title="Mount Hope Cemetery (San Diego)">Mount Hope Cemetery</a>, in San Diego, California. As Frank MacShane noted in his biography, <i>The Life of Raymond Chandler</i>, Chandler wished to be cremated and placed next to Cissy in Cypress View Mausoleum. Instead, he was buried in Mount Hope, because he had left no funeral or burial instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiney1999275–276_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiney1999275–276-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_Chandler_gravestone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Raymond_Chandler_gravestone.jpg/220px-Raymond_Chandler_gravestone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Raymond_Chandler_gravestone.jpg/330px-Raymond_Chandler_gravestone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Raymond_Chandler_gravestone.jpg/440px-Raymond_Chandler_gravestone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2762" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>Raymond and Cissy Chandler's tombstone</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, Chandler historian Loren Latker, with the assistance of attorney Aissa Wayne (daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a>), brought a petition to disinter Cissy's remains and reinter them with Chandler in Mount Hope. After a hearing in September 2010 in <a href="/wiki/California_superior_courts" title="California superior courts">San Diego Superior Court</a>, Judge Richard S. Whitney entered an order granting Latker's request.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 14, 2011, Cissy's ashes were conveyed from Cypress View to Mount Hope and interred under a new grave marker above Chandler's, as they had wished.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 100 people attended the ceremony, which included readings by the Rev. Randal Gardner, <a href="/wiki/Powers_Boothe" title="Powers Boothe">Powers Boothe</a>, Judith Freeman and Aissa Wayne. The shared gravestone reads, "Dead men are heavier than broken hearts", a quotation from <i>The Big Sleep</i>. Chandler's original gravestone, placed by Jean Fracasse and her children, is still at the head of his grave; the new one is at the foot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_pulp_fiction">Views on pulp fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Views on pulp fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his introduction to <i>Trouble Is My Business</i> (1950), a collection of many of his short stories, Chandler provided insight on the formula for the detective story and how the pulp magazines differed from previous detective stories: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The emotional basis of the standard detective story was and had always been that murder will out and justice will be done. Its technical basis was the relative insignificance of everything except the final denouement. What led up to that was more or less passage work. The denouement would justify everything. The technical basis of the <i>Black Mask</i> type of story on the other hand was that the scene outranked the plot, in the sense that a good plot was one which made good scenes. The ideal mystery was one you would read if the end was missing. We who tried to write it had the same point of view as the film makers. When I first went to Hollywood a very intelligent producer told me that you couldn't make a successful motion picture from a mystery story, because the whole point was a disclosure that took a few seconds of screen time while the audience was reaching for its hat. He was wrong, but only because he was thinking of the wrong kind of mystery.</p></blockquote> <p>Chandler also described the struggle that writers of pulp fiction had in following the formula demanded by the editors of the pulp magazines: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As I look back on my stories it would be absurd if I did not wish they had been better. But if they had been much better they would not have been published. If the formula had been a little less rigid, more of the writing of that time might have survived. Some of us tried pretty hard to break out of the formula, but we usually got caught and sent back. To exceed the limits of a formula without destroying it is the dream of every magazine writer who is not a hopeless hack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1950viii–ix_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1950viii–ix-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics and writers, including <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Evelyn Waugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a>, greatly admired Chandler's prose.<sup id="cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyrb-12-06-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a radio discussion with Chandler, Fleming said that Chandler offered "some of the finest dialogue written in any prose today".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary mystery writer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Levine" title="Paul Levine">Paul Levine</a> has described Chandler's style as the "literary equivalent of a quick punch to the gut".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandler's swift-moving, hardboiled style was inspired mostly by <a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Dashiell Hammett</a>, but his sharp and lyrical <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">similes</a> are original: "The muzzle of the <a href="/wiki/Luger_pistol" title="Luger pistol">Luger</a> looked like the mouth of the Second Street tunnel"; "He had a heart as big as one of <a href="/wiki/Mae_West" title="Mae West">Mae West's</a> hips"; "Dead men are heavier than broken hearts"; "I went back to the seasteps and moved down them as cautiously as a cat on a wet floor"; "He was crazy as a pair of waltzing mice, but I liked him"; "I felt like an amputated leg"; "He was about as inconspicuous as a tarantula on a slice of angel food." Chandler's writing redefined the <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private eye</a> fiction genre, led to the coining of the adjective "Chandleresque", and inevitably became the subject of parody and <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a>. Yet the detective Philip Marlowe is not a stereotypical tough guy, but a complex, sometimes sentimental man with few friends, who attended university, who speaks some <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and sometimes admires Mexicans and Blacks, and who is a student of chess and classical music. He is a man who refuses a prospective client's fee for a job he considers unethical. </p><p>The high regard in which Chandler is generally held today is in contrast to the critical sniping that stung the author during his lifetime. In a March 1942 letter to Blanche Knopf, published in <i>Selected Letters of Raymond Chandler</i>, he wrote, "The thing that rather gets me down is that when I write something that is tough and fast and full of mayhem and murder, I get panned for being tough and fast and full of mayhem and murder, and then when I try to tone down a bit and develop the mental and emotional side of a situation, I get panned for leaving out what I was panned for putting in the first time." </p><p>Although his work enjoys general acclaim today, Chandler has been criticized for certain aspects of his writing. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reviewer Patrick Anderson described his plots as "rambling at best and incoherent at worst" (notoriously, even Chandler did not know who murdered the chauffeur in <i>The Big Sleep</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and Anderson criticized Chandler's treatment of black, female, and homosexual characters, calling him a "rather nasty man at times".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson nevertheless praised Chandler as "probably the most lyrical of the major crime writers".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chandler's short stories and novels are evocatively written, conveying the time, place and ambiance of Los Angeles and environs in the 1930s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyrb-12-06-2007-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The places are real, if pseudonymous: Bay City is <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a>, Gray Lake is <a href="/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Los_Angeles" title="Silver Lake, Los Angeles">Silver Lake</a>, and Idle Valley a synthesis of wealthy <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a> communities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Playback_(novel)" title="Playback (novel)"><i>Playback</i></a> is the only one of his novels not to have been made into a movie. Arguably the most notable adaptation is <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(1946_film)" title="The Big Sleep (1946 film)"><i>The Big Sleep</i></a> (1946), with <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a> as Marlowe. <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a> were co-writers of the screenplay. Chandler's few screenwriting efforts and the cinematic adaptation of his novels proved stylistically and thematically influential on the American <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> genre. Notable for its revised take on Marlowe is <a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a>'s 1973 <a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">neo-noir</a> adaptation of <a href="/wiki/The_Long_Goodbye_(film)" title="The Long Goodbye (film)"><i>The Long Goodbye</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Hollywood Chamber of Commerce">selection committee</a> announced that Raymond Chandler would be included the following year,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of 2024, he has not been.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intersection of <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard" title="Hollywood Boulevard">Hollywood Boulevard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cahuenga_Boulevard" title="Cahuenga Boulevard">Cahuenga Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood, California">Hollywood, California</a> is named Raymond Chandler Square, a tribute both to the author and to the belief that <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Marlowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip Marlowe">Phillip Marlowe</a>'s office was located in <a href="/wiki/Security_Trust_and_Savings" title="Security Trust and Savings">Security Trust and Savings</a> at the northeast corner of this intersection.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the Square was designated <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Historic_Cultural_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Historic Cultural Monument">Los Angeles Historic Cultural Monument</a> #597.<sup id="cite_ref-LAHCM_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAHCM-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Noirfest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noirfest (page does not exist)">Noirfest</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_achievement_award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime achievement award">lifetime achievement award</a> is named the Raymond Chandler Award.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a> gave out a "Raymond Chandler Mystery Writing Award"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1994, they gave out a "Raymond Chandler Award".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chandler_bibliography" title="Raymond Chandler bibliography">Raymond Chandler bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels_and_novellas">Novels and novellas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Novels and novellas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chandler left an unfinished novel when he died. This was completed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Parker" title="Robert B. Parker">Robert B. Parker</a> and published in 1989 as <i><a href="/wiki/Poodle_Springs" title="Poodle Springs">Poodle Springs</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep" title="The Big Sleep">The Big Sleep</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell,_My_Lovely" title="Farewell, My Lovely">Farewell, My Lovely</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_High_Window" title="The High Window">The High Window</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_in_the_Lake" title="The Lady in the Lake">The Lady in the Lake</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Sister" title="The Little Sister">The Little Sister</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Goodbye_(novel)" title="The Long Goodbye (novel)"><i>The Long Goodbye</i></a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playback_(novel)" title="Playback (novel)"><i>Playback</i></a> (1958)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandler1950"About_the_Author"-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandler1950"About_the_Author"_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandler1950">Chandler 1950</a>, "About the Author".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cozy-mystery.com/blog/crime-writers-association-top-100-crime-novels-of-all-time/">"Crime Writers Association - Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time"</a>. August 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crime+Writers+Association+-+Top+100+Crime+Novels+of+All+Time&rft.date=2012-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcozy-mystery.com%2Fblog%2Fcrime-writers-association-top-100-crime-novels-of-all-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extra.shu.ac.uk/wpw/thirties/thirties%20brauer.html">"Sheffield Hallam Working Papers: The Thirties Now"</a>. <i>extra.shu.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=extra.shu.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Sheffield+Hallam+Working+Papers%3A+The+Thirties+Now&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextra.shu.ac.uk%2Fwpw%2Fthirties%2Fthirties%2520brauer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPronziniAdrian1995169-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPronziniAdrian1995169_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPronziniAdrian1995">Pronzini & Adrian 1995</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1944" class="citation news cs1">Chandler, Raymond (December 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1944/12/the-simple-art-of-murder/656179/">"The Simple Art of Murder"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Simple+Art+of+Murder&rft.date=1944-12&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1944%2F12%2Fthe-simple-art-of-murder%2F656179%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1995" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Robert B. (October 8, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/01/03/25/specials/parker-chandler.html">"The Big Text"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Big+Text&rft.date=1995-10-08&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F03%2F25%2Fspecials%2Fparker-chandler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Raymond Thornton Chandler". <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i>. February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raymond+Thornton+Chandler&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2013-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/h/hiney-chandler.html">"Chapter One Raymond Chandler"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Plaque+for+Raymond+Chandler&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fsearch-news%2Fblue-plaque-raymond-chandler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Plattsmouth, Nebraska", <i>Census</i>, US, 1900</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plattsmouth%2C+Nebraska&rft.btitle=Census&rft.place=US&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyrb-12-06-2007-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyrb-12-06-2007_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer2007" class="citation news cs1">Iyer, Pico (December 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2007/dec/06/the-knight-of-sunset-boulevard/?pagination=false">"The Knight of Sunset Boulevard"</a>. <i>New York Review of Books</i>. pp. 31–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Knight+of+Sunset+Boulevard&rft.pages=31-33&rft.date=2007-12-06&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=Pico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2007%2Fdec%2F06%2Fthe-knight-of-sunset-boulevard%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waterfordireland.tripod.com/raymond_chandler.htm">"Raymond Chandler"</a>. <i>Waterford Ireland</i>. 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Retrieved on September 8, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolman2014" class="citation news cs1">Holman, Jordyn (June 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2014/biz/news/walk-of-fame-2015-honorees-revealed-1201223538/">"Hollywood Walk of Fame 2015 Honorees Revealed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hollywood+Walk+of+Fame+2015+Honorees+Revealed&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.aufirst=Jordyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2014%2Fbiz%2Fnews%2Fwalk-of-fame-2015-honorees-revealed-1201223538%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/list/">"Hollywood Star Walk - Select a Star"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Hollywood+Star+Walk+-+Select+a+Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.latimes.com%2Fhollywood%2Fstar-walk%2Flist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZollo1998" class="citation web cs1">Zollo, Paul (October 7, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-oct-07-me-29977-story.html">"Chandler Square"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Chandler+Square&rft.date=1998-10-07&rft.aulast=Zollo&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1998-oct-07-me-29977-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAHCM-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAHCM_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/24f6fce7-f73d-4bca-87bc-c77ed3fc5d4f/Historical_Cultural_Monuments_List.pdf">"Historical Cultural Monuments List"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Los_Angeles" title="Government of Los Angeles">City of Los Angeles</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Cultural+Monuments+List&rft.pub=City+of+Los+Angeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanning.lacity.org%2Fodocument%2F24f6fce7-f73d-4bca-87bc-c77ed3fc5d4f%2FHistorical_Cultural_Monuments_List.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noirfest.com/en/chandler-award-eng/">"Raymond Chandler Award 2023"</a>. Noirfest<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raymond+Chandler+Award+2023&rft.pub=Noirfest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noirfest.com%2Fen%2Fchandler-award-eng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1281184">"Raymond Chandler Mystery Writing Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raymond+Chandler+Mystery+Writing+Award&rft.pub=Fulbright+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffulbrightscholars.org%2Fnode%2F1281184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMclellan1994" class="citation news cs1">Mclellan, Dennis (November 29, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-11-29-ls-2923-story.html">"A Briton's American Independence : Fulbright Chandler award gives Denise Danks, here soaking up U.S. culture, something most mothers don't have--free time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Briton%27s+American+Independence+%3A+Fulbright+Chandler+award+gives+Denise+Danks%2C+here+soaking+up+U.S.+culture%2C+something+most+mothers+don%27t+have--free+time.&rft.date=1994-11-29&rft.aulast=Mclellan&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1994-11-29-ls-2923-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan1989" class="citation web cs1">McLellan, Dennis (October 19, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-10-19-vw-447-story.html">"Philip Marlowe Returns to the Mean 'Springs'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Philip+Marlowe+Returns+to+the+Mean+%27Springs%27&rft.date=1989-10-19&rft.aulast=McLellan&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-10-19-vw-447-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1950" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Raymond (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/troubleismybusin0000chan_j7g6/page/n259/mode/2up"><i>Trouble is my business : and other stories</i></a>. Harmondsworth, Middlesex ; New York : Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-000741-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-000741-1"><bdi>978-0-14-000741-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trouble+is+my+business+%3A+and+other+stories&rft.pub=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex+%3B+New+York+%3A+Penguin+Books&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-14-000741-1&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftroubleismybusin0000chan_j7g6%2Fpage%2Fn259%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacShane1976" class="citation book cs1">MacShane, Frank (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofraymondcha00macs"><i>The life of Raymond Chandler</i></a>. New York : E. P. Dutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-14552-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-14552-3"><bdi>978-0-525-14552-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Raymond+Chandler&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-525-14552-3&rft.aulast=MacShane&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofraymondcha00macs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPronziniAdrian1995" class="citation book cs1">Pronzini, Bill; Adrian, Jack, eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hardboiledanthol0000unse"><i>Hard-boiled : an anthology of American crime stories</i></a>. New York : Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508499-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508499-3"><bdi>978-0-19-508499-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard-boiled+%3A+an+anthology+of+American+crime+stories&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508499-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhardboiledanthol0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1962" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Raymond (1962). Gardiner, Dorothy; Walker, Kathrine Sorley (eds.). <i>Raymond Chandler Speaking</i>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20835-3"><bdi>978-0-520-20835-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raymond+Chandler+Speaking&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20835-3&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1969" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Raymond (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYGbwgEACAAJ"><i>The Raymond Chandler Omnibus</i></a>. Hamilton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Raymond+Chandler+Omnibus&rft.pub=Hamilton&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYGbwgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span>, Foreword by Powell, Lawrence Clark</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiney1999" class="citation book cs1">Hiney, Tom (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=skYLWcp7zN8C"><i>Raymond Chandler: A Biography</i></a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3637-4"><bdi>978-0-8021-3637-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raymond+Chandler%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1999-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3637-4&rft.aulast=Hiney&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DskYLWcp7zN8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_J._Bruccoli" title="Matthew J. Bruccoli">Bruccoli, Matthew J.</a>, ed. (1973). <i>Chandler Before Marlowe: Raymond Chandler's Early Prose and Poetry, 1908–1912</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Chandler, Raymond (1976). <i>The Blue Dahlia</i> (screenplay). Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Chandler, Raymond (1985). <i>Raymond Chandler's Unknown Thriller</i> (unfilmed screenplay for <i>Playback</i>). New York: The Mysterious Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2014" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Raymond (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofraymondch0000chan"><i>The world of Raymond Chandler : in his own words</i></a>. New York : Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35236-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35236-9"><bdi>978-0-385-35236-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+of+Raymond+Chandler+%3A+in+his+own+words&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-385-35236-9&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofraymondch0000chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Chandler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Freeman, Judith (2007). <i>The Long Embrace: Raymond Chandler and the Woman He Loved</i>. N.Y.: Pantheon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42351-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42351-2">978-0-375-42351-2</a>.</li> <li>Gross, Miriam (1977). <i>The World of Raymond Chandler</i>. New York: A & W Publishers. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hiney, Tom and MacShane, Frank, eds. (2000). <i>The Raymond Chandler Papers: Selected Letters and Nonfiction, 1909–1959</i>. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Howe, Alexander N. "The Detective and the Analyst: Truth, Knowledge, and Psychoanalysis in the Hard-Boiled Fiction of Raymond Chandler." <i>Clues: A Journal of Detection</i> 24.4 (Summer 2006): 15–29.</li> <li>Howe, Alexander N. (2008). <i>It Didn't Mean Anything: A Psychoanalytic Reading of American Detective Fiction</i>. North Carolina: McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-3454-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-3454-6">0-7864-3454-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._T._Joshi" title="S. T. Joshi">Joshi, S. T.</a> (2019). "Raymond Chandler: Mean Streets" in <i>Varieties of Crime Fiction</i> (Wildside Press) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-4546-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4794-4546-2">978-1-4794-4546-2</a>.</li> <li>King, Stewart (2022). "Rethinking Raymond Chandler's 'The Simple Art of Murder.' (1944/1946)" <i>Clues: A Journal of Detection</i> 40.2: 9–17.</li> <li>MacShane, Frank (1976). <i>The Notebooks of Raymond Chandler & English Summer: A Gothic Romance</i>. New York: The Ecco Press.</li> <li>MacShane, Frank, ed. (1981). <i>Selected Letters of Raymond Chandler</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Moss, Robert (2002.) <i>Raymond Chandler: A Literary Reference</i>, New York: Carrol & Graf.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Swirski, Peter (2005). "Raymond Chandler's Aesthetics of Irony" in <i>From Lowbrow to Nobrow</i>. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3019-5">978-0-7735-3019-5</a>.</li> <li>Ward, Elizabeth and Alain Silver (1987). <i>Raymond Chandler's Los Angeles</i>. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87951-351-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87951-351-9">0-87951-351-9</a>.</li> <li>Williams, Tom (2014). <i> A Mysterious Something in the Light: The Life of Raymond Chandler </i>. New York: Chicago Review Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1613736784" title="Special:BookSources/978-1613736784">978-1613736784</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Raymond_Chandler" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Raymond Chandler">Raymond Chandler</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Raymond_Chandler" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Raymond Chandler">Raymond Chandler</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Chandler%2C%20Raymond">Works by Raymond Chandler</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0151452/">Raymond Chandler</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.detnovel.com/Chandler.html">An essay on Chandler and Los Angeles history by William Marling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704130540/http://www.detnovel.com/Chandler.html">Archived</a> July 4, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shamustown.com">Shamus Town</a> The Los Angeles of Philip Marlowe where Raymond Chandler lived, worked and wrote about.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/b007jpd7">"Down the Mean Streets with Philip Marlowe"</a> BBC streaming audio programme on Chandler</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/photobooth/2010/10/daylight-noir.html">Photographs of Raymond Chandler's Los Angeles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Corman" title="Catherine Corman">Catherine Corman</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/jun/05/raymond-chandler-double-indemnity-cameo">"Chandler's double identity: Adrian Wootton on a writer's secret cameo"</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, June 5, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fanac.org/fanzines/Cheap_Truth/Cheap_Truth11-02.html?">"Cheap Truth 11 – page 2"</a>; <i>Fanac</i>, September 1, 2017</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Raymond_Chandler" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Raymond_Chandler" title="Template:Raymond Chandler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Raymond_Chandler" title="Template talk:Raymond Chandler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Raymond_Chandler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Raymond Chandler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_by_Raymond_Chandler" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raymond Chandler</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep" title="The Big Sleep">The Big Sleep</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell,_My_Lovely" title="Farewell, My Lovely">Farewell, My Lovely</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_High_Window" title="The High Window">The High Window</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_in_the_Lake" title="The Lady in the Lake">The Lady in the Lake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Sister" title="The Little Sister">The Little Sister</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Goodbye_(novel)" title="The Long Goodbye (novel)">The Long Goodbye</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playback_(novel)" title="Playback (novel)">Playback</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poodle_Springs" title="Poodle Springs">Poodle Springs</a></i> (unfinished)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marlowe" title="Philip Marlowe">Philip Marlowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories<br />and collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nevada_Gas" title="Nevada Gas">Nevada Gas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Smart-Aleck_Kill" title="Smart-Aleck Kill">Smart-Aleck Kill</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Simple_Art_of_Murder" title="The Simple Art of Murder">The Simple Art of Murder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Killer_in_the_Rain" title="Killer in the Rain">Killer in the Rain</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chandler_Speaking" title="Raymond Chandler Speaking">Raymond Chandler Speaking</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Indemnity" title="Double Indemnity">Double Indemnity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/And_Now_Tomorrow" title="And Now Tomorrow">And Now Tomorrow</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unseen_(1945_film)" title="The Unseen (1945 film)">The Unseen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Dahlia" title="The Blue Dahlia">The Blue Dahlia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strangers_on_a_Train_(film)" title="Strangers on a Train (film)">Strangers on a Train</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playback_(screenplay)" class="mw-redirect" title="Playback (screenplay)">Playback</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Time_to_Kill_(1942_film)" title="Time to Kill (1942 film)">Time to Kill</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Falcon_Takes_Over" title="The Falcon Takes Over">The Falcon Takes Over</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murder,_My_Sweet" title="Murder, My Sweet">Murder, My Sweet</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(1946_film)" title="The Big Sleep (1946 film)">The Big Sleep</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_in_the_Lake" title="Lady in the Lake">Lady in the Lake</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brasher_Doubloon" title="The Brasher Doubloon">The Brasher Doubloon</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marlowe_(1969_film)" title="Marlowe (1969 film)">Marlowe</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Goodbye_(film)" title="The Long Goodbye (film)">The Long Goodbye</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell,_My_Lovely_(1975_film)" title="Farewell, My Lovely (1975 film)">Farewell, My Lovely</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(1978_film)" title="The Big Sleep (1978 film)">The Big Sleep</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poodle_Springs_(film)" title="Poodle Springs (film)">Poodle Springs</a></i> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(Robert_Montgomery_Presents)" title="The Big Sleep (Robert Montgomery Presents)">The Big Sleep</a>" (1950)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Long_Goodbye_(Climax!)" title="The Long Goodbye (Climax!)">The Long Goodbye</a>" (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marlowe,_Private_Eye" title="Philip Marlowe, Private Eye">Philip Marlowe, Private Eye</a></i> (1983–1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Edgar_Allan_Poe_Award_for_Best_Novel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edgar_Allan_Poe_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Template:Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Novel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Edgar_Allan_Poe_Award_for_Best_Novel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Novel (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edgar_Allan_Poe_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Novel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edgar_Allan_Poe_Award_for_Best_Novel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Novel">Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Novel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Jay" title="Charlotte Jay">Charlotte Jay</a> (1954)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raymond Chandler</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Millar" title="Margaret Millar">Margaret Millar</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Armstrong" title="Charlotte Armstrong">Charlotte Armstrong</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Lacy" title="Ed Lacy">Ed Lacy</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Ellin" title="Stanley Ellin">Stanley Ellin</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Fremlin" title="Celia Fremlin">Celia Fremlin</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Symons" title="Julian Symons">Julian Symons</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Creasey" title="John Creasey">J.J. Marric</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Pargeter" title="Edith Pargeter">Ellis Peters</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ambler" title="Eric Ambler">Eric Ambler</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elleston_Trevor" title="Elleston Trevor">Adam Hall</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Freeling" title="Nicolas Freeling">Nicolas Freeling</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Westlake" title="Donald E. Westlake">Donald E. Westlake</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Jeffrey Hudson</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Francis_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick Francis (author)">Dick Francis</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maj_Sj%C3%B6wall" title="Maj Sjöwall">Maj Sjöwall</a> and Per Wahlöö (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Frederick Forsyth</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Kiefer" title="Warren Kiefer">Warren Kiefer</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hillerman" title="Tony Hillerman">Tony Hillerman</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Cleary" title="Jon Cleary">Jon Cleary</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Garfield" title="Brian Garfield">Brian Garfield</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Parker" title="Robert B. Parker">Robert B. Parker</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hallahan" title="William H. Hallahan">William H. Hallahan</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Maling" title="Arthur Maling">Arthur Maling</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Francis" title="Dick Francis">Dick Francis</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bayer" title="William Bayer">William Bayer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Boyer" title="Rick Boyer">Rick Boyer</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmore_Leonard" title="Elmore Leonard">Elmore Leonard</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Thomas_(author)" title="Ross Thomas (author)">Ross Thomas</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._R._Wright" title="L. R. Wright">L. R. Wright</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Rendell" title="Ruth Rendell">Barbara Vine</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Elkins" title="Aaron Elkins">Aaron Elkins</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_M._Kaminsky" title="Stuart M. Kaminsky">Stuart M. Kaminsky</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lee_Burke" title="James Lee Burke">James Lee Burke</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Smith_(novelist)" title="Julie Smith (novelist)">Julie Smith</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Block" title="Lawrence Block">Lawrence Block</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Maron" title="Margaret Maron">Margaret Maron</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minette_Walters" title="Minette Walters">Minette Walters</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Willis_Walker" title="Mary Willis Walker">Mary Willis Walker</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Francis_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick Francis (author)">Dick Francis</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Cook" title="Thomas H. Cook">Thomas H. Cook</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lee_Burke" title="James Lee Burke">James Lee Burke</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clark_(author)" title="Robert Clark (author)">Robert Clark</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Burke" title="Jan Burke">Jan Burke</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Lansdale" title="Joe R. Lansdale">Joe R. Lansdale</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Parker" title="T. Jefferson Parker">T. Jefferson Parker</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._J._Rozan" title="S. J. Rozan">S. J. Rozan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Rankin" title="Ian Rankin">Ian Rankin</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Parker" title="T. Jefferson Parker">T. Jefferson Parker</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jess_Walter" title="Jess Walter">Jess Walter</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Goodwin" title="Jason Goodwin">Jason Goodwin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(author)" title="John Hart (author)">John Hart</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Box" title="C. J. Box">C. J. Box</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(author)" title="John Hart (author)">John Hart</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Hamilton_(author)" title="Steve Hamilton (author)">Steve Hamilton</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Hayder" title="Mo Hayder">Mo Hayder</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lehane" title="Dennis Lehane">Dennis Lehane</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kent_Krueger" title="William Kent Krueger">William Kent Krueger</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Roy" title="Lori Roy">Lori Roy</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Hawley" title="Noah Hawley">Noah Hawley</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attica_Locke" title="Attica Locke">Attica Locke</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mosley" title="Walter Mosley">Walter Mosley</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elly_Griffiths" title="Elly Griffiths">Elly Griffiths</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepa_Anappara" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepa Anappara">Deepa Anappara</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Kestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Kestrel (page does not exist)">James Kestrel</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danya_Kukafka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danya Kukafka (page does not exist)">Danya Kukafka</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180377#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180377#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180377#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121287395">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39374901">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43566/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTtKjWhPPwT8v9Dy8XBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118520059">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chandler, Raymond, 1888-1959"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79113919">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11896014p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11896014p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435689">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chandler, Raymond"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV048542">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35027231">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003797&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX831579">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/41622">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068941870">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90081856">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000011106&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000011678&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=106937">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000047017">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199604791">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmmg8r0k5lcgj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810591955305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/320660">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274819405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511805706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14105449">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01986680?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d58a883d-fb99-4831-8852-e060cea8c15f">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/800736">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118520059.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118520059">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02677769X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tt519w">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&oldid=1259223114">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler&oldid=1259223114</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1888_births" title="Category:1888 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