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<li id="toc-Early_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbouring_rivalries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbouring_rivalries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neighbouring rivalries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbouring_rivalries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Imperial expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_Vaghela_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_Vaghela_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Establishment of Vaghela dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_Vaghela_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_by_Delhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_by_Delhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Conquest by Delhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_by_Delhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chaulukya_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaulukya_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chaulukya style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaulukya_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaghela_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaghela_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vaghela architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaghela_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Vaghela_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Vaghela_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Early Vaghela phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Vaghela_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Vaghela_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Vaghela_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Late Vaghela phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Vaghela_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Early medieval kingdom in Western India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Anahilavada<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(941–1139)</span></span><hr />Kingdom of Gujarat<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><i>Gurjarā</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1139–1304)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">941–1298</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Gujarat_Chaulukya_Royal_Insignia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal insignia on coinage[a] of Kingdom of Gujarat"><img alt="Royal insignia on coinage[a] of Kingdom of Gujarat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kingdom_of_Gujarat_Chaulukya_Royal_Insignia.png/85px-Kingdom_of_Gujarat_Chaulukya_Royal_Insignia.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kingdom_of_Gujarat_Chaulukya_Royal_Insignia.png/128px-Kingdom_of_Gujarat_Chaulukya_Royal_Insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kingdom_of_Gujarat_Chaulukya_Royal_Insignia.png/170px-Kingdom_of_Gujarat_Chaulukya_Royal_Insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div> <div>Royal insignia on coinage<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Gujarat_in_1300.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Gujarat in 1290"><img alt="The Kingdom of Gujarat in 1290" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kingdom_of_Gujarat_in_1300.png/250px-Kingdom_of_Gujarat_in_1300.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kingdom_of_Gujarat_in_1300.png/375px-Kingdom_of_Gujarat_in_1300.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kingdom_of_Gujarat_in_1300.png/500px-Kingdom_of_Gujarat_in_1300.png 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Gujarat in 1290</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat" title="Patan, Gujarat">Patan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dholka" title="Dholka">Dhavalakka</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Dholka" title="Dholka">Dholka</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhramsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Gujarati" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Gujarati">Old Gujarati</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (official)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="#List_of_rulers">Maharajadhiraja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 941–995 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mularaja" title="Mularaja">Mularaja</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1296–1304 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karna_(Vaghela_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karna (Vaghela dynasty)">Karna II</a> (last)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1298–1304 without throne)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">941</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" title="Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat">Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1298</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chavda_dynasty" title="Chavda dynasty"> Kingdom of Anahilavada</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_Delhi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate">Gujarat Province (Delhi Sultanate)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Gujarat</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Early medieval India">early medieval</a> kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a>. The kingdom was ruled by two related dynasties, the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaulukyas">Chaulukyas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vaghelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaghelas">Vaghelas</a>, for a period of nearly four centuries and was ultimately conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_Delhi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate">Gujarat Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was founded by <a href="/wiki/Mularaja" title="Mularaja">Mularaja</a> in 941 by who took over the <a href="/wiki/Chavda_dynasty" title="Chavda dynasty">Kingdom of Anahilavada</a> after deposing the last king, and subdued the various chiefs of Gujarat to become the first king of all Gujarat and founding the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commander of the Gujarat army, Lavanaprasada, and his son Viradhavala, also members of the Chaulukya family, became very powerful during the reign of the last Chaulukya king. Viradhavala deposed the last king, and declared himself King of Gujarat in 1244. </p><p>The kingdom was ultimately conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Delhi">Sultanate of Delhi</a> between 1298 and 1304 and was annexed as the <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_under_Delhi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate">Gujarat Province</a>. Gujarat became independent once again under the <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Gujarat)" title="Muzaffarids (Gujarat)">Muzaffarids</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Gujarat">Sultanate of Gujarat</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_rulers">Early rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_plates_NMND-3c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Copper_plates_NMND-3c.JPG/220px-Copper_plates_NMND-3c.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Copper_plates_NMND-3c.JPG/330px-Copper_plates_NMND-3c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Copper_plates_NMND-3c.JPG/440px-Copper_plates_NMND-3c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>A 1010 CE copper-plate inscription from the reign of Durlabharaja</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chaulukyas were one of the several dynasties that rose to power amid the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> empires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar19561–4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar19561–4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-tenth century CE, the dynasty's founder <a href="/wiki/Mularaja" title="Mularaja">Mularaja</a> supplanted Samantasimha, the last <a href="/wiki/Chavda_dynasty" title="Chavda dynasty">Chavda</a> king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legends, he was a nephew of Samantasimha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195623–24_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195623–24-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 12th century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Hemachandra</a>, Mularaja defeated <a href="/wiki/Graharipu" title="Graharipu">Graharipu</a>, the king of <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195625_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195625-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also defeated the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Lata" title="Chalukyas of Lata">Lata Chalukya</a> chief Barapa, aided by his son <a href="/wiki/Chamundaraja_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" title="Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)">Chamundaraja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195634_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195634-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamundaraja succeeded Mularaja around 996 CE. During his reign, the <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara</a> king <a href="/wiki/Sindhuraja" title="Sindhuraja">Sindhuraja</a> appears to have invaded the <a href="/wiki/Lata_(region)" title="Lata (region)">Lata region</a>, which was under Chaulukya suzerainty. Mularaja forced Sindhuraja to retreat; the 14th century chronicler Jayasimha Suri claims that Chamundaraja killed Sindhuraja in a battle, but this claim appears to be doubtful, as it does not appear in any earlier source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195634–35_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195634–35-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime before 1007 CE, the Lata region was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas_of_Kalyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas of Kalyani">Chalukyas of Kalyani</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Satyashraya" title="Satyashraya">Satyashraya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195635_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195635-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1008 CE, Chamundaraja retired after appointing his son <a href="/wiki/Vallabharaja" title="Vallabharaja">Vallabharaja</a> as the next king. Legendary accounts state that he set out for a pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>. During this journey, he was insulted by a ruler whose kingdom lay on the way to Varanasi. He returned to the Chaulukya capital, and asked his son to avenge his insult. Vallabharaja died of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> during a march to the enemy kingdom, which is identified as the <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> by some chroniclers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195636–39_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195636–39-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chamundaraja's other son <a href="/wiki/Durlabharaja_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" title="Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)">Durlabharaja</a> became the next king in c. 1008 CE. He invaded the Lata region, and defeated the Lata Chalukya ruler Kirtiraja (or Kirtipala), who was a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukyas. However, Kirtiraja regained control of the region within a short time, before being defeated by the Paramara king <a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Narain_Seth1978136–137_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Narain_Seth1978136–137-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbouring_rivalries">Neighbouring rivalries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neighbouring rivalries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somanath_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Somanath_Temple.jpg/330px-Somanath_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Somanath_Temple.jpg/495px-Somanath_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Somanath_Temple.jpg/660px-Somanath_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6823" data-file-height="4775" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath temple</a> today.</figcaption></figure> <p>Durlabharaja was succeeded by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Bhima_I" title="Bhima I">Bhima I</a>, who faced an invasion from the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid">Ghaznavid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud</a> during 1024-1025 CE. Bhima fled to <a href="/wiki/Kanthkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanthkot">Kanthkot</a>, as Mahmud entered the Chaulukya territory unopposed and <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Somnath" title="Sack of Somnath">sacked the Somnath temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195643–45_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195643–45-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Mahmud's departure, Bhima restored the Chaulukya rule. He crushed revolts by the <a href="/wiki/Paramaras_of_Chandravati" title="Paramaras of Chandravati">Paramara chiefs of Arbuda</a>, who used to serve as Chaulukya vassals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195649–50_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195649–50-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhima also defeated and imprisoned Krishnadeva, a ruler of the Paramara branch of <a href="/wiki/Bhinmal" title="Bhinmal">Bhinmal</a>. He unsuccessfully fought against the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Naddula" title="Chahamanas of Naddula">Naddula Chahamana</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Anahilla" title="Anahilla">Anahilla</a>. Anahilla's sons <a href="/wiki/Balaprasada" title="Balaprasada">Balaprasada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jendraraja" title="Jendraraja">Jendraraja</a> defeated Bhima and forced him to release Krishnadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195650–51_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195650–51-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later legendary accounts credit Bhima with a victory against Hammuka, a ruler of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, although the accuracy of this claim is not certain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195648–49_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195648–49-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Semi-legendary accounts suggest that Bhima formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuri</a> king <a href="/wiki/Lakshmikarna" title="Lakshmikarna">Lakshmi-Karna</a>, and the two played an important role in the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara</a> king <a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja</a> around 1055 CE. According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna invaded Bhoja's kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> from two opposite directions, and Bhoja died of a disease during this invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195652–53_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195652–53-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Chaulukya chroniclers boast that Bhima annexed Bhoja's capital <a href="/wiki/Dhara_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhara (city)">Dhara</a> or that he captured Bhoja alive, but these claims are not corroborated by historical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Narain_Seth1978184_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Narain_Seth1978184-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Bhoja's death, a rivalry developed between the Bhima and Lakshmi-Karna over sharing the spoils of their victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195654-55_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195654-55-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhima's son <a href="/wiki/Karna_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)">Karna</a> succeeded him around 1064 CE. Bhoja's brother <a href="/wiki/Udayaditya" title="Udayaditya">Udayaditya</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Shakambhari Chahamana</a> king <a href="/wiki/Vigraharaja_III" title="Vigraharaja III">Vigraharaja III</a>, forced Karna to retreat from Malwa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964127_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964127-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195657–58_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195657–58-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Kalachuris managed to capture the <a href="/wiki/Lata_(region)" title="Lata (region)">Lata region</a>. By 1074 CE, Karna evicted the Kalachuris from Lata, and annexed the region to the Chaulukya kingdom, before losing it to one Trivikramapala within three years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195659–60_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195659–60-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Naddula Chahamana ruler <a href="/wiki/Prithvipala" title="Prithvipala">Prithvipala</a> defeated Karna, and his successor <a href="/wiki/Jojalladeva" title="Jojalladeva">Jojalladeva</a> occupied the Chaulukya capital <a href="/wiki/Anahilapataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Anahilapataka">Anahilapataka</a>, possibly when Karna was busy at another place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195660_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195660-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shakambhari Chahamana king <a href="/wiki/Durlabharaja_III" title="Durlabharaja III">Durlabharaja III</a> also appears to have achieved some military success against Karna, although the Chahamana descriptions of this victory are highly exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964125_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964125-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legendary chronicles, Karna also defeated <a href="/wiki/Bhil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhil people">Bhil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> tribals, who used to raid the Chaulukya territories. He established a city called Karnavati after defeating a Bhil chief named Asha (Āśā). Karnavati is identified with modern <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> by some, but this is not certain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETommaso_Bobbio2015164_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETommaso_Bobbio2015164-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_expansion">Imperial expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imperial expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_and_attendants,_Gujarat,_India,_Solanki_period,_c._1026_AD,_sandstone_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vishnu_and_attendants%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%2C_Solanki_period%2C_c._1026_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05079.jpg/220px-Vishnu_and_attendants%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%2C_Solanki_period%2C_c._1026_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05079.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vishnu_and_attendants%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%2C_Solanki_period%2C_c._1026_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05079.jpg/330px-Vishnu_and_attendants%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%2C_Solanki_period%2C_c._1026_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vishnu_and_attendants%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%2C_Solanki_period%2C_c._1026_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05079.jpg/440px-Vishnu_and_attendants%2C_Gujarat%2C_India%2C_Solanki_period%2C_c._1026_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Dallas_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC05079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3581" data-file-height="5432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and attendants, Gujarat, India, Solanki period, c. 1026 AD. <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Karna's son <a href="/wiki/Jayasimha_Siddharaja" title="Jayasimha Siddharaja">Jayasimha Siddharaja</a> (r. c. 1092–1142 CE) greatly expanded the Chaulukya power. He defeated Khangara alias Navaghana, the <a href="/wiki/Chudasama_dynasty" title="Chudasama dynasty">Chudasama</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195669_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195669-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Naddula" title="Chahamanas of Naddula">Naddula Chahamana</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Asharaja" title="Asharaja">Asharaja</a>, who had been dethroned by his rival <a href="/wiki/Ratnapala_(Chahamana_dynasty)" title="Ratnapala (Chahamana dynasty)">Ratnapala</a>, became a vassal of Jayasimha sometime before 1143 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195670_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195670-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jayasimha defeated the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Shakambhari Chahamana</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Arnoraja" title="Arnoraja">Arnoraja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma195947_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma195947-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, however, Jayasimha accepted Arnoraja as an ally, and the Chahamana ruler married Jayasimha's daughter Kanchanadevi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195671_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195671-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple's son (and thus Jayasimha's grandson) <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_(Chahamana_dynasty)" title="Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)">Someshvara</a>, was brought up at the Chaulukya court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964156_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964156-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Someshvara's sons <a href="/wiki/Prithviraja_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithviraja III">Prithviraja III</a> (better known as Prithviraj Chauhan) and <a href="/wiki/Hariraja" title="Hariraja">Hariraja</a> were also born in Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma195969_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma195969-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1135-1136 CE, Jayasimha annexed the <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, with support from Asharaja and Arnoraja. The Paramara kings defeated by him were <a href="/wiki/Naravarman" title="Naravarman">Naravarman</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Yashovarman_(Paramara_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)">Yashovarman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195674–75_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195674–75-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayasimha continued his eastward march, and reached as far as the <a href="/wiki/Chandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandela">Chandela</a> kingdom ruled by <a href="/wiki/Madanavarman" title="Madanavarman">Madanavarman</a>. The Chaulukya-Chandela conflict was inconclusive, with both the sides claiming victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Dikshit1976133_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Dikshit1976133-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jayasimha also defeated several minor rulers, including Sindhuraja, who was probably a <a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">Soomra</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195680–81_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195680–81-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guarajat_o_rajastan,_periodo_solanki,_jain_svetambara_tirthankara_in_meditazione,_su_un_trono-cushino,_1000-1050_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Guarajat_o_rajastan%2C_periodo_solanki%2C_jain_svetambara_tirthankara_in_meditazione%2C_su_un_trono-cushino%2C_1000-1050_ca..JPG/220px-Guarajat_o_rajastan%2C_periodo_solanki%2C_jain_svetambara_tirthankara_in_meditazione%2C_su_un_trono-cushino%2C_1000-1050_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Guarajat_o_rajastan%2C_periodo_solanki%2C_jain_svetambara_tirthankara_in_meditazione%2C_su_un_trono-cushino%2C_1000-1050_ca..JPG/330px-Guarajat_o_rajastan%2C_periodo_solanki%2C_jain_svetambara_tirthankara_in_meditazione%2C_su_un_trono-cushino%2C_1000-1050_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Guarajat_o_rajastan%2C_periodo_solanki%2C_jain_svetambara_tirthankara_in_meditazione%2C_su_un_trono-cushino%2C_1000-1050_ca..JPG/440px-Guarajat_o_rajastan%2C_periodo_solanki%2C_jain_svetambara_tirthankara_in_meditazione%2C_su_un_trono-cushino%2C_1000-1050_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1901" data-file-height="2207" /></a><figcaption>Jain Shvetambara Tirthankara in Meditation, Chaulukya period now in Metropolitan Museum of Art, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1050</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Jayasimha was succeeded by his relative <a href="/wiki/Kumarapala_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" title="Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)">Kumarapala</a>, who spent his early life in exile to avoid persecution by Jayasimha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195692_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195692-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Jayasimha's death, Kumarapala came back to the Chaulukya capital and ascended the throne in 1043 CE, with help of his brother-in-law Kanhadadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195699–103_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195699–103-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnoraja opposed Kumarapala's ascension to the throne, but Kumarapala defeated him decisively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956106–108_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956106–108-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumarapala seems to have helped Asharaja's son <a href="/wiki/Katukaraja" title="Katukaraja">Katukaraja</a> capture the throne of Naddula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964253_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964253-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katukaraja's younger brother and successor <a href="/wiki/Alhanadeva" title="Alhanadeva">Alhanadeva</a> continued to rule as Kumarapala's vassal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964254_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964254-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnoraja's son <a href="/wiki/Vigraharaja_IV" title="Vigraharaja IV">Vigraharaja IV</a> subdued Kumarapala's Chahamana feudatories at Naddula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964149_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964149-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shakambhari Chahamana-Chaulukya relations seem to have become more cordial when Arnoraja's son (and Jayasimha's grandson) Someshvara became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956109_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956109-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Jayasimha's death, the Paramara king <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_I_(Paramara_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)">Jayavarman I</a> regained control of Malwa, but he was soon dethroned by an usurper named Ballala. Kumarapala captured Malwa from Ballala, who was killed by Kumarapala's <a href="/wiki/Paramaras_of_Chandravati" title="Paramaras of Chandravati">Arbuda Paramara</a> feudatory Yashodhavala in a battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956112_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956112-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumarapala subdued a rebellion by his vassal Vikramasimha, a Paramara chief of Arbuda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956109–110_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956109–110-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paramara branch at <a href="/wiki/Kiradu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiradu">Kiradu</a> continued to acknowledge Kumarapala's suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956111_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956111-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1160s, Kumarapala sent an army against <a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_(Shilahara_dynasty)" title="Mallikarjuna (Shilahara dynasty)">Mallikarjuna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara">Shilahara</a> king of northern <a href="/wiki/Konkana" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkana">Konkana</a>. This campaign was probably triggered by a Shilahara raid in southern Gujarat, and ended with Mallikarjuna's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956113-114_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956113-114-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumarapala's Naddula Chahamana feudatory Alhana put down disturbances in Saurashtra at Kumarapala's request.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956116_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956116-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala's empire extended from <a href="/wiki/Chittor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittor">Chittor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer" title="Jaisalmer">Jaisalmer</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya">Vindhyas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tapti_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapti river">Tapti</a> river in the south (ignoring his raid of the <a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara">Shilahara</a> kingdom of northern <a href="/wiki/Konkana" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkana">Konkana</a>). In the west, it included <a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kachchha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a>; in the east, it extended up to at least <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a> (Bhilsa).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956119_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956119-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kumarapala was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ajayapala_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" title="Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)">Ajayapala</a>, who retained Kumarapala's territories, but died after a short reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956130–131_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956130–131-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ajayapala's young sons <a href="/wiki/Mularaja_II" title="Mularaja II">Mularaja II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhima_II" title="Bhima II">Bhima II</a> succeeded him one after other. During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> invaded the Chaulukya kingdom in 1178 CE. In the ensuing battle at Kasahrada (or Kayadara), Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasahrada" title="Battle of Kasahrada">was defeated</a> by a large army, which included loyal Chaulukya feudatories such as the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Naddula" title="Chahamanas of Naddula">Naddula Chahamana</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Kelhanadeva" title="Kelhanadeva">Kelhanadeva</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Jalor" title="Chahamanas of Jalor">Jalor Chahamana</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Kirtipala" title="Kirtipala">Kirtipala</a>, and the Arbuda Paramara ruler Dharavarsha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959138_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959138-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964259_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964259-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasahrada_(1197)" title="Battle of Kasahrada (1197)">Battle of Kasahrada (1197)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Gujarat is located in South Asia"><img alt="Kingdom of Gujarat is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_71x126" style="position:absolute; left:71px; top:126px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_Fine_Rectangle_(plain).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Long_Fine_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png/50px-Long_Fine_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Long_Fine_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png/75px-Long_Fine_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Long_Fine_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png/100px-Long_Fine_Rectangle_%28plain%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></span></div><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1175" title="1175"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>South Asia<br />1175 CE</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_1x1" style="position:absolute; 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left:120px; top:230px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PANDYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x182" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:182px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Hangal" title="Kadambas of Hangal"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KADAMBAS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.081%;left:43.377%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>HOYSALAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_147x85" style="position:absolute; 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left:150px; top:105px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chandelas_of_Jejakabhukti" title="Chandelas of Jejakabhukti"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>CHANDELAS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_147x117" style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:117px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KALACHURIS<br /><small>(TRIPURI)</small></b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_132x133" style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:133px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Ratnapura" title="Kalachuris of Ratnapura"><b><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KALACHURIS<br /><small>(RATNAPURA)</small></span></b></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.431%;left:75.844%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>SENAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_185x94" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:94px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Karnats_of_Mithila" title="Karnats of Mithila"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KARNATAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x130" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:130px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Nagvanshis_of_Chotanagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>NAGVANSIS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_230x90" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:90px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa#Breakup_and_End_of_Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KAMARUPAS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.571%;left:62.857%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EASTERN<br />GANGAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.73%;left:51.169%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>GUGE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.09%;left:44.675%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MARYUL</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.91%;left:39.481%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>LOHA-<br />RAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.01%;left:23.117%;font-size:45%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>SOOMRA<br />EMIRATE</b></span></a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_5x90" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kalmat" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Kalmat"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF"><b>MAKRAN<br />SULTANATE</b></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Chaulukyas and main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a> invasion of the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197837,_147:_map_XIV.3_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197837,_147:_map_XIV.3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Taking advantage of the young age of Bhima II, some provincial governors rebelled against him in order to establish independent states. His loyal <a href="/wiki/Vaghela_dynasty" title="Vaghela dynasty">Vaghela</a> feudatory Arnoraja came to his rescue, and died fighting the rebels. Arnoraja's descendants Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala became powerful during Bhima's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956139_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956139-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Bhima's reign, the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala">Hoysala</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a> seems to have raided the <a href="/wiki/Lata_(region)" title="Lata (region)">Lata region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956140_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956140-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yadavas_of_Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadavas of Devagiri">Yadava</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Bhillama_V" title="Bhillama V">Bhillama V</a> also invaded Gujarat, but was forced to retreat by Bhima's feudatory Kelhanadeva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956140_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956140-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">Shakambhari Chahamana</a> king <a href="/wiki/Prithviraja_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithviraja III">Prithviraja III</a> also fought with the Chaulukyas, but Bhima's general Jagaddeva managed to conclude a peace treaty with Prithviraja sometime before 1187 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956141_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956141-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1190s CE, the Ghurids defeated the Prithviraja and the other major <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> of northern India. On 4 February 1197 CE, the Ghurid general <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a> invaded Bhima's capital <a href="/wiki/Anahilapataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Anahilapataka">Anahilapataka</a>, and inflicted a massive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasahrada_(1197)" title="Battle of Kasahrada (1197)">defeat on the Chaulukyas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956143_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956143-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhima's generals Lavanaprasada and Shridhara later forced the Ghurids to retreat, and the capital was back under the Chaulukya rule by 1201 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956145-146_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956145-146-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Subhatavarman" title="Subhatavarman">Subhatavarman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara</a> king of Malwa, invaded the Lata region around 1204 CE, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Ghurid invasions. He probably also sacked the Chaulukya capital Anahilapataka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956146_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956146-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once again, Lavanaprasada and Shridhara saved the kingdom by forcing Subhatavarman to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956148_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956148-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1205-1210 CE, Bhima's relative Jayantasimha (or Jayasimha) usurped the throne. In the early 1210s, Subhatavarman's successor <a href="/wiki/Arjunavarman" title="Arjunavarman">Arjunavarman</a> defeated Jayantasimha, and later established a matrimonial alliance with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956148_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956148-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhima managed to regain control of the throne during 1223-1226 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956160-161_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956160-161-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the Yadavas invaded the southern part of the Chaulukya kingdom, led by Bhillama's successors Jaitugi and Simhana. During these invasions, the Chaulukya feudatories in the northern region of <a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a> rebelled. Lavanaprasada and Viradhavala warded off the Yadava invasions, and also subdued the rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956149–155_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956149–155-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Guhilas_of_Medapata" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhilas of Medapata">Guhilas of Medapata</a> (Guhilots of <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a>) also rebelled against Bhima sometime between 1207 and 1227 CE, and declared their independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956156_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956156-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_Vaghela_dynasty">Establishment of Vaghela dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Establishment of Vaghela dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hira_Gate_-Dabhoi-_Gujarat_-_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hira_Gate_-Dabhoi-_Gujarat_-_007.jpg/220px-Hira_Gate_-Dabhoi-_Gujarat_-_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hira_Gate_-Dabhoi-_Gujarat_-_007.jpg/330px-Hira_Gate_-Dabhoi-_Gujarat_-_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hira_Gate_-Dabhoi-_Gujarat_-_007.jpg/440px-Hira_Gate_-Dabhoi-_Gujarat_-_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3824" /></a><figcaption>Balcony of Hira gate of <a href="/wiki/Dabhoi" title="Dabhoi">Dabhoi</a> fort</figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Bhima_II" title="Bhima II">Bhima II</a>, the Vaghelas became the de facto rulers of the Chaulukya kingdom. Inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a> suggest that by 1231 CE (1288 <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">VS</a>), Lavanaprasada had assumed the title <i><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a></i> ("king of great kings"), and his son Viradhavala had assumed the title <i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></i> ("great king"). However, the Vaghelas continued to nominally acknowledge Bhima and his successor <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvanapala" title="Tribhuvanapala">Tribhuvanapala</a> as their overlords.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956163–164_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956163–164-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viradhavala's son Visaladeva ascended the throne of Gujarat sometime around 1244 CE. How he usurped the power is uncertain: it is possible the last Chaulukya king Tribhuvanapala died heirless or was defeated by Visaladeva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956173_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956173-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visaladeva invaded <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, which had been weakened because of invasions from the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. He met with little resistance in Malwa, and defeated the <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara</a> king <a href="/wiki/Jaitugideva" title="Jaitugideva">Jaitugideva</a>. Visaladeva also defeated a ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a>, possibly the <a href="/wiki/Guhilas_of_Medapata" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhilas of Medapata">Guhila</a> king <a href="/wiki/Tejasimha" title="Tejasimha">Tejasimha</a>. He repulsed some invasions from south, by the <a href="/wiki/Yadavas_of_Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadavas of Devagiri">Yadavas of Devagiri</a>. However, later, he suffered setbacks against successive Yadava kings. Possibly as a move against the Yadavas, he forged a matrimonial alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala">Hoysalas</a>, who were the southern neighbours of the Yadavas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956174_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956174-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visaladeva's successor Arjunadeva ascended the throne around 1262 CE. Not much is known about the incidents of his reign, except that he suffered a defeat against the Yadavas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956180_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956180-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His elder son Rama succeeded him, and ruled for a few months. Subsequently, his younger son Sarangadeva ascended the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956181_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956181-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarangadeva defeated the Paramaras and the Yadavas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956181–182_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956181–182-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Vaghela records, sometime in or before 1285 CE, he repulsed an invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turushkas</a> (Turkic people). Modern historians variously identify these Turushkas as <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">Mongol raiders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Balban" title="Balban">Balban</a>'s forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956183_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956183-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarangadeva also sent an expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Jethva" class="mw-redirect" title="Jethva">Jethva</a> chief Bhanu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956184_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956184-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_by_Delhi">Conquest by Delhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conquest by Delhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" title="Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat">Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat</a></div> <p>Around 1296 CE, Sarangadeva was succeeded by Rama's son <a href="/wiki/Karna_(Vaghela_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karna (Vaghela dynasty)">Karna</a>. In 1299, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> sent an army to ransack Gujarat. According to multiple medieval chronicles, Karna had abducted the wife of his minister Madhava and killed Madhava's brother. In revenge, Madhava instigated Alauddin to invade Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956192–193_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956192–193-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAditya_Behl2012190_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAditya_Behl2012190-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1304, Karna lost his throne permanently after a second invasion from Delhi. According to <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a>'s poem <i>Ashiqa</i>, the invasion resulted from a request by Karna's former wife Kamala Devi, who had been captured by Alauddin's forces during the first invasion. Eight years after being inducted into Alauddin's <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a>, Kamala Devi requested Alauddin to get her daughter <a href="/wiki/Devala_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Devala Devi">Devala Devi</a> from Gujarat. Although Karna agreed to the demand, Alauddin ordered his army to invade Gujarat for a second time. <i>Ashiqa</i> is not historically reliable, but some of the later medieval writers present its narrative as history. Other medieval chroniclers give different accounts of this incident, some of them omitting the bit about Kamala Devi's request.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956190–194_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956190–194-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaulukya_style">Chaulukya style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chaulukya style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaulukya style">Chaulukya style</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ru-Gurjara_architecture" title="Māru-Gurjara architecture">Māru-Gurjara architecture</a>, or "Chaulukya style",<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011note_3_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011note_3-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a style of north Indian temple architecture that originated in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> from the 11th to 13th centuries, under the Chaulukya dynasty (or Solaṅkī dynasty).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell1977123_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell1977123-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although originating as a regional style in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a>, it became especially popular in <a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Jain temples</a> and, mainly under <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> patronage, later spread across India and to <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> communities around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Temple,_Modhera,_Gujarat,_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun Temple, Modhera, constructed by Bhima I"><img alt="Sun Temple, Modhera, constructed by Bhima I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.JPG/315px-Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.JPG/473px-Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.JPG/630px-Sun_Temple%2C_Modhera%2C_Gujarat%2C_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple,_Modhera" title="Sun Temple, Modhera">Sun Temple, Modhera</a>, constructed by Bhima I</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Rudra_Mala_at_Siddhpur,_Gujarat,_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rudra Mahalaya Temple, renovated or rebuilt by Jayasimha"><img alt="Rudra Mahalaya Temple, renovated or rebuilt by Jayasimha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ruins_of_the_Rudra_Mala_at_Siddhpur%2C_Gujarat%2C_retouched.jpg/176px-Ruins_of_the_Rudra_Mala_at_Siddhpur%2C_Gujarat%2C_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ruins_of_the_Rudra_Mala_at_Siddhpur%2C_Gujarat%2C_retouched.jpg/265px-Ruins_of_the_Rudra_Mala_at_Siddhpur%2C_Gujarat%2C_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ruins_of_the_Rudra_Mala_at_Siddhpur%2C_Gujarat%2C_retouched.jpg/353px-Ruins_of_the_Rudra_Mala_at_Siddhpur%2C_Gujarat%2C_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="3092" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Mahalaya_Temple" title="Rudra Mahalaya Temple">Rudra Mahalaya Temple</a>, renovated or rebuilt by Jayasimha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taranga Jain temple, constructed by Kumarapala"><img alt="Taranga Jain temple, constructed by Kumarapala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg/280px-Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg/420px-Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg/560px-Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Taranga_Jain_temple" title="Taranga Jain temple">Taranga Jain temple</a>, constructed by Kumarapala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_88239_-_Unknown_-_Someshavara_temple_Kiradu_in_British_India_-_1897.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Kiradu temples, constructed by Chaulukya feudatories"><img alt="Kiradu temples, constructed by Chaulukya feudatories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/KITLV_88239_-_Unknown_-_Someshavara_temple_Kiradu_in_British_India_-_1897.tif/lossy-page1-290px-KITLV_88239_-_Unknown_-_Someshavara_temple_Kiradu_in_British_India_-_1897.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/KITLV_88239_-_Unknown_-_Someshavara_temple_Kiradu_in_British_India_-_1897.tif/lossy-page1-435px-KITLV_88239_-_Unknown_-_Someshavara_temple_Kiradu_in_British_India_-_1897.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/KITLV_88239_-_Unknown_-_Someshavara_temple_Kiradu_in_British_India_-_1897.tif/lossy-page1-580px-KITLV_88239_-_Unknown_-_Someshavara_temple_Kiradu_in_British_India_-_1897.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6583" data-file-height="4766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kiradu_temples" title="Kiradu temples">Kiradu temples</a>, constructed by Chaulukya feudatories</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delwada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dilwara Temples, constructed by Chaulukya ministers"><img alt="Dilwara Temples, constructed by Chaulukya ministers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Delwada.jpg/217px-Delwada.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Delwada.jpg/325px-Delwada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Delwada.jpg/434px-Delwada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Dilwara Temples</a>, constructed by Chaulukya ministers</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaghela_architecture">Vaghela architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vaghela architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_of_Dilwara_Jain_Temple_Abu_Rajasthan_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ceiling_of_Dilwara_Jain_Temple_Abu_Rajasthan_India.jpg/220px-Ceiling_of_Dilwara_Jain_Temple_Abu_Rajasthan_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ceiling_of_Dilwara_Jain_Temple_Abu_Rajasthan_India.jpg/330px-Ceiling_of_Dilwara_Jain_Temple_Abu_Rajasthan_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ceiling_of_Dilwara_Jain_Temple_Abu_Rajasthan_India.jpg/440px-Ceiling_of_Dilwara_Jain_Temple_Abu_Rajasthan_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>Ceiling of one of Dilwara Jain Temples</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of temples were built during their reign by wealthy merchants and ministers, <a href="/wiki/Vastupala" title="Vastupala">Vastupala</a> and Tejapala who also served as ministers and generals, including one of <a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Dilwara Temples</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar Jain temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiley2009_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley2009-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, <i>Kirtikaumudi</i>, the biography of Vastupala, written by <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_(13th-century_poet)" title="Someshvara (13th-century poet)">Someshvara</a>, a royal priest, is also an important source of the history of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-WinternitzWinternitz1985_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinternitzWinternitz1985-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmol_N._Bankar201223–29_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmol_N._Bankar201223–29-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visala-deva constructed or restored the fort of Dharbhavati (<a href="/wiki/Dabhoi" title="Dabhoi">Dabhoi</a>) which is well known for its elaborate carvings and gates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmol_N._Bankar201223–29_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmol_N._Bankar201223–29-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He built <a href="/wiki/Pol_(housing)" title="Pol (housing)"><i>pratolis</i></a>, temples and <i><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">vapis</a></i> in Darbhavati (Dabhoi) completed by about 1255 CE. Of its four gates, Hira Bhagol (with its adjacent temples) may have been built during Visaladeva's reign while three other gates may have been built by Tejapala, as indicated in Jain <i><a href="/wiki/Prabandha" title="Prabandha">prabandha</a></i>s.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1961-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Satmukhi stepwell in Dabhoi is a temple built over a tank with seven wells ascribed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJutta_Jain-Neubauer198122_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJutta_Jain-Neubauer198122-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ra_Khengar_Vav" title="Ra Khengar Vav">Ra Khengar stepwell</a> between <a href="/wiki/Vanthali" title="Vanthali">Vanthali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a> is stated to be constructed by Tejapala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJutta_Jain-Neubauer198122_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJutta_Jain-Neubauer198122-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Madhavav" title="Madhavav">Madhavav</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wadhwan" title="Wadhwan">Wadhwan</a> was built in 1294 AD (Vikram Samvat 1350) by Nagar Brahmin Madhav and Keshav, the ministers in court of the last Vaghela ruler Karna. The <i>kunda</i> at <a href="/wiki/Kapadvanj" title="Kapadvanj">Kapadvanj</a> was built about this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1961-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Batris Kotha stepwell in Kapadvanj may have belonged to the 13th century due to its similarity with the Madha and Vikia stepwells.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJutta_Jain-Neubauer198122_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJutta_Jain-Neubauer198122-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temples">Temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The building activities of Vastupala and Tejpala are mentioned in inscriptions as well as in works of contemporary writers. These works include Someshvara's <i>Kirtikaumudi</i>, Jayasimhasuri's <i>Shakunika-vihara-prashasti</i>, Udayaprabhasuri's <i>Dharmabhyudaya-mahakavya</i> and <i>Sukrita-kirtikallolini</i>, Arisimha's <i>Sukritasamkirtanam</i>, Narendraprabhasuri's prashashti, Vijayasenasuri's <i>Revantagiri-rasu</i> and Palhanaputra's <i>Abu-rasa</i>. Later works include <a href="/wiki/Merutunga" title="Merutunga">Merutunga</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Prabandha-Chintamani" title="Prabandha-Chintamani">Prabandha-Chintamani</a></i> (1309 CE), Jinaprabha's <i><a href="/wiki/Vividha_Tirtha_Kalpa" title="Vividha Tirtha Kalpa">Vividh-tirtha-kalpa</a></i> (early 14th century), Rajashekharasuri's <i><a href="/wiki/Prabandha_Kosha" title="Prabandha Kosha">Prabandha-kosha</a></i> (1349 CE) and Jinaharshasuri's <i>Vastupala-charitam</i> (1441 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1961-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Vaghela_phase">Early Vaghela phase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early Vaghela phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than fifty temples were built by <a href="/wiki/Vastupala" title="Vastupala">Vastupala</a> and Tejapala apart from large number of renovations and image installations. The <i>Idramandapa</i> and six other temples were built by Vastupala on <a href="/wiki/Shatrunjaya" title="Shatrunjaya">Shatrunjaya</a> hill. He also built Vastupla-vihara and <a href="/wiki/Parshwanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshwanatha">Parshwanatha</a> temple on <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a>. He also built Adinatha temple at <a href="/wiki/Dholka" title="Dholka">Dholka</a> and Ashtapada-prasada at <a href="/wiki/Prabhas_Patan" title="Prabhas Patan">Prabhas</a>. Tejapala built <i>Asraja-vihara</i> at Anahilapataka and <a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a> for merit of his father. He also built <a href="/wiki/Neminath" class="mw-redirect" title="Neminath">Neminath</a> Temple at Dholka and Adinath Temple at Prabhas. In memory of his mother Kumaradevi, he built temples at <a href="/wiki/Khambhat" title="Khambhat">Khambhat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dabhoi" title="Dabhoi">Dabhoi</a>. He also built temples at <a href="/wiki/Tharad" title="Tharad">Tharad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Karnavati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godhra" title="Godhra">Godhra</a>, Shatrunjaya, Girnar, <a href="/wiki/Pavagadh" title="Pavagadh">Pavagadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navsari" title="Navsari">Navsari</a> and several other places. His greatest temple is the Neminath Temple at Mount Abu.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1961-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of all these temples built by the brothers, only few survives such as Vastupala-vihara at Girnar (1231 CE), Neminath Temple at Abu and the temple at Prabhas. Other extant temples of this period is <a href="/wiki/Kumbharia_Jain_temples" title="Kumbharia Jain temples">Sambhavanatha temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kumbhariya,_Banaskantha_district" title="Kumbhariya, Banaskantha district">Kumbhariya</a>, Jain marble temple at Sarotra and Panch-Pandava Temple on Shatrunjaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1961-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Vaghela_phase">Late Vaghela phase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Late Vaghela phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vaghela princes had patronised the construction of temples and civic architecture. Lavanaprasada built Analeshwara and Salakshaneshwara temples for merit of his parents. His son Viramdeva had built Viramaeshwara temple. The temples of Rupanarayana and Balanarayana are mentioned in Kadi grant of 1261 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1961-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jain merchant <a href="/wiki/Jadagusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jadagusha">Jadagusha</a>, as mentioned in his biography <i>Jagaducharita</i> by Sarvanandasuri, built and renovated large number of Jain as well as Brahminical temples and civic constructions. His some notable constructions between 1250 and 1270 CE are Rishabha temple at Dhanka, a temple with 24 <i>devkulika</i>s at <a href="/wiki/Wadhwan" title="Wadhwan">Wadhwan</a>, a temple on Shatrunjaya hill and a temple with 52 <i>devakulika</i> at Sevadi. <i>Pethada-rasu</i> (1304 CE), Munisundarasuri's <i>Gurvavali</i> (c. 1459 CE), Ratnamandira Gani's <i>Upadeshatarangini</i> (c. 15th century) and Ratnamandana's <i>Sukritasagara</i> (c. 15th century) are important sources of life and works of Minister Pethada of <a href="/wiki/Mandu,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Mandu, Madhya Pradesh">Mandavagadh</a>. He had built 84 Jain temples. His notable temples are at Shatrunjaya, Prabhasa, Dholka and Salakshanapura built around 1264 CE. Shravaka Jhalli built the temples of Parshwanatha and Jhalasara lake during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1961-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extant temples of this phase include the Kalika temple and Vaidyanatha Temple at <a href="/wiki/Dabhoi" title="Dabhoi">Dabhoi</a>, the old shrine at Motab, the Jain temple and Nilkantha temple at Miyani and the Jain temple of <a href="/wiki/Kanthkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanthkot">Kanthkot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1961-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Vaghela rule, the <i>Gadhaiya</i> coins increasingly lost its intrinsic value which was stayed unchanged for two centuries under Chaulukyas. The 4.4 g billon coin of Chaulukya had stable silver content of 2.02 g of which reduced to 1.83 g during Visala-deva's coins and its successive issues has less content, as low as 0.73 g. During stable net content of silver, the <i>Gadhaiya</i> coins were used in international trade from Afghanistan to Deccan. As its intrinsic value decreased, its circulation shrank to the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Kheda_district" title="Kheda district">Kheda district</a> and its surroundings. These coins followed the <i>tanka</i> coins of Delhi. The coins of Visala-deva are mentioned as <i><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Visalamalla priya dra</i></span></i> (<i>dra</i> stands for dramma) or <i><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Visala priya dra</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Visalapri dra</i></span></i> in various literary sources and epigraphs. The coins of Saranga-deva and Karna-deva had an elephant facing left on obverses and legends on the reverses. The legends reads <i><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">shri saranga-de</i></span>..</i> and <i><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Shri karna/devasya</i></span> or <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Shri karna/devasa</i></span></i>. Another coins of Karna-deva has <a href="/wiki/Kumbha" title="Kumbha">Kumbha</a> (vase) on its obverse enclosed in border made of dots and lines while reverse has the same legend. Another type of his coins of copper depicted lion facing left on obverse and the same legend on reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmol_N._Bankar201223–29_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmol_N._Bankar201223–29-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Serial No. </th> <th>Ruler </th> <th>Reign (CE) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mularaja" title="Mularaja">Mularaja</a> </td> <td>940–995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamundaraja_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" title="Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)">Chamundaraja</a> </td> <td>996–1008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vallabharaja" title="Vallabharaja">Vallabharaja</a> </td> <td>1008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durlabharaja_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" title="Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)">Durlabharaja</a> </td> <td>1008–1022 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhima_I" title="Bhima I">Bhima I</a> </td> <td>1022–1064 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karna_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)">Karna I</a> </td> <td>1064–1092 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jayasimha_Siddharaja" title="Jayasimha Siddharaja">Jayasimha Siddharaja</a> </td> <td>1092–1142 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumarapala_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" title="Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)">Kumarapala</a> </td> <td>1142–1171 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajayapala_(Chaulukya_dynasty)" title="Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)">Ajayapala</a> </td> <td>1171–1175 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mularaja_II" title="Mularaja II">Mularaja II</a> </td> <td>1175–1178 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhima_II" title="Bhima II">Bhima II</a> </td> <td>1178–1240 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvanapala" title="Tribhuvanapala">Tribhuvanapala</a> </td> <td>1240–1244 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Visala-deva </td> <td>1244–1262 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Arjuna-deva </td> <td>1262–1275 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Rama </td> <td>1275 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Saranga-deva </td> <td>1275–1296 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karna_II" title="Karna II">Karna II</a> </td> <td>1296–1304 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The royal insignia of the Kingdom of Gujarat under the Chaulukyas (Solankis) as observed on the reverse of coins issued. The depiction is of a stylised fire alter.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLRZSmrH6NMC"><i>Imperial Gazetteer of India Volume 2</i></a>. p. 311. <q>The kingdom of Gujarat was founded by Mūlarājā (A. D. 941-93), and was conquered by Alā-ud-din in A.D. 1298.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+Volume+2&rft.pages=311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLRZSmrH6NMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._S._Singh2003" class="citation book cs1">K. S. Singh (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC"><i>Gujarat: Part 1</i></a>. p. 446. <q>Gujarat as an independent united dominion existed somewhere in 942 A.D., with its first ruler as Mulraj. Prior to this Gujarat did not have a separate entity and the area comprised different territorial units viz., Lat Pradesh, Saurashtra and Abu. Mulraj by his strength and valour defeated all these chiefs and became the first king of Gujarat and ruled from 942 to 995 A.D</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat%3A+Part+1&rft.pages=446&rft.date=2003&rft.au=K.+S.+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Cy_-FXW9BQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar19561–4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar19561–4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 1–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_E._Cort199887_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_E._Cort1998">John E. Cort 1998</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195623–24-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195623–24_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195625-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195625_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195634-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195634_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195634–35-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195634–35_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195635-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195635_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195636–39-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195636–39_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 36–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Narain_Seth1978136–137-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Narain_Seth1978136–137_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishna_Narain_Seth1978">Krishna Narain Seth 1978</a>, pp. 136–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195643–45-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195643–45_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 43–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195649–50-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195649–50_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195650–51-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195650–51_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195648–49-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195648–49_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195652–53-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195652–53_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Narain_Seth1978184-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Narain_Seth1978184_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrishna_Narain_Seth1978">Krishna Narain Seth 1978</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195654-55-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195654-55_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 54-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964127-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964127_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._B._Singh1964">R. B. Singh 1964</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195657–58-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195657–58_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195659–60-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195659–60_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195660-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195660_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964125-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964125_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._B._Singh1964">R. B. Singh 1964</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETommaso_Bobbio2015164-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETommaso_Bobbio2015164_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTommaso_Bobbio2015">Tommaso Bobbio 2015</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195669-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195669_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195670-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195670_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma195947-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma195947_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195671-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195671_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964156-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964156_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._B._Singh1964">R. B. Singh 1964</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma195969-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma195969_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195674–75-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195674–75_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Dikshit1976133-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Dikshit1976133_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._K._Dikshit1976">R. K. Dikshit 1976</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195680–81-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195680–81_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195692-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195692_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195699–103-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar195699–103_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 99–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956106–108-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956106–108_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 106–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964253-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964253_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._B._Singh1964">R. B. Singh 1964</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964254-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964254_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._B._Singh1964">R. B. Singh 1964</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964149-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964149_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._B._Singh1964">R. B. Singh 1964</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956109-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956109_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956112-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956112_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956109–110-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956109–110_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956111-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956111_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956113-114-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956113-114_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 113-114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956116-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956116_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956119-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956119_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956130–131-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956130–131_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959138-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasharatha_Sharma1959138_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959">Dasharatha Sharma 1959</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964259-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._B._Singh1964259_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._B._Singh1964">R. B. Singh 1964</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197837,_147:_map_XIV.3-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197837,_147:_map_XIV.3_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1978">Schwartzberg 1978</a>, pp. 37, 147: map XIV.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2019" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31"><i>India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765</i></a>. Penguin UK. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196655-7"><bdi>978-0-14-196655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age%3A+1000-1765&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196655-7&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIF6DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956139-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956139_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956140-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956140_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956140_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956141-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956141_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956143-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956143_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956145-146-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956145-146_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 145-146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956146-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956146_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956148-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956148_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956148_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956160-161-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956160-161_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 160-161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956149–155-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956149–155_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 149–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956156-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956156_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956163–164-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956163–164_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956173-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956173_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956174-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956174_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956180-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956180_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956181-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956181_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956181–182-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956181–182_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956183-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956183_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956184-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956184_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956192–193-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956192–193_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAditya_Behl2012190-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAditya_Behl2012190_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAditya_Behl2012">Aditya Behl 2012</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956190–194-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956190–194_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956">Asoke Kumar Majumdar 1956</a>, pp. 190–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Gujarat</i></a>. Gujarat Vishvakosh Trust. 2007. p. 404. <q>Architecture of the temples, forts, step-wells and lakes was highly developed in Gujarat during the Solanki period (942 to 1304 A.D.). Temples of this period resemble the temples of Rajasthan. The temple architecture style developed during this period is known as 'Muru-Gurjar' style. Generally the temples of Gujarat of this period are known as the temples of Chaulukya style.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Gujarat+Vishvakosh+Trust&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg4oMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011note_3-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011note_3_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHegewald2011">Hegewald 2011</a>, note 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichell1977">Michell (1977)</a> uses "Solanki style", while <a href="#CITEREFHarle1994">Harle (1994)</a> is reluctant to tie the style to a specific name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichell1977123-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichell1977123_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichell1977">Michell 1977</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegewald2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHegewald2011">Hegewald 2011</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiley2009-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiley2009_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristi L. Wiley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC&pg=PA13"><i>The A to Z of Jainism</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6821-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-6821-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2&rft.au=Kristi+L.+Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUz9o-EKTpwC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinternitzWinternitz1985-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WinternitzWinternitz1985_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_WinternitzMoritz_Winternitz1985" class="citation book cs1">Maurice Winternitz; Moritz Winternitz (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA103"><i>A History of Indian Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 103–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0056-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=103-&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0056-4&rft.au=Maurice+Winternitz&rft.au=Moritz+Winternitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dql0BmInD1c4C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmol_N._Bankar201223–29-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmol_N._Bankar201223–29_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmol_N._Bankar201223–29_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmol_N._Bankar201223–29_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmol_N._Bankar2012">Amol N. Bankar 2012</a>, pp. 23–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhaky1961-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1961_82-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhaky1961" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Madhusudan_Dhaky" title="Madhusudan Dhaky">Dhaky, Madhusudan A.</a> (1961). Deva, Krishna (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/44">"The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat"</a>. <i>Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad</i>. <b>3</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>: Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad: 66–69, 81–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Madhya+Pradesh+Itihas+Parishad&rft.atitle=The+Chronology+of+the+Solanki+Temples+of+Gujarat&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=66-69%2C+81-82&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Dhaky&rft.aufirst=Madhusudan+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvmis.in%2FResources%2Fdigital_publication_popup%3Fid%3D136%23page%2F44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJutta_Jain-Neubauer198122-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJutta_Jain-Neubauer198122_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJutta_Jain-Neubauer198122_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJutta_Jain-Neubauer198122_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJutta_Jain-Neubauer1981">Jutta Jain-Neubauer 1981</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gujarat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsoke_Kumar_Majumdar1956" class="citation book cs1">Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ"><i>Chaulukyas of Gujarat</i></a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4413150">4413150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chaulukyas+of+Gujarat&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4413150&rft.au=Asoke+Kumar+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffAdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasharatha_Sharma1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dasharatha_Sharma" title="Dasharatha Sharma">Dasharatha Sharma</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ"><i>Early Chauhān Dynasties</i></a>. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842606189" title="Special:BookSources/9780842606189"><bdi>9780842606189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Chauh%C4%81n+Dynasties&rft.pub=S.+Chand+%2F+Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780842606189&rft.au=Dasharatha+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4gcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarle1994" class="citation book cs1">Harle, J.C. (1994). <i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i>. Pelican History of Art (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300062176" title="Special:BookSources/0300062176"><bdi>0300062176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.series=Pelican+History+of+Art&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0300062176&rft.aulast=Harle&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegewald2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hegewald, Julia A. B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fars.13441566.0045.005">"The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora"</a>. <i>Ars Orientalis</i>. <b>45</b> (20220203): 114–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fars.13441566.0045.005">10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2328-1286">2328-1286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Orientalis&rft.atitle=The+International+Jaina+Style%3F+M%C4%81ru-Gurjara+Temples+Under+the+Sola%E1%B9%85k%C4%ABs%2C+throughout+India+and+in+the+Diaspora&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=20220203&rft.pages=114-140&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fars.13441566.0045.005&rft.issn=2328-1286&rft.aulast=Hegewald&rft.aufirst=Julia+A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3998%252Fars.13441566.0045.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Cort1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. 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(1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoHfm7BgqTgC"><i>Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3785-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3785-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-3785-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Boundaries%3A+Jain+Communities+and+Cultures+in+Indian+History&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3785-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoHfm7BgqTgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1977" class="citation book cs1">Michell, George (1977). <i>The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1"><bdi>978-0-226-53230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple%3A+An+Introduction+to+its+Meaning+and+Forms&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53230-1&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Narain_Seth1978" class="citation book cs1">Krishna Narain Seth (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa</i></a>. Progress. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8931757">8931757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+the+Paramara+Power+in+Malwa&rft.pub=Progress&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8931757&rft.au=Krishna+Narain+Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Q4dAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._B._Singh1964" class="citation book cs1">R. B. Singh (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Chāhamānas</i></a>. N. Kishore. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11038728">11038728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ch%C4%81ham%C4%81nas&rft.pub=N.+Kishore&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11038728&rft.au=R.+B.+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKs9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._K._Dikshit1976" class="citation book cs1">R. K. Dikshit (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130"><i>The Candellas of Jejākabhukti</i></a>. Abhinav. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170170464" title="Special:BookSources/9788170170464"><bdi>9788170170464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Candellas+of+Jej%C4%81kabhukti&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9788170170464&rft.au=R.+K.+Dikshit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9j9ZJGJOV0C%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). "A map of the Chaulukya territory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074">37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185">147: map XIV.3 (b)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+map+of+the+Chaulukya+territory&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=37%2C+147%3A+map+XIV.3+%28b%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTommaso_Bobbio2015" class="citation book cs1">Tommaso Bobbio (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5vwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164"><i>Urbanisation, Citizenship and Conflict in India: Ahmedabad 1900-2000</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-51400-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-51400-8"><bdi>978-1-317-51400-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urbanisation%2C+Citizenship+and+Conflict+in+India%3A+Ahmedabad+1900-2000&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-51400-8&rft.au=Tommaso+Bobbio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5vwCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAditya_Behl2012" class="citation book cs1">Aditya Behl (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PK7riKO6IN8C&pg=PA177"><i>Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379–1545</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514670-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514670-7"><bdi>978-0-19-514670-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love%27s+Subtle+Magic%3A+An+Indian+Islamic+Literary+Tradition%2C+1379%E2%80%931545&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514670-7&rft.au=Aditya+Behl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPK7riKO6IN8C%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmol_N._Bankar2012" class="citation journal cs1">Amol N. Bankar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1956808">"History and Coinage of the Vaghelas: The Last Hindu Rulers of Gujarat"</a>. <i>Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society</i> (212). London: 23–29. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1818-1252">1818-1252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Oriental+Numismatic+Society&rft.atitle=History+and+Coinage+of+the+Vaghelas%3A+The+Last+Hindu+Rulers+of+Gujarat&rft.issue=212&rft.pages=23-29&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1818-1252&rft.au=Amol+N.+Bankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1956808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJutta_Jain-Neubauer1981" class="citation book cs1">Jutta Jain-Neubauer (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC"><i>The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective</i></a>. Abhinav. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391022843" title="Special:BookSources/9780391022843"><bdi>9780391022843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stepwells+of+Gujarat%3A+In+Art-historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780391022843&rft.au=Jutta+Jain-Neubauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61fSwBF4bbYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Gujarat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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