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<li id="toc-English_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>English school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watercolor_paint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watercolor_paint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Watercolor paint</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Watercolor_paint-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Watercolor paint subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Watercolor_paint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_watercolors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_watercolors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Commercial watercolors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_watercolors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transparency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tutorials_and_Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tutorials_and_Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tutorials and Technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tutorials_and_Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Watercolor painting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterverfskilderkuns" title="Waterverfskilderkuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waterverfskilderkuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarell" title="Aquarell – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aquarell" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الرسم بالألوان المائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرسم بالألوان المائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuarela" title="Acuarela – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acuarela" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarel" title="Akvarel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akvarel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99" title="জলরঙ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলরঙ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-chh%C3%A1i" title="Chúi-chhái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-chhái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Акварель – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Акварель" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Акварэль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акварэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Акварэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Акварэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Акварел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акварел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarel" title="Akvarel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Akvarel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dourliverezh" title="Dourliverezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dourliverezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarel%C2%B7la" title="Aquarel·la – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aquarel·la" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Акварель – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Акварель" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarel" title="Akvarel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akvarel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarel" title="Akvarel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akvarel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarell" title="Aquarell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aquarell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarell" title="Akvarell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akvarell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Υδατογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδατογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquer%C3%AAl" title="Aquerêl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Aquerêl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuarela" title="Acuarela – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acuarela" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarelo" title="Akvarelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvarelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuarela" title="Akuarela – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akuarela" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="آبرنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبرنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarelle" title="Aquarelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aquarelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiscedhath" title="Uiscedhath – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uiscedhath" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuarela" title="Acuarela – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acuarela" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%B1%84%ED%99%94" title="수채화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수채화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Ջրաներկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրաներկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="जलरञ्जित चित्रकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलरञ्जित चित्रकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarel" title="Akvarel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akvarel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarelo" title="Aquarelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aquarelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_air" title="Cat air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cat air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatnslitur" title="Vatnslitur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vatnslitur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquerello" title="Acquerello – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acquerello" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צבע מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבע מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8t_banyu" title="Cèt banyu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cèt banyu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="აკვარელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აკვარელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Акварель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Акварель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwar%C3%A8l" title="Akwarèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Akwarèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Акварель – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акварель" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochroma" title="Hydrochroma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hydrochroma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarelis" title="Akvarelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akvarelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarell" title="Aquarell – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aquarell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarel%C4%97" title="Akvarelė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akvarelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarel" title="Aquarel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aquarel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarell" title="Akvarell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akvarell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Акварел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Акварел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%A8" title="ജലച്ചായ ചിത്രരചന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജലച്ചായ ചിത്രരചന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="जलरंगचित्रण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जलरंगचित्रण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_air" title="Cat air – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cat air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarel" title="Aquarel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aquarel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BD%A9" title="水彩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水彩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarell" title="Akvarell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akvarell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarell" title="Akvarell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Akvarell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarella" title="Aquarella – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aquarella" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarel" title="Akvarel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akvarel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwarela" title="Akwarela – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akwarela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguarela" title="Aguarela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aguarela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuarel%C4%83" title="Acuarelă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acuarelă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Акварель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акварель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarellmoaler%C3%A4i" title="Aquarellmoaleräi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aquarellmoaleräi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akuareli" title="Akuareli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akuareli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="දියසායම් චිත්‍ර ශිල්පය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දියසායම් චිත්‍ර ශිල්පය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolour" title="Watercolour – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Watercolour" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarel" title="Akvarel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akvarel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarel" title="Akvarel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Akvarel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Акварел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акварел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarel" title="Akvarel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akvarel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarelli" title="Akvarelli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akvarelli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvarell" title="Akvarell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Akvarell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwarela" title="Akwarela – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Akwarela" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர்வர்ணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்வர்ணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="నీటి రంగుల చిత్రాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నీటి రంగుల చిత్రాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="จิตรกรรมสีน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิตรกรรมสีน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Акварел – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Акварел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suluboya" title="Suluboya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Suluboya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Акварель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акварель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0u_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Màu nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Màu nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleur_a_l%27_aiwe" title="Coleur a l' aiwe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Coleur a l' aiwe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BD%A9%E7%94%BB" title="水彩画 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水彩画" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BD%A9%E7%95%AB" title="水彩畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水彩畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BD%A9%E7%94%BB" title="水彩画 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水彩画" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q50030#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Watercolor (disambiguation)">Watercolor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Aquarelle" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aquarelle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aquarelle (disambiguation)">Aquarelle (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolceacqua43_-_Artista_locale_mentre_dipinge_un_acquarello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dolceacqua43_-_Artista_locale_mentre_dipinge_un_acquarello.jpg/220px-Dolceacqua43_-_Artista_locale_mentre_dipinge_un_acquarello.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dolceacqua43_-_Artista_locale_mentre_dipinge_un_acquarello.jpg/330px-Dolceacqua43_-_Artista_locale_mentre_dipinge_un_acquarello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dolceacqua43_-_Artista_locale_mentre_dipinge_un_acquarello.jpg/440px-Dolceacqua43_-_Artista_locale_mentre_dipinge_un_acquarello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>An artist working on a watercolor using a round brush</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loves_Messenger_Stillman_DAM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Loves_Messenger_Stillman_DAM.jpg/220px-Loves_Messenger_Stillman_DAM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Loves_Messenger_Stillman_DAM.jpg/330px-Loves_Messenger_Stillman_DAM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Loves_Messenger_Stillman_DAM.jpg/440px-Loves_Messenger_Stillman_DAM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4374" data-file-height="5425" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Messenger" title="Love's Messenger">Love's Messenger</a></i>, an 1885 watercolor and <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Spartali_Stillman" title="Marie Spartali Stillman">Marie Spartali Stillman</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Watercolor</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or <b>watercolour</b> (<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a>; see <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-our,_-or" title="American and British English spelling differences">spelling differences</a>), also <i><b>aquarelle</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[akwaʁɛl]</a></span>; from Italian diminutive of Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aqua</i></span> 'water'),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> method<sup id="cite_ref-London,_Vladimir_p._19_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London,_Vladimir_p._19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a> are made of <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> suspended in a water-based<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> solution. <i>Watercolor</i> refers to both the <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">medium</a> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">artwork</a>. Aquarelles painted with water-soluble colored ink instead of modern water colors are called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aquarellum atramento</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "aquarelle made with ink") by experts. However, this term has now tended to pass out of use.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conventional and most common <a href="/wiki/Support_(art)" title="Support (art)">support</a>—material to which the paint is applied—for watercolor paintings is <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">watercolor paper</a>. Other supports or substrates include stone, ivory, silk, reed, <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, bark papers, plastics, <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a>, wood, and watercolor canvas (coated with a gesso that is specially formulated for use with watercolors). Watercolor paper is often made entirely or partially with cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives the surface the appropriate texture and minimizes distortion when wet.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watercolor papers are usually cold-pressed papers that provide better texture and appearance. Transparency is the main characteristic of watercolors. "It consists of a mixture of pigments, binders such as gum arabic and humectants such as glycerin, which together with other components, allow the color pigment to join and form the paint paste, which we know as watercolor. With regard to the colors, the quality of the pigments and their degree of concentration, it is what determines how good the watercolor is and also its price. A paint that has a high concentration of pigment, professional type, allows us to use it with a large amount of water without losing the intensity of color." <a href="#CITEREFViscarra2020">Viscarra (2020</a>, p. 47)</ref> Watercolors can also be made opaque by adding <a href="/wiki/Chinese_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese white">Chinese white</a>. This is not a method to be used in "true watercolor" (traditional).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Watercolor paint is an ancient form of painting, if not the most ancient form of art itself.<sup id="cite_ref-London,_Vladimir_p._19_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London,_Vladimir_p._19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In East Asia, watercolor painting<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with inks is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Brush_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Brush painting">brush painting</a> or scroll painting. In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_painting" title="Japanese painting">Japanese painting</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns, often using <a href="/wiki/Inkstick" title="Inkstick">inkstick</a> or other pigments. India, Ethiopia and other countries have long watercolor painting traditions as well. </p><p>Many Western artists, especially in the early 19th century, used watercolor primarily as a sketching tool in preparation for the "finished" work in oil or engraving.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the end of the eighteenth century, traditional watercolors were known as 'tinted drawings'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watercolor art dates back to the cave paintings of paleolithic Europe<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been used for <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated manuscript">manuscript illustration</a> since at least <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian times</a>, with particular prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its <i>continuous</i> history as an art medium begins with <a href="/wiki/The_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Renaissance">the Renaissance</a>. The German <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> (1471–1528), who painted several fine botanical, wildlife, and landscape watercolors, is generally considered among the earliest examples of watercolor.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important school of watercolor painting in Germany was led by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bol" title="Hans Bol">Hans Bol</a> (1534–1593) as part of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Dürer Renaissance">Dürer Renaissance</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Hare,_1502_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a hare with large ears." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Hare%2C_1502_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Hare%2C_1502_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Hare%2C_1502_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Hare%2C_1502_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Hare%2C_1502_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Hare%2C_1502_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3731" data-file-height="4123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Hare" title="Young Hare">Young Hare</a></i>, 1502, watercolor and <a href="/wiki/Body_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Body color">body color</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albertina,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Albertina, Vienna">Albertina, Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Despite this early start, watercolors were generally used by Baroque easel painters only for sketches, copies or <a href="/wiki/Modello" title="Modello">cartoons</a> (full-scale design drawings)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable early practitioners of watercolor painting were <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Van Dyck</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (during his stay in England), <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude Lorrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Benedetto_Castiglione" title="Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione">Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Dutch_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch (ethnic group)">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> artists.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Botanical_illustration" title="Botanical illustration">botanical illustration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">wildlife illustration</a> perhaps form the oldest and most important traditions in watercolor painting. Botanical illustrations became popular during the Renaissance, both as hand-tinted <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodblock</a> illustrations in books or broadsheets and as tinted ink drawings on <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> or paper. Botanical artists have traditionally been some of the most exacting and accomplished watercolor painters, and even today, watercolors—with their unique ability to summarize, clarify, and idealize in full color—are used to illustrate scientific and museum publications. Wildlife illustration reached its peak in the 19th century with artists such as <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a>, and today many naturalist <a href="/wiki/Field_guide" title="Field guide">field guides</a> are still illustrated with watercolor paintings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_school">English school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several factors contributed to the spread of watercolor painting during the 18th century, particularly in England.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the elite and aristocratic classes, watercolor painting was one of the incidental adornments of a good education; mapmakers, military officers, and engineers valued it for its usefulness in depicting properties, terrain,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fortifications, field geology, and for illustrating public works or commissioned projects. Watercolor artists were commonly taken on geological or archaeological expeditions, funded by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Dilettanti" title="Society of Dilettanti">Society of Dilettanti</a> (founded in 1733), to document discoveries in the Mediterranean, Asia, and the New World. These expeditions stimulated the demand for topographical painters, who churned out memento paintings of famous sites (and sights) along the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour to Italy</a> that was undertaken by every fashionable young man of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 18th century, the English cleric <a href="/wiki/William_Gilpin_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gilpin (clergyman)">William Gilpin</a> wrote a series of hugely popular books describing his <a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">picturesque</a> journeys throughout rural England, and illustrated them with self-made sentimentalized monochrome watercolors of river valleys, ancient castles, and abandoned churches.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This example popularized watercolors as a form of personal tourist journal. The confluence of these cultural, engineering, scientific, tourist, and amateur interests culminated in the celebration and promotion of watercolor as a distinctly English "national art". <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> published several books of hand-tinted engraved poetry, provided illustrations to <a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante's Inferno">Dante's <i>Inferno</i></a>, and he also experimented with large <a href="/wiki/Monotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotype">monotype</a> works in watercolor.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the many other significant watercolorists of this period were <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Cozens" title="John Robert Cozens">John Robert Cozens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Towne" title="Francis Towne">Francis Towne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Angelo_Rooker" title="Michael Angelo Rooker">Michael Angelo Rooker</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Pars" title="William Pars">William Pars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hearne_(artist)" title="Thomas Hearne (artist)">Thomas Hearne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Warwick_Smith" title="John Warwick Smith">John Warwick Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Girtin_006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Thomas_Girtin_006.JPG/220px-Thomas_Girtin_006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Thomas_Girtin_006.JPG/330px-Thomas_Girtin_006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Thomas_Girtin_006.JPG/440px-Thomas_Girtin_006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Girtin" title="Thomas Girtin">Thomas Girtin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jedburgh_Abbey" title="Jedburgh Abbey">Jedburgh Abbey</a> from the River</i>, 1798–99, watercolor on paper</figcaption></figure> <p>From the late 18th century through the 19th century, the market for printed books and domestic art contributed substantially to the growth of the medium.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watercolors were used as the basic document from which collectible landscape or tourist engravings were developed, and hand-painted watercolor originals or copies of famous paintings contributed to many upper class art portfolios. Satirical broadsides by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a>, many published by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Ackermann" title="Rudolph Ackermann">Rudolph Ackermann</a>, were also extremely popular. </p><p>The three English artists credited with establishing watercolor as an independent, mature painting medium are <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sandby" title="Paul Sandby">Paul Sandby</a> (1730–1809), often called the "father of the English watercolor"; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Girtin" title="Thomas Girtin">Thomas Girtin</a> (1775–1802), who pioneered its use for large format, romantic or picturesque landscape painting; and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner">Joseph Mallord William Turner</a> (1775–1851),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who brought watercolor painting to the highest pitch of power and refinement,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and created hundreds of superb historical, topographical, architectural, and mythological watercolor paintings. His method of developing the watercolor painting in stages, starting with large, vague color areas established on wet paper, then refining the image through a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Wash_(visual_arts)" title="Wash (visual arts)">washes</a> and glazes,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permitted him to produce large numbers of paintings with "workshop efficiency"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made him a multimillionaire, partly by sales from his personal art gallery, the first of its kind. Among the important and highly talented contemporaries of Turner and Girtin were <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(painter)" title="John Varley (painter)">John Varley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sell_Cotman" title="John Sell Cotman">John Sell Cotman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copley_Fielding" title="Copley Fielding">Anthony Copley Fielding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Samuel Palmer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Havell" title="William Havell">William Havell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prout" title="Samuel Prout">Samuel Prout</a>. The Swiss painter <a href="/wiki/Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe_Ducros" title="Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros">Abraham-Louis-Rodolphe Ducros</a> was also widely known for his large format, romantic paintings in watercolor. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamaica_hut4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaica_hut4.jpg/220px-Jamaica_hut4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaica_hut4.jpg/330px-Jamaica_hut4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Jamaica_hut4.jpg/440px-Jamaica_hut4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4888" data-file-height="3156" /></a><figcaption>An unfinished watercolor by <a href="/wiki/William_Berryman" title="William Berryman">William Berryman</a>, created between 1808 and 1816, using watercolor, ink, and pencil. The use of partial pigmentation draws attention to the central subject.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_the_Vicars%E2%80%99_College,_Exeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Remains_of_the_Vicars%E2%80%99_College%2C_Exeter.jpg/220px-Remains_of_the_Vicars%E2%80%99_College%2C_Exeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Remains_of_the_Vicars%E2%80%99_College%2C_Exeter.jpg/330px-Remains_of_the_Vicars%E2%80%99_College%2C_Exeter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Remains_of_the_Vicars%E2%80%99_College%2C_Exeter.jpg/440px-Remains_of_the_Vicars%E2%80%99_College%2C_Exeter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><i>Remains of the Vicars' College, <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></i> by George Townsend; 1885.</figcaption></figure> <p>The confluence of amateur activity, publishing markets, middle class <a href="/wiki/Art_collecting" class="mw-redirect" title="Art collecting">art collecting</a>, and 19th-century technique led to the formation of English watercolor painting societies: the <i>Society of Painters in Water Colours</i> (1804, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Watercolour_Society" title="Royal Watercolour Society">Royal Watercolour Society</a>) and the <i>New Water Colour Society</i> (1832, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Painters_in_Water_Colours" title="Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours">Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours</a>). (A <i>Scottish Society of Painters in Water Colour</i> was founded in 1878, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Society_of_Painters_in_Watercolour" title="Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour">Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These societies provided annual exhibitions and buyer referrals for many artists. They also engaged in petty status rivalries and aesthetic debates, particularly between advocates of traditional ("transparent") watercolor and the early adopters of the denser color possible with <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">body color or gouache</a> ("opaque" watercolor). The late Georgian and Victorian periods produced the zenith of the British watercolor, among the most impressive 19th-century works on paper,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to artists Turner, Varley, Cotman,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(artist)" title="David Cox (artist)">David Cox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_de_Wint" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter de Wint">Peter de Wint</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hunt_(painter)" title="William Henry Hunt (painter)">William Henry Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Lewis" title="John Frederick Lewis">John Frederick Lewis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Myles_Birket_Foster" title="Myles Birket Foster">Myles Birket Foster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Walker_(painter)" title="Frederick Walker (painter)">Frederick Walker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Collier_(painter)" title="Thomas Collier (painter)">Thomas Collier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Melville" title="Arthur Melville">Arthur Melville</a> and many others. In particular, the graceful, lapidary, and atmospheric watercolors ("genre paintings") by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Richard Parkes Bonington</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created an international fad for watercolor painting, especially in England and France in the 1820s. In the latter half of the 19th century, portrait painter <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Havill" title="Frederick Havill">Frederick Havill</a> became a key player in the establishment of watercolour in England. Art critic Huntly Carter described Havill as a "founder of the water colour school."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of watercolors stimulated many innovations, including heavier and more <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sized</a> <a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">wove papers</a>, and brushes (called "pencils") manufactured expressly for watercolor. Watercolor tutorials were first published in this period by Varley, Cox, and others, establishing the step-by-step painting instructions that still characterize the genre today; <i>The Elements of Drawing</i>, a watercolor tutorial by English art critic <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, has been out of print only once since it was first published in 1857. Commercial brands of watercolor were marketed and paints were packaged in metal tubes or as dry cakes that could be "rubbed out" (dissolved) in studio porcelain or used in portable metal paint boxes in the field. Breakthroughs in chemistry made many new pigments available, including synthetic <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramarine blue">ultramarine blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viridian" title="Viridian">viridian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_violet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt violet">cobalt violet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium yellow">cadmium yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aureolin" title="Aureolin">aureolin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_cobaltinitrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium cobaltinitrite">potassium cobaltinitrite</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zinc_white" title="Zinc white">zinc white</a>, and a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">carmine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madder_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Madder lake">madder lakes</a>. These pigments, in turn, stimulated a greater use of color with all painting media, but in English watercolors, particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Blue_Boat_1892_Winslow_Homer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Blue_Boat_1892_Winslow_Homer.jpg/220px-The_Blue_Boat_1892_Winslow_Homer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Blue_Boat_1892_Winslow_Homer.jpg/330px-The_Blue_Boat_1892_Winslow_Homer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Blue_Boat_1892_Winslow_Homer.jpg/440px-The_Blue_Boat_1892_Winslow_Homer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a>, <i>The Blue Boat</i>, 1892</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_White_Ships_-_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brooklyn_Museum_-_White_Ships_-_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_White_Ships_-_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brooklyn_Museum_-_White_Ships_-_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_White_Ships_-_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Brooklyn_Museum_-_White_Ships_-_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_White_Ships_-_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>John Singer Sargent, <i>White Ships</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Watercolor painting also became popular in the United States during the 19th century; outstanding early practitioners included <a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a>, as well as early <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> painters such as <a href="/wiki/William_H._Bartlett" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Bartlett">William H. Bartlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Harvey_(painter)" title="George Harvey (painter)">George Harvey</a>. By mid-century, the influence of John Ruskin led to increasing interest in watercolors, particularly the use of a detailed "Ruskinian" style by such artists as John W. Hill Henry, <a href="/wiki/William_Trost_Richards" title="William Trost Richards">William Trost Richards</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roderick_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderick Newman (page does not exist)">Roderick Newman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fidelia_Bridges" title="Fidelia Bridges">Fidelia Bridges</a>. The <i>American Society of Painters in Watercolor</i> (now the <a href="/wiki/American_Watercolor_Society" title="American Watercolor Society">American Watercolor Society</a>) was founded in 1866. Late-19th-century American exponents of the medium included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moran" title="Thomas Moran">Thomas Moran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eakins" title="Thomas Eakins">Thomas Eakins</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_LaFarge" class="mw-redirect" title="John LaFarge">John LaFarge</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Childe_Hassam" title="Childe Hassam">Childe Hassam</a>, and, preeminently, <a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_(1853-1926),_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki,_1902.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg/220px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg/330px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg/440px-Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski_%281853-1926%29%2C_Autumn_landscape_in_Rybiniszki%2C_1902.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1898" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski" title="Stanisław Masłowski">Stanisław Masłowski</a>, <i>Pejzaż jesienny z Rybiniszek</i> (Autumn landscape of <a href="/wiki/Riebi%C5%86i" title="Riebiņi">Rybiniszki</a>), watercolor, 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>Watercolor was less popular in Continental Europe. In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a> was an important medium for the Italian artists <a href="/wiki/Marco_Ricci" title="Marco Ricci">Marco Ricci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Zuccarelli" title="Francesco Zuccarelli">Francesco Zuccarelli</a>, whose landscape paintings were widely collected.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gouache was used by a number of artists in France as well. In the 19th century, the influence of the English school helped popularize "transparent" watercolor in France, and it became an important medium for <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marius_Granet" title="François Marius Granet">François Marius Granet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri-Joseph_Harpignies" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri-Joseph Harpignies">Henri-Joseph Harpignies</a>, and the satirist <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a>. Other European painters who worked frequently in watercolor were <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Menzel" title="Adolph Menzel">Adolph Menzel</a> in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mas%C5%82owski" title="Stanisław Masłowski">Stanisław Masłowski</a> in Poland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_151.jpg/220px-Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_151.jpg/330px-Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_151.jpg/440px-Paul_C%C3%A9zanne_151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, self-portrait</figcaption></figure> <p>The adoption of brightly colored, petroleum-derived aniline dyes (and pigments compounded from them), which all fade rapidly on exposure to light, and the efforts to properly conserve the twenty thousand <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> paintings inherited by the British Museum in 1857, led to a negative reevaluation of the permanence of pigments in watercolor.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused a sharp decline in their status and market value. Nevertheless, isolated practitioners continued to prefer and develop the medium into the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a> created landscape and maritime watercolors, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a> developed a watercolor painting style consisting entirely of overlapping small glazes of pure color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the many 20th-century artists who produced important works in watercolor were <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Emil Nolde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a>. In America, the major exponents included <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burchfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Burchfield">Charles Burchfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Edward Hopper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Charles Demuth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Marin" title="John Marin">John Marin</a> (80% of his total work is watercolor). In this period, American watercolor painting often emulated European Impressionism and Post-Impressionism,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but significant individualism flourished in "regional"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> styles of watercolor painting from the 1920s to 1940s. In particular, the "<a href="/wiki/Cleveland_School_(arts_community)" title="Cleveland School (arts community)">Cleveland School</a>" or "Ohio School" of painters centered around the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> painters were often associated with Hollywood animation studios or the <a href="/wiki/Chouinard_Art_Institute" title="Chouinard Art Institute">Chouinard Art Institute</a> (now <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts" title="California Institute of the Arts">California Institute of the Arts</a>). The California painters exploited their state's varied geography, Mediterranean climate, and "<a href="/wiki/Car_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Car culture">automobility</a>" to reinvigorate the outdoor or "plein air" tradition. The most influential among them were <a href="/wiki/Phil_Dike" title="Phil Dike">Phil Dike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millard_Sheets" title="Millard Sheets">Millard Sheets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rex_Brandt" title="Rex Brandt">Rex Brandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dong_Kingman" title="Dong Kingman">Dong Kingman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milford_Zornes" title="Milford Zornes">Milford Zornes</a>. The California Water Color Society, founded in 1921 and later renamed the National Watercolor Society, sponsored important exhibitions of their work. The largest watercolor in the world at the moment (at 9 feet (3 m) tall and 16 ft (5 m) wide) is <i>Building 6 Portrait: Interior.</i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Produced by American artist <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Prey" title="Barbara Prey">Barbara Prey</a> on commission for <a href="/wiki/MASS_moca" class="mw-redirect" title="MASS moca">MASS MoCA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the work can be seen at MASS MoCA's Robert W. Wilson Building.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the rise of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">abstract expressionism</a>, and the trivializing influence of amateur painters and advertising- or workshop-influenced painting styles, led to a temporary decline in the popularity of watercolor painting after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1950</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> watercolors continue to be utilized by artists like <a href="/wiki/Martha_Elizabeth_Burchfield_Richter" title="Martha Elizabeth Burchfield Richter">Martha Burchfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raffael" title="Joseph Raffael">Joseph Raffael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wyeth" title="Andrew Wyeth">Andrew Wyeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pearlstein" title="Philip Pearlstein">Philip Pearlstein</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Fischl" title="Eric Fischl">Eric Fischl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Richter" title="Gerhard Richter">Gerhard Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Anselm Kiefer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Clemente" title="Francesco Clemente">Francesco Clemente</a>. In Spain, <a href="/wiki/Cefer%C3%AD_Oliv%C3%A9" title="Ceferí Olivé">Ceferí Olivé</a> created an innovative style followed by his students, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Alonso_L%C3%B3pez-Montero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Alonso López-Montero (page does not exist)">Rafael Alonso López-Montero</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesc_Torn%C3%A9_Gavald%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesc Torné Gavaldà (page does not exist)">Francesc Torné Gavaldà</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the major exponents are <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Barrios" title="Ignacio Barrios">Ignacio Barrios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Coghlan" title="Edgardo Coghlan">Edgardo Coghlan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ngel_Mauro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ángel Mauro (page does not exist)">Ángel Mauro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Mendiola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicente Mendiola (page does not exist)">Vicente Mendiola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pastor_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Pastor Velázquez">Pastor Velázquez</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, where this pictorial technique has many followers, there are stand-out artists such as Francisco Bonnín Guerín, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Comas_Quesada" title="José Comas Quesada">José Comas Quesada</a>, and Alberto Manrique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Watercolor_paint">Watercolor paint</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Watercolor paint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watercolours.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Watercolours.jpg/220px-Watercolours.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Watercolours.jpg/330px-Watercolours.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Watercolours.jpg/440px-Watercolours.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A set of watercolors</figcaption></figure> <p>Watercolor paint consists of four principal ingredients:<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a binder to hold the pigment in suspension; additives like <a href="/wiki/Glycerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerin">glycerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ox_gall" title="Ox gall">ox gall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, and preservatives to alter the <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, hiding, durability or color of the pigment and vehicle mixture; and, evaporating water, as a solvent used to thin or dilute the paint for application. </p><p>The more general term <i><a href="/wiki/Watermedia" title="Watermedia">watermedia</a></i> refers to any painting medium that uses water as a solvent and that can be applied with a <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen" title="Pen">pen</a>, or sprayer. This includes most <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a>, watercolors, <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">temperas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casein_paint" title="Casein paint">caseins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouaches</a>, and modern <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic paints</a>. </p><p>The term "watercolor" refers to paints that use water-soluble, complex carbohydrates as a binder. Originally (in the 16th to 18th centuries), watercolor binders were sugars and/or hide glues, but since the 19th century, the preferred binder is natural <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Glycerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerin">glycerin</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> as additives to improve plasticity and solubility of the binder, and with other chemicals added to improve product shelf life. </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Bodycolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodycolor">bodycolor</a>" refers to paint that is opaque rather than transparent. It usually refers to opaque watercolor, known as <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern acrylic paints use an <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_resin" title="Acrylic resin">acrylic resin</a> dispersion as a binder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_watercolors">Commercial watercolors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commercial watercolors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watercolors_by_William_Reeves,_London,_inventor_of_watercolors_in_cakes,_undated_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07847.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Watercolors_by_William_Reeves%2C_London%2C_inventor_of_watercolors_in_cakes%2C_undated_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07847.JPG/170px-Watercolors_by_William_Reeves%2C_London%2C_inventor_of_watercolors_in_cakes%2C_undated_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07847.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Watercolors_by_William_Reeves%2C_London%2C_inventor_of_watercolors_in_cakes%2C_undated_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07847.JPG/255px-Watercolors_by_William_Reeves%2C_London%2C_inventor_of_watercolors_in_cakes%2C_undated_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07847.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Watercolors_by_William_Reeves%2C_London%2C_inventor_of_watercolors_in_cakes%2C_undated_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07847.JPG/340px-Watercolors_by_William_Reeves%2C_London%2C_inventor_of_watercolors_in_cakes%2C_undated_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07847.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3369" data-file-height="4410" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Reeves_and_Sons" title="Reeves and Sons">Reeves</a> watercolor box</figcaption></figure> <p>Watercolor painters before the turn of the 18th century had to make paints themselves using pigments purchased from an <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a> or specialized "colorman", and mixing them with gum arabic or some other binder. The earliest commercial paints were small, resinous blocks that had to be wetted and laboriously "rubbed out" in water to obtain a usable color intensity. <a href="/wiki/Reeves_and_Sons" title="Reeves and Sons">William Reeves</a> started his business as a colorman around 1766. In 1781, he and his brother, Thomas Reeves, were awarded the Silver Palette of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Arts">Society of Arts</a>, for the invention of the moist watercolor <i>paint-cake</i>, a time-saving convenience, introduced in the "golden age" of English watercolor painting. The "cake" was immediately soluble when touched by a wet brush.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern commercial watercolor paints are available in tubes, pans and liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of paints sold today are in collapsible small metal tubes in standard sizes and formulated to a consistency similar to toothpaste by being already mixed with a certain water component. For use, this paste has to be further diluted with water. Pan paints (small dried cakes or bars of paint in an open plastic container) are usually sold in two sizes, full pans and half pans. </p><p>Owing to modern <a href="/wiki/Industrial_technology" title="Industrial technology">industrial</a> <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, the variety, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">saturation</a>, and permanence of artists' colors available today has been vastly improved. Correct and non-toxic <a href="/wiki/Primary_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colors">primary colors</a> are now present through the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Hansa_yellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansa yellow">hansa yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalo_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalo blue">phthalo blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinacridone" title="Quinacridone">quinacridone</a>. From such a set of three colors, in principle all others can be mixed, as in a classical technique no white is used. The modern development of pigments was not driven by artistic demand. The <a href="/wiki/Art_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Art materials">art materials</a> industry is too small to exert any market leverage on global dye or pigment manufacture. With rare exceptions such as aureolin, all modern watercolor paints utilize pigments that have a wider industrial use. Paint manufacturers buy, by industrial standards very small, supplies of these pigments, <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mill</a> them with the vehicle, solvent, and additives, and package them. The milling process with inorganic pigments, in more expensive brands, reduces the particle size to improve the color flow when the paint is applied with water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency">Transparency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transparency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the partisan debates of the 19th-century English art world, gouache was emphatically contrasted to traditional watercolors and denigrated for its high <a href="/wiki/Hiding_power" title="Hiding power">hiding power</a> or lack of "transparency"; "transparent" watercolors were exalted. The aversion to opaque paint had its origin in the fact that well into the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Lead_white" title="Lead white">lead white</a> was used to increase the covering quality. That pigment tended to soon discolor into black under the influence of sulphurous air pollution, totally ruining the artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional claim that "transparent" watercolors gain "luminosity" because they function like a pane of stained glass laid on paper—the color intensified because the light passes through the pigment, reflects from the paper, and passes a second time through the pigment on its way to the viewer—is false. Watercolor paints typically do not form a cohesive paint layer, as do acrylic or <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil</a> paints, but simply scatter pigment particles randomly across the <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> surface; the transparency is caused by the paper being visible between the particles.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraaijpoel2007_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraaijpoel2007-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watercolors may appear more vivid than acrylics or oils because the pigments are laid down in a purer form, with few or no fillers (such as kaolin) obscuring the pigment colors. Typically, most or all of the gum binder will be absorbed by the paper, preventing the binder from changing the visibility of the pigment.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraaijpoel2007_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraaijpoel2007-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gum being absorbed does not decrease but increase the adhesion of the pigment to the paper, as its particles will then penetrate the fibres more easily. In fact, an important function of the gum is to facilitate the "lifting" (removal) of color, should the artist want to create a lighter spot in a painted area.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraaijpoel2007_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraaijpoel2007-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the gum prevents <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculation</a> of the pigment particles.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraaijpoel2007_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraaijpoel2007-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_painting_techniques" title="Acrylic painting techniques">Acrylic painting techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting" title="Ink wash painting">Ink wash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">Oil painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Watercolorists" title="Category:Watercolorists">Category:Watercolorists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-aquarelle" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=aquarelle">"aquarelle"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=aquarelle&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Daquarelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-London,_Vladimir_p._19-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-London,_Vladimir_p._19_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-London,_Vladimir_p._19_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Watercolor may be as old as art itself, going back to the Stone Age when early ancestors combined earth and charcoal with water to create the first wet-on-dry picture on a cave wall." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ancient Egyptians used water-soluble translucent paints to decorate papyrus scrolls. They used such earth pigments as ochres and siennas, as well as minerals like reds, cinnabar, blue azure, green malachite, and so on, with gum arabic and egg white. Technically, these water-soluble colors were watercolors." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLing1991">Ling (1991)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterhouse1994">Waterhouse (1994)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"100% cotton papers are more absorbent in most brands, but there are papers that have only 50% cotton or even high quality papers, which have no blending with cotton." <a href="#CITEREFViscarra2020">Viscarra (2020</a>, p. 21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVloothuis2017" class="citation web cs1">Vloothuis, Johannes (2017-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-mediums/watercolor/understanding-the-different-grades-of-watercolor-paper/">"Understanding the Different Grades of Watercolor Paper"</a>. Artists Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Different+Grades+of+Watercolor+Paper&rft.pub=Artists+Network&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft.aulast=Vloothuis&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artistsnetwork.com%2Fart-mediums%2Fwatercolor%2Funderstanding-the-different-grades-of-watercolor-paper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-is-fun.com/watercolor-paper/">"Watercolor Paper: How to Choose the Right Paper for Use with Watercolors"</a>. <i>art-is-fun.com</i>. Art Is Fun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007051717/http://www.art-is-fun.com/watercolor-paper/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=art-is-fun.com&rft.atitle=Watercolor+Paper%3A+How+to+Choose+the+Right+Paper+for+Use+with+Watercolors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-is-fun.com%2Fwatercolor-paper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Turner himself was of the same opinion; he declared to me [Munro] that water-colour painting would be totally mined, and lose all its individuality and beauty by the bad practice of mingling opaque with transparent colour." <a href="#CITEREFRedgraveRedgrave1866">Redgrave & Redgrave (1866)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"With the discovery of paper in China around 2000 years ago, the watercolor media took a different route in which the color of the paper played an important role." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Watercolors on silk were frequently used by Chinese and Japanese artists. Their artworks often included calligraphy as well as peaceful nature scenes, animals, and pictures of everyday life." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectorsguide.com/fa/fa043.shtml">"What Is Watercolor?"</a>. <i>collectorsguide.com</i>. The Collector's Guide.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collectorsguide.com&rft.atitle=What+Is+Watercolor%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectorsguide.com%2Ffa%2Ffa043.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"They had a limited range of colours that did not replicate those found in nature and the colours were never applied at their maximum intensity. <a href="#CITEREFMoorbyChaplinWarrellSmibert2010">Moorby et al. (2010</a>, p. 43)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In its simplest form, watercolour was used in Europe more than 10,000 years ago when cave-dwellers of the Upper Palaeolithic era mixed red earth with water and used it to paint pictures of hunters and their prey on the cave walls." <a href="#CITEREFChaplin2001">Chaplin (2001</a>, p. 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Monks used watercolor and body color to brighten hand-written texts and manuscripts during the European Middle Ages. <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The origins of European watercolor, as we understand it now, may be traced back to the Northern Renaissance. Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), a German artist, was among the first to discover the possibilities of this medium. <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 21)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the Baroque era, watercolor was frequently used to decorate naturalist books, albums, and scientific publications, as well as to create hand-painted maps and building drawings. Watercolor portraiture on paper, vellum, and ivory was also quite popular. <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Van Dyck (1599 - 1641), a Flemish artist, improved the watercolor painting method by incorporating transparent washes. This was a noteworthy advance in which painters allowed the color of the paper to show through pigments and play a major role in the artwork. <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watercolor was practiced by such masters as Claude Lorrain (1600 or 1604/5 - 1682), Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione (1609 - 1664), and many more Dutch and Flemish baroque artists. <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 24)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yet in the Christian era in Britain, it was not appreciated as an art medium in its own right until the 19th century, when Queen Victoria gave the royal seal of approval that brought it firmly into the purview of the art establishment." <a href="#CITEREFChaplin2001">Chaplin (2001</a>, p. 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"By the 18th century, watercolour was well established as a means of making a topographical view of the landscape." <a href="#CITEREFChaplin2001">Chaplin (2001</a>, p. 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While families making the Grand Tour of Europe took along their art tutor, in effect to provide the holiday photographs, professional artists such as Alexander Cozens (1717–1786) and Francis Towne (1740–1816) travelled extensively in Italy. It became part of the English tradition that one went abroad to do watercolour paintings of exotic ruins – except that they were known as watercolour drawings, as the medium was not even dignified by the recognition that it was paint". <a href="#CITEREFChaplin2001">Chaplin (2001</a>, p. 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Turner's apprentice years in the 1790s coincided with the fashion for all things 'Picturesque', an aesthetic taste propagated by William Gilpin (1724–1804), which embraced asymmetrical, broken forms and rough textures, and was epitomised by tumbledown cottages and the ruined abbey-churches laid waste in the Reformation." <a href="#CITEREFMoorbyChaplinWarrellSmibert2010">Moorby et al. (2010</a>, p. 167)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The artist who most truly brought the eighteenth-century tradition of figurative composition into the early years of the nineteenth century was William Blake." <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Many more artists influenced the English watercolor style, including Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788), William Pars (1742-1782), John Sell Cotman (1782-1842), and Samuel Prout (1783–1852)." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 24)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"professional artists such as Alexander Cozens (1717–1786) and Francis Towne (1740–1816) travelled extensively in Italy." <a href="#CITEREFChaplin2001">Chaplin (2001</a>, p. 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"His study of stonework from the gateway at Battle Abbey, for example, is a colour exercise derived from an earlier watercolour by the eighteenth-century topographical painter, Michael Angelo Rooker (1746– 1801). Using part of Rooker's composition as a starting point, Turner has perfected the process of building up a picture using one application of colour at a time, gradually moving through a scale of tonality from light to dark." <a href="#CITEREFMoorbyChaplinWarrellSmibert2010">Moorby et al. (2010</a>, p. 18-19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hearne's style is even more precise and unperturbed than Rooker's. He was born a year or two before Rooker, emerged into public notice about 1765, and after his foreign voyage settled down to a long life of drawing the places of interest in Great Britain, many for a well-known publication called Antiquities of Great Britain, to which he was still contributing as late as 1807." <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"John 'Warwick' Smith has long been supposed to owe his nickname to the circumstance of his patronage by Lord Warwick, though it may come from his birthplace near the village of Warwick in Cumberland. He was in Rome from 1777 to 1781 and again in 1783. He shows the marks of his travel by an interest in Italian methods of composing landscape and in an enhanced sense of colour (Fig. 23) <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1799 the Napoleonic Wars broke out and Europe was closed to the British traveller." <a href="#CITEREFChaplin2001">Chaplin (2001</a>, p. 7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He was born in London on 23 April 1775, and given the names Joseph Mallord William Turner. His family called him William but he is now usually referred to by initials as J. M. W. Turner." <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2020">Reynolds (2020</a>, p. 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Girtin and Turner in particular explored the capacity of watercolour for creating atmospheric effects, experimenting with texture and colour." <a href="#CITEREFChaplin2001">Chaplin (2001</a>, p. 8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The seemingly effortless freshness of these watercolours disguises the rigorous planning stage that lies behind them. For, between the pencil sketches and the finished watercolours, Turner evolved a creative process that enabled him to experiment in an open-ended fashion with the structure and relative dispositions of colour and light." <a href="#CITEREFMoorbyChaplinWarrellSmibert2010">Moorby et al. (2010</a>, p. 26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"One charming account recalls how Turner would hang up his moist studies on cords spread across his room, so that his drying sheets, stained with 'pink and blue and yellow', would at first glance resemble the laundry of a washerwoman." <a href="#CITEREFMoorbyChaplinWarrellSmibert2010">Moorby et al. (2010</a>, p. 26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"John Varley (1778–1842), Thomas Girtin (1775–1802), John Sell Cotman (1782–1842) and David Cox (1783–1859) ushered in the golden age of British watercolour". <a href="#CITEREFChaplin2001">Chaplin (2001</a>, p. 7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When it is remembered that men of such diverse gifts and temperaments as David Cox and Samuel Palmer, F.O. Finch and Copley Fielding were his [John Varley] pupils it will be apparent that he did not impose his own vision on his scholars but, as education truly signifies, drew out of them what was latent in them." <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"William Havell was, at the age of twenty-three, the youngest of the exhibiting members in 1805. His work typifies the common approach of the members of the Society: the dependence of composition on the seventeenth-century landscape painters, the aspiration to vie with oil paintings, the rich tonality of the piece." <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"By the nineteenth century, watercolor had become so popular that several art societies were formed, including the Society of Painters in Water Colours (1804, now the Royal Watercolour Society), the New Water Colour Society (1832, now the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours), and the Scottish Society of Painters in Water Colours (1878, now the Royal Scottish Society of Painters in Watercolour). The Watercolour Society of Ireland (WCSI) was established in Ireland in 1870, and the Ulster Watercolour Society (UWS) was founded in Northern Ireland. The Russian Watercolor Society was formed in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1880." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds1992">Reynolds (1992</a>, p. 102)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"J.S. Cotman was born in Norwich in 1782; and, having decided that he must devote himself to art, came to London at the age of sixteen or seventeen in 1798. Here he was befriended by Dr Monro, and became another instance of that connoisseur's remarkable flair in choosing promising young men. As were Turner and Girtin five years before, he was set to copy outlines and trace drawings." <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The early nineteenth century Girtin, Turner, Cotman, Cox, De Wint, Constable, Bonington, and the Exhibiting Societies". <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lewis and Hunt were forerunners in an aesthetic shift which is apparent in the watercolours of the next thirty years, towards brilliance of colour and minuteness of touch." <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Birket Foster applies these principles[brilliance of colour and minuteness of touch] to landscapes in which the emphasis is laid on the charm of summer fields and country lanes and the inhabitants are idealized into the best behaved children or worthy, handsome peasantry." <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the next generation of artists the acknowledged leader of the illustrative school was Frederick Walker." <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Although he only lived to be twenty-five, Bonington crystallized the prevailing tendencies of his time so well that he not only left a body of great work behind him but he had a strong influence on his contemporaries and successors both in France and England." <a href="#CITEREFReynolds1998">Reynolds (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modjourn.org/biography/havill-frederick-1884/">"Havill Frederick biography"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Havill+Frederick+biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmodjourn.org%2Fbiography%2Fhavill-frederick-1884%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Watercolor extended its reach to the American continent with European painters documenting the "new world", and became popular there in the nineteenth century. In 1866, the American Society of Painters in Watercolor (now the American Watercolor Society) was established. Artists such as James A. M. Whistler (1834-1903), Thomas Moran (1837-1926), Thomas Eakins (1844-1916), John Singer Sargent (1856-1925), and many more had contributed to the American tradition of watercolor by the end of the nineteenth century." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, pp. 26–27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, David Blayney. "Watercolour." <i>Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online</i>. Oxford University Press. Retrieved April 26, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Mann, Fiona (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311030327/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/341769073.pdf"><i>Brushing the surface: the practice and critical reception of watercolour techniques in England 1850-1880</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Oxford Brookes University. pp. <span class="nowrap">202–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24384%2FP9Z8-JM16">10.24384/P9Z8-JM16</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/341769073.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2024-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Brushing+the+surface%3A+the+practice+and+critical+reception+of+watercolour+techniques+in+England+1850-1880&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy&rft.inst=Oxford+Brookes+University&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24384%2FP9Z8-JM16&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F341769073.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The European forms of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism were frequently emulated in the United States." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At about the same time, several of new regional schools sprung up." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Cleveland Museum of Art was the epicenter of the "Cleveland" or "Ohio School" of artists. In 1921, the California Water Color Society was established (now the National Watercolor Society)." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalewicki" class="citation news cs1">Nalewicki, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/story-behind-worlds-largest-known-watercolor-painting-180963798/">"The Story Behind the World's Largest Watercolor Painting"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Story+Behind+the+World%27s+Largest+Watercolor+Painting&rft.aulast=Nalewicki&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory-behind-worlds-largest-known-watercolor-painting-180963798%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creators.vice.com/en_us/article/8x4w54/mass-moca-worlds-largest-watercolor">"The World's Largest Watercolor Goes on Display at MASS MoCA"</a>. <i>Creators</i>. 2017-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creators&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Largest+Watercolor+Goes+on+Display+at+MASS+MoCA&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcreators.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2F8x4w54%2Fmass-moca-worlds-largest-watercolor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://massmoca.org/event/barbara-prey-building-6-portrait/">"Barbara Ernst Prey Building 6 Portrait: Interior"</a>. <i>MASS MoCA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MASS+MoCA&rft.atitle=Barbara+Ernst+Prey+Building+6+Portrait%3A+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmassmoca.org%2Fevent%2Fbarbara-prey-building-6-portrait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Watercolor art in the United States declined after the 1950s, giving place to abstract expressionism." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"However, artists such as Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009), Philip Pearlstein (born 1924), Joseph Raffael (born 1933), and many others continued to create in this medium." <a href="#CITEREFLondon2021">London (2021</a>, p. 27)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It consists of a mixture of pigments, binders such as gum arabic and humectants such as glycerin, which together with other components, allow the color pigment to join and form the paint paste, which we know as watercolor." <a href="#CITEREFViscarra2020">Viscarra (2020</a>, p. 47)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Turner's surviving watercolour palettes have been found to contain various gum mixtures that generally include arabic, tragacanth, cherry or sarcocolla, and traces of added sugar." <a href="#CITEREFMoorbyChaplinWarrellSmibert2010">Moorby et al. (2010</a>, p. 38)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gum arabic tends to dry out in the paint and is quite brittle, so the other main ingredient is glycerine, which keeps the paint soluble." <a href="#CITEREFChaplin2001">Chaplin (2001</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"so ox gall is added as a wetting agent." <a href="#CITEREFChaplin2001">Chaplin (2001</a>, pp. 25–26)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilvers2009">Chilvers (2009)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...more user-friendly soft watercolour blocks had been introduced by the artists' colourman Reeves." <a href="#CITEREFMoorbyChaplinWarrellSmibert2010">Moorby et al. (2010</a>, p. 40)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...in general it can be liquid, creamy in tubes, solid, in the form of pans, chalk pastels, waxes, markers, pencils, etc." <a href="#CITEREFViscarra2020">Viscarra (2020</a>, p. 47)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraaijpoelHerenius2007">Kraaijpoel & Herenius (2007</a>, p. 187)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraaijpoel2007-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraaijpoel2007_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraaijpoel2007_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraaijpoel2007_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraaijpoel2007_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraaijpoelHerenius2007">Kraaijpoel & Herenius (2007</a>, p. 183)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaplin2001" class="citation book cs1">Chaplin, Mike (2001). <i>Painting Expressive Watercolours</i> (Kindle ed.). London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00KV2RLEA">B00KV2RLEA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+Expressive+Watercolours&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00KV2RLEA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Chaplin&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilvers2009" class="citation book cs1">Chilvers, Ian (2009). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists</i>. USA: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Art+and+Artists&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Chilvers&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraaijpoelHerenius2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kraaijpoel, D.; Herenius, C. (2007). <i>Het kunstschilderboek — handboek voor materialen en technieken</i> (in Dutch). Cantecleer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+kunstschilderboek+%E2%80%94+handboek+voor+materialen+en+technieken&rft.pub=Cantecleer&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kraaijpoel&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Herenius%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing1991" class="citation book cs1">Ling, Roger (1991). <i>Roman Painting</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Painting&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon2021" class="citation book cs1">London, Vladimir (2021). <i>The Book on Watercolor</i> (Kindle ed.). <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0B1VFHMC1">B0B1VFHMC1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+on+Watercolor&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0B1VFHMC1%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (April 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2016" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Eleanor (2016). <i>The Watercolour Book: How to Paint Anything</i> (Kindle ed.). <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01AIOM0Z0">B01AIOM0Z0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Watercolour+Book%3A+How+to+Paint+Anything&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB01AIOM0Z0%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (April 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorbyChaplinWarrellSmibert2010" class="citation book cs1">Moorby, Nicola; Chaplin, Mike; Warrell, Ian; Smibert, Tony, eds. (2010). <i>How to Paint Like Turner</i> (Kindle ed.). London: Tate. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00XULC1FI">B00XULC1FI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Paint+Like+Turner&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Tate&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00XULC1FI%23id-name%3DASIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedgraveRedgrave1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Redgrave" title="Richard Redgrave">Redgrave, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Redgrave" title="Samuel Redgrave">Redgrave, Samuel</a> (1866). <i>A Century of Painters of the English School</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Painters+of+the+English+School&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Redgrave&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Redgrave%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1992" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Graham (1992). <i>Watercolours, A Concise History</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames and Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watercolours%2C+A+Concise+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1998" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Graham (1998). <i>English Watercolors: an introduction</i> (Kindle ed.). New York: New Amsterdam. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00FF9PY98">B00FF9PY98</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Watercolors%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=New+Amsterdam&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00FF9PY98%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2020" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Graham (2020). <i>Turner</i> (Second, Kindle ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BDRNNKVW">B0BDRNNKVW</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turner&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second%2C+Kindle&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0BDRNNKVW%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViscarra2020" class="citation book cs1">Viscarra, Alejandra (2020). <i>How to Paint in Watercolor from the Beginning</i> (Kindle ed.). <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0852QZCND">B0852QZCND</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Paint+in+Watercolor+from+the+Beginning&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0852QZCND%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Viscarra&rft.aufirst=Alejandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (April 2023)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterhouse1994" class="citation book cs1">Waterhouse, Ellis Kirkham (1994). <i>Painting in Britain, 1530 to 1790</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+in+Britain%2C+1530+to+1790&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Waterhouse&rft.aufirst=Ellis+Kirkham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andrew Wilton & Anne Lyles. <i>The Great Age of British Watercolours (1750–1880)</i>. Prestel, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-1254-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-1254-5">3-7913-1254-5</a></li> <li>Anne Lyles & Robin Hamlyn. <i>British watercolours from the Oppé Collection</i>. Tate Gallery Publishing, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85437-240-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85437-240-8">1-85437-240-8</a></li> <li>Christopher Finch. <i>American Watercolors</i>. Abbeville Press, 1991. ASIN B000IBDWGK</li> <li>Christopher Finch. <i>Nineteenth-Century Watercolors</i>. Abbeville Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55859-019-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55859-019-6">1-55859-019-6</a></li> <li>Christopher Finch. <i>Twentieth-Century Watercolors</i>. Abbeville Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89659-811-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89659-811-X">0-89659-811-X</a></li> <li>Eric Shanes. Turner: <i>The Great Watercolours</i>. Royal Academy of Arts, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-6634-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-6634-4">0-8109-6634-4</a></li> <li>Martin Hardie. <i>Water-Colour Painting in Britain</i> (3 volumes: I. The Eighteenth Century; II. The Romantic Period; III. The Victorian Period.). Batsford, 1966–1968. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-131-84131-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-131-84131-X">1-131-84131-X</a></li> <li>Michael Clarke. <i>The Tempting Prospect: A Social History of English Watercolours</i>. British Museum Publications, 1981. ASIN B000UCV0XO</li> <li>Moore, Sean. <i>Ultimate Visual Dictionary</i>. Dorling Kindersley, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-1050-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7513-1050-6">0-7513-1050-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tutorials_and_Technique">Tutorials and Technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tutorials and Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rex Brandt. <i>The Winning Ways of Watercolor: Basic Techniques and Methods of Transparent Watercolor in Twenty Lessons</i>. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-21404-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-21404-9">0-442-21404-9</a></li> <li>David Dewey. <i>The Watercolor Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist</i>. Watson-Guptill, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-5641-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-5641-4">0-8230-5641-4</a></li> <li>Donna Seldin Janis. <i>Sargent Abroad: Figures and Landscapes</i>. Abbeville Press; 1st edition (October 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0384-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0384-7">978-0-7892-0384-7</a>.</li> <li>Charles LeClair. <i>The Art of Watercolor</i> (Revised and Expanded Edition). Watson-Guptill, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-0292-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-0292-6">0-8230-0292-6</a></li> <li>Royal Watercolour Society. <i>The Watercolour Expert</i>. Cassell Illustrated, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84403-149-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84403-149-7">1-84403-149-7</a></li> <li>John Ruskin. <i>The Elements of Drawing</i> [1857]. Watson-Guptill, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8230-1602-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8230-1602-1">0-8230-1602-1</a> (Reprints from other publishers are also available.)</li> <li>Pip Seymour. <i>Watercolour Painting: A Handbook for Artists</i>. Lee Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9524727-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9524727-4-0">0-9524727-4-0</a></li> <li>Stan Smith. <i>Watercolor: The Complete Course</i>. Reader's Digest, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89577-653-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89577-653-7">0-89577-653-7</a></li> <li>Curtis Tappenden. <i>Foundation Course: Watercolour</i>. Cassell Illustrated, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84403-082-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84403-082-2">1-84403-082-2</a></li> <li>Edgar A. Whitney. <i>Complete Guide to Watercolor Painting</i>. Watson-Guptill, 1974. [Dover Edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-41742-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-41742-5">0-486-41742-5</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ian Sidaway. <i>The Watercolor Artist's Paper Directory</i>. North Light, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58180-034-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58180-034-7">1-58180-034-7</a></li> <li>Jacques Turner. <i>Brushes: A Handbook for Artists and Artisans</i>. Design Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8306-3975-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8306-3975-6">0-8306-3975-6</a></li> <li>Sylvie Turner. <i>The Book of Fine Paper</i>. Thames & Hudson, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-01871-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-01871-5">0-500-01871-5</a></li> <li>Michael Wilcox. <i>The Wilcox Guide To The Best Watercolor Paints</i>. School of Colour Publications, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9679628-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9679628-0-1">978-0-9679628-0-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watercolor_painting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_color" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water color"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Water color</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Art/Paints_(Water-Based)" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Introduction to Art/Paints (Water-Based)">Introduction to Art/Paints (Water-Based)</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanwatercolorsociety.org/">American Watercolor Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalwatercolorsociety.org/">National Watercolor Society (USA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquarelinstituut.be">Belgian Watercolor Institute</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/contentapi/logotron/watercolour-painting">"Watercolour Painting"</a>. <i>Paintings & Drawings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paintings+%26+Drawings&rft.atitle=Watercolour+Painting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fcontentapi%2Flogotron%2Fwatercolour-painting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWatercolor+painting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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