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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Origins and area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westward_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westward_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Westward migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westward_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alliance_with_Byzantium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alliance_with_Byzantium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Alliance with Byzantium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alliance_with_Byzantium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_history_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_history_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Late history and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_history_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlements_bearing_the_name_Pecheneg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements_bearing_the_name_Pecheneg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Settlements bearing the name Pecheneg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements_bearing_the_name_Pecheneg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pechenegs</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petschenegen" title="Petschenegen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Petschenegen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%83" title="بجناك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بجناك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazinacos" title="Pazinacos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pazinacos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegos" title="Pechenegos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pechenegos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%A7eneql%C9%99r" title="Peçeneqlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Peçeneqlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%86%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B1" title="پچنقلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پچنقلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бәшнәктәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәшнәктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Печанегі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Печанегі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Печенеги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Печенеги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petschenegen" title="Petschenegen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Petschenegen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petxenegs" title="Petxenegs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Petxenegs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Печĕнексем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Печĕнексем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Den%C4%9Bhov%C3%A9" title="Pečeněhové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pečeněhové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petjenegi" title="Petjenegi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Petjenegi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petschenegen" title="Petschenegen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Petschenegen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%C5%A1eneegid" title="Petšeneegid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Petšeneegid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Πετσενέγοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πετσενέγοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegos" title="Pechenegos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pechenegos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%89enegoj" title="Peĉenegoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peĉenegoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petxenego" title="Petxenego – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petxenego" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="پچنگ‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پچنگ‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petch%C3%A9n%C3%A8gues" title="Petchénègues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Petchénègues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenego" title="Pechenego – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pechenego" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EC%B2%B4%EB%84%A4%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="페체네그인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페체네그인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պեչենեգներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պեչենեգներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denezi" title="Pečenezi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pečenezi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecheneg" title="Pecheneg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pecheneg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peceneghi" title="Peceneghi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peceneghi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פצ'נגים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פצ'נגים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პაჭანიკები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაჭანიკები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Печенегтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Печенегтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Печенегдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Печенегдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denegi" title="Pečenegi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pečenegi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8De%C5%86egi" title="Pečeņegi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pečeņegi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denegai" title="Pečenegai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pečenegai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petxeneges" title="Petxeneges – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Petxeneges" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beseny%C5%91k" title="Besenyők – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Besenyők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Печенези – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Печенези" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsenega_(vahoaka)" title="Petsenega (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Petsenega (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsjenegen" title="Petsjenegen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Petsjenegen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B0" title="ペチェネグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペチェネグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsjeneger" title="Petsjeneger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Petsjeneger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pechenegs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijanaklar" title="Bijanaklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bijanaklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieczyngowie" title="Pieczyngowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieczyngowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegues" title="Pechenegues – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pechenegues" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegler" title="Pechenegler – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Pechenegler" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecenegi" title="Pecenegi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pecenegi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Печенеги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Печенеги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pechenegs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denehovia" title="Pečenehovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pečenehovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denegi" title="Pečenegi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pečenegi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Печенези – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Печенези" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denezi" title="Pečenezi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pečenezi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsenegit" title="Petsenegit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Petsenegit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petjeneger" title="Petjeneger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Petjeneger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6c%C3%A4n%C3%A4kl%C3%A4r" title="Böcänäklär – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Böcänäklär" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%A7enekler" title="Peçenekler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peçenekler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%A7enegler" title="Peçenegler – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Peçenegler" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Печеніги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Печеніги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecheneg" title="Pecheneg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pecheneg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%87%E6%B6%85%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="佩切涅格人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="佩切涅格人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%87%E6%B6%85%E6%A0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="佩切涅格人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct Oghuz Turkic people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Turkic tribe. For the Russian weapon, see <a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecheneg machine gun">Pecheneg machine gun</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Pechenegs</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pechenegs_defeating_the_Rus,_from_the_Skyllitzes_Matritensis,_fol._173r,_(Public_Domain)_via_Creative_Commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Pechenegs_defeating_the_Rus%2C_from_the_Skyllitzes_Matritensis%2C_fol._173r%2C_%28Public_Domain%29_via_Creative_Commons.jpg/220px-The_Pechenegs_defeating_the_Rus%2C_from_the_Skyllitzes_Matritensis%2C_fol._173r%2C_%28Public_Domain%29_via_Creative_Commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Pechenegs_defeating_the_Rus%2C_from_the_Skyllitzes_Matritensis%2C_fol._173r%2C_%28Public_Domain%29_via_Creative_Commons.jpg/330px-The_Pechenegs_defeating_the_Rus%2C_from_the_Skyllitzes_Matritensis%2C_fol._173r%2C_%28Public_Domain%29_via_Creative_Commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/The_Pechenegs_defeating_the_Rus%2C_from_the_Skyllitzes_Matritensis%2C_fol._173r%2C_%28Public_Domain%29_via_Creative_Commons.jpg/440px-The_Pechenegs_defeating_the_Rus%2C_from_the_Skyllitzes_Matritensis%2C_fol._173r%2C_%28Public_Domain%29_via_Creative_Commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="564" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Pechenegs slaughter the <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a> army of <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (historical)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg language</a> (historical)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow 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.ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Pecheneg Khanates</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">889–1091</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pechenegs_c.1030.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pecheneg Khanates and neighbouring territories, c.1030"><img alt="Pecheneg Khanates and neighbouring territories, c.1030" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pechenegs_c.1030.svg/250px-Pechenegs_c.1030.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pechenegs_c.1030.svg/375px-Pechenegs_c.1030.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pechenegs_c.1030.svg/500px-Pechenegs_c.1030.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="260" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Pecheneg Khanates and neighbouring territories, c.1030</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">889</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1091</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khazar_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar Khaganate">Khazar Khaganate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">History of the Turkic peoples</a> <small>pre–14th century</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/250px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/375px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/500px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Cherniye Klobuki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qasgqai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Belief system: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Chief gods and goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Epics and heroes: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Major concepts: <a href="/wiki/Sheka_(mythology)" title="Sheka (mythology)">Sheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf_(mythology)" title="Grey wolf (mythology)">Grey wolf</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">Pre-14th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz People</a></b> <small>202 BCE–13th CE</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></b> <small>71 BC–?? AD</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele (Gaoche) </a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>552–581</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–657</small></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–650</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>682–744</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabiri People</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></b> <small>618–1048</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></b> <small>628–646</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar Union</a></b> <small>659–750</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a></b> <small>665-850</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a></b> <small>699–766</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>743–1035</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></b> <small>744–840</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></b> <small>750–1055</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabgu_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Yabgu State">Karluk Yabgu State</a></b> <small>756–940</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></b> <small>840–1212</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Western Kara-Khanid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Eastern Kara-Khanid</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></b> <small>848–1036</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></b> <small>856–1335</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pecheneg Khanates</a></b> <small>860–1091</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b> <small>963–1186</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b> <small>1037–1194</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>1067–1239</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> <small>1077–1231</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait Khanate</a></b> <small>11th century–13th century</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></b> <small>1136–1225</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> <small>1206–1526</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughid Kingdom</a></b> <small>1224–1266</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></b> <small>1242–1502</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)</a></b> <small>1250–1517</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman State">Ottoman State</a></b> <small>1299–1922</small></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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<p>The <b>Pechenegs</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>Patzinaks</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were a semi-nomadic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> people from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> who spoke the <a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg language</a>. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Pechenegs controlled much of the steppes of southeast <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a>. In the 9th century the Pechenegs began a period of wars against <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, and for more than two centuries launched raids into the lands of Rus', which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnonym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pechenegs were mentioned as <i>Bjnak</i>, <i>Bjanak</i> or <i>Bajanak</i> in medieval <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> texts, as <i>Be-ča-nag</i> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a> documents, and as <i>Pačanak-i</i> in works written in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a> and other Byzantine authors referred to them as <i>Patzinakoi</i> or <i>Patzinakitai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">medieval Latin</a> texts, the Pechenegs were referred to as <i>Pizenaci</i>, <i>Bisseni</i> or <i>Bessi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="East Slavic peoples">East Slavic peoples</a> use the terms <i>Pečenegi</i> or <i>Pečenezi</i> (plural of <i>Pečeneg</i>), while the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> mention them as <i>Pieczyngowie</i> or <i>Piecinigi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian word for Pecheneg is <i>Besenyő</i>; the Romanian term is <i>Pecenegi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Max_Vasmer" title="Max Vasmer">Max Vasmer</a> and some other researchers the <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> may have derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a> word for "brother-in-law, relative” (<i>baja</i>, <i>baja-naq</i> or <i>bajinaq</i>; <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">bacanaq</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a><i>: baja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>: <i lang="tk">baja</i> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">bacanak</i>), implying that it initially referred to an "in-law related clan or tribe".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Peter Golden</a> considers this derivation by no means certain.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud Kashgari</a>'s 11th-century work <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABw%C4%81n_Lugh%C4%81t_al-Turk" title="Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk">Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk</a>, Pechenegs were described as "a Turkic nation living around the country of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rûm">the Rum</a>", where <i>Rum</i> was the Turkic word for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and "a branch of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>"; he subsequently described the Oghuz as being formed of 22 branches, of which the Pecheneg were the 19th.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pechenegs are mentioned as one of 24 ancient tribes of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuzes</a> by 14th-century statesman and historian of <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>-ruled Iran <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81mi%CA%BF_al-Taw%C4%81r%C4%ABkh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh">Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh</a> ("Compendium of Chronicles") with the meaning of the ethnonym as "the one who shows eagerness". The 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a> and historian <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur" title="Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur">Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur</a> mentions the Pechenegs as <i>bechene</i> among 24 ancient tribes of <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkmens</a> (or Oghuzes) in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Shajara-i_Tar%C4%81kima" title="Shajara-i Tarākima">Shajara-i Tarākima</a></i> (“Genealogy of the Turkmen") and provides for its meaning as "the one who makes". </p><p>Three of the eight Pecheneg "provinces" or clans were collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006182_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006182-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a>, the Kangars received this denomination because "they are more valiant and noble than the rest" of the people "and that is what the title Kangar signifies".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006182_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006182-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because no Turkic word with a similar meaning is known, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rmin_V%C3%A1mb%C3%A9ry" title="Ármin Vámbéry">Ármin Vámbéry</a> connected the ethnonym to the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> words <i>kangir</i> ("agile"), <i>kangirmak</i> ("to go out riding") and <i>kani-kara</i> ("black-blooded"), while <a href="/wiki/Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney" title="Carlile Aylmer Macartney">Carlile Aylmer Macartney</a> associated it with the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> word <i>gang</i> ("chariot"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacartney1968104–105_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney1968104–105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> semantically related to the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Kang-ch%C3%BC" title="Kang-chü">Gaoche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Omeljan Pritsak</a> proposed that the name had initially been a composite term <i>(Kängär As</i>, mentioned in Old Turkic texts) deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a> word for stone <i>(kank)</i> and the ethnonym <i>As</i>, suggesting that they were Tocharian-speaking or at least formed a confederation consisting of Tocharian, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgaric Turkic</a> elements. Their connection with Eastern Iranian elements is hinted at in the remark of <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a> regarding a people that "are of the race of al-Lān and that of al-Ās and their language is a mixture of the languages of <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarazmians</a> and the Badjanak.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the latter assumption is valid, the Kangars' ethnonym suggests that (East) Iranian elements contributed to the formation of the Pecheneg people but <a href="/wiki/Victor_Spinei" title="Victor Spinei">Spinei</a> concedes that Pechenegs were of "a predominantly Turkic character... beyond any doubt".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200394_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200394-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be mirrored in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Russian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Russian literature">Old Rus translation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Flavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephus Flavius">Josephus Flavius</a> (ed. Meshcherskiy, 454) which adds "the <a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Yas</a>, as is known, descended from the Pecheneg tribe." On the basis of their fragmentary linguistic remains, scholars view them as <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a>-speakers, most probably <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gyula_N%C3%A9meth_(linguist)" title="Gyula Németh (linguist)">Németh</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Ligeti" title="Lajos Ligeti">Ligeti</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oguz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baskakov_(linguist)" title="Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)">Baskakov</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Hammer-Purgstall" title="Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall">Hammer-Purgstall</a> classifies the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> and Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar</a> as purely Turkic name variants of the <a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Pu_(Song_dynasty)" title="Wang Pu (Song dynasty)">Wang Pu</a>'s institutional historical work <a href="/wiki/Tang_Huiyao" title="Tang Huiyao">Tang Huiyao</a> apparently distinguishes the <i>Kang(ju)</i> from the <i>Kangheli</i> (aka <i>Kangly</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Menges" title="Karl Heinrich Menges">Menges</a> saw in <i>Kang-ar-as</i> the plural-suffix <i>-as</i>, and Klyashtorny the Turkic numerus collectivus <i>-ar-</i>, <i>-er-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg language</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a>, an 11th-century man of letters who specialized in Turkic dialects argued that the language spoken by the Pechenegs was a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a> idioms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200395_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200395-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested that foreign influences on the Pechenegs gave rise to phonetical differences between their tongue and the idiom spoken by other Turkic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009181_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009181-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anna Komnene likewise stated that the Pechenegs and the Cumans shared a common language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200395_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200395-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Pecheneg language itself died out centuries ago,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009343_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009343-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the names of the Pecheneg "provinces" recorded by Constantine Porphyrogenitus prove that the Pechenegs spoke a Turkic language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999239_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999239-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pechenegs are thought to have belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic family</a>, but their language is poorly documented and therefore difficult to further classify.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Born_in_the_purple" title="Born in the purple">Porphyrogennetos</a> lists eight Pecheneg tribal groupings, four on each side of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper river">Dnieper river</a>, reflecting the bipartite left-right Turkic organization. These eight tribes were in turn divided into 40 sub-tribes, probably clans. Constantine VII also records the names of eight former tribal leaders who had been leading the Pechenegs when they were expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuzes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Gyula_N%C3%A9meth_(linguist)" title="Gyula Németh (linguist)">Németh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Ligeti" title="Lajos Ligeti">Ligeti</a>, proposes that each tribal name consists of two parts: the first part being an <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">equine coat color</a>, the other the tribal ruler's title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992265-6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992265-6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Erdim, Čur, and Yula tribes formed the <a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Qangar/Kenger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>: Καγγαρ) and were deemed "more valiant and noble than the rest". </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Tribal Compositions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Transcribed tribal name</th> <th>Reconstructed tribal name</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Transcribed leader's name</th> <th>Reconstructed leader's name </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ιαβδι-ερτί(μ)</td> <td>*Yavdı<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-Erdim<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Tribe of the Erdem<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with brilliant, shining horses</td> <td>Dniepr's west bank</td> <td>Βαϊτζαν</td> <td>*Bay<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-ča </td></tr> <tr> <td>Κουαρτζι-τζούρ</td> <td>*Küerči<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-Čur</td> <td>Tribe of the Čur with bluish horses</td> <td>Dniepr's east bank</td> <td>Κούελ</td> <td>*Küğel<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Χαβουξιν-γυλά</td> <td>*Qabuqšın-Yula or *Khabuži/Kapuži-Jula<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Gyula_(title)" title="Gyula (title)">Yula</a> with bark-colored horses</td> <td>Dniepr's west bank</td> <td>Κουρκοῡται</td> <td>*Qorqutai<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Συρου-κουλπέη</td> <td>*Suru-Kül-Bey</td> <td>Tribe of the Kül-Bey with grayish horses</td> <td>Dniepr's east bank</td> <td>Ιπαόν</td> <td>*Ipa / *Iba (?),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Χαρα-βοη</td> <td>*Qara-Bay</td> <td>Tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a> with black horses</td> <td>Dniepr's west bank</td> <td>Καϊδούμ</td> <td>*Qaydum<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Βορο-ταλμάτ</td> <td>*Boru-Tolmač</td> <td>Tribe of the Tolmač<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with grayish horses</td> <td>Dniepr's east bank</td> <td>Κώσταν</td> <td>*Qosta<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Γιαζι-χοπὸν</td> <td>*Yazı-Qap(ğ)an</td> <td>Tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Kavhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavhan">Qap(ğ)an</a> with dark-brown horses</td> <td>Dniepr's west bank</td> <td>Γιαζή</td> <td>*Yazı<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Βουλα-τζοπόν</td> <td>*Bula-Čopan<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Tribe of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupan" title="Župan">Čopan</a> with piebald horses</td> <td>Dniepr's east bank</td> <td>Βατᾱν</td> <td>*Bata / *Bota<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or "Yawdı"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or "Erdem"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">bravery, virtue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">wealthy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <i>küverči</i> < <i>küğerči</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">bright-green</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possibly not an equine coat color; cf. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> قاپو‎ <i>kapu</i> "door, gate, <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>", Hung. <i>kapu</i> "gate, entrance, door". If so, this tribe was the guardians of the Pechenegs to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <i>qorqut-</i> "to frighten"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Hung. <b>Ipoch</b>; may be Ipa + Hung. dim. suffix -cs (-ç).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <i>qayt-</i> < <i>qayıt-</i> < <i>qaðıt-</i> "to turn back"; cf. Hung. <b>Kajdan</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"interpreter, translator"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Sağay</a> <b>qosta</b> "foe-seeking magical arrow"(?)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <i>Yazığ</i>, metathesis of <i>Yağız</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or "Čaban"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"small camel"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_area">Origins and area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins and area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Omeljan Pritsak</a>, the Pechenegs are descendants from the ancient Kangars who originate from <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a> listed the Kangars among the subject peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a>. Pritsak says that the Pechenegs' homeland was located between the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> and the middle course of the Syr Darya, along the important trade routes connecting Central Asia with Eastern Europe, and associates them with <a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211–212_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211–212-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>, writing in c. 950, Patzinakia, the Pecheneg realm, stretched west as far as the <a href="/wiki/Siret_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Siret River">Siret River</a> (or even the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>), and was four days distant from "Tourkias" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>).<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The whole of Patzinakia is divided into eight provinces with the same number of great princes. The provinces are these: the name of the first province is Irtim; of the second, Tzour; of the third, Gyla; of the fourth, Koulpeï; of the fifth, Charaboï; of the sixth, Talmat; of the seventh, Chopon; of the eighth, Tzopon. At the time at which the Pechenegs were expelled from their country, their princes were, in the province of Irtim, Baïtzas; in Tzour, Kouel; in Gyla, Kourkoutai; in Koulpeï, Ipaos; in Charaboï, Kaïdoum; in the province of Talmat, Kostas; in Chopon, Giazis; in the province of Tzopon, Batas.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khazarfall1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khazarfall1.png/220px-Khazarfall1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khazarfall1.png/330px-Khazarfall1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khazarfall1.png/440px-Khazarfall1.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppes</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1015</span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a> originated the proposal that the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i>—a 7th-century Chinese work—preserved the earliest record on the Pechenegs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book mentioned a people named <i>Bĕirù</i>, who had settled near the <i>Ēnqū</i> and <i>Alan</i> peoples (identified as <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, respectively), to the east of <i>Fulin</i> (or the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975211-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2011232_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011232-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Spinei" title="Victor Spinei">Victor Spinei</a> emphasizes that the Pechenegs' association with the <i>Bĕirù</i> is "uncertain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposes that an 8th-century Uighur envoy's report, which survives in Tibetan translation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999235_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999235-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains the first certain reference to the Pechenegs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report recorded an armed conflict between the <i>Be-ča-nag</i> and the <i>Hor</i> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghurs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>) peoples in the region of the river <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Venturi_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venturi-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a> (c. 820 – 912 CE), <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a> (11th century), <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> (1100–1165), and many other <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> scholars agree that the Pechenegs belonged to the Turkic peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009182_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009182-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Primary_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Primary Chronicle">Russian Primary Chronicle</a></i> stated that the "<a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Torkmens</a>, Pechenegs, <a href="/wiki/Torks" class="mw-redirect" title="Torks">Torks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polovci" class="mw-redirect" title="Polovci">Polovcians</a>" descended from "the godless sons of <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>, who had been sent as a chastisement to the Christians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009186_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009186-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westward_migration">Westward migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Westward migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg/220px-Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg/330px-Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg/440px-Europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>Europe 1097</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Turkic Khaganate</a> collapsed in 744 which gave rise to a series of intertribal confrontations in the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppes">Eurasian steppes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>, forcing them to launch a westward migration towards the Pechenegs' lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Uighur envoy's report testifies that the Oghuz and Pecheneg waged war against each other already in the 8th century, most probably for the control of the trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oghuz made an alliance with the Karluks and <a href="/wiki/Kimaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimaks">Kimaks</a> and defeated the Pechenegs and their allies in a battle near the Lake Aral before 850, according to the 10th-century scholar, <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Pechenegs launched a new migration towards the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, but some groups were forced to join the Oghuz. The latter formed the 19th tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz tribal federation</a> in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975212-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pechenegs who left their homeland settled between the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural</a> and Volga rivers. According to <a href="/wiki/Gardizi" title="Gardizi">Gardizi</a> and other Muslim scholars who based their works on 9th-century sources, the Pechenegs' new territory was quite large, with a 30-day-walk extension, and were bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, Oghuz Turks and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-214_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-214-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003114_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003114-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Be%C3%A7ene_T%C3%BCrkmen_Tagmasy_Abyl_Gazy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Be%C3%A7ene_T%C3%BCrkmen_Tagmasy_Abyl_Gazy.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="131" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tamga" title="Tamga">Tamga</a> of Pecheneg tribe as per <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur" title="Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur">Abul-Ghazi</a>'s «<a href="/wiki/Shajara-i_Tar%C4%81kima" title="Shajara-i Tarākima">Genealogy of Turkmens</a>»</figcaption></figure> <p>The same sources also narrate that the Pechenegs made regular raids against their neighbors, in particular against the Khazars and the latter's vassals, the <a href="/wiki/Burtas" title="Burtas">Burtas</a>, and sold their captives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113–114_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113–114-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khazars made an alliance with the Ouzes against the Pechenegs and attacked them from two directions. Outnumbered by the enemy, the Pechenegs were forced into a new westward migration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They marched across the Khazar Khaganate, invaded the dwelling places of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians#c._830_to_c._895" title="Hungarians">expelled them</a> from the lands along the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban River">Kuban River</a> and the upper course of the river <a href="/wiki/Donets" title="Donets">Donets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-214_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-214-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó2003138-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no consensual date for this second migration of the Pechenegs: Pritsak argues that it took place around 830,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Kristó suggests that it could hardly occur before the 850s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKristó2003144_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKristó2003144-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pechenegs settled along the rivers <a href="/wiki/Seversky_Donets_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Seversky Donets River">Donets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuban_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuban River">Kuban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is plausible that the distinction between the "Turkic Pechenegs" and "Khazar Pechenegs" mentioned in the 10th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudud al-'alam">Hudud al-'alam</a></i> had its origin in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a></i>—a late 10th-century Persian geography—distinguished two Pecheneg groups, referring to those who lived along the Donets as "Turkic Pechenegs", and to those along the Kuban as "Khazarian Pechenegs".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spinei proposes that the latter denomination most probably refers to Pecheneg groups accepting Khazar suzerainty, implies that some Pecheneg tribes had been forced to acknowledge the Khazars supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2003113-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these two branches, a third group of Pechenegs existed in this period: Constantine Porphyrogenitus and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Fadlan">Ibn Fadlan</a> mention that those who decided not to leave their homeland were incorporated into the Oghuz federation of Turkic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Originally, the Pechenegs had their dwelling on the river Atil (Volga), and likewise on the river <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Geïch</a>, having common frontiers with the Chazars and the so-called Uzes. But fifty years ago the so-called Uzes made common cause with the Chazars and joined battle with the Pechenegs and prevailed over them and expelled them from their country, which the so-called Uzes have occupied till this day. [...] At the time when the Pechenegs were expelled from their country, some of them of their own will and personal decision stayed behind there and united with the so-called Uzes, and even to this day they live among them, and wear such distinguishing marks as separate them off and betray their origin and how it came about that they were split off from their own folk: for their tunics are short, reaching to the knee, and their sleeves are cut off at the shoulder, whereby, you see, they indicate that they have been cut off from their own folk and those of their race.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Porphyrogenitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Porphyrogenitus">Constantine Porphyrogenitus</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, it is uncertain whether this group's formation is connected to the Pechenegs' first or second migration (as it is proposed by Pritsak and Golden, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mahmud al-Kashgari, one of the Üçok clans of the Oghuz Turks<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtalay2006I.57_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtalay2006I.57-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was still formed by Pechenegs in the 1060s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_with_Byzantium">Alliance with Byzantium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alliance with Byzantium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:63-manasses-chronicle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/63-manasses-chronicle.jpg/220px-63-manasses-chronicle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/63-manasses-chronicle.jpg/330px-63-manasses-chronicle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/63-manasses-chronicle.jpg/440px-63-manasses-chronicle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>Sviatoslav enters Bulgaria with Pecheneg allies,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <i>Constantine Manasses Chronicle</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> allied with the Pechenegs, using them to fend off other, more dangerous tribes such as <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> (Hungarians). </p><p>The Uzes, another <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> steppe people, eventually expelled the Pechenegs from their homeland; in the process, they also seized most of their livestock and other goods. An alliance of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimeks">Kimeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a> was also pressing the Pechenegs, but another group, the <a href="/wiki/Samanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid">Samanids</a>, defeated that alliance. Driven further west by the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman people">Cumans</a> by 889, the Pechenegs in turn drove the Magyars west of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> River by 892. </p><p>Tsar <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a> employed the Pechenegs to help fend off the Magyars. The Pechenegs were so successful that they drove out the Magyars remaining in <a href="/wiki/Etelk%C3%B6z" class="mw-redirect" title="Etelköz">Etelköz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppes">Pontic steppes</a>, forcing them westward towards the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian plain">Pannonian plain</a>, where they later founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungarian state</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_history_and_decline">Late history and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late history and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 9th and 10th centuries, Pechenegs controlled much of the steppes of southeast <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a>. Although an important factor in the region at the time, like most nomadic tribes their concept of statecraft failed to go beyond random attacks on neighbours and spells as mercenaries for other powers. </p><p>In the 9th century the Pechenegs began a period of wars against <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. For more than two centuries they had launched raids into the lands of Rus', which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars (like the 920 war on the Pechenegs by <a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">Igor of Kiev</a>, reported in the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>). The Pecheneg wars against Kievan Rus' caused the Slavs from Walachian territories to gradually migrate north of the Dniestr in the 10th and 11th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rus'/Pecheneg temporary military alliances also occurred however, as during the Byzantine campaign in 943 led by Igor.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrey_Ivanov_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Andrey_Ivanov_005.jpg/220px-Andrey_Ivanov_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Andrey_Ivanov_005.jpg/330px-Andrey_Ivanov_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Andrey_Ivanov_005.jpg/440px-Andrey_Ivanov_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>The heroic deed of the young Kyivite during the siege of Kyiv by the Pechenegs in 968. <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Ivanovich_Ivanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Ivanovich Ivanov">Andrey Ivanovich Ivanov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 968 the Pechenegs <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kiev_(968)" title="Siege of Kiev (968)">attacked and besieged Kiev</a>; some joined the Prince of Kiev, <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I,_Prince_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sviatoslav I, Prince of Kiev">Sviatoslav I</a>, in his Byzantine campaign of 970–971, though eventually they ambushed and killed the Kievan prince in 972. According to the <i>Primary Chronicle</i>, the Pecheneg <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurya_(khan)" title="Kurya (khan)">Kurya</a> made a <a href="/wiki/Chalice_(cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalice (cup)">chalice</a> from Sviatoslav's skull, in accordance with the custom of <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> nomads. The fortunes of the Rus'-Pecheneg confrontation swung during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir I of Kiev">Vladimir I of Kiev</a> (990–995), who founded the town of <a href="/wiki/Pereyaslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Pereyaslav">Pereyaslav</a> upon the site of his victory over the Pechenegs,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the defeat of the Pechenegs during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_I_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaroslav I the Wise">Yaroslav I the Wise</a> in 1036. Shortly thereafter, other nomadic peoples replaced the weakened Pechenegs in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Cuman_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman people">Cumans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Torks" class="mw-redirect" title="Torks">Torks</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevsky" title="Mykhailo Hrushevsky">Mykhailo Hrushevsky</a> (<i>History of Ukraine-Ruthenia</i>), after its defeat near Kiev the Pecheneg Horde moved towards the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, crossed the river, and disappeared out of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppes">Pontic steppes</a>. </p><p>Pecheneg mercenaries served under the Byzantines at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After centuries of fighting involving all their neighbours—the Byzantine Empire, <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a>, Kievan Rus', Khazaria, and the Magyars—the Pechenegs were annihilated as an independent force in 1091 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Levounion" title="Battle of Levounion">Battle of Levounion</a> by a combined Byzantine and Cuman army under Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a>. Alexios I recruited the defeated Pechenegs, whom he settled in the district of <a href="/wiki/Moglena" class="mw-redirect" title="Moglena">Moglena</a> (today in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>) into a <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">tagma</a> "of the Moglena Pechenegs".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacked again in 1094 by the Cumans, many Pechenegs were slain or absorbed. The Byzantines defeated the Pechenegs again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beroia" title="Battle of Beroia">Battle of Beroia</a> in 1122, on the territory of modern-day Bulgaria. With time the Pechenegs south of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> lost their national identity and became fully assimilated, mostly with <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>. Significant communities settled in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungarian kingdom</a>, around 150 villages.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 12th century, according to Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/John_Kinnamos" title="John Kinnamos">John Kinnamos</a>, the Pechenegs fought as <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catepanate_of_Italy" title="Catepanate of Italy">southern Italy</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">king of Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Sicily" title="William I of Sicily">William the Bad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of Pechenegs was present at the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Andria,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Andria, Italy">Andria</a> in 1155.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pechenegs is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Pechenegs is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_105x60" style="position:absolute; 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left:5px; top:47px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Pechenegs</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_120x35" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:35px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kimeks</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x50" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHITAN EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x30" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kyrgyzs</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x164" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:164px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SRIVIJAYA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/AD_1000" title="AD 1000"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">1000</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x65" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:65px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_142x80" style="position:absolute; left:142px; top:80px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHOTAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_80x80" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GHAZNAVID<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_122x87" style="position:absolute; 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left:160px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PALA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_72x53" style="position:absolute; left:72px; top:53px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">OGHUZ<br />YABGUS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x95" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:95px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SONG<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_193x135" style="position:absolute; left:193px; top:135px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PAGAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x120" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:120px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DALI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x145" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x100" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:100px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">FATIMID<br />CALIPHATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x70" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BYZANTINE<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GO-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Pechenegs and contemporary Asian polities circa 1000 CE.</div></div></div> <p>The Pechenegs as a group were last mentioned in 1168 as members of Turkic tribes known in the chronicles as the "<a href="/wiki/Chorni_Klobuky" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorni Klobuky">Chorni Klobuky</a> (Black Hats)".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that the Pecheneg population of Hungary was decimated by the <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongol invasion of Hungary</a>, but names of Pecheneg origin continue to be reported in official documents. The title of "Comes Bissenorum" (Count of the Pechenegs) lasted for at least another 200 years. </p><p>In 15th-century Hungary, some people adopted the surname <i>Besenyö</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> for "Pecheneg");<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> they were most numerous in the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tolna" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Tolna">county of Tolna</a>. One of the earliest introductions of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> into <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> came about through the work of an early 11th-century Muslim prisoner who was captured by the Byzantines. The Muslim prisoner was brought into the Besenyő territory of the Pechenegs, where he taught and converted individuals to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamid_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hamid al-Gharnati">Abu Hamid al-Gharnati</a> referred to Hungarian Pechenegs – probably Muslims – living disguised as Christians. In the southeast of Serbia, there is a village called <a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denjevce" title="Pečenjevce">Pečenjevce</a> founded by Pechenegs. After war with Byzantium, the remnants of the tribes found refuge in the area, where they established their settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlements_bearing_the_name_Pecheneg">Settlements bearing the name Pecheneg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Settlements bearing the name Pecheneg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besenysz%C3%B6g" title="Besenyszög">Besenyszög</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beseny%C5%91d" title="Besenyőd">Besenyőd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beseny%C5%91telek" title="Besenyőtelek">Besenyőtelek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besny%C5%91" title="Besnyő">Besnyő</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%A1enova%C4%8Dki_Prnjavor" title="Bešenovački Prnjavor">Bešenovački Prnjavor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%A1e%C5%88ov" title="Bešeňov">Bešeňov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%A1e%C5%88ov%C3%A1" title="Bešeňová">Bešeňová</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%A1enovo" title="Bešenovo">Bešenovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Be%C5%A1%C4%8Den%C4%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beščeně (page does not exist)">Beščeně</a>, a part of <a href="/wiki/Kunovice" title="Kunovice">Kunovice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A7%C9%99n%C9%99k" title="Biçənək">Biçənək</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1dbeseny%C5%91" title="Ládbesenyő">Ládbesenyő</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1riabesny%C5%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Máriabesnyő (page does not exist)">Máriabesnyő</a> a part of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6d%C3%B6ll%C5%91" title="Gödöllő">Gödöllő</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechenihy" title="Pechenihy">Pechenihy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecineaga" title="Pecineaga">Pecineaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%A7enek,_Kazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peçenek, Kazan">Peçenek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denice" title="Pečenice">Pečenice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%8Denjevce" title="Pečenjevce">Pečenjevce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pe%C4%8Deneg_Ilova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pečeneg Ilova (page does not exist)">Pečeneg Ilova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C4%8De%C5%88ady" title="Pečeňady">Pečeňady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieczeniegi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieczeniegi (page does not exist)">Pieczeniegi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieczonogi,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Pieczonogi, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Pieczonogi, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-paron_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paron-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieczonogi,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Pieczonogi, Lesser Poland Voivodeship">Pieczonogi, Lesser Poland Voivodeship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-paron_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paron-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6ttsching" title="Pöttsching">Pöttsching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szirmabeseny%C5%91" title="Szirmabesenyő">Szirmabesenyő</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenitsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pechenitsa (page does not exist)">Pechenitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaders">Leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurya_(khan)" title="Kurya (khan)">Kurya</a> c. 970s<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metiga" title="Metiga">Metiga</a> c. 980s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchug" title="Kuchug">Kuchug</a> c. 990s</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Beg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kızıl Beg (page does not exist)">Kızıl Beg</a> Western Anatolia c. 1184-(????)s <sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taksony_of_Hungary" title="Taksony of Hungary">Taksony of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonuzoba" title="Tonuzoba">Tonuzoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pok_(genus)" title="Pok (genus)">Pok (genus) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szolnok_(genus)" title="Szolnok (genus)">Szolnok (genus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vata_(noble)" title="Vata (noble)">Vata (noble)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_I_Losonci" title="Ladislaus I Losonci">Ladislaus I Losonci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict,_son_of_Samud" title="Benedict, son of Samud">Benedict, son of Samud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorni_Klobuky" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorni Klobuky">Chorni Klobuky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankalis">Kankalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manav_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Manav People">Manav People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr%C5%BEalka" title="Petržalka">Petržalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKP_Pecheneg" class="mw-redirect" title="PKP Pecheneg">PKP Pecheneg</a>, A Russian made general-purpose machine gun named after the Turkic tribe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_2">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Peçeneq(lər)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Peçenek(ler)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Turkic_languages" title="Middle Turkic languages">Middle Turkic</a>: <span title="Karakhanid-language text"><span lang="xqa" dir="rtl">بَجَنَكْ</span></span> <span title="Karakhanid-language romanization"><i lang="xqa-Latn">Bäčänäk</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Pecenegi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Печенег(и)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Печеніг(и)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Besenyő(k)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Πατζινάκοι, Πετσενέγοι, Πατζινακίται</span>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">პაჭანიკი</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">печенеги</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">pechenegi</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">печенези</span>, <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">pechenezi</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: <i lang="sh">Pečenezi</i>/<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><span lang="sh">Печенези</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Pacinacae, Bisseni</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Haukal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Haukal">Ibn Haukal</a> describes the Pechenegs as the long-standing allies of the Rus', whom they invariably accompanied during the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Caspian_expeditions_of_the_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian expeditions of the Rus">Caspian expeditions</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The chronicler explains the town's name, derived from the Slavic word for "retake", by the fact that Vladimir "retook" the military glory from the Pechenegs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While his rule's exact end cannot be dated, Kurya was no longer khan by 988.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200393-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200393_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2003">Spinei 2003</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2003I.64_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2003">Golden 2003</a>, p. I.64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Benjamin_Golden" class="citation book cs1">Peter Benjamin Golden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12545004"><i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples</i></a>. p. 264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+peoples&rft.pages=264&rft.au=Peter+Benjamin+Golden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12545004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaḥmūdJames_Kelly1982" class="citation book cs1">Maḥmūd, Kāshgarī; James Kelly (1982). <i>Türk Şiveleri Lügatı = Dīvānü Luġāt-It-Türk</i>. Duxbury, Mass: Tekin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk+%C5%9Eiveleri+L%C3%BCgat%C4%B1+%3D+D%C4%ABv%C4%81n%C3%BC+Lu%C4%A1%C4%81t-It-T%C3%BCrk&rft.place=Duxbury%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Tekin&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Ma%E1%B8%A5m%C5%ABd&rft.aufirst=K%C4%81shgar%C4%AB&rft.au=James+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006182-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006182_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurta2006182_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurta2006">Curta 2006</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio</i> (ch. 37), p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacartney1968104–105-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacartney1968104–105_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacartney1968">Macartney 1968</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden, Peter B.</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7798262/_Ethnogenesis_in_the_Tribal_Zone_The_Shaping_of_the_T%C3%BCrks_">Ethnogenesis in the Tribal Zone: The Shaping of the Türks</a>". From: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281319966_Studies_on_the_Peoples_and_Cultures_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes">Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes</a>, ed. C. Hriban, Florilegium magistrorum historiae archaeologicaeque Antiquitatis et Medii Aevi, IX (Bucharest-Brăla, 2011):17-63 / ISBN 978-973-27-2152-0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPritsak1975213_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPritsak1975">Pritsak 1975</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200394-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200394_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2003">Spinei 2003</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Spinei, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/9789047428800/Bej.9789004175365.i-482_005.xml%7CThe">Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century</a></i>", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047428800" title="Special:BookSources/9789047428800">9789047428800</a> / Brill 2009, p.181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Németh, "Die Inschriften," 16, pp. 50-1; Ligeti, "A magyar nyelv," p.362, 506; and <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Gy%C3%B6rffy" title="György Györffy">Györffy</a>, "A Besenyők nyelve," p.170-91. Cited in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam (New Edition)</a>, Vol.VIII, Leiden 1994, p.289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Баскаков, Н. А. <i>Тюркские языки</i>, Москва 1960, с. 126-131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph, Freiherr von, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geschichtedergo02purgoog/page/n70">Geschichte der Goldenen horde in Kiptschak, das ist: der Mongolen in Russland</a></i>, 1840. digital page n70 or 6/mode/2up.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tang Huiyao</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=461266">"Vol. 72"</a> quote: "<b>康國</b>馬。<b>康居國</b>也。是大宛馬種。形容極大。武德中。康國獻四千匹。今時官馬。猶是其種。……<b>康曷利</b>馬。印宅。" rough translation: "Horses of the <b>Kang nation</b>, which is the <b>Kangju nation</b>. They are a stock of <a href="/wiki/Ferghana_horse" title="Ferghana horse">Dayuan horses</a>. In the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Wude era</a> [622 - 626 CE], the <b>Kang nation</b> tributed 4,000 horses. Nowadays, the officials' horses are [probably] of that stock. [...] <b>Kangheli'</b>s horses; <a href="/wiki/Tamga" title="Tamga">tamga</a> [resembles] [character] 宅"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. H. Menges, Altaic elements, s. 101-104. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doczz.biz.tr/doc/5145/tarih-enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC-dergisi-say%C4%B1-4-5---edebiyat-fak%C3%BCltesi">cited PDF</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klyashtorny,_Sergey_Grigorevich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klyashtorny, Sergey Grigorevich (page does not exist)">S.G. Klyaštornij</a>, <i>Drevnetyurkskie Runiçeskie Pamyatniki Kak Istoçnik Po Istorii Sredney Azii</i>, Moscow 1964, p.163-167 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doczz.biz.tr/doc/5145/tarih-enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC-dergisi-say%C4%B1-4-5---edebiyat-fak%C3%BCltesi">cited PDF</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei200395-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200395_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei200395_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2003">Spinei 2003</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009181-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009181_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2009">Spinei 2009</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpinei2009343-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpinei2009343_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpinei2009">Spinei 2009</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999239-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERóna-Tas1999239_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRóna-Tas1999">Róna-Tas 1999</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Баскаков, Н. А. Тюркские языки, Москва 1960, с. 126-131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992265-6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992265-6_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>, p. 265-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A magyarok eredete, Vámbéry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._GYÖRFFY" class="citation journal cs1">G. GYÖRFFY. 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FIRAT UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY THE RELATIONS OF PEÇENEK AND KIPÇAKS WITH THE BYZANTINE STATE MASTER'S THESIS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyçiçek" class="citation journal cs1">Ayçiçek, Recep. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42101656">"Peçenekler"</a>. <i>Peçenekler</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2023</span> – via belleten.gov.tr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belleten&rft.atitle=Bat%C4%B1+Anadolu%27da+Bir+Pe%C3%A7enek+Be%C4%9Fi%3A+K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l+Be%C4%9F&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=235&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E735-%3C%2Fspan%3E746&rft.date=1998-06-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37879%2Fbelleten.1998.735&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252493145%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baykara&rft.aufirst=Tuncer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelleten.gov.tr%2Ftam-metin%2F2477%2Ftur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkalemiyiz.com/Home/Getturkdevletleri?categoryid=9&aid=3063">"Türkalemiyiz.com "Türk Dünyasının İnternet Sitesi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.turkalemiyiz.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.turkalemiyiz.com&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkalemiyiz.com+%22T%C3%BCrk+D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+%C4%B0nternet+Sitesi%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkalemiyiz.com%2FHome%2FGetturkdevletleri%3Fcategoryid%3D9%26aid%3D3063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paron-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paron_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paron_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParoń2021" class="citation book cs1">Paroń, Aleksander (2021). "7". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004441095/BP000018.xml?language=en"><i>The Pechenegs: nomads in the political and cultural landscape of Medieval Europe</i></a>. Leiden Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44109-5"><bdi>978-90-04-44109-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=The+Pechenegs%3A+nomads+in+the+political+and+cultural+landscape+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=Leiden+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44109-5&rft.aulast=Paro%C5%84&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004441095%2FBP000018.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaykara1998" class="citation journal cs1">Baykara, Tuncer (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belleten.gov.tr/tam-metin/2477/tur">"Batı Anadolu'da Bir Peçenek Beği: Kızıl Beğ"</a>. <i>Belleten</i>. <b>62</b> (235): <span class="nowrap">735–</span>746. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.37879%2Fbelleten.1998.735">10.37879/belleten.1998.735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252493145">252493145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belleten&rft.atitle=Bat%C4%B1+Anadolu%27da+Bir+Pe%C3%A7enek+Be%C4%9Fi%3A+K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l+Be%C4%9F&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=235&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E735-%3C%2Fspan%3E746&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.37879%2Fbelleten.1998.735&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252493145%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baykara&rft.aufirst=Tuncer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelleten.gov.tr%2Ftam-metin%2F2477%2Ftur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Anna Comnena: The Alexiad</i> (Translated by E. R. A. Sewter) (1969). Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044958-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044958-7">978-0-14-044958-7</a>.</li> <li>Constantine Porphyrogenitus: <i>De Administrando Imperio</i> (Greek text edited by Gyula Moravcsik, English translation b Romillyi J. H. Jenkins) (1967). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-021-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-021-5">0-88402-021-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtalay2006" class="citation book cs1">Atalay, Besim (2006). <i>Divanü Lügati't – Türk</i>. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-16-0405-2" title="Special:BookSources/975-16-0405-2"><bdi>975-16-0405-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divan%C3%BC+L%C3%BCgati%27t+%E2%80%93+T%C3%BCrk&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+Bas%C4%B1mevi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=975-16-0405-2&rft.aulast=Atalay&rft.aufirst=Besim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt"><i>Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89452-4"><bdi>978-0-521-89452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500-1250&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89452-4&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2011" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (2011). <i>Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes</i>. Editura Academiei Române. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-27-2152-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-27-2152-0"><bdi>978-973-27-2152-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+Peoples+and+Cultures+of+the+Eurasian+Steppes&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-973-27-2152-0&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2003" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (2003). <i>Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Quipchaqs</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-885-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-885-7"><bdi>0-86078-885-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+and+their+Neighbours+in+the+Russian+Steppe%3A+Turks%2C+Khazars+and+Quipchaqs&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-86078-885-7&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (1992). <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People</i>. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+People&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz%2C+Wiesbaden&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristó2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kristó, Gyula (2003). <i>Háborúk és hadviselés az Árpádok korában</i> [<i>Wars and Tactics under the Árpáds</i>] (in Hungarian). Szukits Könyvkiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9441-87-2" title="Special:BookSources/963-9441-87-2"><bdi>963-9441-87-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%A1bor%C3%BAk+%C3%A9s+hadvisel%C3%A9s+az+%C3%81rp%C3%A1dok+kor%C3%A1ban&rft.pub=Szukits+K%C3%B6nyvkiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-9441-87-2&rft.aulast=Krist%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacartney1968" class="citation book cs1">Macartney, C. A. (1968). <i>The Magyars in the Ninth Century</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08070-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magyars+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08070-5&rft.aulast=Macartney&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritsak1975" class="citation journal cs1">Pritsak, Omeljan (1975). "The Pechenegs: A Case of Social and Economic Transformation". <i>Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi</i>. <b>1</b>. The Peter de Ridder Press: <span class="nowrap">211–</span>235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Eurasiae+Medii+Aevi&rft.atitle=The+Pechenegs%3A+A+Case+of+Social+and+Economic+Transformation&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Pritsak&rft.aufirst=Omeljan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRóna-Tas1999" class="citation book cs1">Róna-Tas, András (1999). <i>Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History (Translated by Nicholas Bodoczky)</i>. CEU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-48-1"><bdi>978-963-9116-48-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungarians+and+Europe+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages%3A+An+Introduction+to+Early+Hungarian+History+%28Translated+by+Nicholas+Bodoczky%29.&rft.pub=CEU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-48-1&rft.aulast=R%C3%B3na-Tas&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinei2003" class="citation book cs1">Spinei, Victor (2003). <i>The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century (Translated by Dana Badulescu)</i>. Romanian Cultural Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-85894-5-2" title="Special:BookSources/973-85894-5-2"><bdi>973-85894-5-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Migrations+in+the+East+and+South+East+of+Europe+from+the+Ninth+to+the+Thirteenth+Century+%28Translated+by+Dana+Badulescu%29&rft.pub=Romanian+Cultural+Institute&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=973-85894-5-2&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinei2009" class="citation book cs1">Spinei, Victor (2009). <i>The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth century</i>. Koninklijke Brill NV. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17536-5"><bdi>978-90-04-17536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanians+and+the+Turkic+Nomads+North+of+the+Danube+Delta+from+the+Tenth+to+the+Mid-Thirteenth+century&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17536-5&rft.aulast=Spinei&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolubovsky1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golubovsky, Peter V. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.runivers.ru/lib/book3143/10047/"><i>Печенеги, Торки и Половцы до нашествия татар. История южно-русских степей IX—XIII вв</i></a> [<i>Pechenegs, Torks and Cumans before the invasion of the Tatars. History of the South Russian steppes 9th-13th centuries</i>] (in Russian)at <a href="/wiki/Runivers.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Runivers.ru">Runivers.ru</a> in <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> format.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%2C+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80.+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9+IX%E2%80%94XIII+%D0%B2%D0%B2&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Golubovsky&rft.aufirst=Peter+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.runivers.ru%2Flib%2Fbook3143%2F10047%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPálóczi-Horváth1989" class="citation book cs1">Pálóczi-Horváth, A. (1989). <i>Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians: Steppe peoples in medieval Hungary</i>. Hereditas. Budapest: Kultúra [distributor]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-13-2740-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-13-2740-X"><bdi>963-13-2740-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pechenegs%2C+Cumans%2C+Iasians%3A+Steppe+peoples+in+medieval+Hungary&rft.place=Budapest&rft.series=Hereditas&rft.pub=Kult%C3%BAra+%5Bdistributor%5D&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=963-13-2740-X&rft.aulast=P%C3%A1l%C3%B3czi-Horv%C3%A1th&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritsak1976" class="citation book cs1">Pritsak, O. (1976). <i>The Pečenegs: a case of social and economic transformation</i>. Lisse, Netherlands: The Peter de Ridder Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pe%C4%8Denegs%3A+a+case+of+social+and+economic+transformation&rft.place=Lisse%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=The+Peter+de+Ridder+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Pritsak&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APechenegs" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechenegs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pechenegs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111120813/http://www.patzinakia.ro/">www.patzinakia.ro</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imwerden.de/pdf/povest_vremennyx_let.pdf">The Primary Chronicle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/constp.html">Of the Pechenegs, and how many advantages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets56" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div><sup>1</sup>These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.<br /> <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_peoples437" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_peoples" title="Template talk:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_peoples437" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Western Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Gajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li> <li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. <sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oghuz_tribes70" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oghuz_tribes" title="Template:Oghuz tribes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Oghuz_tribes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Oghuz tribes (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oghuz_tribes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oghuz tribes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oghuz_tribes70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz tribes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bozoks (Grey arrows)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Gün Han</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kay%C4%B1_(tribe)" title="Kayı (tribe)">Kayı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)" title="Bayat (tribe)">Bayat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkaevli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkaevli (page does not exist)">Alkaevli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karaevli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karaevli (page does not exist)">Karaevli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ay Han</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaz%C4%B1r_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yazır (tribe) (page does not exist)">Yazır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6%C4%9Fer_(tribe)" title="Döğer (tribe)">Döger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodurga_(tribe)" title="Dodurga (tribe)">Dodurga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaparl%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaparlı (page does not exist)">Yaparlı</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Yılduz Han</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiziq_people" title="Qiziq people">Qiziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begdili" title="Begdili">Begdili</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karg%C4%B1n_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kargın (tribe) (page does not exist)">Kargın</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Üçoks (Three arrows)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Gök Han</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayandur_(tribe)" title="Bayandur (tribe)">Bayandur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdur" title="Chowdur">Çavuldur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepni_(tribe)" title="Chepni (tribe)">Chepni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Tak Han</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salur_(tribe)" title="Salur (tribe)">Salur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Eymür</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alayuntlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alayuntlu (page does not exist)">Alayuntlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yüreğir (tribe) (page does not exist)">Yüreğir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Dingiz Han</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iğdır (tribe) (page does not exist)">Iğdır</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BC%C4%9Fd%C3%BCz_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Büğdüz (tribe) (page does not exist)">Büğdüz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiwa tribe">Yiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiniq_(tribe)" title="Qiniq (tribe)">Qiniq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-27T12:02:18Z","dateModified":"2024-12-30T23:07:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f0\/The_Pechenegs_defeating_the_Rus%2C_from_the_Skyllitzes_Matritensis%2C_fol._173r%2C_%28Public_Domain%29_via_Creative_Commons.jpg","headline":"extinct Oghuz Turkic people"}</script> </body> </html>